Stem Cells in the Central Nervous System -- McKay 276 = (5309): 66 -- Science

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Science 4 April 1997:
Vol. = 276. no.=20 5309, pp. 66 - 71
DOI: = 10.1126/science.276.5309.66

Prev= =20 | Tab= le=20 of Contents | Next= =20

Articles

Stem Cells in the Central Nervous System=20

Ronald McKay=20
In the vertebrate central nervous system, multipotential cells = have=20 been identified in vitro and in vivo. Defined mitogens⁼cause=20 the proliferation of multipotential cells in vitro, the⁼²⁰magnitude of which is sufficient to account for the number = of⁼²⁰cells in the brain. Factors that control the differentiation = of⁼²⁰fetal stem cells to neurons and glia have been defined in=20 vitro,and multipotential cells with similar signaling = logic=20 can be culturedfrom the adult central nervous system.=20 Transplanting cells tonew sites emphasizes that=20 neuroepithelial cells have the potentialto integrate = into many=20 brain regions. These results focus attentionon how = information=20 in external stimuli is translated into thenumber and = types of=20 differentiated cells in the brain. The developmentof = therapies=20 for the reconstruction of the diseased or injuredbrain = will be=20 guided by our understanding of the origin and stability⁼of cell=20 type in the central nervous system.

The author is in the = Laboratory of=20 Molecular Biology, National Institute of Neurological Disorders = and=20 Stroke, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.

Read the = Full Text

THIS ARTICLE HAS BEEN CITED BY OTHER ARTICLES:

(Search Google Scholar for Other Citing = Articles)

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L. De Filippis, G. Lamorte, E. Y. Snyder, A. Malgaroli, and = A. L.=20 Vescovi (2007)
Stem Cells 25, = 2312-2321=20
| Abstract=20 =BB | Fu= ll=20 Text =BB | PDF=20 =BB

The expression and functions of glycoconjugates in neural = stem=20 cells.=20
M. Yanagisawa and R. K Yu (2007)
Glycobiology=20 17, 57R-74R
| A= bstract=20 =BB | Full = Text =BB | PDF = =BB=20

Brain Transplantation of Immortalized Human Neural Stem = Cells=20 Promotes Functional Recovery in Mouse Intracerebral Hemorrhage = Stroke=20 Model.=20
H. J. Lee, K. S. Kim, E. J. Kim, H. B. Choi, K. H. Lee, I. = H. Park,=20 Y. Ko, S. W. Jeong, and S. U. Kim (2007)
Stem Cells=20 25, 1204-1212
| Abstract=20 =BB | Fu= ll=20 Text =BB | PDF=20 =BB

Oligodendrocytes and Radial Glia Derived From Adult Rat = Spinal Cord=20 Progenitors: Morphological and Immunocytochemical = Characterization.=20
I. Kulbatski, A. J. Mothe, A. Keating, Y. Hakamata, E. = Kobayashi,=20 and C. H. Tator (2007)
J. Histochem. Cytochem.=20 55, 209-222
| Abstract = =BB=20 | Full Text = =BB=20 | PDF =BB =

Synovial Stem Cells Are Regionally Specified According to = Local=20 Microenvironments After Implantation for Cartilage Regeneration. =
H. Koga, T. Muneta, Y.-J. Ju, T. Nagase, A. Nimura, T. = Mochizuki, S.=20 Ichinose, K. von der Mark, and I. Sekiya (2007)
Stem = Cells=20 25, 689-696
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The inner ear and the neurologist.=20
C. Agrup, M. Gleeson, and P. Rudge (2007)
J. Neurol.=20 Neurosurg. Psychiatry 78, 114-122 =
| Abstra= ct=20 =BB | Full Text = =BB | PDF = =BB=20

Multilineage Differentiation and Characterization of the = Human Fetal=20 Osteoblastic 1.19 Cell Line: A Possible In Vitro Model of Human=20 Mesenchymal Progenitors.=20
M.-l. Yen, C.-C. Chien, I.-m. Chiu, H.-I Huang, Y.-C. Chen, = H.-I Hu,=20 and B. L. Yen (2007)
Stem Cells 25, = 125-131=20
| Abstract=20 =BB | Ful= l=20 Text =BB | PDF = =BB=20

Acquisition of in vitro and in vivo functionality of = Nurr1-induced=20 dopamine neurons.=20
C.-H. Park, J. S. Kang, Y. H. Shin, M.-Y. Chang, S. Chung, = H.-C.=20 Koh, M. H. Zhu, S. B. Oh, Y.-S. Lee, G. Panagiotakos, et = al.=20 (2006)
FASEB J 20, 2553-2555=20
| Abstract=20 =BB | Full = Text =BB=20 | PDF = =BB

Neurosphere Assays: Growth Factors and Hormone Differences = in Tumor=20 and Nontumor Studies.=20
K. Chaichana, G. Zamora-Berridi, J. Camara-Quintana, and A.=20 Quinones-Hinojosa (2006)
Stem Cells = 24,=20 2851-2857
| Abstract=20 =BB | F= ull=20 Text =BB | PDF=20 =BB

Neural Stem Cell Model for Prion Propagation.=20
O. Milhavet, D. Casanova, N. Chevallier, R. D. G. McKay, and = S.=20 Lehmann (2006)
Stem Cells 24, = 2284-2291=20
| Abstract=20 =BB | F= ull=20 Text =BB | PDF=20 =BB

Cocaine Alters Proliferation, Migration, and Differentiation = of=20 Human Fetal Brain-Derived Neural Precursor Cells.=20
S. Hu, M. C.-J. Cheeran, W. S. Sheng, H. T. Ni, J. R. = Lokensgard,=20 and P. K. Peterson (2006)
J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther.=20 318, 1280-1286
| Ab= stract=20 =BB | Full=20 Text =BB | PDF = =BB=20

Autocrine/Paracrine Platelet-Derived Growth Factor Regulates = Proliferation of Neural Progenitor Cells.=20
A. Erlandsson, K. Brannvall, S. Gustafsdottir, B. = Westermark, and K.=20 Forsberg-Nilsson (2006)
Cancer Res. = 66,=20 8042-8048
| Abstract=20 =BB | Fu= ll=20 Text =BB | PDF=20 =BB

Non-cell-autonomous action of STAT3 in maintenance of neural = precursor cells in the mouse neocortex.=20
T. Yoshimatsu, D. Kawaguchi, K. Oishi, K. Takeda, S. Akira, = N.=20 Masuyama, and Y. Gotoh (2006)
Development=20 133, 2553-2563
| Abstr= act=20 =BB | Full = Text=20 =BB | PDF = =BB=20

Mesenchymal stem cells reside in virtually all post-natal = organs and=20 tissues.=20
L. d. S. Meirelles, P. C. Chagastelles, and N. B. Nardi=20 (2006)
J. Cell Sci. 119, 2204-2213=20
| Abstr= act=20 =BB | Full = Text=20 =BB | PDF = =BB=20

The Sox2 Regulatory Region 2 Functions as a Neural Stem=20 Cell-specific Enhancer in the Telencephalon.=20
S. Miyagi, M. Nishimoto, T. Saito, M. Ninomiya, K. Sawamoto, = H.=20 Okano, M. Muramatsu, H. Oguro, A. Iwama, and A. Okuda = (2006)
J.=20 Biol. Chem. 281, 13374-13381 =
| Abstract=20 =BB | Full = Text =BB=20 | PDF =BB =

Prion infection of mouse neurospheres.=20
R. K. Giri, R. Young, R. Pitstick, S. J. DeArmond, S. B. = Prusiner,=20 and G. A. Carlson (2006)
PNAS 103,=20 3875-3880
| Abstract=20 =BB | Full = Text =BB=20 | PDF =BB =

Role of Transcription Factors in Motoneuron Differentiation = of Adult=20 Human Olfactory Neuroepithelial-Derived Progenitors.=20
X. Zhang, J. Cai, K. M. Klueber, Z. Guo, C. Lu, W. I. = Winstead, M.=20 Qiu, and F. J. Roisen (2006)
Stem Cells = 24,=20 434-442
| Abstract=20 =BB | Ful= l=20 Text =BB | PDF = =BB=20

Olig2+ neuroepithelial motoneuron progenitors are not = multipotent=20 stem cells in vivo.=20
Y.-s. Mukouyama, B. Deneen, A. Lukaszewicz, B. G. Novitch, = H.=20 Wichterle, T. M. Jessell, and D. J. Anderson (2006)
PNAS=20 103, 1551-1556
| Abstract=20 =BB | Full = Text =BB=20 | PDF =BB =

Long-Term Proliferation of Human Embryonic Stem Cell-Derived = Neuroepithelial Cells Using Defined Adherent Culture Conditions. =
S. Shin, M. Mitalipova, S. Noggle, D. Tibbitts, A. Venable, = R. Rao,=20 and S. L. Stice (2006)
Stem Cells = 24,=20 125-138
| Abstract=20 =BB | Ful= l=20 Text =BB | PDF = =BB=20

Nutritional Status, Cognition, and Survival: A NEW ROLE FOR = LEPTIN=20 AND AMP KINASE.=20
Y. Dagon, Y. Avraham, I. Magen, A. Gertler, T. Ben-Hur, and = E. M.=20 Berry (2005)
J. Biol. Chem. 280,=20 42142-42148
| Abstract=20 =BB | Full = Text =BB=20 | PDF =BB =

Altered differentiation of neural stem cells in fragile X = syndrome.=20
M. Castren, T. Tervonen, V. Karkkainen, S. Heinonen, E. = Castren, K.=20 Larsson, C. E. Bakker, B. A. Oostra, and K. Akerman = (2005)
PNAS=20 102, 17834-17839
| Abstract=20 =BB | Full = Text =BB=20 | PDF = =BB

TNF-{alpha}-induced chemokine production and apoptosis in = human=20 neural precursor cells.=20
W. S. Sheng, S. Hu, H. T. Ni, T. N. Rowen, J. R. Lokensgard, = and P.=20 K. Peterson (2005)
J. Leukoc. Biol. = 78,=20 1233-1241
| Abstract = =BB | Full = Text=20 =BB | PDF = =BB

Glycosphingolipid Synthesis Inhibitor Represses = Cytokine-Induced=20 Activation of the Ras-MAPK Pathway in Embryonic Neural Precursor = Cells.=20
M. Yanagisawa, K. Nakamura, and T. Taga (2005)
J. = Biochem.=20 138, 285-291
| Abst= ract=20 =BB | Full = Text=20 =BB | PDF = =BB=20

Selective expression of presenilin 1 in neural progenitor = cells=20 rescues the cerebral hemorrhages and cortical lamination defects = in=20 presenilin 1-null mutant mice.=20
P. H. Wen, R. De Gasperi, M. A. G. Sosa, A. B. Rocher, V. L. = Friedrich Jr, P. R. Hof, and G. A. Elder = (2005)
Development=20 132, 3873-3883
| Abstr= act=20 =BB | Full = Text=20 =BB | PDF = =BB=20

Wnt signaling regulates the sequential onset of neurogenesis = and=20 gliogenesis via induction of BMPs.=20
M. Kasai, K. Satoh, and T. Akiyama (2005)
Genes Cells = 10, 777-783
| = Abstract=20 =BB | Full= =20 Text =BB | PDF = =BB=20

Regulation of neural progenitor proliferation and survival = by=20 {beta}1 integrins.=20
D. P. Leone, J. B. Relvas, L. S. Campos, S. Hemmi, C. = Brakebusch, R.=20 Fassler, C. ffrench-Constant, and U. Suter (2005)
J. Cell = Sci.=20 118, 2589-2599
| Abstr= act=20 =BB | Full = Text=20 =BB | PDF = =BB=20

The Function of the Neuronal Proteins Shc and Huntingtin in = Stem=20 Cells and Neurons: Pharmacologic Exploitation for Human Brain = Diseases.=20
C. ZUCCATO, L. CONTI, E. REITANO, M. TARTARI, and E. = CATTANEO=20 (2005)
Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 1049, = 39-50=20
| Abstrac= t=20 =BB | Full Text=20 =BB | PDF = =BB=20

Regulation of hematopoietic stem cell aging in vivo by a = distinct=20 genetic element.=20
H. Geiger, G. Rennebeck, and G. Van Zant (2005)
PNAS=20 102, 5102-5107
| Abstract=20 =BB | Full = Text =BB=20 | PDF =BB =

Adult Neurogenesis: From Precursors to Network and = Physiology.=20
D. N. Abrous, M. Koehl, and M. Le Moal (2005)
Physiol = Rev=20 85, 523-569
| Abst= ract=20 =BB | Full = Text=20 =BB | PDF = =BB=20

Induction of Oligodendrocytes From Adult Human Olfactory=20 Epithelial-Derived Progenitors by Transcription Factors.=20
X. Zhang, J. Cai, K. M. Klueber, Z. Guo, C. Lu, M. Qiu, and = F. J.=20 Roisen (2005)
Stem Cells 23, = 442-453=20
| Abstract=20 =BB | Ful= l=20 Text =BB | PDF = =BB=20

Glucose-Dependent Insulinotropic Polypeptide Is Expressed in = Adult=20 Hippocampus and Induces Progenitor Cell Proliferation.=20
J. Nyberg, M. F. Anderson, B. Meister, A.-M. Alborn, A.-K. = Strom, A.=20 Brederlau, A.-C. Illerskog, O. Nilsson, T. J. Kieffer, M. A. = Hietala,=20 et al. (2005)
J. Neurosci. = 25,=20 1816-1825
| Abstract= =20 =BB | Full Text=20 =BB | PDF = =BB

Musculoskeletal Differentiation of Cells Derived from Human=20 Embryonic Germ Cells.=20
M. S. Kim, N. S. Hwang, J. Lee, T.-K. Kim, K. Leong, M. J.=20 Shamblott, J. Gearhart, and J. Elisseeff (2005)
Stem = Cells=20 23, 113-123
| Abstract=20 =BB | Ful= l=20 Text =BB | PDF = =BB=20

Neural progenitor cells from postmortem adult human retina.=20
E J Mayer, D A Carter, Y Ren, E H Hughes, C M Rice, C A = Halfpenny, N=20 J Scolding, and A D Dick (2005)
Br. J. Ophthalmol.=20 89, 102-106
| Abstrac= t=20 =BB | Full Text=20 =BB | PDF = =BB=20

Radial glia give rise to adult neural stem cells in the=20 subventricular zone.=20
F. T. Merkle, A. D. Tramontin, J. M. Garcia-Verdugo, and A.=20 Alvarez-Buylla (2004)
PNAS 101, = 17528-17532=20
| Abstract=20 =BB | Full = Text =BB=20 | PDF = =BB

Intracerebral Transplantation of Adult Mouse Neural = Progenitor Cells=20 into the Niemann-Pick-A Mouse Leads to a Marked Decrease in = Lysosomal=20 Storage Pathology.=20
L. S. Shihabuddin, S. Numan, M. R. Huff, J. C. Dodge, J. = Clarke, S.=20 L. Macauley, W. Yang, T. V. Taksir, G. Parsons, M. A. Passini, = et=20 al. (2004)
J. Neurosci. 24,=20 10642-10651
| Abstra= ct=20 =BB | Full Text = =BB | PDF = =BB=20

Absence of Major Histocompatibility Complex Class I on = Neural Stem=20 Cells Does Not Permit Natural Killer Cell Killing and Prevents=20 Recognition by Alloreactive Cytotoxic T Lymphocytes In Vitro.=20
M. Mammolenti, S. Gajavelli, P. Tsoulfas, and R. Levy=20 (2004)
Stem Cells 22, 1101-1110=20
| Abstract=20 =BB | Fu= ll=20 Text =BB | PDF=20 =BB

Conserved POU Binding DNA Sites in the Sox2 Upstream = Enhancer=20 Regulate Gene Expression in Embryonic and Neural Stem Cells.=20
R. Catena, C. Tiveron, A. Ronchi, S. Porta, A. Ferri, L. = Tatangelo,=20 M. Cavallaro, R. Favaro, S. Ottolenghi, R. Reinbold, et = al.=20 (2004)
J. Biol. Chem. 279, = 41846-41857=20
| Abstract=20 =BB | Full = Text =BB=20 | PDF =BB =

Roles of lipid rafts in integrin-dependent adhesion and = gp130=20 signalling pathway in mouse embryonic neural precursor cells.=20
M. Yanagisawa, K. Nakamura, and T. Taga (2004)
Genes = Cells=20 9, 801-809
| A= bstract=20 =BB | Full = Text =BB | PDF = =BB=20

Sox2 deficiency causes neurodegeneration and impaired = neurogenesis=20 in the adult mouse brain.=20
A. L. M. Ferri, M. Cavallaro, D. Braida, A. Di Cristofano, = A. Canta,=20 A. Vezzani, S. Ottolenghi, P. P. Pandolfi, M. Sala, S. DeBiasi, = et=20 al. (2004)
Development 131, = 3805-3819=20
| Abstr= act=20 =BB | Full = Text=20 =BB | PDF = =BB=20

Gene Expression Changes in the Course of Neural Progenitor = Cell=20 Differentiation.=20
U. Gurok, C. Steinhoff, B. Lipkowitz, H.-H. Ropers, C. = Scharff, and=20 U. A. Nuber (2004)
J. Neurosci. 24, = 5982-6002
| Abstrac= t=20 =BB | Full Text=20 =BB | PDF = =BB=20

Neuropoietin, a new IL-6-related cytokine signaling through = the=20 ciliary neurotrophic factor receptor.=20
D. Derouet, F. Rousseau, F. Alfonsi, J. Froger, J. Hermann, = F.=20 Barbier, D. Perret, C. Diveu, C. Guillet, L. Preisser, et = al.=20 (2004)
PNAS 101, 4827-4832 =
| Abstract=20 =BB | Full = Text =BB=20 | PDF =BB =

Mitotic and neurogenic effects of dehydroepiandrosterone = (DHEA) on=20 human neural stem cell cultures derived from the fetal cortex.=20
M. Suzuki, L. S. Wright, P. Marwah, H. A. Lardy, and C. N. = Svendsen=20 (2004)
PNAS 101, 3202-3207 =
| Abstract=20 =BB | Full = Text =BB=20 | PDF =BB =

Retinoic acid induces alveolar regeneration in the adult = mouse lung.=20
M. Hind and M. Maden (2004)
Eur. Respir. J.=20 23, 20-27
| Abstract= =20 =BB | Full Text=20 =BB | PDF = =BB

Cellular and Genetic Characterization of Human Adult Bone=20 Marrow-Derived Neural Stem-Like Cells: A Potential Antiglioma = Cellular=20 Vector.=20
J. Lee, A. G. Elkahloun, S. A. Messina, N. Ferrari, D. Xi, = C. L.=20 Smith, R. Cooper Jr., P. S. Albert, and H. A. Fine = (2003)
Cancer=20 Res. 63, 8877-8889
| Abstract=20 =BB | Fu= ll=20 Text =BB | PDF=20 =BB

Searching for Stem/Progenitor Cells in the Adult Mouse = Kidney.=20
F. Lin and P. Igarashi (2003)
J. Am. Soc. Nephrol.=20 14, 3290-3292
| Full = Text =BB=20 | PDF =BB =

Evidence for neurogenesis in the adult mammalian substantia = nigra.=20
M. Zhao, S. Momma, K. Delfani, M. Carlen, R. M. Cassidy, C. = B.=20 Johansson, H. Brismar, O. Shupliakov, J. Frisen, and A. M. = Janson=20 (2003)
PNAS 100, 7925-7930 =
| Abstract=20 =BB | Full = Text =BB=20 | PDF =BB =

Cell Cycle Regulation in Retinal Progenitors by Glia-Derived = Neurotrophic Factor and Docosahexaenoic Acid.=20
M. F. Insua, A. Garelli, N. P. Rotstein, O. L. German, A. = Arias, and=20 L. E. Politi (2003)
Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci.=20 44, 2235-2244
| Abstract = =BB=20 | Full = Text =BB=20 | PDF =BB =

Autocrine/Paracrine Activation of the GABAA Receptor = Inhibits the=20 Proliferation of Neurogenic Polysialylated Neural Cell Adhesion=20 Molecule-Positive (PSA-NCAM+) Precursor Cells from Postnatal = Striatum.=20
L. Nguyen, B. Malgrange, I. Breuskin, L. Bettendorff, G. = Moonen, S.=20 Belachew, and J.-M. Rigo (2003)
J. Neurosci.=20 23, 3278-3294
| Abstract= =20 =BB | Full Text=20 =BB | PDF = =BB

Neural Stem Cells: An Overview.=20
R. Galli, A. Gritti, L. Bonfanti, and A. L. Vescovi=20 (2003)
Circ. Res. 92, 598-608=20
| Abs= tract=20 =BB | Full=20 Text =BB | PDF = =BB=20

Human embryonic stem cells: research, ethics and policy.=20
G. d. Wert and C. Mummery (2003)
Hum. Reprod.=20 18, 672-682
| A= bstract=20 =BB | Full = Text =BB | PDF = =BB=20

The new stem cell biology: something for everyone.=20
S L Preston, M R Alison, S J Forbes, N C Direkze, R Poulsom, = and N A=20 Wright (2003)
Mol. Pathol. 56, = 86-96=20
| Abstract = =BB | Full = Text=20 =BB | PDF = =BB

Fibroblast growth factors as regulators of central nervous = system=20 development and function.=20
R. Dono (2003)
Am J Physiol Regulatory Integrative = Comp=20 Physiol 284, R867-R881
| Ab= stract=20 =BB | Full=20 Text =BB | PDF = =BB=20

Generation of different fates from multipotent muscle stem = cells.=20
M. R. Wada, M. Inagawa-Ogashiwa, S. Shimizu, S. Yasumoto, = and N.=20 Hashimoto (2003)
Development 129, = 2987-2995=20
| Abstr= act=20 =BB | Full = Text=20 =BB | PDF = =BB=20

Notch1 is required for neuronal and glial differentiation in = the=20 cerebellum.=20
S. Lutolf, F. Radtke, M. Aguet, U. Suter, and V. Taylor=20 (2003)
Development 129, 373-385=20
| Abstrac= t=20 =BB | Full Text=20 =BB | PDF = =BB=20

Transplanted bone marrow generates new neurons in human = brains.=20
E. Mezey, S. Key, G. Vogelsang, I. Szalayova, G. D. Lange, = and B.=20 Crain (2003)
PNAS 100, 1364-1369=20
| Abstract=20 =BB | Full = Text =BB=20 | PDF =BB =

Locally Born Olfactory Bulb Stem Cells Proliferate in = Response to=20 Insulin-Related Factors and Require Endogenous Insulin-Like = Growth=20 Factor-I for Differentiation into Neurons and Glia.=20
C. Vicario-Abejon, M. J. Yusta-Boyo, C. Fernandez-Moreno, = and F. de=20 Pablo (2003)
J. Neurosci. 23, = 895-906=20
| Abstract = =BB | Full = Text=20 =BB | PDF = =BB

Local and Global Spontaneous Calcium Events Regulate Neurite = Outgrowth and Onset of GABAergic Phenotype during Neural = Precursor=20 Differentiation.=20
F. Ciccolini, T. J. Collins, J. Sudhoelter, P. Lipp, M. J. = Berridge,=20 and M. D. Bootman (2003)
J. Neurosci. = 23,=20 103-111
| Abstract = =BB | Full = Text=20 =BB | PDF = =BB

Differential modulation of BMP signaling promotes the = elaboration of=20 cerebral cortical GABAergic neurons or oligodendrocytes from a = common=20 sonic hedgehog-responsive ventral forebrain progenitor species.=20
S.-Y. Yung, S. Gokhan, J. Jurcsak, A. E. Molero, J. J. = Abrajano, and=20 M. F. Mehler (2002)
PNAS 99, = 16273-16278=20
| Abstract=20 =BB | Full = Text =BB=20 | PDF =BB =

Extracellular Signal-Regulated Protein Kinase Signaling Is = Uncoupled=20 From Initial Differentiation of Central Nervous System Stem = Cells to=20 Neurons.=20
M. Enarsson, A. Erlandsson, H. Larsson, and K. = Forsberg-Nilsson=20 (2002)
Mol. Cancer Res. 1, 147-154=20
| Abstrac= t=20 =BB | Full Text=20 =BB | PDF = =BB=20

Strategies for recovery and regeneration after brain and = spinal cord=20 injury.=20
C H Tator (2002)
Inj. Prev. 8, = iv33-36=20
| Ab= stract=20 =BB | Full=20 Text =BB

CEMENTUM AND PERIODONTAL WOUND HEALING AND REGENERATION.=20
W. J. Grzesik and A.S. Narayanan (2002)
Crit. Rev. = Oral.=20 Biol. Med. 13, 474-484
| Abst= ract=20 =BB | Full = Text=20 =BB | PDF = =BB=20

Fetal Brain Progenitor Cells Transdifferentiate to Fates = Outside the=20 Nervous System.=20
H. S. U, W. Alilain, and F. Saljooque (2002)
Mol. = Endocrinol.=20 16, 2645-2656
| Abs= tract=20 =BB | Full=20 Text =BB | PDF = =BB=20

Neural stem cell heterogeneity demonstrated by molecular = phenotyping=20 of clonal neurospheres.=20
O. N. Suslov, V. G. Kukekov, T. N. Ignatova, and D. A. = Steindler=20 (2002)
PNAS 99, 14506-14511 =
| Abstract=20 =BB | Full = Text =BB=20 | PDF =BB =

Reactivation of Latent Cytomegalovirus Infection in Mouse = Brain=20 Cells Detected after Transfer to Brain Slice Cultures.=20
Y. Tsutsui, H. Kawasaki, and I. Kosugi (2002)
J. = Virol.=20 76, 7247-7254
| Abstract = =BB=20 | Full = Text =BB=20 | PDF =BB =

Role for FGFR2IIIb-mediated signals in controlling = pancreatic=20 endocrine progenitor cell proliferation.=20
L. Elghazi, C. Cras-Meneur, P. Czernichow, and R. Scharfmann = (2002)
PNAS 99, 3884-3889 =
| Abstract = =BB=20 | Full = Text =BB=20 | PDF =BB =

Long-Term Survival and Glial Differentiation of the = Brain-Derived=20 Precursor Cell Line RN33B after Subretinal Transplantation to = Adult=20 Normal Rats.=20
A. B. Wojciechowski, U. Englund, C. Lundberg, and K. = Warfvinge=20 (2002)
Stem Cells 20, 163-173=20
| Abstract=20 =BB | Ful= l=20 Text =BB | PDF = =BB=20

Thyroid hormone activates oligodendrocyte precursors and = increases a=20 myelin-forming protein and NGF content in the spinal cord during = experimental allergic encephalomyelitis.=20
L. Calza, M. Fernandez, A. Giuliani, L. Aloe, and L. = Giardino=20 (2002)
PNAS
| =20 Abstract=20 =BB | Full = Text =BB=20 | PDF =BB =

Multipotent Neural Stem Cells Reside into the Rostral = Extension and=20 Olfactory Bulb of Adult Rodents.=20
A. Gritti, L. Bonfanti, F. Doetsch, I. Caille, A. = Alvarez-Buylla, D.=20 A. Lim, R. Galli, J. M. G. Verdugo, D. G. Herrera, and A. L. = Vescovi=20 (2002)
J. Neurosci. 22, 437-445=20
| Abstract = =BB | Full = Text=20 =BB | PDF = =BB

Emx2 regulates the proliferation of stem cells of the adult=20 mammalian central nervous system.=20
R. Galli, R. Fiocco, L. De Filippis, L. Muzio, A. Gritti, S. = Mercurio, V. Broccoli, M. Pellegrini, A. Mallamaci, and A. L. = Vescovi=20 (2002)
Development 129, 1633-1644=20
| Abstra= ct=20 =BB | Full Text = =BB | PDF = =BB=20

The Minimum Number of Neurons in the Central Olfactory = Pathway in=20 Relation to its Function: a Retrograde Fiber Tracing Study.=20
N. Fukushima, S. Oikawa, K. Yokouchi, K. Kawagishi, and T. = Moriizumi=20 (2002)
Chem Senses 27, 1-6 =
| Abs= tract=20 =BB | Full=20 Text =BB | PDF = =BB=20

Transcription Factor Expression and Notch-Dependent = Regulation of=20 Neural Progenitors in the Adult Rat Spinal Cord.=20
S.-i. Yamamoto, M. Nagao, M. Sugimori, H. Kosako, H. = Nakatomi, N.=20 Yamamoto, H. Takebayashi, Y.-i. Nabeshima, T. Kitamura, G. = Weinmaster,=20 et al. (2001)
J. Neurosci. = 21,=20 9814-9823
| Abstrac= t=20 =BB | Full Text=20 =BB | PDF = =BB=20

The Fate of Heterotopically Grafted Neural Precursor Cells = in the=20 Normal and Dystrophic Adult Mouse Retina.=20
S. Pressmar, M. Ader, G. Richard, M. Schachner, and U. = Bartsch=20 (2001)
Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. = 42,=20 3311-3319
| Abstract=20 =BB | Full = Text =BB=20 | PDF =BB =

Cell Cycle Regulation during Mouse Olfactory Neurogenesis.=20
M.-E. Legrier, A. Ducray, A. Propper, M. Chao, and A. = Kastner=20 (2001)
Cell Growth Differ. 12, = 591-601=20
| Abstr= act=20 =BB | Full = Text=20 =BB | PDF = =BB=20

Neuroprotection through Delivery of Glial Cell Line-Derived=20 Neurotrophic Factor by Neural Stem Cells in a Mouse Model of = Parkinson's=20 Disease.=20
P. Akerud, J. M. Canals, E. Y. Snyder, and E. Arenas=20 (2001)
J. Neurosci. 21, 8108-8118=20
| Abstrac= t=20 =BB | Full Text=20 =BB | PDF = =BB=20

Immature Neurons From CNS Stem Cells Proliferate in Response = to=20 Platelet-Derived Growth Factor.=20
A. Erlandsson, M. Enarsson, and K. Forsberg-Nilsson = (2001)
J.=20 Neurosci. 21, 3483-3491
| Abstrac= t=20 =BB | Full Text=20 =BB | PDF = =BB=20

BMP2-mediated alteration in the developmental pathway of = fetal mouse=20 brain cells from neurogenesis to astrocytogenesis.=20
K. Nakashima, T. Takizawa, W. Ochiai, M. Yanagisawa, T. = Hisatsune,=20 M. Nakafuku, K. Miyazono, T. Kishimoto, R. Kageyama, and T. Taga = (2001)
PNAS
| =20 Abstract=20 =BB | Full = Text =BB=20

Neurogenesis in dentate subgranular zone and rostral = subventricular=20 zone after focal cerebral ischemia in the rat.=20
K. Jin, M. Minami, J. Q. Lan, X. O. Mao, S. Batteur, R. P. = Simon,=20 and D. A. Greenberg (2001)
PNAS 98, = 4710-4715
| Abstract = =BB=20 | Full = Text =BB=20 | PDF =BB =

Circulating Insulin-Like Growth Factor I Mediates = Exercise-Induced=20 Increases in the Number of New Neurons in the Adult Hippocampus. =
J. L. Trejo, E. Carro, and I. Torres-Aleman (2001)
J. = Neurosci. 21, 1628-1634
| Abstract= =20 =BB | Full Text=20 =BB | PDF = =BB

DNA damage-induced neural precursor cell apoptosis requires = p53 and=20 caspase 9 but neither Bax nor caspase 3.=20
C D'Sa-Eipper, J. Leonard, G Putcha, T. Zheng, R. Flavell, P = Rakic,=20 K Kuida, and K. Roth (2001)
Development=20 128, 137-146
| Abstrac= t=20 =BB | PDF = =BB=20

Direct isolation of human central nervous system stem cells. =
N. Uchida, D. W. Buck, D. He, M. J. Reitsma, M. Masek, T. V. = Phan,=20 A. S. Tsukamoto, F. H. Gage, and I. L. Weissman = (2000)
PNAS=20 97, 14720-14725
| Abstract=20 =BB | Full = Text =BB=20 | PDF =BB =

Turning Blood into Brain: Cells Bearing Neuronal Antigens = Generated=20 in Vivo from Bone Marrow.=20
E. Mezey, K. J. Chandross, G. Harta, R. A. Maki, and S. R. = McKercher=20 (2000)
Science 290, 1779-1782=20
| Abs= tract=20 =BB | Full=20 Text =BB

Region-specific differentiation of neural tube-derived = neuronal=20 restricted progenitor cells after heterotopic transplantation.=20
H. Yang, T. Mujtaba, G. Venkatraman, Y. Y. Wu, M. S. Rao, = and M. B.=20 Luskin (2000)
PNAS 97, 13366-13371=20
| Abstract=20 =BB | Full = Text =BB=20 | PDF =BB =

From the Cover: Neural stem cells display extensive tropism = for=20 pathology in adult brain: Evidence from intracranial gliomas.=20
K. S. Aboody, A. Brown, N. G. Rainov, K. A. Bower, S. Liu, = W. Yang,=20 J. E. Small, U. Herrlinger, V. Ourednik, P. McL. Black, et = al.=20 (2000)
PNAS 97, 12846-12851 =
| Abstract=20 =BB | Full = Text =BB=20 | PDF =BB =

Manipulating the onset of cell cycle withdrawal in = differentiated=20 erythroid cells with cyclin-dependent kinases and inhibitors.=20
I. Matushansky, F. Radparvar, and A. I. Skoultchi=20 (2000)
Blood 96, 2755-2764 =
| Abstract=20 =BB | Full=20 Text =BB | = PDF=20 =BB

Enhanced Proliferation, Survival, and Dopaminergic = Differentiation=20 of CNS Precursors in Lowered Oxygen.=20
L. Studer, M. Csete, S.-H. Lee, N. Kabbani, J. Walikonis, B. = Wold,=20 and R. McKay (2000)
J. Neurosci. = 20,=20 7377-7383
| Abstrac= t=20 =BB | Full Text=20 =BB | PDF = =BB=20

REST-VP16 activates multiple neuronal differentiation genes = in human=20 NT2 cells.=20
A. Immaneni, P. Lawinger, Z. Zhao, W. Lu, L. Rastelli, J. H. = Morris,=20 and S. Majumder (2000)
Nucleic Acids Res.=20 28, 3403-3410
| Ab= stract=20 =BB | Full=20 Text =BB | PDF = =BB=20

Generalized Potential of Adult Neural Stem Cells.=20
D. L. Clarke, C. B. Johansson, J. Wilbertz, B. Veress, E. = Nilsson,=20 H. Karlstr=F6m, U. Lendahl, and J. Fris=E9n = (2000)
Science=20 288, 1660-1663
| Abs= tract=20 =BB | Full=20 Text =BB

Cell Contact Regulates Fate Choice by Cortical Stem Cells.=20
R. Y. L. Tsai and R. D. G. McKay (2000)
J. Neurosci.=20 20, 3725-3735
| Abstrac= t=20 =BB | Full Text=20 =BB | PDF = =BB=20

Peripheral Infusion of IGF-I Selectively Induces = Neurogenesis in the=20 Adult Rat Hippocampus.=20
M. A. I. Aberg, N. D. Aberg, H. Hedbacker, J. Oscarsson, and = P. S.=20 Eriksson (2000)
J. Neurosci. 20, = 2896-2903=20
| Abstract= =20 =BB | Full Text=20 =BB | PDF = =BB

Retinal Stem Cells in the Adult Mammalian Eye.=20
V. Tropepe, B. L. Coles, B. J. Chiasson, D. J. Horsford, A. = J. Elia,=20 R. R. McInnes, and D. van der Kooy (2000)
Science=20 287, 2032-2036
| Abs= tract=20 =BB | Full=20 Text =BB

Septamer Element-Binding Proteins in Neuronal and Glial=20 Differentiation.=20
A. Dobi, M. Palkovits, C. G. Palkovits, M. A. Ring, and D. = v.=20 Agoston (2000)
J. Neurosci. 20, = 1073-1084=20
| Abstract= =20 =BB | Full Text=20 =BB | PDF = =BB

Sox2 regulatory sequences direct expression of a (beta)-geo=20 transgene to telencephalic neural stem cells and precursors of = the mouse=20 embryo, revealing regionalization of gene expression in CNS stem = cells.=20
M. Zappone, R Galli, R Catena, N Meani, S De Biasi, E = Mattei, C=20 Tiveron, A. Vescovi, R Lovell-Badge, S Ottolenghi, et = al.=20 (2000)
Development 127, 2367-2382=20
| Abstr= act=20 =BB | PDF = =BB=20

Brain Plasticity and Stroke Rehabilitation : The Willis = Lecture.=20
B. B. Johansson (2000)
Stroke = 31,=20 223-230
| Abst= ract=20 =BB | Full = Text=20 =BB | PDF = =BB=20

Neurotransplantation of magnetically labeled oligodendrocyte = progenitors: Magnetic resonance tracking of cell migration and=20 myelination.=20
J. W. M. Bulte, S.-C. Zhang, P. van Gelderen, V. Herynek, E. = K.=20 Jordan, I. D. Duncan, and J. A. Frank (1999)
PNAS=20 96, 15256-15261
| Abstract=20 =BB | Full = Text =BB=20 | PDF =BB =

Primary CA1 and conditionally immortal MHP36 cell grafts = restore=20 conditional discrimination learning and recall in marmosets = after=20 excitotoxic lesions of the hippocampal CA1 field.=20
D. Virley, R. M. Ridley, J. D. Sinden, T. R. Kershaw, S. = Harland, T.=20 Rashid, S. French, P. Sowinski, J. A. Gray, P. L. Lantos, et = al. (1999)
Brain 122, = 2321-2335=20
| Abstract=20 =BB | Ful= l=20 Text =BB | PDF = =BB=20

Astroglial Differentiation of Cortical Precursor Cells = Triggered by=20 Activation of the cAMP-Dependent Signaling Pathway.=20
M. F. McManus, L.-C. Chen, I. Vallejo, and M. Vallejo=20 (1999)
J. Neurosci. 19, 9004-9015=20
| Abstrac= t=20 =BB | Full Text=20 =BB | PDF = =BB=20

Fibroblast Growth Factor-2 Activates a Latent Neurogenic = Program in=20 Neural Stem Cells from Diverse Regions of the Adult CNS.=20
T. D. Palmer, E. A. Markakis, A. R. Willhoite, F. Safar, and = F. H.=20 Gage (1999)
J. Neurosci. 19, = 8487-8497=20
| Abstrac= t=20 =BB | Full Text=20 =BB | PDF = =BB=20

Expression of oligodendrocyte progenitor cell antigens by = gliomas:=20 Implications for the histogenesis of brain tumors.=20
Y. Shoshan, A. Nishiyama, A. Chang, S. Mork, G. H. Barnett, = J. K.=20 Cowell, B. D. Trapp, and S. M. Staugaitis (1999)
PNAS=20 96, 10361-10366
| Abstract=20 =BB | Full = Text =BB=20 | PDF =BB =

Neural Stem Cells as Engraftable Packaging Lines Can Mediate = Gene=20 Delivery to Microglia: Evidence from Studying Retroviral = env-Related=20 Neurodegeneration.=20
W. P. Lynch, A. H. Sharpe, and E. Y. Snyder (1999)
J. = Virol.=20 73, 6841-6851
| Abstract = =BB=20 | Full Text = =BB=20

Embryonic Stem Cell-Derived Glial Precursors: A Source of=20 Myelinating Transplants.=20
O. Br=FCstle, K. N. Jones, R. D. Learish, K. Karram, K. = Choudhary, O.=20 D. Wiestler, I. D. Duncan, and R. D. McKay (1999)
Science = 285, 754-756
| Abst= ract=20 =BB | Full = Text=20 =BB

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.=0A= =0A= by Andrew Gregory=0A= http://www.scss.com.au/family/andrew/webdesign/xmlhttprequest/=0A= =0A= This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution License. To = view a=0A= copy of this license, visit = http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/2.5/ or=0A= send a letter to Creative Commons, 559 Nathan Abbott Way, Stanford, = California=0A= 94305, USA.=0A= =0A= Attribution: Leave my name and web address in this script intact.=0A= =0A= Not Supported in Opera=0A= ----------------------=0A= * user/password authentication=0A= * responseXML data member=0A= =0A= Not Fully Supported in Opera=0A= ----------------------------=0A= * async requests=0A= * abort()=0A= * getAllResponseHeaders(), getAllResponseHeader(header)=0A= =0A= */=0A= // IE support=0A= if (window.ActiveXObject && !window.XMLHttpRequest) {=0A= window.XMLHttpRequest =3D function() {=0A= var msxmls =3D new Array(=0A= 'Msxml2.XMLHTTP.5.0',=0A= 'Msxml2.XMLHTTP.4.0',=0A= 'Msxml2.XMLHTTP.3.0',=0A= 'Msxml2.XMLHTTP',=0A= 'Microsoft.XMLHTTP');=0A= for (var i =3D 0; i < msxmls.length; i++) {=0A= try {=0A= return new ActiveXObject(msxmls[i]);=0A= } catch (e) {=0A= }=0A= }=0A= return null;=0A= };=0A= }=0A= // Gecko support=0A= /* ;-) */=0A= // Opera support=0A= if (window.opera && !window.XMLHttpRequest) {=0A= window.XMLHttpRequest =3D function() {=0A= this.readyState =3D 0; 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This effectively=0A= * clones XML markup which uses XHTML naming conventions=0A= * into an HTML DOM.=0A= */=0A= function copy_xml_to_html(src, dst) {=0A= if (src.nodeType =3D=3D 1) { /* Node.ELEMENT_NODE */=0A= var e =3D document.createElement(src.nodeName);=0A= for (var i =3D 0; i < src.childNodes.length; i++) {=0A= copy_xml_to_html(src.childNodes[i], e);=0A= }=0A= for (var i =3D 0; i < src.attributes.length; i++) {=0A= var n =3D src.attributes[i].name;=0A= var v =3D unescape_xml_string(src.attributes[i].value); =0A= e.setAttribute(n, v);=0A= if (n =3D=3D "class") {=0A= e.className =3D v;=0A= }=0A= else if (n =3D=3D "style") {=0A= set_css_style(v, e, "");=0A= }=0A= }=0A= dst.appendChild(e);=0A= }=0A= else if (src.nodeType =3D=3D 3) { /* Node.TEXT_NODE */=0A= dst.appendChild(document.createTextNode(src.nodeValue));=0A= }=0A= }=0A= =0A= /* =0A= * It is unclear that this is the right thing to be calling=0A= * from copy_xml_to_html, but it appears that Safari decides=0A= * to convert & to the NCR #, and then encodes that=0A= * NCR to &%26%2338;. So, I'm going to treat the DOM Attr=0A= * value as a plain string, and run our XML string input=0A= * through the decoding routine below.=0A= */=0A= function unescape_xml_string(s) {=0A= return s.replace(/'/g, "'")=0A= .replace(/'/g, "'")=0A= .replace(/"/g, "\"")=0A= .replace(/"/g, "\"")=0A= .replace(/>/g, ">")=0A= .replace(/>/g, ">")=0A= .replace(/</g, "<")=0A= .replace(/</g, "<")=0A= .replace(/&/g, "&")=0A= .replace(/&/g, "&");=0A= }=0A= =0A= /*=0A= * Parse set of CSS rules and apply them to an element.=0A= * This is quite horrifying, but I'm unable to determine=0A= * how else to handle this with IE 6. FireFox and other=0A= * sane browsers let you simply set the style attribute=0A= * or use e.style.setProperty(rule, value, priority),=0A= * IE 6 appears to have neither of these capabilities..=0A= */=0A= function set_css_style(css, e, priority) {=0A= var rules =3D css.split(";");=0A= for (var i =3D 0; i < rules.length; i++) {=0A= var nvpair =3D rules[i].split(":");=0A= if (nvpair.length =3D=3D 2) {=0A= try {=0A= var name =3D nvpair[0]; /* style attribute */=0A= var value =3D nvpair[1]; /* attribute value */=0A= =0A= /*=0A= * For each possible style attribute, set the=0A= * appropriate style property in the element.=0A= */=0A= if (name =3D=3D "background") {=0A= e.style.background =3D value;=0A= }=0A= else if (name =3D=3D "background-attachment") {=0A= e.style.backgroundAttachment =3D value;=0A= }=0A= else if (name =3D=3D "background-color") {=0A= e.style.backgroundColor =3D value;=0A= }=0A= else if (name =3D=3D "background-image") {=0A= e.style.backgroundImage =3D value;=0A= }=0A= else if (name =3D=3D "background-position") {=0A= e.style.backgroundPosition =3D value;=0A= }=0A= else if (name =3D=3D "background-position-x") {=0A= e.style.backgroundPositionX =3D value;=0A= }=0A= else if (name =3D=3D "background-position-y") {=0A= e.style.backgroundPositionY =3D value;=0A= }=0A= else if (name =3D=3D "background-repeat") {=0A= e.style.backgroundRepeat =3D value;=0A= }=0A= else if (name =3D=3D "behavior") {=0A= e.style.behavior =3D value;=0A= }=0A= else if (name =3D=3D "border") {=0A= e.style.border =3D value;=0A= }=0A= else if (name =3D=3D "border-bottom") {=0A= e.style.borderBottom =3D value;=0A= }=0A= else if (name =3D=3D "border-bottom-color") {=0A= e.style.borderBottomColor =3D value;=0A= }=0A= else if (name =3D=3D "border-bottom-style") {=0A= e.style.borderBottomStyle =3D value;=0A= }=0A= else if (name =3D=3D "border-bottom-width") {=0A= e.style.borderBottomWidth =3D value;=0A= }=0A= else if (name =3D=3D "border-collapse") {=0A= e.style.borderCollapse =3D value;=0A= }=0A= else if (name =3D=3D "border-color") {=0A= e.style.borderColor =3D value;=0A= }=0A= else if (name =3D=3D "border-left") {=0A= e.style.borderLeft =3D value;=0A= }=0A= else if (name =3D=3D "border-left-color") {=0A= e.style.borderLeftColor =3D value;=0A= }=0A= else if (name =3D=3D "border-left-style") {=0A= e.style.borderLeftStyle =3D value;=0A= }=0A= else if (name =3D=3D "border-left-width") {=0A= e.style.borderLeftWidth =3D value;=0A= }=0A= else if (name =3D=3D "border-right") {=0A= e.style.borderRight =3D value;=0A= }=0A= else if (name =3D=3D "border-right-color") {=0A= e.style.borderRightColor =3D value;=0A= }=0A= else if (name =3D=3D "border-right-style") {=0A= e.style.borderRightStyle =3D value;=0A= }=0A= else if (name =3D=3D "border-right-width") {=0A= e.style.borderRightWidth =3D value;=0A= }=0A= else if (name =3D=3D "border-style") {=0A= e.style.borderStyle =3D value;=0A= }=0A= else if (name =3D=3D "border-top") {=0A= e.style.borderTop =3D value;=0A= }=0A= else if (name =3D=3D "border-top-color") {=0A= e.style.borderTopColor =3D value;=0A= }=0A= else if (name =3D=3D "border-top-style") {=0A= e.style.borderTopStyle =3D value;=0A= }=0A= else if (name =3D=3D "border-top-width") {=0A= e.style.borderTopWidth =3D value;=0A= }=0A= else if (name =3D=3D "border-width") {=0A= e.style.borderWidth =3D value;=0A= }=0A= else if (name =3D=3D "bottom") {=0A= e.style.bottom =3D value;=0A= }=0A= else if (name =3D=3D "clear") {=0A= e.style.clear =3D value;=0A= }=0A= else if (name =3D=3D "clip") {=0A= e.style.clip =3D value;=0A= }=0A= else if (name =3D=3D "color") {=0A= e.style.color =3D value;=0A= }=0A= else if (name =3D=3D "cssText") {=0A= e.style.Sets =3D value;=0A= }=0A= else if (name =3D=3D "cursor") {=0A= e.style.cursor =3D value;=0A= }=0A= else if (name =3D=3D "direction") {=0A= e.style.direction =3D value;=0A= }=0A= else if (name =3D=3D "display") {=0A= e.style.display =3D value;=0A= }=0A= else if (name =3D=3D "font") {=0A= e.style.font =3D value;=0A= }=0A= else if (name =3D=3D "font-family") {=0A= e.style.fontFamily =3D value;=0A= }=0A= else if (name =3D=3D "font-size") {=0A= e.style.fontSize =3D value;=0A= }=0A= else if (name =3D=3D "font-style") {=0A= e.style.fontStyle =3D value;=0A= }=0A= else if (name =3D=3D "font-variant") {=0A= e.style.fontVariant =3D value;=0A= }=0A= else if (name =3D=3D "font-weight") {=0A= e.style.fontWeight =3D value;=0A= }=0A= else if (name =3D=3D "height") {=0A= e.style.height =3D value;=0A= }=0A= else if (name =3D=3D "ime-mode") {=0A= e.style.imeMode =3D value;=0A= }=0A= else if (name =3D=3D "layout-flow") {=0A= e.style.layoutFlow =3D value;=0A= }=0A= else if (name =3D=3D "layout-grid") {=0A= e.style.layoutGrid =3D value;=0A= }=0A= else if (name =3D=3D "layout-grid-char") {=0A= e.style.layoutGridChar =3D value;=0A= }=0A= else if (name =3D=3D "layout-grid-line") {=0A= e.style.layoutGridLine =3D value;=0A= }=0A= else if (name =3D=3D "layout-grid-mode") {=0A= e.style.layoutGridMode =3D value;=0A= }=0A= else if (name =3D=3D "layout-grid-type") {=0A= e.style.layoutGridType =3D value;=0A= }=0A= else if (name =3D=3D "left") {=0A= e.style.left =3D value;=0A= }=0A= else if (name =3D=3D "letter-spacing") {=0A= e.style.letterSpacing =3D value;=0A= }=0A= else if (name =3D=3D "line-break") {=0A= e.style.lineBreak =3D value;=0A= }=0A= else if (name =3D=3D "line-height") {=0A= e.style.lineHeight =3D value;=0A= }=0A= else if (name =3D=3D "list-style") {=0A= e.style.listStyle =3D value;=0A= }=0A= else if (name =3D=3D "list-style-image") {=0A= e.style.listStyleImage =3D value;=0A= }=0A= else if (name =3D=3D "list-style-position") {=0A= e.style.listStylePosition =3D value;=0A= }=0A= else if (name =3D=3D "list-style-type") {=0A= e.style.listStyleType =3D value;=0A= }=0A= else if (name =3D=3D "margin") {=0A= e.style.margin =3D value;=0A= }=0A= else if (name =3D=3D "margin-bottom") {=0A= e.style.marginBottom =3D value;=0A= }=0A= else if (name =3D=3D "margin-left") {=0A= e.style.marginLeft =3D value;=0A= }=0A= else if (name =3D=3D "margin-right") {=0A= e.style.marginRight =3D value;=0A= }=0A= else if (name =3D=3D "margin-top") {=0A= e.style.marginTop =3D value;=0A= }=0A= else if (name =3D=3D "min-height") {=0A= e.style.minHeight =3D value;=0A= }=0A= else if (name =3D=3D "overflow") {=0A= e.style.overflow =3D value;=0A= }=0A= else if (name =3D=3D "overflow-x") {=0A= e.style.overflowX =3D value;=0A= }=0A= else if (name =3D=3D "overflow-y") {=0A= e.style.overflowY =3D value;=0A= }=0A= else if (name =3D=3D "padding") {=0A= e.style.padding =3D value;=0A= }=0A= else if (name =3D=3D "padding-bottom") {=0A= e.style.paddingBottom =3D value;=0A= }=0A= else if (name =3D=3D "padding-left") {=0A= e.style.paddingLeft =3D value;=0A= }=0A= else if (name =3D=3D "padding-right") {=0A= e.style.paddingRight =3D value;=0A= }=0A= else if (name =3D=3D "padding-top") {=0A= e.style.paddingTop =3D value;=0A= }=0A= else if (name =3D=3D "page-break-after") {=0A= e.style.pageBreakAfter =3D value;=0A= }=0A= else if (name =3D=3D "page-break-before") {=0A= e.style.pageBreakBefore =3D value;=0A= }=0A= else if (name =3D=3D "pixelBottom") {=0A= e.style.pixelBottom =3D value;=0A= }=0A= else if (name =3D=3D "pixelHeight") {=0A= e.style.pixelHeight =3D value;=0A= }=0A= else if (name =3D=3D "pixelLeft") {=0A= e.style.pixelLeft =3D value;=0A= }=0A= else if (name =3D=3D "pixelRight") {=0A= e.style.pixelRight =3D value;=0A= }=0A= else if (name =3D=3D "pixelTop") {=0A= e.style.pixelTop =3D value;=0A= }=0A= else if (name =3D=3D "pixelWidth") {=0A= e.style.pixelWidth =3D value;=0A= }=0A= else if (name =3D=3D "posBottom") {=0A= e.style.posBottom =3D value;=0A= }=0A= else if (name =3D=3D "posHeight") {=0A= e.style.posHeight =3D value;=0A= }=0A= else if (name =3D=3D "position") {=0A= e.style.position =3D value;=0A= }=0A= else if (name =3D=3D "posLeft") {=0A= e.style.posLeft =3D value;=0A= }=0A= else if (name =3D=3D "posRight") {=0A= e.style.posRight =3D value;=0A= }=0A= else if (name =3D=3D "posTop") {=0A= e.style.posTop =3D value;=0A= }=0A= else if (name =3D=3D "posWidth") {=0A= e.style.posWidth =3D value;=0A= }=0A= else if (name =3D=3D "right") {=0A= e.style.right =3D value;=0A= }=0A= else if (name =3D=3D "ruby-align") {=0A= e.style.rubyAlign =3D value;=0A= }=0A= else if (name =3D=3D "ruby-overhang") {=0A= e.style.rubyOverhang =3D value;=0A= }=0A= else if (name =3D=3D "ruby-position") {=0A= e.style.rubyPosition =3D value;=0A= }=0A= else if (name =3D=3D "scrollbar-3dlight-color") {=0A= e.style.scrollbar3dLightColor =3D value;=0A= }=0A= else if (name =3D=3D "scrollbar-arrow-color") {=0A= e.style.scrollbarArrowColor =3D value;=0A= }=0A= else if (name =3D=3D "scrollbar-base-color") {=0A= e.style.scrollbarBaseColor =3D value;=0A= }=0A= else if (name =3D=3D "scrollbar-darkshadow-color") {=0A= e.style.scrollbarDarkShadowColor =3D value;=0A= }=0A= else if (name =3D=3D "scrollbar-face-color") {=0A= e.style.scrollbarFaceColor =3D value;=0A= }=0A= else if (name =3D=3D "scrollbar-highlight-color") {=0A= e.style.scrollbarHighlightColor =3D value;=0A= }=0A= else if (name =3D=3D "scrollbar-shadow-color") {=0A= e.style.scrollbarShadowColor =3D value;=0A= }=0A= else if (name =3D=3D "scrollbar-track-color") {=0A= e.style.scrollbarTrackColor =3D value;=0A= }=0A= else if (name =3D=3D "float") {=0A= e.style.styleFloat =3D value;=0A= }=0A= else if (name =3D=3D "table-layout") {=0A= e.style.tableLayout =3D value;=0A= }=0A= else if (name =3D=3D "text-align") {=0A= e.style.textAlign =3D value;=0A= }=0A= else if (name =3D=3D "text-align-last") {=0A= e.style.textAlignLast =3D value;=0A= }=0A= else if (name =3D=3D "text-autospace") {=0A= e.style.textAutospace =3D value;=0A= }=0A= else if (name =3D=3D "text-decoration") {=0A= e.style.textDecoration =3D value;=0A= }=0A= else if (name =3D=3D "textDecorationBlink") {=0A= e.style.textDecorationBlink =3D value;=0A= }=0A= else if (name =3D=3D "textDecorationLineThrough") {=0A= e.style.textDecorationLineThrough =3D value;=0A= }=0A= else if (name =3D=3D "textDecorationNone") {=0A= e.style.textDecorationNone =3D value;=0A= }=0A= else if (name =3D=3D "textDecorationOverline") {=0A= e.style.textDecorationOverline =3D value;=0A= }=0A= else if (name =3D=3D "textDecorationUnderline") {=0A= e.style.textDecorationUnderline =3D value;=0A= }=0A= else if (name =3D=3D "text-indent") {=0A= e.style.textIndent =3D value;=0A= }=0A= else if (name =3D=3D "text-justify") {=0A= e.style.textJustify =3D value;=0A= }=0A= else if (name =3D=3D "text-kashida-space") {=0A= e.style.textKashidaSpace =3D value;=0A= }=0A= else if (name =3D=3D "text-overflow") {=0A= e.style.textOverflow =3D value;=0A= }=0A= else if (name =3D=3D "text-transform") {=0A= e.style.textTransform =3D value;=0A= }=0A= else if (name =3D=3D "text-underline-position") {=0A= e.style.textUnderlinePosition =3D value;=0A= }=0A= else if (name =3D=3D "top") {=0A= e.style.top =3D value;=0A= }=0A= else if (name =3D=3D "unicode-bidi") {=0A= e.style.unicodeBidi =3D value;=0A= }=0A= else if (name =3D=3D "vertical-align") {=0A= e.style.verticalAlign =3D value;=0A= }=0A= else if (name =3D=3D "visibility") {=0A= e.style.visibility =3D value;=0A= }=0A= else if (name =3D=3D "white-space") {=0A= e.style.whiteSpace =3D value;=0A= }=0A= else if (name =3D=3D "width") {=0A= e.style.width =3D value;=0A= }=0A= else if (name =3D=3D "word-break") {=0A= e.style.wordBreak =3D value;=0A= }=0A= else if (name =3D=3D "word-spacing") {=0A= e.style.wordSpacing =3D value;=0A= }=0A= else if (name =3D=3D "word-wrap") {=0A= e.style.wordWrap =3D value;=0A= }=0A= else if (name =3D=3D "writing-mode") {=0A= e.style.writingMode =3D value;=0A= }=0A= else if (name =3D=3D "z-index") {=0A= e.style.zIndex =3D value;=0A= }=0A= else if (name =3D=3D "zoom") {=0A= e.style.zoom =3D value;=0A= }=0A= }=0A= catch (e) {=0A= /* ignore error on attempt to set e.style.[property] */=0A= }=0A= }=0A= }=0A= }=0A= ------=_NextPart_000_0059_01C868D7.5EC5D560 Content-Type: application/octet-stream Content-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-printable Content-Location: http://www.sciencemag.org/javascript/entrez/callback.js /************************************************************************= *****=0A= * javascript/entrez/callback.js=0A= *=0A= * Entrez Linking callback to populate content box.=0A= *=0A= * Copyright 2006 Board of Trustees of the Leland Stanford Junior = University.=0A= = *************************************************************************= ***/=0A= =0A= /*=0A= * Execute callback to fill content box with Entrez Linking information.=0A= */=0A= function entrez_callback(pmid, callback_url) {=0A= /*=0A= * MSIE 5.5 and below have issues with the JavaScript=0A= * used for Entrez Linking. For now we have to disable=0A= * the callback until we can track down a proper fix=0A= * (or everybody sanely upgrades to version 6 or 7!).=0A= */=0A= if (navigator) {=0A= var appname =3D navigator.appName;=0A= if (appname =3D=3D "Microsoft Internet Explorer") {=0A= var userAgent =3D navigator["userAgent"];=0A= var s =3D "MSIE ";=0A= var n =3D -1; =0A= if ((n =3D userAgent.indexOf(s)) !=3D -1) {=0A= var v =3D parseFloat(userAgent.substring(n+s.length));=0A= if (v < 6) {=0A= return;=0A= }=0A= }=0A= }=0A= }=0A= =0A= /*=0A= * Acquire table row element to update, initiate callback=0A= * to update table with Entrez Links.=0A= */=0A= var tr =3D document.getElementById('entrez_callback_'+pmid);=0A= if (!tr) {=0A= return;=0A= }=0A= var req =3D new XMLHttpRequest();=0A= if (!req) {=0A= return;=0A= }=0A= req.onreadystatechange =3D function() {=0A= if (req.readyState =3D=3D 4 && (req.status =3D=3D 200 || req.status = =3D=3D 304)) {=0A= var src =3D req.responseXML.documentElement;=0A= var dst =3D document.createDocumentFragment();=0A= for (var i =3D 0; i < src.childNodes.length; i++) {=0A= copy_xml_to_html(src.childNodes[i], dst);=0A= }=0A= var tbl =3D tr.parentNode;=0A= tbl.replaceChild(dst, tr);=0A= }=0A= }=0A= req.open('GET', callback_url, true);=0A= req.send(null);=0A= }=0A= ------=_NextPart_000_0059_01C868D7.5EC5D560 Content-Type: application/octet-stream Content-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-printable Content-Location: http://www.google-analytics.com/urchin.js //-- Google Analytics Urchin Module=0A= //-- Copyright 2007 Google, All Rights Reserved.=0A= =0A= //-- Urchin On Demand Settings ONLY=0A= var _uacct=3D""; // set up the Urchin Account=0A= var _userv=3D1; // service mode (0=3Dlocal,1=3Dremote,2=3Dboth)=0A= =0A= //-- UTM User Settings=0A= var _ufsc=3D1; // set client info flag (1=3Don|0=3Doff)=0A= var _udn=3D"auto"; // (auto|none|domain) set the domain name for cookies=0A= var _uhash=3D"on"; // (on|off) unique domain hash for cookies=0A= var _utimeout=3D"1800"; // set the inactive session timeout in seconds=0A= var _ugifpath=3D"/__utm.gif"; // set the web path to the __utm.gif file=0A= var _utsp=3D"|"; // transaction field separator=0A= var _uflash=3D1; // set flash version detect option (1=3Don|0=3Doff)=0A= var _utitle=3D1; // set the document title detect option = (1=3Don|0=3Doff)=0A= var _ulink=3D0; // enable linker functionality (1=3Don|0=3Doff)=0A= var _uanchor=3D0; // enable use of anchors for campaign = (1=3Don|0=3Doff)=0A= var _utcp=3D"/"; // the cookie path for tracking=0A= var _usample=3D100; // The sampling % of visitors to track (1-100).=0A= =0A= //-- UTM Campaign Tracking Settings=0A= var _uctm=3D1; // set campaign tracking module (1=3Don|0=3Doff)=0A= var _ucto=3D"15768000"; // set timeout in seconds (6 month default)=0A= var _uccn=3D"utm_campaign"; // name=0A= var _ucmd=3D"utm_medium"; // medium (cpc|cpm|link|email|organic)=0A= var _ucsr=3D"utm_source"; // source=0A= var _uctr=3D"utm_term"; // term/keyword=0A= var _ucct=3D"utm_content"; // content=0A= var _ucid=3D"utm_id"; // id number=0A= var _ucno=3D"utm_nooverride"; 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