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Detrimental
effect of cancer preventive phytochemicals silymarin, genistein and
epigallocatechin 3-gallate on epigenetic events in human prostate carcinoma
DU145 cells
Bhatia N, Agarwal R
Center
for Cancer Causation and Prevention, AMC Cancer Research Center, 1600 Pierce
Street, Denver, CO 80214, USA
Background.
Targeting epigenetic events associated with autonomous growth of advanced
prostate cancer (PCA) is a practical approach for its control, prevention, and
treatment.
Recently we showed that treatment of prostate carcinoma DU145 cells with cancer
preventive flavonoid silymarin at 100-200 microM doses inhibits erbB1-Shc
mitogenic signaling and modulates cell cycle regulators leading to a G1 arrest
and inhibition of cell growth and anchorage-independent colony formation.
Here, we asked the question whether these important findings could be extended
to other cancer preventive flavonoids and isoflavones such as epigallocatechin
3-gallate (EGCG) and genistein.
Methods.
DU145 cells were treated with similar doses (100-200 microM) of silymarin,
genistein or EGCG, cell lysates prepared, and levels of activated signaling
molecules (erbB1-Shc-ERK1/2) and cell cycle regulators (CDKIs, CDKs, and cyclins)
analyzed employing immunoprecipitation and/or immunoblotting techniques.
Cell growth studies were done by cell counting during 5 days of treatment with
these agents, and cell death was determined by Trypan blue staining.
Results.
Treatment of cells with silymarin, genistein or EGCG at 100-200 microM resulted
in a complete inhibition of TGFalpha-caused activation of erbB1 followed by a
moderate to strong inhibition (10-90%) of Shc activation without an alteration
in their protein levels.
Silymarin and genistein, but not EGCG, also inhibited (10% to complete) ERK1/2
activation suggesting that these agents impair erbB1-Shc-ERK1/2 signaling in
DU145 cells.
In other studies, silymarin, genistein or EGCG caused a strong induction of
Cip1/p21 (up to 2.4-fold) and Kip1/p27 (up to 150-fold), and a strong decrease
in CDK4 (40-90%) but had moderate effect on CDK2, and cyclins D1 and E.
An enhanced level of CDKIs also led to an increase in their binding to CDK4 and
CDK2.
Treatment of cells with silymarin, genistein or EGCG also resulted in 50-80%
cell growth inhibition at lower doses, and complete inhibition at higher doses.
In contrast to silymarin, higher doses of genistein showed cytotoxic effect
causing 30-40% cell death.
A more profound cytotoxic effect was observed with EGCG accounting for 50% cell
death at lower doses and complete loss of viability at higher doses.
Conclusions.
These results suggest that similar to silymarin, genistein and EGCG also inhibit
mitogenic signaling pathway(s) and alter cell cycle regulators, albeit at
different levels, leading to growth inhibition and death of advanced and
androgen-independent prostate carcinoma cells.
More studies are, therefore, needed with these agents to explore their
anti-carcinogenic potential against human prostate cancer.
Copyright 2001 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
PMID:
11170137 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
Source:
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=11170137&dopt=Abstract
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