From: Subject: Temporal trends in incidence of primary brain tumors in the United States, 1985-1999 -- Hoffman et al. 8 (1): 27 -- Neuro-Oncology Date: Tue, 20 Nov 2007 11:14:25 +0100 MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: multipart/related; type="text/html"; boundary="----=_NextPart_000_0000_01C82B66.82923E60" X-MimeOLE: Produced By Microsoft MimeOLE V6.00.2900.3198 This is a multi-part message in MIME format. ------=_NextPart_000_0000_01C82B66.82923E60 Content-Type: text/html; charset="Windows-1252" Content-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-printable Content-Location: http://neuro-oncology.dukejournals.org/cgi/content/full/8/1/27 Temporal trends in incidence of primary brain tumors = in the United States, 1985-1999 -- Hoffman et al. 8 (1): 27 -- = Neuro-Oncology
3DHome=20 3D"Duke 3D"
3D"=20
3D" QUICK = SEARCH:   [advanced] 3D"
3D"
Author:
 Keyword(s):
Year:  Vol:  Page: 
3D"
  Home | Help | Feedback | Subscriptions | Archive | Search | Table of=20 Contents

Neuro Oncol 2006 = 8(1):27-37;=20 DOI:10.1215/S1522851705000323
This = Article
3D"
3D"Right Abstract=20 3D"Freely
3D"Right Full=20 Text (PDF)
3D"Right Alert=20 me when this article is cited
3D"Right Alert=20 me if a correction is posted
3D"Right Citation Map
3D"
Services
3D"
3D"Right Similar=20 articles in this journal
3D"Right Similar=20 articles in PubMed
3D"Right Alert=20 me to new issues of the journal
3D"Right Download=20 to citation manager
3D"Right 3D"reprints
3D"
Citing = Articles
3D"
3D"Right Citing Articles via Google = Scholar
3D"
Google = Scholar
3D"
3D"Right Articles by Hoffman, S. =
3D"Right Articles by McCarthy, B. J. =
3D"Right Search for Related Content =
3D"
PubMed
3D"
3D"Right PubMed=20 Citation=20
Duke = University=20 Press

Epidemiology and Cancer Control

Temporal trends in incidence of primary brain tumors in the United = States,=20 1985-19991=20

Sara Hoffman, Jennifer M. = Propp=20 and Bridget J. McCarthy2

Department of Epidemiology, University of Illinois = at=20 Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA

2 Address correspondence to Bridget J. = McCarthy,=20 Department of Epidemiology, University of Illinois at Chicago, 1603 W. = Taylor,=20 M/C 923, Chicago, IL 60612 (bjm3{at}uic.edu ).


3D"   =20 Abstract
Top
3D"Abstract
Introduction
Materials and Methods
Results
Discussion
References
 
A= number=20 of reports have indicated an increasing incidence of primary = brain=20 tumors over the past few decades. The purpose of this study = was to=20 describe incidence rate trends in a population-based series = of newly=20 diagnosed primary nonmalignant and malignant brain and other = CNS=20 tumors, contributing five additional years to previously = published=20 incidence trends. Data for the years 1985 through 1999 from = six=20 collaborating state cancer registries of the Central Brain = Tumor=20 Registry of the United States were used to determine = incidence trends=20 in the broad age groups 0-19, 20-64, and 3D≥=2065 = years,=20 overall and for selected histologies. Multiplicative Poisson=20 regression was used to express trends as average annual = percent=20 change (AAPC). Joinpoint regression was used to identify = sharp=20 changes in incidence occurring over this period. Overall, = incidence=20 increased modestly (AAPC, 1.1; 95% CI, 0.8-1.4). When brain = lymphomas=20 were excluded, this increase remained statistically = significant. A=20 sharp change in incidence of brain lymphomas from increasing = to=20 decreasing over time was identified. Specific histologies = that were=20 increasing included anaplastic astrocytomas in individuals = aged 65=20 years, microscopically confirmed gliomas in both adult age = groups,=20 and microscopically confirmed glioma, not otherwise specified = (NOS),=20 in children. Increases that were not specific to any = population=20 subgroup were seen for oligodendrogliomas, ependymomas, = meningiomas,=20 and nerve sheath tumors. Decreases were noted for = astrocytoma, NOS,=20 nonmicroscopically confirmed gliomas, and pituitary tumors.=20 Improvements in diagnosis and classification are likely = reflected in=20 the decreasing trends in unspecified glioma subgroups and the = accompanying increasing trends in more specific glioma = subgroups.=20 However, increases in meningiomas and nerve sheath tumors = deserve=20 further attention.

Key Words: brain tumors =95 epidemiology =95 = incidence =95 trends


3D"   =20 Introduction
Top
Abstract
3D"Introduction
Materials and Methods
Results
Discussion
References
 
R= eports=20 from the late 1980s and early 1990s indicated that brain = tumor=20 incidence was increasing over time in children (Blair=20 and Birch, 1994; Bunin=20 et al., 1996; Gurney=20 et al., 1996; Hjalmers=20 et al., 1999; McKinney=20 et al., 1994; Smith=20 et al., 1998) as well as in the elderly (Ahsan=20 et al., 1995; Greig=20 et al., 1990; Legler=20 et al., 1999; Mao=20 et al., 1991; Polednak,=20 1991; Polednak=20 and Flannery, 1995; Werner=20 et al., 1995). Study results have included overall = increases (Blair=20 and Birch, 1994; Bunin=20 et al., 1996; Greig=20 et al., 1990; Gurney=20 et al., 1996; Mao=20 et al., 1991; McKinney=20 et al., 1994; Polednak,=20 1991; Werner=20 et al., 1995) as well as histology-specific increases (Blair=20 and Birch, 1994; Bunin=20 et al., 1996; Gurney=20 et al., 1996; Hjalmers=20 et al., 1999; McKinney=20 et al., 1994; Werner=20 et al., 1995). Some authors have attributed the increase = in brain=20 tumor incidence to improvements in diagnostic technology (Davis=20 et al., 1991; Desmeules=20 et al., 1992; Legler=20 et al., 1999, Mosso=20 et al., 1992; Radhakrishnan=20 et al., 1995; Smith=20 et al., 1998; Steinberg,=20 1986; Steinberg=20 et al., 1985). However, whether the entire increase in = brain=20 tumor incidence can be attributed to these changes is still=20 debated (Desmeules=20 et al., 1992; Forman,=20 1999; Legler=20 et al., 1999; Smith=20 et al, 1998; Varner,=20 1999).

A recent report on the incidence trends of adult primary = intracerebral=20 tumors in Denmark, Finland, Norway, and Sweden suggested that = the average annual increase in incidence overall was 0.6% for = men and 0.9% for women between 1969 and 1998 (L=F6nn=20 et al., 2004a). The increase in incidence was confined to = the=20 late 1970s and early 1980s, coinciding with the introduction = and=20 widespread use of improved diagnostic methods, and was most = apparent=20 in the 60- to 79-year age group. The authors go on to report=20 that since 1983 the incidence of adult primary intracerebral=20 tumors has remained relatively stable for both men and women. = Another recent study that investigated incidence trends of=20 childhood and adult brain/CNS tumors in Norway from 1970 = through=20 1999 reported that the overall rate increased during the = study=20 period. A continuing increase in the five-year period up to = 1999=20 may be seen in the age groups 0-4 years and 3D≥=2060 = years, but=20 the study indicated a trend of leveling off in incidence of = most=20 tumor categories (Johannesen=20 et al., 2004).

This present report describes overall and histology-specific=20 incidence rate trends in a population-based series of primary = benign and malignant brain and other CNS tumors in the United = States, and it presents trends specific to certain age = groups,=20 gender, race, and microscopic confirmation. Our previously = published=20 incidence trends using data of the Central Brain Tumor = Registry=20 of the United States (CBTRUS)3=20 (Jukich=20 et al., 2001) showed the incidence rate of brain/CNS = tumors to=20 have increased 0.9% per year between 1985 and 1994. Here, we=20 contribute five additional years of tumor registry data to = determine=20 whether incidence rates in the United States are following = the=20 pattern of stabilization of rates seen in the European = registries or=20 whether they are continuing to change over time.


3D"   =20 Materials and Methods
Top
Abstract
Introduction
3D"Materials and = Methods
Results
Discussion
References
 
<= STRONG>Data=20 and Variable Definitions
Details of the data = compilation have=20 been described previously (Jukich=20 et al., 2001). Briefly, the six following population-based = state=20 cancer registries provided data on all incident primary brain = tumors=20 diagnosed in the entire 15-year period of 1985 through 1999 = and were=20 compiled as part of CBTRUS: the Connecticut Tumor Registry, = Delaware=20 State Tumor Registry, Cancer Data Registry of Idaho, = Massachusetts=20 Cancer Registry, Montana Central Tumor Registry, and Utah = Cancer=20 Registry. Primary tumors with the following topography codes = from the=20 International Classification of Diseases for Oncology (ICDO) = were=20 included in the analysis (Percy=20 et al., 1990): C70.0 to C70.9 (meninges), C71.0 to C71.9 = (brain),=20 C72.0 to C72.9 (spinal cord, cranial nerves, and other parts = of the=20 CNS), and C75.1 to C75.3 (pituitary gland, craniopharyngeal = duct, and=20 pineal gland). The histology subgroups, with corresponding = ICDO=20 fourdigit histology codes, were defined as follows (Percy=20 et al., 1990): glioblastoma (9440-9442, 9481); = astrocytoma,=20 NOS (9400); anaplastic astrocytoma (9401, 9411); diffuse = astrocytoma=20 (9410, 9420); pilocytic astrocytoma (9421-9422); = oligodendroglioma=20 (9450); anaplastic oligodendroglioma (9451, 9460);=20 medulloblastoma/primitive neuroectodermal tumor (8963, = 9363-9364,=20 9470-9473, 9501-9503); ependymoma, total (9391-9394); mixed = glioma=20 (9382); glioma, NOS (9380); meningioma (9530-9534, = 9537-9539); nerve=20 sheath (9540-9541, 9550, 9560-9561, 9570); pituitary (8022, = 8040,=20 8140, 8146, 8246, 8260, 8270-8271, 8280-8281, 8290, 8300, = 8310,=20 8323, 8333-8334); craniopharyngioma (9350); lymphoma = (9590-9595,=20 9650, 9652-9655, 9659, 9661-9665, 9667, 9670-9677, 9680-9687, = 9690-9696, 9698, 9701-9702, 9705-9707, 9711-9714, 9720, 9723, = 9731,=20 9740-9741, 9766, 9827, 9830, 9861, 9930, 9970); and neoplasm, = unspecified (8000-8004, 8010, 8021). All primary tumors of = the=20 brain/CNS with ICDO behavior codes 0 (benign), 1 (uncertain), = and 3=20 (malignant) were included. Available information included = year of=20 diagnosis, age at diagnosis, gender, race, ICDO site code, = and=20 diagnostic confirmation. Data quality was assessed by use of=20 EditWriter and EDITS software developed by the Centers for = Disease=20 Control and Prevention to edit cancer registry data (CDC,=20 1997). Data were edited by using a brain tumor-specific = EDITS=20 metafile, a compiled database that contains all the logic and = values=20 required to check fields of data for validity (e.g., identify = illogical or impossible site, morphology, and/or behavior=20 combinations).

Population data for each region and U.S. standard population = data=20 were obtained from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End = Results=20 (SEER) Program of the National Cancer Institute Web site (http://seer.cancer.gov/popdata) and=20 were made available by the U.S. Census Bureau. Incidence = rates were=20 age-adjusted by using the direct method and, by five-year age = groupings, were standardized to the year 2000 U.S. standard=20 population.

Tumors were considered "confirmed" or "not confirmed' according = to=20 the SEER Program Code Manual (Fritz=20 and Ries, 1998): Diagnostic confirmation codes indicating = positive histology (1), positive cytology, no positive = histology (2),=20 and positive microscopic confirmation, method not specified = (4) were=20 considered microscopically confirmed. Codes indicating = positive=20 laboratory test/marker study (5), direct visualization = without=20 microscopic confirmation (6), radiography and other imaging=20 techniques without microscopic confirmation (7), clinical = diagnosis=20 only (8), and unknown whether or not microscopically = confirmed (9)=20 were considered not microscopically confirmed.

Statistical Analysis
Descriptive = information was=20 tabulated for total numbers of tumors by age group, gender, = race,=20 tumor behavior, histology, and diagnostic confirmation. The=20 proportion of microscopically confirmed tumors was tabulated = for each=20 year by state and age group.

Multiplicative Poisson regression, in which the log incidence = rate=20 (outcome variable) was calculated as a linear function of the = variables and the data was assumed to have the Poisson error=20 distribution, was used to statistically compare trends over = time (Est=E8ve=20 et al., 1994). Results using rates as an outcome variable = in the=20 expression model are commonly expressed as the average = percent change=20 over each time period (based on the parameter estimate for = time in=20 the model). Average annual percent change (AAPC) is a measure = of the=20 estimated yearly percent change in incidence rates over a = specified=20 time interval. Trends in histology groups were individually = assessed,=20 and factors that may influence rates by affecting = classification=20 (e.g., NOS categories) or diagnostic accuracy (e.g., = microscopic=20 confirmation) were evaluated. Models were fit by using the = PROC=20 GENMOD procedure in the SAS software system, release 8.02 (SAS=20 Institute, 1999). The independent variable of interest = was time,=20 expressed as year of tumor diagnosis and coded as a = continuous=20 variable. Predictors were age group, gender, race, and = microscopic=20 confirmation. Age group was coded as a categorical variable = for the=20 broad age groups of 0-19, 20-64, and 3D≥=2065 = years old.=20 Indicator variables were used for gender, race, and = microscopic=20 confirmation. Trends were expressed as AAPC over the 15-year = period,=20 with corresponding two-sided 95% CIs. Models were fit for = total brain=20 tumors and for the histologic subgroups. Hierarchical models = with=20 two-way and/or three-way interaction terms for year with age=20 group, gender, race, and microscopic confirmation were = assessed.=20 When interaction terms were statistically significant = (P <=20 0.05), separate AAPCs were listed for the fully adjusted = model=20 (without interaction terms), as well as for the appropriate = age=20 group, gender, or race strata (with the statistically = significant=20 interaction terms). When data became too sparse for = stratification=20 and/or three-way interaction, the highest level of=20 stratification/interaction that gave informative results was=20 reported. All final models were adjusted for age group, = gender, race,=20 and microscopic confirmation. Selected age-specific and = age-adjusted=20 estimates were graphed to illustrate trends in incidence over = time.=20 Incidence rates for CBTRUS data have been published elsewhere = (CBTRUS,=20 2004-2005; Jukich,=20 et al., 2001; Surawicz et al., 1999,=20 2000).=20

Joinpoint regression software was obtained from the Web site = of=20 the Statistical Research Applications Branch of the National = Cancer=20 Institute (srab.cancer.gov/joinpoint) = and was=20 used to identify any sharp changes in incidence occurring = over the=20 period analyzed (Kim=20 et al., 2000). Joinpoints correspond to the point in time = of a=20 change in trend where several different lines come to a = juncture. The=20 software fits the simplest joinpoint model that the data will = allow=20 using a series of permutation tests.


3D"   =20 Results
Top
Abstract
Introduction
Materials and Methods
3D"Results
Discussion
References
 
<= STRONG>Description=20 of Data
The data included 25,258 primary brain and = other CNS=20 tumors (Table=20 1). Nine percent of the tumors occurred in children (0-19 = years),=20 while the majority (53%) occurred in the 20- to 64-year age = group,=20 and the remaining 38% occurred in the elderly (3D≥=2065=20 years). The percentage of brain tumors in this data was = similar=20 by gender, but occurrence was primarily in white persons = because=20 of the population composition of the participating states. =


View = this=20 table:
[in=20 this window]
[in a new window]
  		Table 1. Characteristics = by=20 histology of primary brain and other CNS tumors diagnosed in = 1985-1999 from six U.S. state cancer registriesa =

 = ;

Overall, 86% of the tumors had a microscopically confirmed = diagnosis.=20 The percentage fluctuated from a low of 83% in 1986 to a high = of 88% in 1995 and showed no significant changes by registry = or=20 era. Microscopic confirmation differed by tumor histology, = ranging=20 from 20% for neoplasm, unspecified, to 100% for mixed glioma. = Overall=20 incidence rates for brain/CNS tumors by year of diagnosis, = with and=20 without brain lymphomas, and by race are presented in Fig.=20 1.



View = larger=20 version (16K):
[in=20 this window]
[in a new window]
  		Fig. 1. Incidence rates of = primary brain=20 tumors by calendar year and ethnicity from six U.S. state = cancer=20 registries. Rates are age-adjusted to the 2000 U.S. standard = population. =

 = ;

Overall Incidence Trends
The results of = Poisson=20 regression analysis for all primary brain/CNS tumors, with = and=20 without lymphomas, are listed in Table=20 2. Overall, the incidence of all primary brain/CNS tumors = was=20 modestly increasing, with an AAPC of 1.1% (95% CI, 0.8-1.4). = When=20 brain lymphomas were removed from the analysis, the overall = increase=20 in incidence remained statistically significant, though the = trend was=20 specific to whites. There were no significant interactions = for age,=20 gender, and microscopic confirmation for all primary = brain/CNS=20 tumors combined.


View = this=20 table:
[in=20 this window]
[in a new window]
  		Table 2. Overall = incidence rate=20 trends by AAPC for primary brain tumors from six U.S. state = cancer=20 registries* =

 = ;

Histology-Specific Incidence Trends
The = results=20 of Poisson regression analysis for histology-specific = brain/CNS=20 tumors are presented in Tables 3=20 and 4.=20 The incidence of oligodendrogliomas, ependymomas, and brain = lymphomas=20 was increasing overall. Joinpoint regression analysis = identified=20 a sharp change in incidence over time for brain lymphomas (Fig.=20 2), with an increase in incidence observed from 1985 to = 1996=20 (AAPC, 10.2; 95% confidence limits [CLs], 6.7, 13.7) and a = decrease=20 in incidence from 1996 to 1999 (AAPC, -20.0; 95% CLs, -35.4,=20 -0.9). There were no significant trends specific to age, = gender,=20 race, or microscopic confirmation for these tumors.


View = this=20 table:
[in=20 this window]
[in a new window]
  		Table 3. Overall = incidence rate=20 trends by AAPC for gliomas and major subtypes from six U.S. = state=20 cancer registries =

 = ;

View = this=20 table:
[in=20 this window]
[in a new window]
  		Table 4. = Histology-specific=20 incidence rate trends by AAPC from six U.S. state cancer = registries =

 = ;


View = larger=20 version (15K):
[in=20 this window]
[in a new window]
  		Fig. 2. Joinpoint regression = analysis from=20 six U.S. state cancer registries identifying sharp changes = in=20 incidence over time. =

 = ;

The incidence of total astrocytomas (AAPC, -3.3; 95% CLs, -4.0,=20 -2.6 [Table=20 3]) and neoplasm, unspecified (AAPC, -3.3; 95% CLs, -4.8, = -1.9=20 [data not shown]) was decreasing overall. Driving the = decrease in=20 total astrocytoma incidence is the significantly decreasing = incidence=20 of astrocytoma, NOS (AAPC, -9.0; 95% CLs, -10.0, -8.0), both = overall=20 and within each of the three age groups (Table=20 4).

Gliomas had specific trends for age group and microscopic = confirmation.=20 Overall, gliomas in all age groups showed a statistically = significant=20 decrease in incidence for nonmicroscopically confirmed tumors = (AAPC of -4.8, -4.1, and -2.7 for ages 0-19, 20-64, and 3D≥=2065,=20 respectively), while microscopically confirmed gliomas were=20 significantly increasing both in the adults (AAPC, 0.8) and = in=20 the elderly (AAPC, 2.2). Mixed gliomas showed an overall = increase in=20 incidence (AAPC, 4.4), although the trend was significantly=20 decreasing in children (AAPC, -9.9) and increasing in adults=20 aged 20-64 (AAPC, 6.0). Incidence of microscopically = confirmed=20 glioma, NOS, was increasing in children (AAPC, 6.4), while = incidence=20 of nonmicroscopically confirmed glioma, NOS, was decreasing = in=20 the adult age groups (20-64 years; 3D≥=2065 = years),=20 with AAPCs of -6.4 and -4.6, respectively.

Trends for selected glioma histologies and for astrocytoma = subtypes=20 are shown in Fig.=20 3. Overall, incidence of total astrocytomas was = decreasing (AAPC,=20 -3.3), which was largely a result of the decrease in = astrocytoma, NOS=20 (AAPC, -9.0). When excluding NOS, the incidence rate of = astrocytomas=20 was statistically significantly increasing overall and in all = age=20 groups (data not shown). The overall incidence rate of = anaplastic=20 astrocytomas was increasing, specifically in the elderly = (AAPC, 6.7).=20 Incidence of pilocytic astrocytomas was significantly = increasing in=20 children (AAPC, 10.3), while incidence of diffuse = astrocytomas was=20 significantly decreasing in children (AAPC, -7.7). Incidence = of=20 microscopically confirmed glioblastomas was increasing (AAPC, = 3.0),=20 while incidence was decreasing for those not microscopically=20 confirmed (AAPC, -2.3).




View = larger=20 version (36K):
[in=20 this window]
[in a new window]
  		Fig. 3. A. Incidence rates by = calendar=20 year from six U.S. state cancer registries. A. Selected = glioma=20 subtypes. B. Astrocytomas. =

 = ;
The=20 overall incidence of meningiomas and nerve sheath tumors was=20 increasing for both microscopically and nonmicroscopically = confirmed=20 tumors (Fig.=20 4). No age-, gender-, or race-specific trends were = significant=20 for these tumor histologies. Pituitary tumors, overall, = expressed a=20 significant decrease in incidence (Fig.=20 4). The decreasing trend was significant for nonwhites in = all age=20 groups and for whites 3D≥=2065 = years.=20



View = larger=20 version (17K):
[in=20 this window]
[in a new window]
  		Fig. 4. Incidence rates by = calendar year=20 for predominantly nonmalignant histologies from six U.S. = state=20 cancer registries. =

 = ;

3D"   =20 Discussion
Top
Abstract
Introduction
Materials and Methods
Results
3D"Discussion
References
 
T= hese=20 analyses include all primary brain tumors regardless of = behavior,=20 allowing an analysis of trends in subgroups that are of mixed = behavior or are primarily benign. A modest increase in all = primary=20 brain tumors (1.1% per year) was found and is consistent with = previously published incidence trends of CBTRUS data from the = years=20 1985-1994 (Jukich=20 et al., 2001). This overall increase in incidence = persisted after=20 exclusion of brain lymphomas. Although the trend was specific = to=20 whites, trends in nonwhites were more unstable because of = small=20 numbers in each year. With joinpoint regression analysis, a = sharp=20 change in incidence over time was identified for lymphomas, = which are=20 likely influenced by HIV/AIDS trends. This observed decrease = in=20 incidence corresponds with a 1973-1998 SEER data report by=20 Kadan-Lottick et al. (2002)=20 which found that by 1998 the incidence rates of primary CNS=20 lymphomas in the United States had decreased from a peak in=20 1995, especially in men under 60 years of age. This trend = mirrors=20 the decrease in AIDS rates from their peak in 1993, as well = as=20 the introduction of more effective antiretroviral therapies = (Aalen=20 et al., 1999).

Gliomas showed trend variations by age group for the histology=20 subgroups of total gliomas; diffuse, pilocytic, and = anaplastic=20 astrocytomas; oligodendrogliomas; mixed glioma; and glioma,=20 NOS. Overall increases in incidence for this period were = observed=20 for glioblastomas, mixed gliomas, ependymomas, and=20 oligodendrogliomas. For five of the six registries, = registry-specific=20 AAPCs for glioblastomas were increasing, similar to the = overall=20 AAPC, varying only in magnitude of the trend, while one = registry=20 showed no significant increase, which indicated consistency = of=20 the trends across regions. Small numbers of cases prevented=20 accurate registry-specific AAPCs for other tumor histologies. = Some=20 of the increase in incidence of oligodendrogliomas may be the = result of significant attention being focused by=20 neuropathologists on these tumors that have been shown to be=20 chemosensitive and treatable in up to 70% of anaplastic and=20 aggressive oligodendroglioma cases (Cairncross=20 et al., 1992; Paleologos=20 et al., 1999). Since oligodendrogliomas have a more = favorable=20 prognosis than other astrocytic tumors, a relaxation of the=20 diagnostic criteria, possibly in an effort "not to impede any = patient=20 from gaining a possible benefit of chemotherapy," has = resulted in=20 more oligodendrogliomas being diagnosed (Burger,=20 2002; Reifenberger=20 and Louis, 2003).

Overall negative time trends were observed for total = astrocytomas=20 and astrocytoma, NOS, over the 15-year period, although = astrocytoma=20 subtypes of pilocytic and anaplastic showed statistically = significant=20 increases in incidence. A recent analysis of SEER data found=20 that the incidence of adult gliomas increased between 1977 = and=20 2000, especially among the oldest patients included in the = study=20 (Hess=20 et al., 2004). With results similar to those from our = analysis of=20 CBTRUS data, the SEER analysis of adult gliomas demonstrated = overall=20 increases in incidence over time for glioblastomas and=20 oligodendrogliomas, as well as anaplastic astrocytomas, and = decreases=20 in incidence for astrocytoma, NOS. However, the authors go on = to=20 report that their analysis indicated that brain cancer = incidence may=20 be stabilizing, which could suggest that glioma incidence = increases=20 may be an artifact.

Analysis of predominantly nonmalignant histologies indicated = a=20 decrease in incidence over this period for pituitary tumors. = In a=20 study of brain tumor incidence by histologic subtypes in = Japan for=20 the period 1973-1993, pituitary tumors showed rapid increases = during=20 the early 1980s and reached a plateau in trend afterward (Kaneko=20 et al., 2002). The periods of the CBTRUS data overlap = with only=20 the latter years of the Japanese data, where the plateau was = reached,=20 and extend to more recent years. There have been no other = reports of=20 a decrease in pituitary tumor incidence in the most recent = periods.=20 Meningiomas and nerve sheath tumors demonstrated increases in = incidence over the 1985-1999 period, trends that persisted = upon=20 analysis of microscopically confirmed cases. Relative = increases in=20 incidence rates for nonmicroscopically confirmed meningiomas = and=20 nerve sheath tumors might reflect the greater tendency to = diagnose=20 such tumors with MRI and follow them with periodic scans to = monitor=20 growth rate, rather than proceed directly to surgery. A few = studies=20 of cellular telephone use and nerve sheath tumors have now = been=20 completed (Christensen=20 et al., 2004; Hardell=20 et al., 2003; Inskip=20 et al., 2001; L=F6nn=20 et al., 2004b; Muscat=20 et al., 2002) with no clear consensus emerging. As = cellular=20 telephone technology is relatively new, we do not yet have = the=20 long-term follow-up on their possible biological effects. The = increase in incidence of nerve sheath tumors needs more=20 investigation, as no causative factors have been identified = (Propp=20 et al., 2006 [this issue]).

Major changes in brain tumor classification have occurred that = may=20 have influenced the reporting of brain tumor data. For example, = with=20 regard to nerve sheath tumors, the second edition of the = ICDO,=20 published in 1990, differed from the first edition in that = tumors=20 occurring in the cranial nerves were split into four = topography codes=20 as opposed to being grouped into one topography code (Percy=20 et al., 1990). In addition, the World Health Organization = revised=20 its histology classification scheme for tumors of the CNS (Kleihues=20 et al., 1993a). This is a guideline used by neuropathologists = for=20 histologic typing of brain tumors (Kleihues=20 et al., 1993b). Several of the new entities in the 1993 = WHO=20 recoding did not have corresponding four-digit histology = codes in the=20 ICDO at that time (Kleihues=20 et al., 1993a). Histologic criteria have also changed = over time,=20 and depending on the experience and preference of the = pathologist,=20 differential classification of glial tumors may occur (Aldape=20 et al., 2000; Castillo=20 et al., 2004; Coons=20 et al., 1997; Giannini=20 et al., 2001). Exactly how these changes have affected = the=20 reporting of brain tumor data and histology-specific = incidence rates=20 remains unclear.

Fifteen years of recent data does not allow for the analysis = of=20 historical incidence trends that may have been impacted by = diagnostic=20 improvements that occurred over the last 25-30 years. Also, = pre-1990=20 incidence rates may have been affected by revisions in the = WHO=20 histologic classification scheme for CNS tumors and changes = in ICDO=20 coding. Histologic criteria, which are both qualitative and=20 subjective, have also changed over time. Variation in = diagnosis,=20 coding, and reporting practices is possible between each of = the six=20 CBTRUS collaborating state cancer registries included in this = analysis. Nevertheless, AAPCs for meningiomas and nerve = sheath tumors=20 by registry either were in the same direction as the overall = AAPC for=20 that histology or showed no statistically significant trend, = with the=20 only variation being in magnitude, but not direction, of = trend. In=20 addition, the large increases in incidence rates over this = 15-year=20 period for nonmicroscopically confirmed meningiomas and nerve = sheath tumors may reflect changes in case ascertainment.=20 Awareness of the importance of benign brain tumor collection = was=20 brought to the forefront by CBTRUS with their initial survey = of=20 registries in 1992 (Carol Kruchko, CBTRUS, personal = communication)=20 and may have influenced active ascertainment of these tumors, = although this issue deserves further attention. Finally, = these data=20 results largely reflect patterns for the Northeastern region = of=20 the United States, based on the populations of the = contributing=20 states, and are likely more informative for whites than for=20 other racial groups.

Despite these possible limitations, this analysis contributes = 15=20 years of brain/CNS tumor incidence data, the majority of = which=20 represent the period following the introduction and widespread = use of=20 diagnostic improvements such as CT and MRI scans. CBTRUS data = includes information on all primary brain/CNS tumors, both = malignant=20 and benign, offering a more comprehensive analysis of = temporal trends=20 in incidence. Furthermore, this report adds to the limited = amount of=20 population-based data on brain/CNS tumors overall and, in = particular,=20 the categories of predominantly nonmalignant tumors and = neoplasm,=20 unspecified tumors. Beginning in January 2004, the Benign = Brain Tumor=20 Cancer Registries Amendment Act (Public Law 107-260) required = all=20 cancer surveillance registries to expand their primary brain = tumor=20 data collection to include tumors of benign and uncertain = behavior.=20 In the future, incidence rate trend data will be available = for all=20 primary (malignant and nonmalignant) brain tumors from the = entire=20 U.S. population.

This analysis documented a modest overall increase in brain/CNS=20 tumor incidence rates, which remained even when excluding = brain=20 lymphomas. By using joinpoint regression analysis, incidence = of=20 brain lymphomas was found to be decreasing from 1996 to 1999, = which=20 may be a result of HIV/AIDS trend influence. Negative trends = seen for=20 glioma, NOS, and astrocytoma, NOS, tumor incidence, as well = as the=20 corresponding positive incidence trends in some glioma and=20 astrocytoma subgroups, most likely reflect improvements in = diagnostic=20 technology and classification. However, increases seen in=20 ependymomas, meningiomas, and nerve sheath tumors are less = likely to=20 be related to improvements in diagnosis and deserve further=20 attention.


3D"   =20 Acknowledgments
 
The = authors=20 gratefully acknowledge the Central Brain Tumor Registry of = the United=20 States and the collaborators at state registries who provided = data=20 for this analysis: Anthony Polednak, Connecticut Tumor = Registry;=20 Leroy Hathcock, Delaware State Tumor Registry; Stacey Carson, = Cancer=20 Data Registry of Idaho; Susan Gershman, Massachusetts Cancer=20 Registry; Debbi Lemons, Montana Central Tumor Registry; and = Rosemary=20 Dibble, Utah Cancer Registry.


3D"   =20 Footnotes
 
1 This work was conducted under = the=20 financial support of the Central Brain Tumor Registry of the = United=20 States.

3 Abbreviations used are as = follows:=20 AAPC, average annual percentage change; CBTRUS, Central Brain = Tumor=20 Registry of the United States; CLs, confidence limits; ICDO,=20 International Classification of Diseases for Oncology; NOS, = not=20 otherwise specified; SEER, Surveillance, Epidemiology, and = End=20 Results.

Received for publication March 17, 2005. Accepted for publication = July 21,=20 2005.


3D"   =20 References
Top
Abstract
Introduction
Materials and Methods
Results
Discussion
3D"References
&nb= sp;

Aalen, O.O., Farewell, V.T., De Angelis, D., Day, N.E., and Gill, = O.N. (1999)=20 New therapy explains the fall in AIDS incidence with a substantial rise = in=20 number of persons on treatment expected. AIDS 13, = 103-108.[CrossRef]<= A=20 href=3D"http://neuro-oncology.dukejournals.org/cgi/external_ref?access_nu= m=3D000079246400014&link_type=3DISI">[ISI][Medline]

Ahsan, H., Neugut, A.I., and Bruce, J.N. (1995) Trends in incidence = of=20 primary malignant brain tumors in USA, 1981-1990. Int. J. = Epidemiol.=20 24, 1078-1085.[Abstract/Free Full Text]

Aldape, K., Simmons, M.L., Davis, R.L., Miike, R., Wiencke, J., = Barger, G.,=20 Lee, M., Chen, P., and Wrensch, M. (2000) Discrepancies in diagnoses of=20 neuroepithelial neoplasms: The San Francisco Bay Area Adult Glioma = Study.=20 Cancer 88, 2342-2349.3.0.CO;2-X&am= p;link_type=3DDOI">[CrossRef][ISI][Medline]

Blair, V., and Birch, J.M. (1994) Patterns and temporal trends in the = incidence of malignant disease in children: II. Solid tumours of = childhood.=20 Eur. J. Cancer 30A, 1498-1511.[CrossRef]

Bunin, G.R., Feuer, E.J., Witman, P.A., and Meadows, A.T. (1996) = Increasing=20 incidence of childhood cancer: Report of 20 years experience from the = Greater=20 Delaware Valley Pediatric Tumor Registry. Paediatr. Perinat. = Epidemiol.=20 10, 319-338.[ISI][Medline]

Burger, P.C. (2002) What is an oligodendroglioma? Brain = Pathol.=20 12, 257-259.[ISI][Medline]

Cairncross, J.G., Macdonald, D.R., and Ramsay, D.A. (1992) Aggressive = oligodendroglioma: A chemosensitive tumor. Neurosurgery = 31, 78-82.[ISI][Medline]

Castillo, M.S., Davis, F.G., Surawicz, T., Bruner, J.M., Bigner, S., = Coons,=20 S., and Bigner, D.D. (2004) Consistency of primary brain tumor diagnoses = and=20 codes in cancer surveillance systems. Neuroepidemiology = 23, 85-93.[CrossRef][ISI][Medline]

CBTRUS, Central Brain Tumor Registry of the United States (2004-2005) = Primary Brain Tumors in the United States, Statistical Report, = 1997-2001,=20 Years Data Collected. Chicago: Central Brain Tumor Registry of the = United=20 States.

Christensen, H.C., Schuz, J., Kosteljanetz, M., Poulsen, H.S., = Thomsen, J.,=20 and Johansen, C. (2004) Cellular telephone use and risk of acoustic = neuroma.=20 Am. J. Epidemiol. 159, 277-283.[Abstract/Free Full Text]

Coons, S.W., Johnson, P.C., Scheithauer, B.W., Yates, A.J., and = Pearl, D.K.=20 (1997) Improving diagnostic accuracy and interobserver concordance in = the=20 classification and grading of primary gliomas. Cancer 79,=20 1381-1393.3.0.CO;2-W&= ;link_type=3DDOI">[CrossRef][ISI][Medline]

Davis, D.L., Ahlbom, A., Hoel, D., and Percy, C. (1991) Is brain = cancer=20 mortality increasing in industrialized countries? Am. J. Ind. = Med.=20 19, 421-431.[ISI][Medline]

Desmeules, M., Mikkelsen, T., and Mao, Y. (1992) Increasing incidence = of=20 primary malignant brain tumors: Influence of diagnostic methods. J. = Natl.=20 Cancer Inst. 84, 442-445.[Abstract/Free Full Text]

CDC, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (1997) EDITS = [computer=20 software]. Version 2.00. Atlanta, Ga.: Division of Cancer Prevention and = Control, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health = Promotion,=20 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Available at http://www.cdc.gov/cancer/n= pcr/edits.

Est=E8ve, J., Benhamou, E., and Raymond, L. (1994) Statistical = Methods in=20 Cancer Research, Volume IV. Descriptive Epidemiology. Lyon: = International=20 Agency for Research on=20 Cancer.

Forman, A.D. (1999) Re: Trends in reported incidence of primary = malignant=20 brain tumors in children in the United States. J. Natl. Cancer = Inst.=20 91, 648-649.[Free Full Text]

Fritz, A.G., and Ries, L.A. (Eds.) (1998) The SEER Program Code=20 Manual, 3rd ed. Bethesda, MD: Cancer Statistics Branch, Surveillance = Program, Division of Cancer Control and Population Sciences, National = Cancer=20 Institute, National Institutes of Health.

Giannini, C., Scheithauer, B.W., Weaver, A.L., Burger, P.C., Kros, = J.M.,=20 Mork, S., Graeber, M.B., Bauserman, S., Buckner, J.C., Burton, J., = Riepe, R.,=20 Tazelaar, H.D., Nascimento, A.G., Crotty, T., Keeney, G.L., Pernicone, = P., and=20 Altermatt, H. (2001) Oligodendrogliomas: Reproducibility and prognostic = value of=20 histologic diagnosis and grading. J. Neuropathol. Exp. Neurol. = 60,=20 248-262.[ISI][Medline]

Greig, N.G., Ries, L.G., yancik, R., and Rapoport, S.I. (1990) = Increasing=20 annual incidence of primary malignant brain tumors in the elderly. J. = Natl.=20 Cancer Inst. 82, 1621-1624.[Abstract/Free Full Text]

Gurney, J.G., Davis, S., Severson, R.K., Fang, J.Y., Ross, J.A., and = Robison,=20 L.L. (1996) Trends in cancer incidence among children in the US. = Cancer=20 78, 532-541.3.0.CO;2-Z&= link_type=3DDOI">[CrossRef][ISI][Medline]

Hardell, L., Hansson Mild, K., Sandstrom, M., Carlberg, M., = Hallquist, A.,=20 and Pahlson, A. (2003) Vestibular schwannoma, tinnitus and cellular = telephones.=20 Neuroepidemiology 22, 124-129.[CrossRef][ISI][Medline]

Hess, K.R., Broglio, K.R., and Bondy, M.L. (2004) Adult glioma = incidence=20 trends in the United States, 1977-2000. Cancer 101, = 2293-2299.[CrossRef][ISI][Medline]

Hjalmers, U., Kulldorff, M., Wahlqvist, Y., and Lannering, B. (1999)=20 Increased incidence rates but no space-time clustering of childhood = astrocytoma=20 in Sweden, 1973-1992. Cancer 85, 2077-2090.[ISI][Medline]

Inskip, P.D., Tarone, R.E., Hatch, E.E., Wilcosky, T.C., Shapiro, = W.R.,=20 Selker, R.G., Fine, H.A., Black, P.M., Loeffler, J.S., and Linet, M.S. = (2001)=20 Cellular-telephone use and brain tumors. N. Engl. J. Med. = 344,=20 79-86.[Abstract/Free Full Text]

Johannesen, T.B., Angell-Andersen, E., Tretli, S., Langmark, F., and = Lote, K.=20 (2004) Trends in incidence of brain and central nervous system tumors in = Norway,=20 1970-1999. Neuroepidemiology 23, 101-109.[CrossRef][ISI][Medline]

Jukich, P.J., McCarthy, B.J., Surawicz, T.S., Freels, S., and Davis, = F.G.=20 (2001) Trends in incidence of primary brain tumors in the United States, = 1985-1994. Neuro-Oncology 3, 141-151.[Abstract]

Kadan-Lottick, N.S., Skluzacek, M.C., and Gurney, J.G. (2002) = Decreasing=20 incidence rates of primary central nervous system lymphoma. = Cancer=20 95, 193-202.[CrossRef][ISI][Medline]

Kaneko, S., Nomura, K., yoshimura, T., and yamaguchi, N. (2002) Trend = of=20 brain tumor incidence by histological subtypes in Japan: Estimation from = the=20 Brain Tumor Registry of Japan, 1973-1993. J. Neurooncol. = 60,=20 61-69.[CrossRef][Medline]

Kim, H.J., Fay, M.P., Feuer, E.J., and Midthune, D.N. (2000) = Permutation=20 tests for joinpoint regression with applications to cancer rates = [erratum in=20 Stat. Med. (2001) 20, 655]. Stat. Med. 19, = 335-351.3.0.CO;2-Z&= link_type=3DDOI">[CrossRef][ISI][Medline]

Kleihues, P., Burger, P.C., and Scheithauer, B.W. (1993a) = Histologic=20 Typing of Tumours of the Central Nervous System, 2nd ed. Berlin:=20 Springer-Verlag.

Kleihues, P., Burger, P.C., and Scheithauer, B.W. (1993b) The new WHO = classification of brain tumors. Brain Pathol. 3, = 255-268.[ISI][Medline]

Legler, J.M., Ries, L.A., Smith, M.A., Warren, J.L., Heineman, E.F., = Kaplan,=20 R.S., and Linet, M.S. (1999) Brain and other central nervous system = cancers:=20 Recent trends in incidence and mortality [erratum in J. Natl. Cancer=20 Inst. (1999) 91, 1693]. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. = 91,=20 1382-1390.[Abstract/Free Full Text]

L=F6nn, S., Klaeboe, L., Hall, P., Mathiesen, T., Auvinen, A., = Christensen,=20 H.C., Johansen, C., Salminen, T., Tynes, T., and Feychting, M. (2004a) = Incidence=20 trends of adult primary intracerebral tumors in four Nordic countries. = Int.=20 J. Cancer 108, 450-455.[CrossRef][ISI][Medline]

L=F6nn S., Ahlbom A., Hall P., and Feychting, M. (2004b) Mobile phone = use and=20 the risk of acoustic neuroma. Epidemiology 15, = 653-659.[CrossRef][ISI][Medline]

Mao, y., Desmeules, M., Semenciw, R.M., Hill, G., Gaudette, L., and = Wigle,=20 D.T. (1991) Increasing brain cancer rates in Canada. Can. Med. Assoc. = J.=20 145, 1583-1591.[Abstract]

McKinney, P.A., Ironside, J.W., Harkness, E.F., Arango, J.C., Doyle, = D., and=20 Black, R.J. (1994) Registration quality and descriptive epidemiology of=20 childhood brain tumours in Scotland 1975-90. Br. J. Cancer = 70,=20 973-979.[ISI][Medline]

Mosso, M.L., Colombo, R., Giordano, L., Pastore, G., Terracini, B., = and=20 Magnani, C. (1992) Childhood Cancer Registry of the Province of Torino, = Italy:=20 Survival, incidence, and mortality over 20 years. Cancer = 69,=20 1300-1306.3.0.CO;2-O&= amp;link_type=3DDOI">[CrossRef][ISI][Medline]

Muscat, J.E., Malkin, M.G., Shore, R.E., Thompson, S., Neugut, A.I.,=20 Stellman, S.D., and Bruce, J. (2002) Handheld cellular telephones and = risk of=20 acoustic neuroma. Neurology 58, 1304-1306.[Abstract/Free Full Text]

Paleologos, N.A., Macdonald, D.R., Vick, N.A., and Cairncross, J.G. = (1999)=20 Neoadjuvant procarbazine, CCNU, and vincristine for anaplastic and = aggressive=20 oligodendroglioma. Neurology 53, 1141-1143.[Abstract/Free Full Text]

Percy, C., Van Holten, V., and Muir, C.M. (Eds.) (1990) = International=20 Classification of Diseases for Oncology, 2nd ed. Geneva: World = Health=20 Organization.

Polednak, A.P. (1991) Time trends in incidence of brain and central = nervous=20 system cancers in Connecticut. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 83,=20 1679-1681.[Free Full Text]

Polednak, A.P., and Flannery, J.T. (1995) Brain, other central = nervous=20 system, and eye cancer. Cancer 75 (suppl.), 330-337.3.0.CO;2-5&a= mp;link_type=3DDOI">[CrossRef][ISI][Medline]

Propp, J.M., McCarthy, B.J., Davis, F.G., and Preston-Martin, S. = (2006)=20 Descriptive epidemiology of vestibular schwannomas. = Neuro-Oncology=20 8, 1-11.[Abstract/Free Full Text]

Radhakrishnan, K., Mokri, B., Parisi, J.E., O'Fallon, W.M., Sunku, = J., and=20 Kurland, L.T. (1995) The trends in incidence of primary brain tumors in = the=20 population of Rochester, Minnesota. Ann. Neurol. 37, = 67-73.[CrossRef][ISI][Medline]

Reifenberger, G., and Louis, D.N. (2003) Oligodendroglioma: Toward = molecular=20 definitions in diagnostic neuro-oncology. J. Neuropathol. Exp. = Neurol.=20 62, 111-126.[ISI][Medline]

SAS Institute (1999) SAS System software. Release 8.02. Cary, N.C.: = SAS=20 Institute, Inc.

Smith, M.A., Freidlin, B., Ries, L.A., and Simon, R. (1998) Trends in = reported incidence of primary malignant brain tumors in children in the = United=20 States. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 90, 1269-1277.[Abstract/Free Full Text]

Steinberg, E.P. (1986) The status of MRI in 1986: Rates of adoption = in the=20 United States and elsewhere. Am. J. Roentgenol. 147, = 453-455.[Abstract/Free Full Text]

Steinberg, E.P., Sisk, J.E., and Locke, K.E. (1985) X-ray CT and = magnetic=20 resonance imagers. Diffusion patterns and policy issues. N. Engl. J. = Med.=20 313, 859-864.[ISI][Medline]

Surawicz, T.S., McCarthy, B.J., Kupelian, V., Jukich, P.J., Bruner, = J.M.,=20 Davis, F.G., and the collaborating registries of the Central Brain Tumor = Registry of the United States (1999) Descriptive epidemiology of primary = brain=20 and CNS tumors: Results from the Central Brain Tumor Registry of the = United=20 States, 1990-1994. Neuro-Oncology 1, 14-25.[Abstract]

Surawicz, T.S., McCarthy, B.J., Jukich, P.J., and Davis, F.G. (2000) = The=20 accuracy and completeness of primary brain and central nervous system = tumor=20 data: Results from the Central Brain Tumor Registry of the United = States. J.=20 Registry Manage. 27, 51-55.

Varner, A. (1999) Re: Trends in reported incidence of primary = malignant brain=20 tumors in children in the United States. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. = 91,=20 973-974.[Free Full Text]

Werner, M.H., Phuphanich, S., and Lyman, G.H. (1995) The increasing = incidence=20 of malignant gliomas and primary central nervous system lymphoma in the = elderly.=20 Cancer 76, 1634-1642.3.0.CO;2-0&a= mp;link_type=3DDOI">[CrossRef][ISI][Medline]




This = Article
3D"
3D"Right Abstract=20 3D"Freely
3D"Right Full=20 Text (PDF)
3D"Right Alert=20 me when this article is cited
3D"Right Alert=20 me if a correction is posted
3D"Right Citation Map
3D"
Services
3D"
3D"Right Similar=20 articles in this journal
3D"Right Similar=20 articles in PubMed
3D"Right Alert=20 me to new issues of the journal
3D"Right Download=20 to citation manager
3D"Right 3D"reprints
3D"
Citing = Articles
3D"
3D"Right Citing Articles via Google = Scholar
3D"
Google = Scholar
3D"
3D"Right Articles by Hoffman, S. =
3D"Right Articles by McCarthy, B. J. =
3D"Right Search for Related Content =
3D"
PubMed
3D"
3D"Right PubMed=20 Citation=20

  Home | Help | Feedback | Subscriptions | Archive | Search | Table of=20 Contents

------=_NextPart_000_0000_01C82B66.82923E60 Content-Type: image/gif Content-Transfer-Encoding: base64 Content-Location: http://neuro-oncology.dukejournals.org/icons/banner/title.gif R0lGODlhDASNAKIHAGxsUbm5i5iYcjg4KhAQDKamfAAAAMzMmSH5BAEAAAcALAAAAAAMBI0AAAP/ eLrc/jDKSau9OOvNu/9gKI5kaZ5oqq5s675wLM90bd94ru987//AoHBILBqPyKRyyWw6n9CodEqt Wq/YrHbL7Xq/4LB4TC6bz+i0es1uu9/wuHxOr9vv+Lx+z+/7/4CBgoOEhYaHiImKi4yNjo+QkZKT lJWWl5iZmpucnZ6foKGio6SlpqeoqaqrrK2ur7CxsrOQBQIFhra4oLYBUrq1t1G9tCcCx8jJysvM zc7LxR0FAAADBAbY2dkEA9S7dNPV19ra3N6R4dbk2gPdAkPp4+sG5gDfffHz2PX3PQHU6uZx69ZP j76DBnx1EIBwnoaGECNKNPBwYrYOFi9WzBhx/+C5H/8CZjSnkE1IeRZJruBYcgNDiytOcjTQreUN mRxVppg5BOfImjqmoZTI7V2JADMHhBgw06YFjgA8vJy4cabVg1WpcuCZ9WpEoDkCiPTKzSkZsUOt lt2ZMerCjCnQet03wCwMuXPp1UXBFeTYq2trAEibE4BdDkxHhiDcUOkGjo45TJXYNe/VyhAxcnxs 2SLYGWI7k9tbJrTobKRLQJYK14Tp04ZBJz5N87Dm1v5mn079QgBjtW5DAJhpVNrM4BlmFrwwOSJm 2pSTb946XTp0iARixxh+PRtyMNy7G/geQvlbmCXCQydQ3IX66+Q/9N3xHnp8FK9pE1i+4ffByP8c 1IfdbRbdV0FzmVknnlYYzKcggw0u2BB7L+QnHm9cWNgdhvJBdR6EIGhonwsiQschgSDepNuFtong m4QGYrBiRx/MCBGADxL1YXQRSsjjBQ72iF6OPq5zYgkF+Kcff1YkWeQ+TD6HEAE7OueikqIdOYKT T+4nQpA1cFmklykIeB2OLpnHAVIctUdkRG4yhxuQTyYoZIp0zplnnQJFCYKZMHIB6IIx3jlRnBYg 2JAIg57ZogeNdlfoU9XdECl8KFyaJQhYrjNpBJqW44FVaCaqZwV8Lvqmqpydimqq+pBpgqJPIjoF rUXaumpjkrmqAa4LlhoCsBLquieeMhC7oLH/AcIq7AWhbtOBjQ19GsFVjz6gLDlSptqtPij+eCys 5fi5gZiwyloFuqmqS11TaQ4pTadnmsAun+5+69AN99aZrwcFkDsewGpmwGZG5kpwlbUNbKuNvk9C zO278o4rMDZablBinRkzsfGTHVOwcLzIXvCxjwxXcLKPIStcqWwXY5ytyvRex+wENXu3QbT7dJgU yeK+GrNGhlrZasWUDs0OCTxLakXTmI5KKtBGNxszATNXAPWI4VY9w9a0pSwBtV1m7UDTz47todRW Jdywry4rTdGuWFFcctxyY3OzBQHn7bYRfcv99wNeDa6Aw0SfK3faGASutOEMgPmC40ND7gDi/xd2 cLBFZiuQMzadO+CV2AdgPnfRAkv8sN1BC503PSKQ7SwVsqfK+ASj/wp3BbXXuTcFvXPctZ0zBA8y CMYXO+3acmZ0u8iA6Y409HKrnjjd4Fr/JOmXv663FKb7+Dvh0WdgepUxPz9B+MofffcK7C/L2uId oJ1B09w3MNf4h+8OwevaO10A3Zc3KtXIezSRQvKOx7qM8K90/lPb6x7ogAUWSX2iexkMLMgyD3BQ PBRUwOYmYrbPJQQEc8Fg/6aHu7wNsIHEs9iN2kHDdpgQISFcwAjVQsMbriN0PtjhTAbyF6sA8QAp NF8EISDEnNAwLyp0QBN/YkPLAFFyLJhiSv96aMU15WUgPlwaYphHAS3qI4r/m4vZzoe9edTwjXCM oxzb8UICei1pLFyAAKqRxPoBBgCI2mMY88cDsGUnkIMZmR0zssYlPsCQgGxASLxyxANAEpGDXCSr tvNHTCpSA2D7zOE+mI0j2s8C+CvPXFLGRtRt0gZYpF4e8fY+HZISdMtLSotWdkYokLJjvHQjDAuE gVZm4Je2ARshkTmBYBpJkwihATMl4MzRjPE4EigAKfMXABNewIJYU6VXVGhMPNbSBbFsoSP1p0EJ JBKbGpuaBUhZybDIk3dGhKZEyLlOBpjxP1q7p8EEOgF61vEuBJUgSzTwT31MqpqoyaVF9tb/UGuK k5LNOyc7+6mCdNKydbLUqB4TaqqcZOCGOdQB+wx4AZTqUyJZK2dJFYPKIfbKpBhwaRvXMYOVnpQ4 0qMpBSgn0u45L6AO/FJeGCbTkIJUBh69VjudekcKQI2l94MntLS6BKiJzasvjQhTOaoAsLa0YBgw 61bJaM6nqkCtNWUrUtuy1qRy4HNYjQA4R2CZvEqgqeqcJQyimkayInGq1LwhEDno1wqYEI08YGx/ VhPAdTQWAoAtKE7rSkwNSFYDjz3oCz7706Mec7Mq4+pp7SqBz0G2sPubqVthW9SOIpaqMWxrVa0K VM9SdrWecQIHITvcsMJJtrvVrGlNptp5//5WRs/VbW5bUFzfLveb0QVedi9AVIgUKnyWo+1V1JdZ qRr2BIQln2HTy4Duete45OAe1JzQ3LkKVrwk1dZ65ard68qwWjtjrwIErFS6gpLA9XXnds+akgnw 7LLDXCgFyovf6c6AwAvAMIYPYELu9VaJtyXCh4up4c5ki8IVbggFT7lTcoSQfaJFZ5uoNlv1TnSg Qg0wwlpr4AIv9UBk3bAJhFzi81a3xdp4sZBzMOKM3tfGqwTykzPIWifXdsAzDuqUIxdivmQZxEH+ MoO3/ICKasNAZi4lCTY14TCfd8hdNi+ZMxznRy44sBOxnHtfmQS0crfIUJTylQ+7YzDPGf/Lhc7A nqOJ5OvJONGNQzBHIMfBAzYYAjx7rZzz8igUU/nQXn4zoAdtyVHXeNOnDgKR67zRLq5vv4aFcYz/ y2hX1nqwrP70lTHctJSWmpEQsCAhU5xgBni61aSGs6hzTefzyrrR2Bgen5GwalhbZlLHRnaqdb1t Li/bzaBGIbO9fWhei5mh/E0zLtcsGgiPtNzjDnW4CQ3qDT/b1nWD7+qYUO16t7vN/j6vqZOL22nj udt8jTei4W3YXlt6IqXKtLI7w6xsN3veqlE4vQdt74Fb2HXJZrLGPX6Vilub1CS/NbQFKF2Dr2Tk 48Zw+Hz9a85VsMcJZ3MELL7wkLP72wH/D7e6oz3rlqu8zzA/eaD/qnSCf9TpxM530Z/+cdsCfdfx nvkHhk6ez9Uz6vDaObh9nvN5p1zqK9e3o2mNdqRfHeE9dzVmm151qrvc7kdne/bwvXdcvx3q3Aa8 UW/88H2+LbgT70yMeL5xuMs72Wfve9qnXvC8H6HfHA8b04OO8nhjHu5LlrblQQ76rJ+bxhBpCc9o DvY7Q5DhGP+52T2v8EW3nfSCh7Ljd/D53JO7M2ljfON9/3vH977uuie+jyEf83jbfh6s5zDOc+Zu tp3mMIwPfdmZT/e7b777o6/87S+fdM6bWOzmV37c1X987ycf+egtP9YFXmWJGl4Bz7do/+IVj/75 x377uzd88Bd4Azh46VeABOh+QtB+4Ydq19Z/xqdwkbcvakd0fEeBfjd7Y7d71NCBHviBHvh1KzQk q/d4nQFh2adxGfd3CHhxpHZveoeBk8dv8heB+gGB7KdwILiDIFiBLHeBPDWDGch9sEd2MfA5RrFA 1Wd9p2ErKfhmK6iBB6iAdpZjMRiEPkhfNZiD0OGE4Dd+OsCAYOiALbh8AShpUPg1R6Vuw3ZwwDd3 RRiAUUiEmXdeLAaEE5OFTSCGkmd04wSHdfh/VieF/meElOeGZah9MZB/osIz4YV752eAyqeIF0WH NhhuR4aH+3aIQ8CHMuiHGCWJZSiAVP9IA56IhVeYh0N4hs2XhsXjQAukaZB4EDUTH08oiJXIil/Y h6A4Dx62haPIe8BYisU3IRNhi7v4iTxwiqrYi6j4Asy4ic7YjEXAM+8kEW2IiAcRKqVyi4YobixI jC7oeOwTQtG4duQXjg3YemcGcfo1hesIS8MYj9qmfuBIiKXnijIwdMDGFodSM07hjXIoe5bIhaD2 QZZzjha4BAr5g7OoDy8CU6IojusXjI+Gj5OogqI3htpIj8VokTZwSzfycoeSPOQhkPa4fyk5gc+Y Wqiliej4kBzZifM4k+93EAJgkhPpkR9Jkau4kq2Ii0I4lDLJi0QANu81iHCCOH6Fkh3/dI8FOYoE 9kGv1ZBaqI42mYAQyZQ7mZX1CJIsYJVE2QJiCZMLeQT8KJFKCRHvUDNu4pQSIovjCJTJ2JLKxV9F qYzTKI1uh5FSeWNueXiB+I3xh5VGiXdeSZC6GIcpeQMiCVAkKRHvwI2CmY98IpcV6ZOZyZNzWYAQ pQ1HVJYMWZOHiZjrMJnuaGx1SY3LSJp6aZqvuZZ0yZhgKRhRI5s4dACMSA8tAZfBkouzOZin9g9h pGmiqQTHuZcG8A67GU7vJpyNGZauaZcdmZgAGJyWSZhHeIPSeSgKoJPPmZ0M5DN+6ZNgEgDIwEdR FmHW2ZOc2QPJmZdJ9p3HqJrw2J4//2mRaCiUZumQynmW8smaRvCYz9SdkllWqTmC4nlBwKmftIdA zqmHEjqahhmbZIiTCHp/CmqQ2jmHi1mIA8mepVmdI3qT77kD8YOhBnpcB5BmJeGbmQOVH3qJrzNs 8ZmO5XmiduWi4cmhIYqbmkmK70mJY/mf/gmb1GkEYWRZF8miBwCerweiDCqj2OmjShOhE1qkRnCj JOpiCwClwkekhZmj7SmmqciXZxqTF3qi9CEa2aicxREqLAWjG9KgQcqSfEJzXFoEe7qm0LcActqj f6mP/kimJaqV+EmlDrqB0ckvovGIjVYcaWYUdFovinqnD5o3mNmnNFmhSYqk2SCphP8XphoZmVFJ kWZqpBt5qF8ZpDqwpNLSpGzJAMnjGJVqInbKpkKKn96DpSJqoaCKpjh6qjpKePR5f6RKqCZYpYlY qlnan7OWorrqYA8oqypmnx3hC7dKG5i5q6xqorxaQJDamZiqrBc2nQLapfMpqLSorasprGGIrvDq p9+qmMyKqu0krYlaRnK3orPKALUYpQv6lORJrOF6peNKrrqaqvlZrvd5mg0QsMnKnyq5qLTpqqsK rPSqsa2ad/par8CVX8uam7Tqjtu6G7m6r3gaLCKosCrrrDXAqeAKsSVreBPbofZqsVJam8+apgAq frz4sRyrY59ElsaKf5xzsjrHhDP/aqWpoh1meK/TigMyi6g0uwC7mRA3+6OFarAg661Dm7MOu7PT hpT7yq+haK0kC7DHqLRveKkLm6nOEn0d+7LmClXyqqYbu65si41b26hAGreMyrOcuLfparhoarZf C10iO7IqygBy6rY0MUeUW0NvWrV1KyEta7Vhm7mdC595+7NA66UNELnvqrc3gLkuu7hwa7cXm3eK +7lpVbRG652SVCCDi7HXqbM0+rRj6rVh+wzCO7zJMDiqu7qk60+4+7CyC42he6SIi7q/27TN6iqx +6khckO+6q/XenNEkbtTu7tj27uXOb1Sm5hTqqq/ir3sGKoPkDyf07PC6KmH277z/9q11Iuv1nsd K0CVeGu7pSsehVu7hiq7V2O+vOt76Rug9xus0su5fAu5AjzApvi8FCy2gvu6t3e99QsC5fi/BypF EwytIke/DTyzbhRH1HB6rcu6YMu+7rm0owvD9vvAnhvBOjTCJAwEx/vCHYzA45uR+wsd3Eu4kRps 3XHBgeu60Fl1rlWxQYyACzzDP1zDoquu7vu+SazEMdDDDEvFJ2zF0CvGVUgbRay7amcrHFzFMezC Hnq+ixtLe/XGCSzFBMvANgzBbNzGyRvA/MvFDZvBZBu+8ovHVxy9P7vGeby+eyy+EMlEsPq1XwzI m3mws6R1GMzE3TbFWBzGKEzDN/+cxVIUyQYMs44ryAOLxpTsw56MvHZJoM27w4H8p0hMxFraxRZM eUPXrXwMynrcypzswIfcyYtcyVfrvWa8ygQMvL5szLHMtHD8uWACy81cyEt8zJUpGsqcyS68sno7 x46syQp8x2BczK7cyM6Mw9h6GtZMtbksy85rwsW8YZN8zq0cztgcsbYMzzH7zvzsxxaRsL2Mzvac x8GMyGMszAn9yaL8AKRM0PQst/k7pKb8z+pr0eU8zCnrxhmrzhKczBiNy/Ks0Qx9v1zHzbHMXgdN xox8z+nc0GezzyGt0O1M07eMv9FczRF9tyVtzi3cxw6QtalMyBud0hINdeBc1NX/XNAkzdQ/47ML zdJHHAFC7bSa6c1N3dNZ7dTnOtJRPdAu/dJhfdOnTMsR8NDzXNHQXMfm2WVNI9Bi7dOsbNDkTMxb HcphXX8OgNZ3Hdd97ddfDdZyvZ84m9GBjddpTX88/ctyvdaPi2kgDdXx6tU1HT5vCtgdvccrrdWH Ldh/rdcA3Rk1LdUzbdOlDcSoLMThVs+YDcJOykSRfdGp68+STQF4hc9G3U+bzdh/3dpTHQFpacmd d7q9Pdd9zdqkTda83dm+jdNGDJM3Q83HrdaZPdbGzdxRxUGb28OtSdnWE93sTMlYzdzNLdvxXMA6 LYHUvdxdHcIKps3KvcwTLdyn/5ZKSk3Q5d2XzAzRRwvZ8B3f7L3KhM21AB7gp83ZZ0zUvw3c4X3g CS7Og/pkuxy1bK3g7b3fed3fZdbgDo7Yn03bhkzeBTvfkqzei+3hIu7Yj9xflrHNuL3U+R3iztWP I57T+D3Z6M3fAKxQeTHaCC7gQVnYdi3iA26PyI3cPb03HOziFB7Fbe1I9l3jFX627uzdCw4q/93h no3dIG7YF07i0hxv/PjgHN3Sy0kzol3g15zbzEvDE/7TMH7dV5njGb7jwP3QPm7gWr7lTA7k4Iuf MIjaVG7mv0PNfQ7nNz7eY0ZCiG7dSO7cTl6sdq5Xaa7mXO3nGlzmea7n5o1cBP+O0F/evQDX45Ze 1ituaE1cilFe3dmgZ49u6vPg6ke9tq/W4gGUkLPeELL+55p+64oT5GpJYuuN4qFO6zhj63sO6/ks aG3OxuGzqSw86hQr0hrO7Kl+6raN7P1JQYEe4koG7IAbQN/O62bNWUJ+6dT+2tRK6sku6NhuZeSL gCb0dU3m6eFewaAt7dde7us+Fz7I7eM97pn+zKz+PVo2yI8dVyfO5679rxVQ1WG+8CGLjUSboB3O QW1YbO8t8WTuixW/78sOARC/1BoPiM1+Zh8/1IPug/JV5EnJuBwv5w0v6o7F7rWNA5mIXf7V6Rtv 8RuQ8zOOeEwA9Pi083jMP5H//POu599CD/M+H/RP7+UyQPQsHvXHjnMuOewMn+4Ob19WcegfADWd w4+/2E/8WE+klVNLPwRpv+gaCt2z6+/WdWlO//Y6T/dqb/RD/opWaAGhNfE0Evdaj+6zHPKwLfft bgJw5fUUr8QYDyklH9N4aQSLz1uT78D8E9zmXPnUFPll3Fnm3viJD/mX//n1mVXRXsuDH+Md79E8 7vKqDAIj/zezv+k1Z/X2PiB5n+9G4FO7X+3l/ECPiXq6D/WTbu068vvHv/fJYlPK796h/xXwfu6s b6pdz/jkHucmcEMt85mwY/tVvYSd/9RFL2Ee07gNYFDfjfqXgW7k3+80jgFp/4lB6j/6moP+NWv+ f+b5/YIApst8D6OctLaLTd28ywwKnhSApjNGZ5a27jSsGSFyAiFjwwvlDY/zKWq8R0y4GAQ6gSPS sCtKpx0nUsm0CqM8JDFVeqJ4Wh+WAxBDp+XcedNUc11iKrUte1fi4rkr+ATQcaOmYDdSd9gl9JWC l7N4NTBJWWl5iWlZ4JJWOACwFBEA8CgjWJToUprh99IpRgDQ+CAAABiomDv1+hQ7e1B7i3QamfNb VahRxIvkOzG6akLMwyzkPBFcON3Sl+n9PZlS7XMtka223RINEhsKAZ1sqGvxNM/NSJ1cHM8/5BIg DBalgL3cvUjVQkAvKmHiEf8Y2M+gvYlw+j2cRPCJxHs+jqHRV6RhsovrVmxsIbIQyYxITnroxw+M RYj8XHpQ6JASTHkUe9TrycFLEZYr9u0s5LFCyaMnWnEUgupJUg9LmYJwCjRrVas6pggFUogNV092 to5lgPXlWR/q1vahQtStiawPENJVgY9M2INy86LsK8SmWiRFzKZzgROwjKl3dSVWfILxhq8vzC6Y 8hhyBsk2NK/gPMEzhoSiTYCmMK70GKB2Gx+gjHgvHdUYThuh3SAtop+uFt7Bjda1a8tjdQ82ViQz VLHA1xwiztV4UOCqmiuQzsT6D7qtG8P+o8YobtsHUtIWfJwtD/MyNk0poN3/vXC68K3Lj9pRSlwQ VOoDJ0+Bf8DdxxduLgiIG4GFaXcZd7zN910LqRVVoHUATgjZYbMRtuAwdmComIbzTQQiYCKmEKE4 4VFRolzYqQjciemV1luMigDEoDJZdXdXiiMgqN6GFkoBHUwvTsdhPs3YwYdqeowIVJOlPSmeaVIA CQlDRfJDAHr/bMkPlUKq9oKUoom5TI49PiicjyNYVqVqAB5QwH5nEaBgnHMVgeUKeR5o51h4Qula naoNaoebVPEIqGp/vhcoV4h6Rd0LhpY2qSJgHrVmkhD6paSnKDI4JzByKsKoB5EuIOMIyilWKqE8 vApYrD7lJ0WLFyhCq1yt/yZ3aqKVvtCrXLY+s+kKk1C4I5uuKZqdszOOx6Jov+4manVXKKIrU9fK mku3R33bAbQcsMfsh56RW6Nm7NJjYJrrUnTpnQGgu1pPqbIGql7ZTkubrYQARoMu+3amkSL1ypUp uI0t7FbDVJjLgVm6QLzWu5au6tCjFZJ5JccjeWwHxjshukqny41I8Qbi8vRUc8cWkGxTJH+cZUhi aEyBmcV56fBEPkcHdMyfVfvvFEMzVfBdSzOFJn60adlX1Lk8PTIExerIb9IO4ioFvvzhTO0ho7gF ij0HV/zEkSO8jEvQssLtodr9limtumdZTSLadseL9Fk8r1fzdRIRpXKQn/+CTaTXk5GqC9aeFE12 uqEGNo/kclAuN0Wa98G50ZGV5bjShSvQ9Iiftx06tlObfbrhIw4c5kYYJp7z4shRsfWulQd7cc0D 3Exp6dHWnfkAImPwUOude678TM6PyjiwKwsdfZiDX519TtMDrFnk3Y/Ed1a2jHQMjix8fX2bd4Ol OPVDCk3K8g+l3azxHYjs9j/1C4S/5z0PGvb7xPfkt5hDrIouBOxDAOXWwF4YMH+vi9z/JPhAcJGi FzKaEO5kIMAQEksAJCyhCU+IwhSqcIUpPOCPAHBB5n0CAMQToQ0tBcPxNeB+NLzhDQuQQ5bwsIY+ LCIHgBjDC0xCFi6kTxDX2TFDItqBhVSsohVLCBQk6pABQ7xhAGqxxQXcT4pGLKMZz6g6ATQRjWwU hQDI2EZwfRGOcayjG9fYuTnacY/leSMf+1hCPP5xkIQspCEPichEKnKRjGykIx8JyUhKcpKUrKQl L4nJTGpyk5zspCc/CcpQinKUpCylKU+JylSqcpWsbKUrXwnLWMpylrSspS1victc6nKXvOylL38J zGAKc5jELKYxj4nMZCpzmcxspjOfCc1oSnOa1KymNa+JzWxqc5vc7KY3vwnOcIpznOQspznPic4z JgAAOw== ------=_NextPart_000_0000_01C82B66.82923E60 Content-Type: image/gif Content-Transfer-Encoding: base64 Content-Location: http://neuro-oncology.dukejournals.org/icons/duke_logo_header.gif R0lGODlhcAAyAKIFAI6OkMPExTs5Of///wMAAAAAAAAAAAAAACH5BAEAAAUALAAAAABwADIAAAP/ SLrc/jDKSau9OOvNu/9gKI5kaZ5oqq5s675wLM90bd94ru/d4P++AKATAA4WAODwkgQyjAJM0Whc LqjAQFQz/SGVmKZXIR4EMl3swKpQ/7Rc4/fHppSPinSdksbW3XRxTmRgTHIEAodSgGsNRgF9A1sX fXM+exJ3hIFoVQCfoI5gd5gSlZuXYYdpk5RZFFVtr4uDBGWlEJqJnJ1vsIWnrrW3qk7EgkG/nHet fIrHFpqKvckTsbbXFsHQFaSFyGbKqdjfFdvldo/owtUS16S0Y+Tj0YwcfaCfD+/Z5s/rmRg10+bm jAN+ACOc49WNES5TBfcVgsfOh6VGhgA9VBjx/+DEfs6GJczFCA81KgZFLQM5YSG9huqADAxJJ5/E lSMfuMRYr4oecCkjIGRI0yIqnjCN5YSQJiiEoS+LmuSWbtQ0gr6sfZQZz+g8pFV/RNkl9qTTm+OC YZVHdYImWUSLnvUYiGy7nmy5ZpT3s+tclZcEUNzrY8vVsF7fVvz7pOTMgD4Pu/2nd60apyU3PrCr RnMDxQRYQgSE2d6GO1QeRwDd1zKW0p09RIqL2ORX21JRkhH8WoiA38CDCx8OfDYA4siD9wnOLPnw kpIEFJhOvbr169izUweivbv37+DDix9Pvrz58+jTq1/PvjoASAS2vxfiPgD1TwXe3/9kf3q+6uFC JCHfAPvh5x8A+fV3XYACTsege6BAqGABAR6hD3VnCBYfdbZQ99sZCiIimIcLKDgJhgT054B/tqSY nRUIskgGiQrch0hoNA5xoYMKRFFdhywO8eOIJOrIITYoTljjdj1qpyOQ+bUYYwFRNBglkdMRYouQ PC7w45QGTVkAImJuIR2GYyX544YkTmjdEgIoCGd1J06HkYJwVOkjj0t8uaaYthRRJJuSHMcmiGu+ ySZ2Q7j5JIHTRQHJfRrGWOhYM/IIh59trglllS5GmimFoWa5aJTdNaroGVOaiSIikEZpSwIAOw== ------=_NextPart_000_0000_01C82B66.82923E60 Content-Type: image/gif Content-Transfer-Encoding: base64 Content-Location: http://neuro-oncology.dukejournals.org/icons/spacer.gif R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAP///wAAACH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAQAICRAEAOw== ------=_NextPart_000_0000_01C82B66.82923E60 Content-Type: image/gif Content-Transfer-Encoding: base64 Content-Location: http://neuro-oncology.dukejournals.org/icons/shared/misc/arrowTtrim.gif R0lGODlhBAAJAIABAGZmZv///yH5BAEAAAEALAAAAAAEAAkAAAIKjAMHidsLm2HHFAA7 ------=_NextPart_000_0000_01C82B66.82923E60 Content-Type: image/gif Content-Transfer-Encoding: base64 Content-Location: http://neuro-oncology.dukejournals.org/icons/shared/toc/free.gif R0lGODlhIAAHAIABANYTNP///yH5BAEAAAEALAAAAAAgAAcAQAIjjI+pqwDpTAzzVPjQ3Nl2Boah Q0pkd2YpVq1mW2IypZ5vVQAAOw== ------=_NextPart_000_0000_01C82B66.82923E60 Content-Type: image/gif Content-Transfer-Encoding: base64 Content-Location: http://neuro-oncology.dukejournals.org/icons/misc/permissions.gif R0lGODlhZQAPAMQAACkpqSAgg/Hx+YeHz8nJ6ff3/ENDs9bW7nJyxqys3Zqa1+Hh87y85Orq9/// /1tbvf7+//z8/gAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAACH5BAAA AAAALAAAAABlAA8AQAX/oOMEZGmeaKqubOu+qBgAdPMABUEDBl3shsYOICAOjgjAYTAkNgmMI3Og UzKLzsGB9jgIkgaGIOEsU8vY8HhHAhZ6B4ijoAA0mLtFHcCoPvE7WDhNhIWGh4iIbUMGCzkEDV+J k5SVlpdNizsDBUsDDAUMmKOkpZOaAj0Qe0M/NGdNCToMoktNBUcMCwAPDQYIQgOpSgwGdMAAWgAI OgRJbwxkWHdBSRAIyDhhZDSaREkPfQoGBgI3QF4FDWACAgVJCQznNII7BwUFZLC2WEXK5QJsKCkg 4AoNBPi2oKFxryAbGTAiSpxIUaKIEYQUECCQoIepjyBJBcC4Q8GbJgsUsQJxVGCBxybYmkBol48U LET1MGmKNvDGgDq9gAgpSYOAgCoRXAVaCkCBAJfLvDyQNcZoEgTcjDpr+jSJwkYC9hw4sI6GU6jd ZtCj4QAQ02RV2hU5urGIrSERNmZdsDECXIYGs2xhBqjm2kFNdfTzwY2NWgCymkLgezTZrjzchBGz bKVJTgVCjP3tvFhZAjIaH+wqV+bkgTqLVfMQ5A1BBLcPDIfczdvQyMdApPQeTvxhCAA7 ------=_NextPart_000_0000_01C82B66.82923E60 Content-Type: image/gif Content-Transfer-Encoding: base64 Content-Location: http://neuro-oncology.dukejournals.org/icons/toc/rarrow.gif R0lGODlhCgAVAPcAAP//////zP//mf//Zv//M///AP/M///MzP/Mmf/MZv/MM//MAP+Z//+ZzP+Z mf+ZZv+ZM/+ZAP9m//9mzP9mmf9mZv9mM/9mAP8z//8zzP8zmf8zZv8zM/8zAP8A//8AzP8Amf8A Zv8AM/8AAMz//8z/zMz/mcz/Zsz/M8z/AMzM/8zMzMzMmczMZszMM8zMAMyZ/8yZzMyZmcyZZsyZ M8yZAMxm/8xmzMxmmcxmZsxmM8xmAMwz/8wzzMwzmcwzZswzM8wzAMwA/8wAzMwAmcwAZswAM8wA AJn//5n/zJn/mZn/Zpn/M5n/AJnM/5nMzJnMmZnMZpnMM5nMAJmZ/5mZzJmZmZmZZpmZM5mZAJlm /5lmzJlmmZlmZplmM5lmAJkz/5kzzJkzmZkzZpkzM5kzAJkA/5kAzJkAmZkAZpkAM5kAAGb//2b/ zGb/mWb/Zmb/M2b/AGbM/2bMzGbMmWbMZmbMM2bMAGaZ/2aZzGaZmWaZZmaZM2aZAGZm/2ZmzGZm mWZmZmZmM2ZmAGYz/2YzzGYzmWYzZmYzM2YzAGYA/2YAzGYAmWYAZmYAM2YAADP//zP/zDP/mTP/ ZjP/MzP/ADPM/zPMzDPMmTPMZjPMMzPMADOZ/zOZzDOZmTOZZjOZMzOZADNm/zNmzDNmmTNmZjNm MzNmADMz/zMzzDMzmTMzZjMzMzMzADMA/zMAzDMAmTMAZjMAMzMAAAD//wD/zAD/mQD/ZgD/MwD/ AADM/wDMzADMmQDMZgDMMwDMAACZ/wCZzACZmQCZZgCZMwCZAABm/wBmzABmmQBmZgBmMwBmAAAz /wAzzAAzmQAzZgAzMwAzAAAA/wAAzAAAmQAAZgAAMwAAAPz9/fLz8GlpN2xsO3d3Snl5TH5+U39/ VIKCWPX18f///wAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAACH5BAEAAOIALAAAAAAKABUA AAhVAAEIHEiwYEFw4QwK7PYtoUFu2ho+FBTR4UBugihKvJhRo0WMHSsKBBlSIsmQ3rKd7LgN3EqK KVdqS4nt5Mxs2GqixJkTpEiOPy8GHcjQIkGECgEEBAA7 ------=_NextPart_000_0000_01C82B66.82923E60 Content-Type: image/gif Content-Transfer-Encoding: base64 Content-Location: http://neuro-oncology.dukejournals.org/icons/toc/uarrow.gif R0lGODlhCwAJAPcAAP//////zP//mf//Zv//M///AP/M///MzP/Mmf/MZv/MM//MAP+Z//+ZzP+Z mf+ZZv+ZM/+ZAP9m//9mzP9mmf9mZv9mM/9mAP8z//8zzP8zmf8zZv8zM/8zAP8A//8AzP8Amf8A Zv8AM/8AAMz//8z/zMz/mcz/Zsz/M8z/AMzM/8zMzMzMmczMZszMM8zMAMyZ/8yZzMyZmcyZZsyZ M8yZAMxm/8xmzMxmmcxmZsxmM8xmAMwz/8wzzMwzmcwzZswzM8wzAMwA/8wAzMwAmcwAZswAM8wA AJn//5n/zJn/mZn/Zpn/M5n/AJnM/5nMzJnMmZnMZpnMM5nMAJmZ/5mZzJmZmZmZZpmZM5mZAJlm /5lmzJlmmZlmZplmM5lmAJkz/5kzzJkzmZkzZpkzM5kzAJkA/5kAzJkAmZkAZpkAM5kAAGb//2b/ zGb/mWb/Zmb/M2b/AGbM/2bMzGbMmWbMZmbMM2bMAGaZ/2aZzGaZmWaZZmaZM2aZAGZm/2ZmzGZm mWZmZmZmM2ZmAGYz/2YzzGYzmWYzZmYzM2YzAGYA/2YAzGYAmWYAZmYAM2YAADP//zP/zDP/mTP/ ZjP/MzP/ADPM/zPMzDPMmTPMZjPMMzPMADOZ/zOZzDOZmTOZZjOZMzOZADNm/zNmzDNmmTNmZjNm MzNmADMz/zMzzDMzmTMzZjMzMzMzADMA/zMAzDMAmTMAZjMAMzMAAAD//wD/zAD/mQD/ZgD/MwD/ AADM/wDMzADMmQDMZgDMMwDMAACZ/wCZzACZmQCZZgCZMwCZAABm/wBmzABmmQBmZgBmMwBmAAAz /wAzzAAzmQAzZgAzMwAzAAAA/wAAzAAAmQAAZgAAMwAAAGtrOra2ntjYy+zs5f///wAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAACH5BAEAANwALAAAAAALAAkA AAgmAAEIHEiwoEGD2w4K1IYt20GGggQ5JAgxosSBFS1ezKjxokKBAQEAOw== ------=_NextPart_000_0000_01C82B66.82923E60 Content-Type: image/gif Content-Transfer-Encoding: base64 Content-Location: http://neuro-oncology.dukejournals.org/icons/toc/dot.gif R0lGODlhEQAVAPcAAP//////zP//mf//Zv//M///AP/M///MzP/Mmf/MZv/MM//MAP+Z//+ZzP+Z mf+ZZv+ZM/+ZAP9m//9mzP9mmf9mZv9mM/9mAP8z//8zzP8zmf8zZv8zM/8zAP8A//8AzP8Amf8A Zv8AM/8AAMz//8z/zMz/mcz/Zsz/M8z/AMzM/8zMzMzMmczMZszMM8zMAMyZ/8yZzMyZmcyZZsyZ M8yZAMxm/8xmzMxmmcxmZsxmM8xmAMwz/8wzzMwzmcwzZswzM8wzAMwA/8wAzMwAmcwAZswAM8wA AJn//5n/zJn/mZn/Zpn/M5n/AJnM/5nMzJnMmZnMZpnMM5nMAJmZ/5mZzJmZmZmZZpmZM5mZAJlm /5lmzJlmmZlmZplmM5lmAJkz/5kzzJkzmZkzZpkzM5kzAJkA/5kAzJkAmZkAZpkAM5kAAGb//2b/ zGb/mWb/Zmb/M2b/AGbM/2bMzGbMmWbMZmbMM2bMAGaZ/2aZzGaZmWaZZmaZM2aZAGZm/2ZmzGZm mWZmZmZmM2ZmAGYz/2YzzGYzmWYzZmYzM2YzAGYA/2YAzGYAmWYAZmYAM2YAADP//zP/zDP/mTP/ ZjP/MzP/ADPM/zPMzDPMmTPMZjPMMzPMADOZ/zOZzDOZmTOZZjOZMzOZADNm/zNmzDNmmTNmZjNm MzNmADMz/zMzzDMzmTMzZjMzMzMzADMA/zMAzDMAmTMAZjMAMzMAAAD//wD/zAD/mQD/ZgD/MwD/ AADM/wDMzADMmQDMZgDMMwDMAACZ/wCZzACZmQCZZgCZMwCZAABm/wBmzABmmQBmZgBmMwBmAAAz /wAzzAAzmQAzZgAzMwAzAAAA/wAAzAAAmQAAZgAAMwAAAISBgpORkvz7/GdnNmhoN2pqOnR0SIKC X5iYd7KynMjIt9/f1fDw7Pn598bGxWRjPW5tSHZ1U5STgre2saakoHBtbYeFhdbV1dXU1NTT07y7 u/7+/v39/fr6+vb29vT09O/v7+zs7Onp6eTk5OPj49zc3NfX1////yH5BAEAAP8ALAAAAAARABUA AAibAAEIHEiw4MB588oZXAjAXr5v5BgW3CdPkLdxEgf6yyZIUDdxGQG8w9axY7iMI0t2BKdwYUqV giAu9OfuHEyLGCeya2cT5seC9uBZ4XlTUE6B8/DJQ3eTWzhtBIN6u9mNnT56BPexu4lunT6oBGnC TGcOH9aCLwVt+xbv3jyXJNWq62fvLVyP7PjVy7ix69eQFMuezejQbUgAAQEAOw== ------=_NextPart_000_0000_01C82B66.82923E60 Content-Type: image/gif Content-Transfer-Encoding: base64 Content-Location: http://neuro-oncology.dukejournals.org/icons/toc/darrow.gif R0lGODlhCwAJAPcAAP//////zP//mf//Zv//M///AP/M///MzP/Mmf/MZv/MM//MAP+Z//+ZzP+Z mf+ZZv+ZM/+ZAP9m//9mzP9mmf9mZv9mM/9mAP8z//8zzP8zmf8zZv8zM/8zAP8A//8AzP8Amf8A Zv8AM/8AAMz//8z/zMz/mcz/Zsz/M8z/AMzM/8zMzMzMmczMZszMM8zMAMyZ/8yZzMyZmcyZZsyZ M8yZAMxm/8xmzMxmmcxmZsxmM8xmAMwz/8wzzMwzmcwzZswzM8wzAMwA/8wAzMwAmcwAZswAM8wA AJn//5n/zJn/mZn/Zpn/M5n/AJnM/5nMzJnMmZnMZpnMM5nMAJmZ/5mZzJmZmZmZZpmZM5mZAJlm /5lmzJlmmZlmZplmM5lmAJkz/5kzzJkzmZkzZpkzM5kzAJkA/5kAzJkAmZkAZpkAM5kAAGb//2b/ zGb/mWb/Zmb/M2b/AGbM/2bMzGbMmWbMZmbMM2bMAGaZ/2aZzGaZmWaZZmaZM2aZAGZm/2ZmzGZm mWZmZmZmM2ZmAGYz/2YzzGYzmWYzZmYzM2YzAGYA/2YAzGYAmWYAZmYAM2YAADP//zP/zDP/mTP/ ZjP/MzP/ADPM/zPMzDPMmTPMZjPMMzPMADOZ/zOZzDOZmTOZZjOZMzOZADNm/zNmzDNmmTNmZjNm MzNmADMz/zMzzDMzmTMzZjMzMzMzADMA/zMAzDMAmTMAZjMAMzMAAAD//wD/zAD/mQD/ZgD/MwD/ AADM/wDMzADMmQDMZgDMMwDMAACZ/wCZzACZmQCZZgCZMwCZAABm/wBmzABmmQBmZgBmMwBmAAAz /wAzzAAzmQAzZgAzMwAzAAAA/wAAzAAAmQAAZgAAMwAAAGtrOra2ntjYy+zs5f///wAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAACH5BAEAANwALAAAAAALAAkA AAgnAAEIHEiwoMGDBbVhE8SwIcNsABQ6fDhQYkOIBC1iTIhto8FtBQMCADs= ------=_NextPart_000_0000_01C82B66.82923E60 Content-Type: image/gif Content-Transfer-Encoding: base64 Content-Location: http://neuro-oncology.dukejournals.org/math/ge.gif R0lGODlhCAAKAKIAAAAAACQkJElJSW1tbZKSkra2ttvb2////yH5BAEAAAcALAAAAAAIAAoAQAMd GHXc/swMYpoho54i1hsdxBTBEIHakTpC4LrCkQAAOw== ------=_NextPart_000_0000_01C82B66.82923E60 Content-Type: image/gif Content-Transfer-Encoding: base64 Content-Location: http://neuro-oncology.dukejournals.org/content/vol8/issue1/images/small/Hoffman_Fig1.gif R0lGODdhyACHAOcAAAAAAAEBAQICAgMDAwQEBAUFBQYGBgcHBwgICAkJCQoKCgsLCwwMDA0NDQ4O Dg8PDxAQEBERERISEhMTExQUFBUVFRYWFhcXFxgYGBkZGRoaGhsbGxwcHB0dHR4eHh8fHyAgICEh ISIiIiMjIyQkJCUlJSYmJicnJygoKCkpKSoqKisrKywsLC0tLS4uLi8vLzAwMDExMTIyMjMzMzQ0 NDU1NTY2Njc3Nzg4ODk5OTo6Ojs7Ozw8PD09PT4+Pj8/P0BAQEFBQUJCQkNDQ0REREVFRUZGRkdH R0hISElJSUpKSktLS0xMTE1NTU5OTk9PT1BQUFFRUVJSUlNTU1RUVFVVVVZWVldXV1hYWFlZWVpa WltbW1xcXF1dXV5eXl9fX2BgYGFhYWJiYmNjY2RkZGVlZWZmZmdnZ2hoaGlpaWpqamtra2xsbG1t bW5ubm9vb3BwcHFxcXJycnNzc3R0dHV1dXZ2dnd3d3h4eHl5eXp6ent7e3x8fH19fX5+fn9/f4CA gIGBgYKCgoODg4SEhIWFhYaGhoeHh4iIiImJiYqKiouLi4yMjI2NjY6Ojo+Pj5CQkJGRkZKSkpOT k5SUlJWVlZaWlpeXl5iYmJmZmZqampubm5ycnJ2dnZ6enp+fn6CgoKGhoaKioqOjo6SkpKWlpaam pqenp6ioqKmpqaqqqqurq6ysrK2tra6urq+vr7CwsLGxsbKysrOzs7S0tLW1tba2tre3t7i4uLm5 ubq6uru7u7y8vL29vb6+vr+/v8DAwMHBwcLCwsPDw8TExMXFxcbGxsfHx8jIyMnJycrKysvLy8zM zM3Nzc7Ozs/Pz9DQ0NHR0dLS0tPT09TU1NXV1dbW1tfX19jY2NnZ2dra2tvb29zc3N3d3d7e3t/f 3+Dg4OHh4eLi4uPj4+Tk5OXl5ebm5ufn5+jo6Onp6erq6uvr6+zs7O3t7e7u7u/v7/Dw8PHx8fLy 8vPz8/T09PX19fb29vf39/j4+Pn5+fr6+vv7+/z8/P39/f7+/v///ywAAAAAyACHAEAI/wD/CRxI sKDBgwgTEmS1gsaMhxAjSpwosUaOHA4h1qBx4wYNHDgy0rDxsIaNjiZt2KCRkaLLlzBjzqjB4pnC mzhz6tyZ0xY3njj9FVynrpiyYvqWNZOmTlizZsiK7WPWzdw9a9SYAavXK1yyYs96pQsnK1m2YsgE vYpm7Jmzr8x+LUvWD6jBYMrs6uVJy9renLKYyYtHuLDhw4jjyas3jx67YMDYMabn7RgyZMuOKfNl i9k5bMCM5XL2jh24cd1sDSMWbBa7xLBjy56teBayv7gLBtsGTd2/WNH6CR9OvLjx48iTK1/OvLnz 59CjS2+us2/u69gJkoP3D1697OB3Iv8LAo2gOldyrLRZZe6fu3jg36UDJzTXtvD4d/pDN3AVgBb/ qHNPfjihwwULSLSjjCZqmEFJNAWBMwU1BYVixXcGyaMLHl7sQQUfAtn0j4Xl6HQOKZr4VpB14IVS ghnSxCijjMAM8QR3OskCxR78EdRPOgeRw8UjA3HjDUGhEAAAEIeUd5A8BK3iRCVCFeSKFfANVE4j KDARgyf03IQPEbVk1w8hV4hjxQNHEqQJIKEIhAw1PRLEIlChKOHMQLHoQMlAykCZEz/QTDJGFmj4 4YUTXxQDnjp+tcMHBRNMcQYr7Nw0jBKYrHPNPAXd4wYY9viDDU/4HESPNfoQKFAkemz/IlAphNRV UC3XDNRNAQDAgc1t/0ATyBRxAAMPOQZ5U6VBqOE0TTuuFmRPiflNg2N+xOBHySOIRBNPKZm8Y9Cd CM2Tl0H9IKuTPsAS1Eu0Cs1zbW72OArvQPJ0k10shFTzDyWXCMQKKF/48s4gmvCyy8IMN9wwLrGo QovDFFfMsC9GVNGLxRx37PHHFgdTDDC89NKLLrIs7MkqiJSACMgwx7ywLbB4zAsvlKCxccPV+XXv z0AHLTRO5A5t9NFIh1d00kw37fRNtPj79NRUN51PIsfAowgpxxjj9ddgdw322MaITfbXZp9ddtpn s02222MfA3fYaqNdt9dzo5033neX/9233H23W/XghBf+s0/h0YOhQO/IQ0021vCzjTffuPPMNdpQ Q40/25TDTrrboMNPN9NAk8003GjjDTnttAk0MMs8LQstskSTTyWzdLPN7rz37vvvwPPuTSf6gmdP qwO1Y83y2liDTTPC0KOYPc4oEw00xIBjODCreBP89+B/r828Ci1t+PnoX2d++jiNs0AU7LMfdfw6 ZTNg8urSD40Q0gzkCgB+wIc/xDGPcJTjHdvAhzBUAIZqIEEV+Fkf+jxxAh9YgQ6iMIZC2nGHJdBC J/sYRgoA4AagsMEPAlEG+QyiC0h4giDguEHxeGIPOJzBHf84xzfcowAAwMIgoiiFQP8YQQeBiEIX tOBGOdoQB0Uk4olQjKIUp6iIR8yBBUyIBBoIMINIcGsRg5DEJLYFhwAwgA+MUMQiGBEJSShiD0sA AABswAg9KIIRgsADGFDAg0ZQog6JUIQTp7iIO0IiCx+gQh7cyAgpPmIQfJBDIAghCT20AABUcIQd CgnFRUhiBwAYwSOgKIk/8KAHo5TiIiDRhg1EYQ6PgMQjrLADRyTiEHjwwyCnyMteQvGOapTiPxgh xH+k4hG2spPUBvKOcRCEH7DwQhiiZ49/jCMJaFDRN85REH5kSif9aEcyCXSOFdplH4YYYQSyJZBu gAo81QgBhfCTj0ek4h/PkEIgljX/kDv1wwxX2IdA8DFDhDTDnAVRRzUPUg9oCe0b9wlPe+DlD27w MzfWuE05FMGKg0iwIMtYlr2Ago91CAQdyENaFkxQDHmswx8pRRU3jZYM8KSDFJ/Q3oqWSb+eAm0e sIAHPMxxDW7c7y/52AWQcJENnzr1qePyGVSnyj58+II/uTgVVbcav49y9auDe8c1ppGrg+QjGvPA IUKu0Y1WfNMg6KiGNNRqEHpQIxw6PYg2xKHVg4yjHOEQ6EHewY1thAMh/bhGOPpqkG28Ax78QIg7 vOGMHZrVGvUQF0K8cQ1WvNMg5viGNRxqkHhoAxz5A+tf7lEFdYAhEmvAQhaIsY8x/5RBD9LAhxhq wYQ5BCIJglCEHqAghTCwgQ2BCIMaFqpaqtmioHrZByccMQk4IMABe4hEI07xD0hAIxFxoEce2AAZ ZBjDE7GoxiscEY5Y0GEVgpDGOi4xjM3UQhnUgAYvlJHae+GluTpBHG70YYk7/oECHjBEIeOkiWsw wg7z2EMcmKGM0pUiGN+4BSWukQo/xGIRFOpHNZihjXDQ4oWr6IQ3oDEMZ0SjGo2ABTm48RVsXAOi 14Hd08wBD2SoCF67iChuuBGPcpSDCmuwhzfg4UyEGOMPbjgGHX5Bik00QxyGCwaEBudV3AgYN+Sg xzreYQdI+KMc9AASQrgBh1csb/8WRyLEHiTRCj8EoxKqgEaqmqZjLksVwIBO2vwCTWigubgY7Rl0 oRcNtC4/9Rj5KOtW1wCACijiGDFt9J+/yg66YvmpxSCPQKZx0YHwQxUDmICQc7OKYmCCGvJ4hCqe Quta2/rWuM61rnfNa1w7QxSjcEYznoEVZjxC2L1OtrJpzYsKQMAVZI2GrqMBjB1wQtpPAUYMyPAJ PcwABnr4hTOsUY1nPIMZtVhFM4CRAzhIAxq87tlX1TGKNFTBENPYRzzUAQkndFRo85hCR4XsD36o Yx/lUMawBAAAWRWkCJLQCTPylIt/8AMc5ZmGEVyBG0dPTR18gIIpgBHRmt7E5KD/QMIqDJKNR2wB DJ+okz88gYR/K4QSZ4jsP+ZBDDNkQecJ2Qc0BGoIM+QGGUsgxT/AYY5xEiQRkRBIJti50+zMQw1x YARju6kKV0TDFHvQAhf4cIoEugcb47BDFW5hEDcA4ARI0MIY6hCHTJACGKDhARWUgIgB9Y8gjEFI O9ThiBkITiC7YEIi8vEPZhDBsgLxRzBUYHKByEIIeoA8QZ7xBG8wAz/VYAAEnESQR5hCIL9Y+UCq ZIum7qUdZfCDYP8RBQBo4Ap5yAMhHKEITaxiFadAwhPggIU88CEbe85h8vWhiSIcAlrziEclAIAL oCjjDGZQhT4uQYlugAMf+uCF/x2uEAhn2CocYPgDPOSheYO8Qwx36MbiFLKKERSA4+aZxr2q0Yld COQQj1Bqd+IPRPACs2cQRwAAZFAl0DAEgHAP4xBT88QT+gcJTRAm+HEMA8EOn8YTouAEsaAO4NAP 6gALO/AT/7AOQJcb4nBYBBIFbIAJAqEKmyYQ5pMNnSAFcKB/A3EGATAErjdQwnAQ/sBTCnEu95JX uYEOcOB/A2WE13EP7SAMTocdkhAw/6AJZmAL/yAKuOAH60AOavAHnKAJmtAJY7AFWHAEWtAFb+AJ pNAJZjiHc5gJf0CHeKgJnPAHlpCHc7gJkQAIZeiHhFiIhqgJm8AJgXAJm3CIjv9Ih5swCX/QiI9Y iX/oCIIgh5Z4iP9QCRE3DU4wCAIIhQUxhAjBDjWIENDAeAUxD6QnNNCVG9rwWfCyJ9lxDKgQLEgg CB5FigWBD+bAT/jQfjihDh34D9uRNHWSG9sgKECTD9SSG4pQCf+gbwt1PN+EC9qwE8MgEOJgUnoB DurgOYYjD9BoCQDgCffwVgahZkYTDzy4F+VwCRr0D5yACCtog6mYEINgAGy3F/mADdtQhU4FD9bg gkjTD/HoI57DDO1QCHaghDvhcYxGVeUwBF/gKhRZkRypE/6AC+3AD6hgDO9QkiZ5kiiZkiq5kizZ ki75kjAZkzI5kzRZkzBZHb7/2JE6+RcbuZM+WRDwwAfY4A+jIAxEoQ5ImZRKuZRM2ZRO+ZRQGZVS OZVUWZVWeZVYGZXy9pNcuRc92ZVg+ZVguZNZMg/5aBAIlTw3EQ8EORD6gIEJQVqCdxP0wIoJQVcI AY4JQQ8HiC60eBByeRB4yVDJhxC2CBTHkAalwAsIUQ5wcAhs8JcCoQ96oArRUGoCEQtr4AZlchDS 4Aa4AEEIEQuRUAcIVQy4kAkSORDhEAq1AAwIsQ+iQAtKhxC20Ap8gIIGEQ6YAAvdyFCggAlykGl8 QgwichDOUAp98EMHgQ6e0BpjuXnvMFOD1QxJMQ34cIwGwQ5pGZ0/SQp7wFze/wk0tlAN/LAP6Jme 6rme7LkPQIcPmLEs+oYP3mBU0nANVZIPPSIP56AN2MAO6oAO6XCeCeEP7XmgCJqg6skPvBA7PmkL q6YX/VALqsAKjbABIaAJrKAKvYAOkNAHgpAG8eAHbSAHq6AGdkAHTMAHs5AH9mAOoMAHoCAJ4AAI ZoAGclAFZWAHZEAIovAnQQMMSKiTX4YdTMdQ37EO8yJYBtpp/YCehemW/3BUBAGX+dFnOwmhueEP vUALt5kDRxALtUALxNAOhiAIgWAG8cAHaDAHo8AGdyAHSfAHq3AH+3AOkbAHmZAI6+AManAJfsAH oQAI+LAKfTAJiXAFW/AHbP+gBlKgB27QBVJAB28wB3UQpXYhpD9ZpEJTD/UgD/wQJlaaE+mQUuJw luGBpUxTCq6gBtawDq0QC7Mwq7Raq7Z6q7haq7UQCMRoF94wD+ggDjpABfYQDvKAZuQgDuZwDuJQ DuCQDfFAB3CAC25QBntwBmBwT4UTDIpgC7n6reD6rbEQoT6yD/dzC1sXHrmgm0NjD/aQj/QgD/jA DvzgD5iaNMHQDIQjlgEWi3ZhDfAgDs2wACMAD9nwDt9AD8laDubQrN+QDeRwC2cwXkUQCL3AC3CQ B8ggBISgBmnQBnqJrw5aNYqWH9ZACZ7QCSq7sizbsi7bsp4wCqOQsir7CaH/cLM4KwqiAAqfAAo6 Owqh4AmewLOfMAo6C2w0+7JKu7RM27SUEI1Uw6/jyZFSO7WMVrVW21ylQApnsAzmsAaB8AmcwLJj +7Jla7Zkm7Yre7Yuy7Zqq7JsG7crm7SdwAlnK7dr+7Z1q7Ruq7d4C7dL27eAm7d8+7I6UQv7yFWI 8C5ZqxdYWzjrcAofxFWWkAOAIGg5OVX24BvXMKpOhQxEEAihAAprQAV9gAtZ8jOPWzXuwIPusGWP JmoM9QuDoAVWIAJB0JfZsbpU4wsEMYE9FWpbpgsMEAnu8JYwpRunwAQaeB32kA/pUBfa2FzuKBD9 wI5Gszs7wQ1aIFX54AUB/yADhpAMpdYOVuAG+vAOWECNuJEKsoAKziAPgrAJvnAz9nu/+Ju/+ru/ /Nu//pu/t3AJuVAyq/AGftALofAK/7vADGy/wtAIBZABQTACVWAJvGAMwnCxDiwJN6AKw3Azv1AL KsAGxyAMxTAMspAKcUADLEAHsSAMwDAMvrAJuiAMdLACq0Ay/IuTYGUT49AJYTAEHAACgLAOiesq 7gAFpWAFQBAO2vAO1SAMjvAFWdAHxPALpZAEvksQ4lADnxcvpDAADXAq/kAMvqELRtC8PHnEhuMP A1IPuvAGVuAHyFBq1tAFcxCYOFEKYcCYPKEPZGAJ/2APQXgQ63ACAKB6A/9BCVqAqgnRDVDQCBZH Dv5yDllAB43Qq0STuYVTDUAAAEqQKe1gl0+iDtwgBnDwYwbhD8xQCFNQqV7QBHJQvQrhB3awgf7Q lgTBDtsoEExQTHrBCUnQP9qADvFABTtQjwhhDcERVeGxD/BAnLlxD5vgBJQwf9LgyASBDoL1DV+Q BkaRDZ/wBV4wCeQqEOCABmGgyf/gCVZgl3ilAALwxQphD8NgDUSwjHtxDlywB/1AD4EwCcRJDU1m twLIxkBhBgNQA3zgBm/w0BAdB1wgR1egCLcAtQbxDF8gBn8nEO2wCuQwDcgADbcgCo1QB16gBS8A AA/gM/3ArvWQAyVQeQb/gQooQNPt8AZZALzGcARNJhDqQAg5QCHT4AVJ8JsI0QhJFh6xAAWOwAno ogqzIBCvIIP/YA3jUAu+sa7YQQ1X0AnxUAKvoBC+RRDrkAuRYAZjYAcrAAEtcHoFUQ1toAVO8AqD aRD1gAhaMAz2kxNM4Q7mUAreEIv5oAhS8AVEsGnGoAPBcBCWgASewE/7QAWfZw8LiR1yQASD6Q97 IAoC8QmOUBe8EAymMA79UAqyYGPYsNqqvdrXcA2sDdusLZDUAAZIQA3egA2ksACoJAlr4AdvsAh9 UAd3UAYsjQmlgAzSkDqrnQ3f8AiuIA3ZcFq/0AMaUAfFUDaKAA2t7dqx/y3b3pcJMDAGtwAM1vAN 3mAN03AKXQMOwJAIQpADbsAELbAI3pAKyuCfNpYNu5AIpcDa2nAKSdAHsi3brn0N2zAOwpAESIAK hPAE+o0N0EALs23grx3bFZ7hs63h5YAJVv0JltDLyrQXz5AEcQLUYlAGngANtEwQVcIOtPAHRyAF hJBb5GArprAEaoCQiKcGiqwT3eAPsxAFi4ADDnANyNAHVSAHtzB/A8EIT8AMQocQ91AGa8APPH4T eJACl7107Iwd2eAHkCAQwcCcK/JnzMC4CCENuGAHXaBm9xAHUTAMHb0PE8UTzYAKDgAAvBge/DBR /sADF0DPONEObJAGLP+eV+PgCFHgG9PgjGDW5eGBCrXJCYRw0ANRD4OQBaT4C2KgAhiQi/6ACEGg CwLRDPzEgTzBDWqly7ixDpCuF9ZwBYmACj6QBjzgJPrAyTxxD96wmthxDnQmEJwwCZheEJj1D/nQ ClXQBs1rD8eQCjkACgRxDmd5DLGeEOwAu67iD8eZG4UAAEtAEN8gntchCxyQCPkBDukAjpZg1Wc+ EPdAC7BACTyQefL+CmmgAhDAhb8rzdaUE5wDNNTg5NkhD935F+RApdnxCWOdhYbAeMFQDa0AKq3A DPeQ8dyQBEBwJNvwCVFgBZgQDrmsD+aa8Rl/DcuA8iyP8s8QDy3f8vD/0A0xX/M2f/M2nw7XgPM8 f/NQjA89H/Qxn53aAPRC3/Pu0Aj+xw/M4ILMUA26AB+1sEztkAEAAAa8gA/coFkK4a8EsQ8dfRBD +jPlYO7XQQ2pSyDbcOfYQQhQTQ5m8Am9qBDSQMrd1OJBkuUDMQ56fC/pihv3QNOusg3aDBTLAIjm gA1JgAgexcblhBBqjBOPPxR4fy/UUPl6QQ527yqEgR28EAjUXg+2sApc308IPRaNVfo4QQ4hyzpI Qw+C/xfrkPb3Ag1svxfUgAZTfQ1KYAiNnxPWgJfxgNAGMQyCJQ+vaDS5MNW5kQ8iHjTLsPl28QtN VQ16cAlV6HHmoFnz/9Bf66JVknY0+PAHbxAN+rAO3X8N5IBW5SAPk4ATwoC9QDMODG8XiiAIFLIL E7WhZyAM97BdAMFM2UCCBQky86ULmSxnBh0+HAhMmDFiEC1exJjRILNlzuTgWGRsVydalJYtQ5YM GrJUyzS+hOlsFjCBGJ09c1lQnSRR//6RIuTvX7t35YTq4uZT6VKmPpsZ2ddU6lR6J25EnZpV61au XZvuYoDG61iy1Lb60+fEAz2p8f71q1QGVlNa1sii2yaP7F6+ff3+Bbz1G9Nu75DFqzdWnlu6dgM/ hhxZ8uSs/ozQ6cavH+W6lD1/Bh1adFZa1UafRp1addfOq12/hi1Znf+XWOvcEBIFSvdu3r19/wYe XPhw4sWNH0eeXDlxr7WuxYYeXTrZ1tOtX7deHft27qq1dwcfnrNp8eXN+8Vq6/l59u21umviCx0c NYYG3cefX/9+/v39/wcwQAEHJLBAAw8M0Kvv3GOwwX8WdDBC8yCUsMLuKLQww+zI07DD6Z5p559c tvGwxOicqQeeQjwZBhhggnExxmBcAWQYGGOU8Zc7cLzRxWCGGWQUYXi8cRhNFmkRRxlj0UOYHoPp URg8XulRRmCGUQSTJJV8URY9WoRSSRjr8KVKHIlZxBMnq4RRGFIO2ZLNXPBwkksXh9ljlSF9xHGY RyjZUkxeWDCxUAf4e/HCDVamGieLQwjRRyp+xCglE3GmCoWMLHaZahkvDmljKnvqYCILc6ZS5A9E wJnqFTFmWVSqcsTQxJCp9rljkEDCmQqWLrroZappwnBjEqGa8scOQCoJUapL0PCilql48UIOPR7z px57tGIrn6zq4YefrPa5J7Gp/KHn2HP/iXSqzfJRlymh6Nk2K3ywkmozru7hylt3/xH333riNbRg gyPkJJFrrGnImWCE+ecaag4BhZ4wPtFDFWmSsQYXYWThJhlsnKFFFWgIPvjgfDKR5xVhKvkklHn+ kYWVXMDJZxNcplGFE04CqcMUTlrphJhWXknlFHxMDAgAOw== ------=_NextPart_000_0000_01C82B66.82923E60 Content-Type: image/gif Content-Transfer-Encoding: base64 Content-Location: http://neuro-oncology.dukejournals.org/content/vol8/issue1/images/small/Hoffman_Fig2.gif R0lGODdhyACJAOcAAAAAAAEBAQICAgMDAwQEBAUFBQYGBgcHBwgICAkJCQoKCgsLCwwMDA0NDQ4O Dg8PDxAQEBERERISEhMTExQUFBUVFRYWFhcXFxgYGBkZGRoaGhsbGxwcHB0dHR4eHh8fHyAgICEh ISIiIiMjIyQkJCUlJSYmJicnJygoKCkpKSoqKisrKywsLC0tLS4uLi8vLzAwMDExMTIyMjMzMzQ0 NDU1NTY2Njc3Nzg4ODk5OTo6Ojs7Ozw8PD09PT4+Pj8/P0BAQEFBQUJCQkNDQ0REREVFRUZGRkdH R0hISElJSUpKSktLS0xMTE1NTU5OTk9PT1BQUFFRUVJSUlNTU1RUVFVVVVZWVldXV1hYWFlZWVpa WltbW1xcXF1dXV5eXl9fX2BgYGFhYWJiYmNjY2RkZGVlZWZmZmdnZ2hoaGlpaWpqamtra2xsbG1t bW5ubm9vb3BwcHFxcXJycnNzc3R0dHV1dXZ2dnd3d3h4eHl5eXp6ent7e3x8fH19fX5+fn9/f4CA gIGBgYKCgoODg4SEhIWFhYaGhoeHh4iIiImJiYqKiouLi4yMjI2NjY6Ojo+Pj5CQkJGRkZKSkpOT k5SUlJWVlZaWlpeXl5iYmJmZmZqampubm5ycnJ2dnZ6enp+fn6CgoKGhoaKioqOjo6SkpKWlpaam pqenp6ioqKmpqaqqqqurq6ysrK2tra6urq+vr7CwsLGxsbKysrOzs7S0tLW1tba2tre3t7i4uLm5 ubq6uru7u7y8vL29vb6+vr+/v8DAwMHBwcLCwsPDw8TExMXFxcbGxsfHx8jIyMnJycrKysvLy8zM zM3Nzc7Ozs/Pz9DQ0NHR0dLS0tPT09TU1NXV1dbW1tfX19jY2NnZ2dra2tvb29zc3N3d3d7e3t/f 3+Dg4OHh4eLi4uPj4+Tk5OXl5ebm5ufn5+jo6Onp6erq6uvr6+zs7O3t7e7u7u/v7/Dw8PHx8fLy 8vPz8/T09PX19fb29vf39/j4+Pn5+fr6+vv7+/z8/P39/f7+/v///ywAAAAAyACJAEAI/wD/CRxI sKDBgwgLKnIxo6HDhxAjSpxIsaLFixgzaoxIYwWmhCBDihxJsqTJkyhTqlzJsmVBTvhcypxJs6bN mwlhhizHCmdKVuJ8CjU4joKId0NP8nskTduje/gmnYtHtarVeNZO/cuXDhy6qf/qgQOnT+C9f/fm LYPXTd5AbOLQ/esmMN8/buLC/VNntpw/busImpJ2tbDhw4gTK1Y8T44meeIA/cFWhdziy5hP6kzK uXNJdKZasfOmq01IO7w8D2TnKVK5nDFVy765jxILAB0IFRrDZQydUMfMmTMlBJ7JV3/+UXuNk5Ii UQJX2XJWl48pUmvaxUOUbZz37+DDi/8fT768+fPkyyHBZS58uXTt2K1TQyHNMmTIjkUjd04cuDMI GKEOegQW6B050TixzXflYIOLNwaaJwsuyAj0Cib7wDbbTWL4AlI25lC3YUr+ODHKPfqQkwwsmQBC RhhRGACAHifBMskdx2hTRR/9aDiiSi0AAIkaufxoJEj7ePgPPSkAYElB/SRSxzD/gJKajy7B8wYC EKQBzUHxYFLJN+dUk41dAqXThwQHXFJOhkfGKds+fRRjjyH9xKMIN+aU4+efgJpzzjrs4AEABMYY g4026KAjnJ999gkpoOe44845gGaqaaaPbsppoJ5yKmmopJbT6aSopmpqqZ6Oyuqf5mj/FhtBfYhh nJy45jrbZrr26qtQ/TzySjKeoBWJOfAkq+yyzDbr7LPQRivttNRWa+212GYbray/duttZ/0cwgkt QR0UCh9wNINQKY5Yg9RBwtDRxyoIKaNHL1caRE8ro0iCUD+u+AIKQv7AckwnaBoEzCymtIPQMbk0 Ig1Cy9iSy5cHhXMKH7MgdI4r3iF0TyqTQIIQPqpI48q3LA+0DSHgtCyzQaeUA8434WhCxBrffOMN PMa4UQ4qjlxChRXy4lGGGIuMUUUVWHCRiAvhdDKLF17oIQglVZBBShb50NGJG4ecEcg/ZMiByA17 5BEHFLKU8k87+sCDDg4qHANPPw6D/9FMNXEEM0UWWQDSxxpbzDGGG2BwYQUfUNShDiO9mBHHF2/g IQUhgeRxxRhx5LFFH2aws0sTWEwBRhhd2GEGJHOMMlkqs+WjjUCg+DPz7ryLhHDvwAc/EK8IDS2Q P/f0ww89cB7Ej8PwwJmh7rf+0+M59PyjTz71+CNOPQehUq7w/3zBzD/mbMEy8QeRg0quqOgFfCV0 mDPxQO1YM8Y1csLDxCX2QMU+hpGFSWxCEwhMoAIXyMAGOvCBEIygBCdIwQluohKROIQlOsEJTxSC BpiQoCesMIU/GLCCKETgP0pRrH9sog09Qgj7yDcQPrDgIy7RxyGIcAlwnGUozxjDP//2EYpMMKcm o4DOP1JxiLLIcFY0/EcXKjQSfvTjHtRIh1t01Y8ruOMgzvihStxhiI6pYxEdGwiK4IGmgdHQDbsY SLKiUIIWRnEk87DGP0ThBGGExBuCCMY/rEEFPsTwH+7oURt1pytAqMEa1VjHPAyyiBm04o5JMcID aGeQHt2DFHYwBZZOQo4ydIEbAymHHRbxjXE0wx35uMcnoGCIWP0DHYhgQiMchslevmRWjwBAFRg5 SCL0xJfIrIn/JPGOUuxDGFmIBCam2QlRfGKa2MymNrfJzW5685vgDKc4x0nOcprznNrkVjLX+aMZ svOdSSEmDeV5EHoaxJ7sFCM8E2L/jmnEIx0JaYY8rEGMeIyjeQbJh/z2mRRTbFE5lUijQLAxioTk Qi7/ipk+bBGSdnD0H7bY4hf/8Q2D+MIW1fuHJ8iBkHXQAiSV6gRSxHG7gpijGgJ5Bz8OkovABAMY 9nAfDU8RiU8Y9ahIDQUpRNGHTIiCFKToBBo+AVWljgKqUDUFKEJBiVF4NYlXfeonQgGKpUL1E6Mo BSlM8VS1YiIUSP0EKEARV1KMwhGFUOpa7yAIqH71qnYtxSg+sYlNkEKpT13qGTARVr+OYqtY9aoo BGtXTYCiESuTDS7/QY5pSCMaoA2taEdL2tKa9rSoTa1qV8va1rr2tbBFrToZSluc/7iztrgtSTye QAllhGEdyejCW+dK3OKCohNwSINyl8vc5jr3udCNLnPREAdOGPe62M2udrfL3e7OVRSPkAEMIkFW 75q3u7Mt3vtqQQphSGIOcIjDFNIQCDawoQyQqMMr0OSNRsiCF6zoRSbA0AVRcPIk4osiP7AQDj0o yVu3TeX7xPGJU2RiDqFAxSwcUQdVuCMa9zrEIzzBiluIQxb3iIUr2DAMUODjG5rIAzCsMYx43OIX pthGNF6ByoIkmHxpiKNAGhEKXd2CGb1oxVk8AcWDmIN26JDFMa6hC03MohnDIAY12IGNTfBCFZvY RTNooQ5r1IMZrvhEJ3rRCHmEw/8VycjFLXyRi0P4YhyvgIQzkOGKkgokFeMQXiE0MTdrnMEM5oiF ICDcZIO44w9yPa+kJf2JQASGd+/YxB4QYo9TnKFbEc5tTerBiBAo4R/GAINI2EEDbPjqd6J2yTcM Qa9/zKMZTiTIOKbQaITsAwv4wMY5hpKIRgjEE1R8YqxTwg9IVEEU6OhFJWBBsFZooAj4BIkYpvEP dkDBCeOjySJUIRBXIGKnAnEGUphT5GRq4RP+qQUh1iCGOHwiGfO4xixihhBbvIEMPwjFSD3Dh3z9 Yx0snQktANHCTUAC3QcJde+mmJJznKMZ2ZYNJp5UEHwYwyWD4AMnju2LjEt8ZhT/H4kTACCHb83C Dwlhhj5P0olaN00ZApGHFVIRDTPk4xlkuMQnPEH0ohv96EhPutKXzvSmE10USiADKIq+VU5wwguT sARcnc71rntd6Z+YBAQKsAZIaIIUqUCFYEVhiQwQYA1QOMEjSiEKp/9DE5v4hzfIwIhDGuTk3kLD JdYBjegteyDhEMc++mEIKCQDIayRGzn6UImZEwTwRurHO7yRDHbYgypiKNLhQ6KPbAwbIa6o0DYM oQk41QMMmIAFGe7BjTREIoUQjEQb5hDCCXZCE5YQROccgQQdJKIThuBCCyCQAijsIRJfkEIhOIH7 6lv/+thXYCYyoQnuK5AbcyCF/0Bi0QeQYD4h7YCDFfQ4EH+0Igp8cLU03MGKG9DAz/9IRy4XwY7R GwniEddrCBEPvIALYIAGLDUPA2UO0MANbQAICVMQywAAAPBx/ucty5ANyMB+oUBM+SAO8WAW5DAP 37AOToAI+3AOvHSBuHVbrZAE7MeCowdr/4AIANADMpiD/8AJEaiDOnh+PvhOuWAO9uBH//AJfheE MgiESshQTNiEyaQKSDAOy9AFTiUKoZCFooCFoSAKlMAJXMiFXSgKo1AJm7CFWTiGWqgJl4CFWxiG Wwh8SQSHWnhBdDiG1iQJb6iFaCgKoKCHfJiGW/iHoICGgdiFk+AJbmiIWzgKlP9QTYwYhpjgVIf4 hplwCUkkiGHIhnAIh55ACXuohVoICobAEjnSCu9iENOwHwBIENfgDKVghAZhDsRQDHRxEOkwDNDA bQfxDsZQDdGAEPpADNqQDb5WDN9wC9nGDNPQC604EM/wDVqEEE1hC96AEODADOWQPQdRDsswC5d0 EPJQDMoQjAdRD8SADTgHhezof4EACq+wB6lABFggB/pQC1aQBo9Qg6pQBnLQCDpgCHxgCUwgB2hQ Bm/wBn3gBc/QjiJRCujAD/vQPBM5kTulDxWZkRnSDxqpkRyZIR2pkTs1kf4gkYs3kR+ZkQKRkmUR khY5RC65D/6QIRLZDzPpkTf/mZIa6Q8cqTv9oA3vQz6r8AtssAZvAAMAoABqwAZpsArI8Ab/cAq8 YAqGwAiycAmkEAdyIA2gsAqHsAifEAyKkA+1sAunoApsEBqvQAu2MAizkAnC4Aq5oAh48A+vQAat 8AiugAeooAqwUCHN0A7SgA0yYgvSQA/qAgbjIA6bIAyIwAib4AqS0AlNQAuuMAuckAiOQAyTIAz2 4C9owApZiAmFoAu/lwufYAqYkAi08AbjYA2BwAijAAutYAtkoAq2gAeUsAnhEJTCUwqThH7IwA3D UA3ksAzMwAxtkAzYsAzrgAzakJzOEA3AkA/gkAzRgA3NYA3lQA3LAA4T4w73/4AM6QAMDXkNv9AM wRAO1XAMzqALGNV+SbgM1xANt0APysAM0SAJjuANy7AN1GAN19AMzEANwsA/uWAMytAOxhAOy7AM 4GcL6VAMx9kM2oAN9vAOycAM0kAN1eANu9ANzMANzeAL5qAV5LMP6rCiLNqiLeoO68Ci6xAPMeqi NsoONpqjOtqiNbqjLcoO7dCi7+AOPrqi69CjLRoPOFqkOXqk6/CMnAE+Dul/6FCX0OAGqRALWrql XNqlXvqlYBqmYjqmZFqmZnqmaJqmaiqm6TWlsfaEbtpLcBqndzSndLo7+4AIzkANiQAP93As01IP 9jCohFqohnqoiJqoimqo9f+gLY76qNLyDvGgD/oQD+8AqdkSEsEADdoQaEcIpQTRDocADKRaqqZ6 qqiaqqq6qqb6C4jAF1EkDgtAAEcEagIoYf8ADLmgDgP6DNvwDJWQDdpgDckwFuWAbrSACeJwDg+S DJSACrVgcCXxYzSUCmzgBdzIaDvxPvMADtAgDupwDqcwC+mgDuKQDuNgM/0nEPgQQ/AQDtTQDvNA pClBrcJzC6axCoOwPrcqEMYjDpyQB45wCHWQDfiKCNZAD+7wCfzgCcZwBp3pDdjQD7BgC3mwDpbQ qLcgCfmACn5EC8nQCfdQCaPwUANhr8CDDGIwEGLQY93SCbmGEObwPv4APv7/IA8hWBf4MJGV6g85 C6thcUXzMGz8cA72MA/84Hn4IA9psQ/ikIT/gAqeGjzUkAUE4QxrkCvw0ASXgAtK8A7FoAUn5ECb UAgD8w2QkAZsoAVowAyj8ARU8AnzMA5/8A5+MAti8AfFsA278A7gIAt58AbRgAXaUA6zQA6XYB3f oGrtIApjMA1egAind4SDQH3Zd7kptAmGQAOVUGkUyAhLMAeWi7kR1KYGYTwkIU/9+g+xAXHZmlME gbIz0w5SAKQlN0TTcA5YALW4InHkQG64kgoLtTv4IAWzALXyYAd21CsnFw9M+rzQW6Q5OzP9UA7V cAQuSxQ/YLK5YqfseAsA/4ABbsEFyxASsXAHvCsbrzAOgBSCntCDd3oQz0AO4QAV/7AGwDASaSAL APUj/oAJs0ANrqYPlbAO9lAPCJzACrzADNzAgurAEBzBEgzBB5zAFTzBGFwPdlGzBywPuNAN8IAP FYwPcIAK+PDAEHwPDyvAJ5zBLozA9tBxwals8ZsJh0IIcdALQEsQhpB3JXEHu5AP3gC/NHEOk5QP rAAJljc8q+uD02AFfvAHAJADaqQNuiAJbTAGPAAAKnAS6TBM/3AMl3YTuUAl/8AKSDhKmMQP9pBx KKEMUZAHuDAP0wsS7zDDJXF7c1MAAGCONXEISmQKjQCqO9jEvbMFAOACZf/AB7BwDTFbEs0ABG+g C56RD1YwxtrAbzRRCf7yD7+QCrciD1JgCr/gBvUADV7TCqywyqzcyq78yrAcy7I8y7QMy7CACDsw C1pKC7UAC5oQBz8QAjzQAQBQA36gB3qwB2gABmIwBmXQJBLQB7XwCrVczdYcC3IwBbLAyqVwCZ7g CtZMy96ACBzXDWa8kv2gPMeGUFEkDEIUEvaQDvC7DuEwDejADNc4ImTgagShwjLhfh/VCYWQvoXc S7/wziaxD8xADgMXJ9GABgeBKS4hCErkCoRAyN6bK8CwsiOxCDVgCDHoK3tQCwgxDAQtEpwAC8WA OyhKwzS00SKRDs9Ahar/ENK+0g5YkBDvAA1PoAOySBLKMAiXMH7JMRDUMA/4wAs71W40BA1hkBDu sA0rODP2UAECcAVhoAZ5kAifIAzckCwlAAA8AAcJNxL6UAiTIBDPoArnw7p1AAq+cApBugeysAu6 cNd4ndd6vdd83dd+/deArQu7oAhG0Au7sAuGvQPChAuGbdeB/diQHdl/vQtZ5gu8cNh6TdnEMAuL 8AtS4AKpAAyA/Q+QUGTcsAWEYHKG3C3OwAXWQw3iwD/38A7svE990g/TcAV4EMMJ4QkDIw5NAAjm t9q5Qg3JEA/CgAXM8Mijdw7RUBbG8AR1UAj3MxCJIC79lw2sgH9/R9xH/xIP9fALSEACjvDUTagM ZdEIVCBI/ZwKxdINS9AHqu0t7hAPyyAPDT0NWtCO+KAOzSDPBsEN5bsOl0BtAmEPZkAL+LAI/zAO efALyYAfEj7hFF7hFZ4MztAMEW7hHI4MD5oMvLAAADAJwDCdnuUMy1ALgyAAALAIG97hMB7jMj7j NF7jNo4MyZAMMwAAdfDiFYIIisC75qAO9CClTC0T2wABMFAST9oM7/BDPtABZTAGarAHnjANDR2/ BqEMlsBSoOAItc3EMiELSwAJ1HANrkAFa8A/BPELFHgK/pBr66AITAAJ00ANJ63lBBEPv7COl1AH tfpLLNEKTqAJ9tQP7P8gB0cQBuuYzmlyCEvACGOs5yoBD6kwCvHZ3SlxCktw5PGgCwAgAeQgpQMh D5GABDVQA0WwS5QuFOjG254Q5g8DAA/ACu3gDsuAM25MEPmAC7bg3a1+EvEgBZAwDokwD8oABp2A VaaQCqdACqVgCqdQCpmwCYDAAz0wASfQCalgCmqFVeAe7uI+7uRe7uZ+7uie7uq+7uze7uQ+W5Rw AFnwDO/QDRmCDlBAaMEuPLyiDseQz/8wDEWw0vtOPu4ECVFgSwVv8LOiDIXABXxAyAvfLf2QCdYA Dw+3D5fQDvfQ8bBQBY6ADx0/8iRf8iZ/8iif8iq/8izf8i7/8jAf8zL/T/Ih0QrFMAyvsFObQA/+ 0PM+//NAH/RCP/REX/RGf/RIn/RKv/RM3/RFb7oTj0kZHfW/MvVUz7zAfvW6Ag9OwAnuYAf/UAxc 4M1fV/Zmf/Zon/Zqv/ZsT3NErPX8nvVwb6tzL/VyX/dy0g6/gDsSj/fewgyBUA/ykAneIByGf/jm EArKgPiHfw6lgAyMf/i9MAuRb/jDgArnUPnmcAykoPnmsA2X4PnjEPqaPw6UIA6enwnUoPnnMArT 4Pm3wAuwDwuZX/nA4Aqejw2dIPpE4PcXOAaMkAbhRhCF8AVfUFOUBMT5exCzcAVd4EYmhQWEYBoH sQxc0AVjEOblAAaD2NDJBpEOYRAKnsDbBcEPdlAIhxDoAyEIdLAH6nIQiLAGbWCBBpEKUQAF7G0Q tbAFuXBMBkENALElyp9/BQ0WxNaFDhh3Bx0+hHhwXz99Ef/x+9fPYj9//ixexGhx30eSB0NarEey YkSPJfFZbAmz5L+OM23exJlT506ePX3+BBpU6FCL5roE+7Ys3K1nq9DpC+aLDD5Eleg4QqYL3Kxd sa49o7ZsVqZh8oieRZtWrU5ew8SRiqZI069/6TDpyvUvFytmuUA1yhTGVadbrl71KnUqlbe1jSMG BAA7 ------=_NextPart_000_0000_01C82B66.82923E60 Content-Type: image/gif Content-Transfer-Encoding: base64 Content-Location: http://neuro-oncology.dukejournals.org/content/vol8/issue1/images/small/Hoffman_Fig4a.gif R0lGODdhyACGAOcAAAAAAAEBAQICAgMDAwQEBAUFBQYGBgcHBwgICAkJCQoKCgsLCwwMDA0NDQ4O Dg8PDxAQEBERERISEhMTExQUFBUVFRYWFhcXFxgYGBkZGRoaGhsbGxwcHB0dHR4eHh8fHyAgICEh ISIiIiMjIyQkJCUlJSYmJicnJygoKCkpKSoqKisrKywsLC0tLS4uLi8vLzAwMDExMTIyMjMzMzQ0 NDU1NTY2Njc3Nzg4ODk5OTo6Ojs7Ozw8PD09PT4+Pj8/P0BAQEFBQUJCQkNDQ0REREVFRUZGRkdH R0hISElJSUpKSktLS0xMTE1NTU5OTk9PT1BQUFFRUVJSUlNTU1RUVFVVVVZWVldXV1hYWFlZWVpa WltbW1xcXF1dXV5eXl9fX2BgYGFhYWJiYmNjY2RkZGVlZWZmZmdnZ2hoaGlpaWpqamtra2xsbG1t bW5ubm9vb3BwcHFxcXJycnNzc3R0dHV1dXZ2dnd3d3h4eHl5eXp6ent7e3x8fH19fX5+fn9/f4CA gIGBgYKCgoODg4SEhIWFhYaGhoeHh4iIiImJiYqKiouLi4yMjI2NjY6Ojo+Pj5CQkJGRkZKSkpOT k5SUlJWVlZaWlpeXl5iYmJmZmZqampubm5ycnJ2dnZ6enp+fn6CgoKGhoaKioqOjo6SkpKWlpaam pqenp6ioqKmpqaqqqqurq6ysrK2tra6urq+vr7CwsLGxsbKysrOzs7S0tLW1tba2tre3t7i4uLm5 ubq6uru7u7y8vL29vb6+vr+/v8DAwMHBwcLCwsPDw8TExMXFxcbGxsfHx8jIyMnJycrKysvLy8zM zM3Nzc7Ozs/Pz9DQ0NHR0dLS0tPT09TU1NXV1dbW1tfX19jY2NnZ2dra2tvb29zc3N3d3d7e3t/f 3+Dg4OHh4eLi4uPj4+Tk5OXl5ebm5ufn5+jo6Onp6erq6uvr6+zs7O3t7e7u7u/v7/Dw8PHx8fLy 8vPz8/T09PX19fb29vf39/j4+Pn5+fr6+vv7+/z8/P39/f7+/v///ywAAAAAyACGAEAI/wD/CRxI sCBBW4kcKVzIsKHDhxAjSpxIsaLFixgzamTIyJHBjyA/6TPIDxkyLx80HePm7gcvLpYksdIWDZqu L/84cXLnSgukYsp6lWIlLVY4kEhBdivGCs0dk/XiPBP3xlApXdZYqZJVzVW+f++eYDImJ5qaN6O+ Jl3Ltq3bt/8+4YMrkJstunjz6t3Lt6/fv0jtAh5MuLBhkPzSPOiUrN3htoIfS+7Lrd5kff0GxhNX DRgrUJpiDAA3ee8tVvw49ZkVq7Xr17Bjy55Nu7btWblcefKy5hQu1raDz7JlS9ZwXLdKPYITxQuR FWxYFQ9Ovbr12QWzIfMX+G7pguOyLf/aNO67+fN+zUHaJDBVpmTd0cufTz9vu23lBLq6pPbjNu/1 BSjggP8Ykwgez3CThiH7xEfggxCax0kewfxzijAEgQNIO338sk8iVvyxx4gklmjiiSimqOKKLLbo 4oswxijjjCrS9V+EOOYoYGQ69ujjZDz+1SB3P0IYDCvVfMKIK9/wJY8th7SizmA3CtQPDgBgks05 9xhWDBrW8APPO/C4Qw455ZxzyAN/oPNOgwYRaRA+7uAyQxu2rMLJJZD8QQcdgIwSBifMFHMLLaNc wocaeMgBQAquuBIKJpWEokopoGxSRBB5kCIOP5kRBM+USLnTJGD8kGOMcpPMIgwlc9H/tU8gnPjz iR+63KJrLrnqisspc+Si67DD/koHcsQSS0scySYLixu2NEusG69IuysepiDbLC52hKJtsrnkka21 uRBiibDS5gJJIeg2m4skibSbLC6h7NHrtp3kIW+yrMjxbbKzrFDkwAQLKNJH8cgjhw+xzKMPN4KA sgcfZrThhiGJJKLHHk8QwsgdibCRRhtoBKLGGIPdI082ZagiTzz+KLJLIXggwkYbq9RBRhp+FMIJ IW74IQcjcGTTBh93TOLHIWWsMQgacpQhxxHkvNUPPPLIwoo88PSDCx/QIGJIG4toUgYggEJDiSlj pEFGHHzkgcYZh0jxCF1y6dWPPHz3/+3334AHLvjghBduOOHzzHP44ow37njh8fQHV5AFV255Qdro 4osr2vwTTSv42CP66KSXbvrpqKeu+uqst+7667CPfg8/6lTCSDr/3KM6Ppmd4YIuoZuOjxsuoBK8 6DYCePlapxRzSiObBOPOWuTIYggnzdxTD5xvEXNILfwsnxTlAhLDSB5utILUMGqQIn6ErLjCHSpz 9EePOf+kY1k4uxBESxKk6IQnaOEM3H0kH9EAhSVMcQ05CeQanYhELt7xvgqyBRadEMgsCjESkJDP giA8jzvi9Y99DAMbHwlGNv4BDl2E8IXy+YYdXMgNM3DQQTDM4Xe+so9MmMESONShEP/rgw12sNCF Q0xigD6oxOXdgQnakMc7ZsePKgpkGZmI1WD0gQ95CMQbuSBILAahi2MYIxe5wEUqUCEKTkChA5QY Bjgk5xZaPOIVx9AFLERBKU98YhWF8MIkaOGKUohCFJ3gRCY8AYgXWCEUrWgGOnBkD210AgAB6EIa +pAJVKSCFJCEBRWCkIlRkOITnOgEJXQyiizYwA+iyAU37IE3MJxKL1USSD7WIRB6pAMbw5DFKT6h iS+YQBCQOMQd8qCGMpDhCmGAAQCQsIdImOIWx9AGObzoDmzQIx7b2AUpKmEJVPxiHNRoxS33oY92 6mMf1IAEMDpIkmtM6R7s8EYyapH/Ck5Yog8GeEEqBkrQgaoCEgNggSrWSItdOFQXylAGEYZAC160 IhWi+MQnLpGJQwAgAZKIBCYwcQlNhCIUoHDFCQwQimBIwxvkcActBVKOFSJlHTYlyDfXMY46wAAX g1HGGfQgCpCAYwyRkAVIxAEGVbDnI/NQAx/iQE+C1EMNjnBDNw4oiDXkYasGyQcfOoEIeIDkEYVo BDdAIoo9dKIYIAmFHi4B14+MQg91UOpHcAGHSfQCJMxQgyaK+hFowMEPenDgQMIRhzToYaZNhEs6 QKEPUiBjE6pwHz9akQtY/AMaoBhGMlRxCVmAoRGiuIUuXsGUV8RCGpF1CygUS5CS/wzkHp94xiwW UQp6+KMXw1AHIwbCj2b0gzv4GAlt/XKPUlRjILjgxSoq0Qpl7ANO+1AEd/zxFWaAgh9apEcjYLGN zCR3u3kx1UB88Qdd5EOLc1mHI0aij3zQcx/5aBD33gIKLeKtqkOE2Vu4aB537Hcg8zBM3vLSCQAT JB8UFEg7oJGNWOziFbyQRSycsYpN5AMetPDEL0yxilnUAhekOMUoIuGLwsjpGrLoRCxsEYtUDKMV pTBFKCYximDUQxvrKAcwNgyMZFhmiJ3wb1L8wYdQ5KMSgkikTqZM5SpbeRNUxrKVt8zlK3dZy10O 85bB7GUxmznLaD6zms9MFybG9v/Ng3EznOcMF3X84h+3OMc/wEjnguljFJTgJUHmEQ1WbOISs/jG OqCRlH0ogzLK6zOE4nGJS5i1R3LWoTpeVYlAmIAHkYBEMCIMmHZs4gMeMEY7QvW+TFtOH7yYhCT6 cIq9ZGMCH2jEI0qBDAMaZB2dkMQtYSjoFuoIFuFDimsN0You0Scel46tqyejjEeYwoiSDlAyrCEQ W3BCyQTJZVLYkQ1dpOECr5gkXMrRCkgwgQOfyDaO+ADEf7wCEs7+hzhMoYxMYOgUhxgGMAb+C2EE IxgDT7jCFw6MYBQDGb/YRRIAUIhfIKMYDM+4xjfO8Y57/OMgD7nIR77xaQDCI///GAYjlluXSMtb 0uowRS0E0m46EmTaL2+iJ1IhEFXkQc8FKUUYkTGKdKDj6EhPutKXzvSmO/3pUI+61KdO9apb/epO z8ko/kGOMyQi2R/Bec6H6A09eAQepiBFtA0i7rH3ORbwOYchJGHzgXTjFm7Ptjn8wAmB1KIPB745 3vNOeA+6vPCFFzvi4dyKafyDGaiQ4jsmT/nKW/7ymM+85jfP+c57/vOgD73oR5/5Nh9+8W5vO+rl 445cPMISzXhGGAfij+3O4x2YCENIgwF2vsjiDeVQwzL2cQk8zCJSrhAFKmZcC1rIQsOtgUUtml8L W7yCE5IIxSXCYIQchCAJS0iC/xokcYpMTKKcOXaFLWahYVi8AvmviD/yIxX/V8ACFreQxfz3z//+ +///AOh/r4ALuBALtGALrjBSnqAGQKAFLUACokBIrlB/9wcLwxGA/PcKtBALe+AERSACjRAL82d6 L9QP5KAMqdAJd9AD7XNSidIJoBAKbYUANeAIsOAM7YA19TAP8MANYWAI6LAO6XAN00AN1XAMnhEC KwAJnLBRfUAHmIBCj/EO1FALmoAJZIAFhzBSnGAKvRAN4WAZ6IAMpJYXQaILeZBgA5EO0PALqoAJ HgAAa+AJltAJpUAKpFAKpZAKT0AAb8BHimAHYuAFY9AHrJAFANAJ6iAPt8cN1//wiNnAC0TgCs2A DMTAC7vCC8WwBgDQBKPgCYiQB4SgCKu0CYkAAFFwCsGwDQ7mF8ywDAXRD/lgX/KACq1wDuaQi7qY i+hQC5mgDuzgDuuADdHgDMsADLcgAgCQB53ACIyQCH3QB3xAB3owAwOgBqiwDI4BHmSYF/OQGeDQ PwNBBhxACs0ADdFADufADtf1D7ugCaRyGM1AB7/AD4H3D9ugEgJxXfvAD+1wDunwC1EwCay2egZ5 kHSRD+JADnX3D/0gDu8Qj7EoDvLQkP8wDuuAPyAxDt+IFHOhkR/RJdh2QP0ADq34D+8EkmHlkPf4 D19RDi3ZIPIgaHGyD8kFEv3/wA/zAHQHxA8s93J7oArd0AzRMAzPsAqMdgzRgAZ3pwd/sAi9oAvj wAu8YArLQA3MIA2+MAnGoG5jVwnYAA5iOZZjGQ7mUJbgcA3c4A3c8A3h4A3g8A3eEA50GQ7lUJd0 CQ7hQJZ82Zd++ZfioA7lMJbkkA3hIJfcUJdi2Q16mZdyqZh66Q3e0A17qZh7+ZeYCQ7jQA5j2Q3Y gA15CZmUiZehGZqZ6ZffAAkWuRYHUxD3YAqlAAYSAAmhkAyygAb8MA1lYAaA8AeKwAeH4AadEAd6 gApdQAl+gAdmgAaf0AiGMBjGQApqAAAtMAqlwA5LAA9ksASBAAeLMAiD8Ad8/yAHqpAJetAGl2AH iSAHmoAHjEAJevAFgYAHeKAJZPAGePAJaKCGbSEOnlAKPTACGgUOvUAF7JAJgqAIl7AIY2AJf8BJ nzAJYsAzfyAJeWAGagALcfAKeANubtGabREP2TAP7JAO9HAO+QAO+IQO5lAO9gAP9XAO8nB07GAO EvkY28CI7fAMcZAK7VAP7BAO9lAO8IAO9wAO6TAl7BAPjBAI3tAO9FAO+IAO6pAOudiSbxGl6ZAI t7AP4xAP51AP5kAOuNAN9XB077AO8uAO6JAO7FAOZdgWC4YXIEoS9DAQ73AXxDANa0UQxyAQzwAN ztAMUlgacjIPzPAMwcAN4v+AFPPgC2AaDs4AD+RQDb2XQ3P6XwaxD8QgDFzwAZcADNgAD5PwBnfA CHTQB5zwBo4QBnLwD7TGCpnABVLwBWeABlNQBXCwBIvwF9owYlUgCMJADPJQBdYwCW7wB0sQBm7g BVRQBXxgA7lgD+4gDGlwCWkADlCAC0yZRJkKF5wwCZowruRKrqm0CeO6CQKkUaDgR6AAg6DRhKDw CaBQr+wagxlVrvq6r/yqr5vwr+TqCZ6AUvQ6r/WKr5IgCVjWCZ3wCX7kCZ2Arv06sRRbsRZ7sRaL CYjwkwYhDtyGkEpUe25hDMzwD9mgVyA7dqqXspKmeCw7RCv7snPmsjLrF+f/gEQ7cno1axjXcAhd UAX2ZwmRoArQcKeSYQ+CsA5wQAz6oAhtIAoCG7VSO7VUW7VWe7VYm7Vau7Vc27VeS7WgQAp9QAZd IAqhoFFRCwqjYAqioAhj4AQ40AGS0K5UKwprMAGNQLcC22aDt7OFgQyAgCFw4Q8FaRD9ULh4EbN+ ixfWQAiL8Gg/QrMgVA/OUAN54JWGQQhhYAqUUgmfEAvDAA3nEA+a4Ai+5iOSWzn+AA6z4AiVQAuN +g/0MBfocAuMUAnEwJ96sQ+xcAjEQA4qWUGp6yP68AoFcATQkG9uwQ2swAhBkAjbyBbb0AifEKcW 9A0UJA68AEPEYAm/wLFv/0EOU8IP4MALpDAJp9CN9fAOuOAIjidEv7W9tTAJ1BAN9nu/+Ju/+ru/ /Nu/+isN2DAN0jDABFzA2ZANyaAIVvAJ0xDA/vvAEBwN01ANB5wLIOACzTANEbzBHNzB+kuCEbIP oBAAYAAKW/YJewAAYeBFi5s8DzIMgbAKutvChTG8fYENrsuTNKwX99AJezBsBaF4+WAMe9EPutAB gZBTO6wXkoAJ7fGnQZQ7ArEO1WALnvAIkbAKwuAFOWAIoBAJrlBeSfEOuxAJlVAM+OAP+IClS+wW jjAIAkEKetAf4WAI+NAG0tAPqpAIxDAMwxAMPAAAhNALxZAMyVAMfpzIif9MDCahC5TwBlBgCK8Q CKWABWeQCcOgDIisyJzcyZ78yaAcyqI8yqRcyqZ8yqT8D5pACtxBDJogJ/IAU94gEOFIGMGACX3a xodxDGLwnP9wDdAwwzens7rcI+twCa/AHY/wBhapuMXcI3ZQCALhC4lwkv9gw8+MHrhwCKogEKGg C4g7ENiczebhC1jgBwJxC31wqf+QbN4AVORMMJigCQIBC3iwCgYhDMqgD43whxr1zwAd0AI90ARd 0AZ90Aid0Aq90Azd0A5t0P+ACRlkDWsgCMpbEM4czxDiB4RwkWvwdVGs0TmSC2anDf3wDK1AGoYn 0j+yD7NQCdeMBje00iz/7SPn8Az/wA6WcArsLM7EXNMC0giN0IrqQAv/YAlNIg2vgA/30NRO/dRQ HdVSPdVUXdVWfdVYndVavdVc3dVUnXKTgEKtYAn9wQ6/kAy8gDvdMAv/UHtu/dZwHddyPdd0Xdd2 fdd4ndd6vdd83dd1DQ+tUFetsAfRy3Y/DdQDcg+v4AlVQ9OILbyH/diRG9mSjWmUXdkQQgnFkA+O AAencEigHdqiPdqkXdqmfdqondqqvdqs3dqu/dqnTRfdAM+YfTkZXds6Ms64jR66Tc7egAoUAACB MAqgkAmYkAnGXVIgAACTACSXzdL0YAyUEAm8MD1wgQ6mcAi3cGR7AQ+d/1MN06O9gzEPlEAFr0CT qycPxaABAAAJszwYyVAJpzBJwrwWw5AIujAKJfsLnCAO3/AN4LAHFwBLnnAKzRcMw0AMznAJnQBK fcAGdBAJwQDg5UCl6HAO4xCX0iALkvAnRLAAaBAKrqALxfAMhpmLiekNu1gOclm/q/AGlQC85SAO cfnfNn7jOJ7jOr7jPH7j4LCQdawIx/AKinAHfrAK3YAOwfjfwGsO4yCZ1RCoxfAHZ0AMuEgOh9nj Ng4OLXoFDYAJ43DjIOwW2CAN1qw39oAO2EAKXNAIy3AN2RCM+pBs89AO5vAO0CALmhAJm0AL0PAO 9XAP9T3FtkAMfOGm7f9cDs3AC5qQBkKQBZ7gBnaQD/5QJu3QDu4ADtaADYsACM3ADu0gD/ZIEGvK DuMwDKMwCei7DHr2FZnBD+xwDcgwC8W9CVbABNvAF0HCDXc2IMFLF9owB6XgDu5QU9SwDLUACowg BR8lBEIgBnIwBTZQA2BQCHQAABowFKswgLdQC7ngDL0gAzwwDbuwCZ9gDJD1HfpwCnywDPFgEO6w DHAAAc+1F0HCB0wQf5pQCZrQCaxQDHH+C5NgtB8hD4zW1vOQDt3gDLDgCHNQAgDgA2fABEuwBEfQ BWPQNjEAADMQB2PgBVxgBn5gCa7ADJvgA4ewDLuQ6hlDCZQQ6QAQBGn/d36gcAvTMOgFMQ+MAArr oA7Z8AzKEC2osOckYAKeABqZcAmUwLCdIAo6EAMySNqj8AMa0PSiAAqnwH6yQAu34AdSYAzQwA3c 0A3rQOwjMQ62oL2iQAmaYAvb4KF6ESSEkAKXYAmVAAqyoEIGFhdGEA75UA/j0JbekA3a0A1jEABw cAmBAAiIQAkn1QmjwAQFcAaboMXhwMYf0QwnqZOjoMQE0Q/ZoARuMPbdUPqm7w3HcARtUPrbcMjG YAzFsAyycAIpsAtg3w3eEA/zYF/74HACASr9gA/0UA/rywZRwAvDsAutQAqcsAkQOwosYACM4HzP Fwv3twqs8AMFgAio/zAKx50JlqAJl2AKgVwKuq48btACrrALuSALqMAKqVAKKxaHWmAJjhAKqxAL uOAL0HANjPAEAGHM3z+CBQ0e/Bdvmy5VTwBAEfVplqdLmCxumgJgxqZLnzx6CmUKFR4AOjRJ0oSK 1jFv7fLpu0YOoUFrMmcS7DdwZj95gA61w9evH7+D4q7dRJr05j6lN/kxUuVPFqRmy6zmiuVMWrRo z6I5YxZWWjWwYZmBtbrMbNqzad2ydeb22bRnZs/afVYtml1nzZz99QqNb9i3bJsRLqy22eHEihlb ReyYWeOwjwuHRUs5c2Jm0ZoSDCfv3z53Ss0pPae0nNJxSm0iTacUnf/Om7GTusOXtN67pPbiJfWn Luk+20hPJ/X1GWk/du+E31TXzx7SduO+UYfHjvo87Tfd1Xs+Ezc8pPLifaN90Pc5fTd998s98568 d+2W2p8+0x+7cuKQssOnu5nW2U25z47hgpNTbvImjDTu6GcmcLjYRZmb4EHjjTXomWkeMkxhpLSZ UCnkDm9uEuWWQkRE6BZOTAnvoGUakcWYm5wpRI5bbmLmkVZauQmcRQbp48JDlHHmpncYicQNohDS xxFUIknPQCuvxDJLLbfksksvvwQzTC2n2SfGg74Rx51p2mGHPKTAETNOOeekU0trvFinC1HCmOOJ c8hJAw45/qEFkDkk4IAEikv+WCQJNuZwQ487+GBjlzovxTRTTT+TZ5JkNgV1poAAADs= ------=_NextPart_000_0000_01C82B66.82923E60 Content-Type: image/gif Content-Transfer-Encoding: base64 Content-Location: http://neuro-oncology.dukejournals.org/content/vol8/issue1/images/small/Hoffman_Fig4b.gif R0lGODdhyACKAOcAAAAAAAEBAQICAgMDAwQEBAUFBQYGBgcHBwgICAkJCQoKCgsLCwwMDA0NDQ4O Dg8PDxAQEBERERISEhMTExQUFBUVFRYWFhcXFxgYGBkZGRoaGhsbGxwcHB0dHR4eHh8fHyAgICEh ISIiIiMjIyQkJCUlJSYmJicnJygoKCkpKSoqKisrKywsLC0tLS4uLi8vLzAwMDExMTIyMjMzMzQ0 NDU1NTY2Njc3Nzg4ODk5OTo6Ojs7Ozw8PD09PT4+Pj8/P0BAQEFBQUJCQkNDQ0REREVFRUZGRkdH R0hISElJSUpKSktLS0xMTE1NTU5OTk9PT1BQUFFRUVJSUlNTU1RUVFVVVVZWVldXV1hYWFlZWVpa WltbW1xcXF1dXV5eXl9fX2BgYGFhYWJiYmNjY2RkZGVlZWZmZmdnZ2hoaGlpaWpqamtra2xsbG1t bW5ubm9vb3BwcHFxcXJycnNzc3R0dHV1dXZ2dnd3d3h4eHl5eXp6ent7e3x8fH19fX5+fn9/f4CA gIGBgYKCgoODg4SEhIWFhYaGhoeHh4iIiImJiYqKiouLi4yMjI2NjY6Ojo+Pj5CQkJGRkZKSkpOT k5SUlJWVlZaWlpeXl5iYmJmZmZqampubm5ycnJ2dnZ6enp+fn6CgoKGhoaKioqOjo6SkpKWlpaam pqenp6ioqKmpqaqqqqurq6ysrK2tra6urq+vr7CwsLGxsbKysrOzs7S0tLW1tba2tre3t7i4uLm5 ubq6uru7u7y8vL29vb6+vr+/v8DAwMHBwcLCwsPDw8TExMXFxcbGxsfHx8jIyMnJycrKysvLy8zM zM3Nzc7Ozs/Pz9DQ0NHR0dLS0tPT09TU1NXV1dbW1tfX19jY2NnZ2dra2tvb29zc3N3d3d7e3t/f 3+Dg4OHh4eLi4uPj4+Tk5OXl5ebm5ufn5+jo6Onp6erq6uvr6+zs7O3t7e7u7u/v7/Dw8PHx8fLy 8vPz8/T09PX19fb29vf39/j4+Pn5+fr6+vv7+/z8/P39/f7+/v///ywAAAAAyACKAEAI/wD/CRxI sCBBKjJmKFzIsKHDhxAjSpxIsaJFhzQuatxYkcYKTgZDitwHUuRAU5AmPSJhwRClSJrWlcG0KBOe N2N0FWt2rVu2f8eoOfsFqRcxaN7CGSO2zZGyZd9q8Ur27Zc/k1izYpVXzVo2Vz1wZbNWzd4/OuCu 2SIXLFuuaGmMBYsmrVOkVs3S9QsmbZkuTLmWLUOHzdixa4mUSZtGixe2Z9C0mgynSrJIfpHcad7M WfO7z+/o0QP9uVuyddawZftm6FC2at2quaMG7do2btbIkZNmDhqqZee4TfuGzZo1ac7GvUNnjic2 dNSeVbt2jVw1auY6a9++/bO7effkcf/+Nlvbtm3Wxu1G90zVMXTbqn0be00aNGC92IWDx06csXPS YMPdgAR6xkwplhUkDDEJNujggxBGKOGEFFY4UDDDWPgPPk4w+I8rRiCj4YgklmhihcJkGGE3RazT oCAm9GDNiTTWaCOKKgokzzwD4SMOMao8QocVAABQC42PSHEIKK7AYQUaoGBjoStKGPJMNDdmGaE/ pcgiUC2X9CNSilqWqSU+NQDAwinumKkhK6EIhEsmV4WEIYTyJHNONGIm2I89ruTo5qCwZNFng+d4 cQY362TjzDPPOMPLLZ9Y4ACWDbqzyC7/+INUn+PoYpg8/wAjzKAh5SNLPqgO+gcgBun/Q4YfI1JT xRZjeDhQN2zg8k83YSxyaEF3tlqiP7WIIo8moBjrbIP0CNQJGwgSJAg97jQSSTHBdOvtt+CGK+64 5JZr7rnokivMut6uK0wxwxzzhxKP8DKMMOnmq+++wTRY7LMAm9gJAIQEPOGCBmPFTjCfRAKKMIHo MqE0vjYIDyyG4MKjVtqYhM8lJaAhCjAiQYJJMKlEUkkpq5hBi0H9kOOMK51U4gkuoLwRj4RkDlSN M//0ww8/+cxjNDneELKFWQk3XWIwsqziRhZjVGJMtFrxk84UKwjqYM//iMNAAFSccQcgjoBSizHf vLPKI62IIcIIWLiy8UjeiALGCQMA/3CAClFA8YMINEgxhh9MAPDCHXXUYccdkN+xBxcASKBFGGHU sYcikYiyii0m0CDNN+KULo899Yh2CiTqhKNNML2EokkihdDxAQBhEBLI7oIMMgghiNgAABKcJAOP Qft0WlA+4LhyiBIAWOAGHIEMgkknr+wyDDJQaCELJnlkAYQPSnxBhyMxcBAIHVkoIcYfozizjj/j LFOPhqug0capITXTRR4VM4g0sgAMSojkHWBoRBhIFRI6sAEN2xBJJbrwBl+IpEmEYIZIaIEGWpBC JNAYwygqIZJ0rMERhhBJPOBACDYcLySDkJw4RMIJOICiGCLRBRm20KyQVKMMY+CD0/+eRQpwKEMW sbjEKrBUDFTMghvy4AQuqrEKTZgiDoeIRSqAMYpevEIWtZjFEAdFkgThYw9wIMdA7pELP4TiEXhI RByuEQc82IEcmfDFIRahhkHAIQ1wUEMUMgEIV/SjDopQgyIGsYYvyIEbzsrfkQZCiVnQww19cIMc 7BALazDCFnK4gx7GQQ8tpIERktADGtKhBzWcARy1OAUhFpGGQqRhDms4hBDCUSHKSKiMExpa8sZI zIFcRR8CGSaJfJmgewiEGDgspjSnqSGwWUgc1LgfNbc5qHGkQhuJqMY58CCGQvjunOhMpzp9hwge EMEQ6ywEIr6QAik0Yp34zKc+98n/z376858ADag+/eU1y4jBFBaqhBOkZJl7eMMc/8jGKM5wBTWY IoIDAYcauDANbrZKHNcwCDaSdwwReZSMp7CCH3h5UpPYIxOdEAgrLBFSOxV0QpSQwk9aOiJnCCIF ACDDGOdRjjb9AxWZ4MeYcmSOAzSgF/vAR5a0URmePigTa5DMPmbloHSwwQvl0IovEOGHbYSDDZgw yb8MtooPDAIZr2iHNNohC02kAxq2AIAM8CFVq/5jDWwIA63c5A9G/EEZ/2BFZESyVr86qBw+wMAx thGJW7iDHPMQh1TNEQ2lOtZC1vwswGyRCdEapLGO3Qc4aBEJClgAErDIBtMk4491/yTDCAKwxYjm IYmaSqYYAIhAO5yFsAlF4yXKUKZA2vGMVlziEqQghjUeEY1jnMISkhAFMbiBzKCZNiT3iEYpYPIL QKziE4gIBTWG5SB/eIMb7QBHNSoBDUMkoRoSQu2EplEK5WbpHLAYkhogkQY3cAsVkgBEGrKghTPI YQtOqEQkJhwJSFBYEnwggiDmoIYvaEELYJCDIS5BBAi8YTjmqIc96vQPdJRiRgLxB+rEYRpGQAAJ 7xjiOeRgv5QYYxjDIAYykEEMIBejE5P48TCK8ZSSIuMYsxBEMoxB5WQs4xhUNsYv7ECMLgv5yl4G Bh2C0eVhGCMZxwDykvVAi2J0uf8Yy0iGmo2RCFHAS81BNvInHqHkJbsZyMSgxR+WkmVlFMMYxSgG LfBQZCMnGtBi9kWj8WxkPcDCzYg2dJGJYQxBvGLSlC7GJDRxZ0oH2RSE6DM01UyMX6zgu7CG9T5i mhV3oEMd3hDDFZaxjnSo4x/taMU/+MGOZeDjHp6tRz740Qx5KLUeyO5HP/wxzGXcox/zcEbyEhFW N90DHelIRzlEEe50nEMfp6iDJnDRCL38Q8X+IMctePEPVrGKH/ZABj1maw988IMZ8Xi2v//RXQqJ o6oQAmaNZhvrkGANWjdiZsJLYhl57Gwg/NAELLTxiVP4whaicIQvUBGlfRCikqr/OEUo1iEKWJii GrmgxixqYQlcYEITnQhFHtLhLDUS5BnZyIQsMuGKPmxCDa4IhSn0cApWxAIVnvjEPc7BB0yYQheo +IQ7LpELUIzjFOJARSk+4YpMaIIUjniEhCT+IIWbRBea8EQncJCCSXyCE6yoxxjkEY43IIIQhojE KeyQCFA0qxVzqMQkuGAIQzgiEaNQxSJK0Qc/GMITc4DDHEhxhnE84w/CuIMm2GAJRD6CD9ajwx+6 UaFpcN0dUQCAFY4hDinhowq0aAUkxsAIP1jiEKNIhSNEUQhAJCITe2DDHCY6I30I4gys4AI9orCH O9xNQ2zXSiWmYY5McKIUqlBF/yrGH/7xp6L85Dd/+MV/fvafPxWsYEX7yY/+9ZN/FexH//zpT3/3 1///+ed//6d+Ath/Bth+qoB/+geAB/h+/PeACAiBC6gKqDAKpPBBCaJfDbeBbhJaHPiBZaKBEdID D2AGfQWCIMhizxRNFGINUuBMBOEOXdAH7IWCG0hmFPIFEqMV50AFg1AMM2SDsCaCWXEKbSAh3RAF jEAi/sANg1AkySCEWQI2x1AkikAM4fBwBPEOTjAOJJINTiAJWPENoxAHaYIBHSUZ95AIThALUvg0 N+UswCAFiFAj94ACB1AHkrAId4AHfngHaGAGAgAAXBCEG4gN3iAQrSAJyrUPn/+wDvCACZvQDMxQ iZZ4iZiYiZq4iZzYiZ74iaAYis5QDdHwCTRABKfADMewDKHYiq74ipf4D4GwCQIxC5pQcMSiK29o IvQwC2cwBYjgW8XEDYQACQLhC5agVnHYIOagDc2wDtyQDPTgD/dADdbQDtggDYqQDJtQAagghfEA BrAwRPggCmJ0VIfgWQZhTSr4D9iiD/TgDZ3gAADwDBWSD9BQgxxoD0xwDA2yD2YQBpcQcCKhinZw BQxlGZuAgatQCDAIDr3wD5QwP7nAC/dgD/ZwbfxwkRjZkR75kSAZkiLpkdeADvowkiiZkiq5kiyp kvfAItOQDyGJD/UQBnNwDxz/2ZIZ6Q/SMAVusA5/EpL/AAqpEDZf4AjKmDD1oA0M94HZcAQu8g9b 1QcnIgl20AwFQQ1qgJT3EAuqYFTrqIsB0w/tAINagQ2QcA3Xt03AQANChSq7gJXewAeMyFjL6Ff3 sAd+AAzlwBunsArgIRDw8Gu7WBDr0AifIBCxQAjqSCx3WZgE4Q+OcASsoA/OIA+bcAr2cA36YA69 MAnUYFrzkGMFcXHGYFKQSSLhxg4f6IGpSSL5AA+mMFymhYOvWSbLgAq4eFKuOU3FYA3XsAqUIAm1 oA3+ZUye+QmUoAnCYAuUEA2xsAmSEAq/8A27CQ6dkAjJ0I4RUh1rSXDYsAjF/6APwyINj/ANMQgN PGACvwBRFuIJa3ANd3AN5eAGc7AJmJCf+rmf/Nmf+rkJnyAJO1AAUHAHkRB1nqAJ/pmfOOcJnsAJ ieAFGwAFfcAFW/kJd5cJC7qgGqqfHbqhILqfmvAJmUAEALAFbSAGYwAGDKYFYpAGX6ADUdAHcqAF fDCinaChlWAIjYAJMKWcZ/AFfEBBbqAHobAJCsqgnCAJhmABBVAIoyZ3ZpcJAOoIYsCfpZWBgrII mPAO+yA0BmEP3kAOocAIt3BxCRIPm2CWtykQusB6DpInkhAGEgAATAAGasAHkIAKxhAO89APwnAJ pAkhvflZymCPNoIOxoQP9v+QDr3BDLpQBa/ADNBgDulgD6wyEOzAD/rQDbLgCGhQBWFwB6GAC2ww WMZChJKRD8dwBzaAAyHwAEAgBCggA1ogCcXAc1iBD9ZQC41gAmXwB31QeZewCUjKCrnwBnDgBV/Q CNHQjsHgjwXBYoNQBi8UEvDghZbhD+GwC5TABlxABlwQAlcwBlewBidDmNU0SSVCmMcQhQJhDzAQ ApQQfq4AC7BQCXRABT8QAQbQCL5QDL9gCqdQsKegCmcAA42ACgXbC8ZQCxaICmrwAHSgCqVwsRhr CrWQCjRwCMswZLdwCqgwsqmgCTTABKAgCsgaDMyADeEgD/DwZPiwDxYXDtz/kA2CAQxcUAWnkAqi kHOgMAqiAAqq0AZPMAkVSAqjkLKfEAqtsAc/IAm9sAu6kAzMIBjLsA28MAicsAy9IAunMAqfsAmi QAqSsARsELaqsAvRAA6zBQyIKhLrAA7cKRAmVAM71aZ6Oyj6EA/XahD+AA/3cIIG8Q5gekB9axLx QLgGoVTfORBiog91qzz18LgDQZAioY+R2Q8MFBJi0rkwsyEmcRX0cJyRubcFwQts4AzeIAzVQAzO wAr2AA7JsAibYA5gEAmFoArFkA3KAAy4QAvjwBfScAm+kJBtug+3uA/M27zO+6XSFr3Suw/8QG38 ICZDww/MK0zDpr3Z+73M/9u92Es0z1u+5nu+6Gu+1yttVzG9+EAPf5IP1Eu92usPMja/3qtUwrS9 2tu99Ou96RvAzktVEsIPtDa6QxoGWFAkSSAGX6AG84AMQzAOfEAIdtAGm/AHjZAJsIAHuBAGlLAH k2AGZ9AHlDAHiPAK9WYFk+AH6wMJgKAGyKslsrAFYDAGNAAAOyAGYKAFw4AJd8AJfPAGdzAImZAK ivAJg/A+mhAM/LAHgwAIowAGZoAKh+AHj7ALg4AKVZBKlhAGbrAHqhAGg7p2CNd2FAch/FAP++Br 9/AOrLkO+PAO4WAL/QBt54AP67AO7HBr6vAO/ggeELUcfKy5xhIa/8AOof+hF+PgC+LgD+oQD+xw POfQa/rwDr8WDzCLDrdwOvdgDvmgDuwwyujQmBGSff+YxlrhDucQmcUQGeKQDtEADabrV9yphQRx DcMyD4rqLKicIG4nEhBbCqAwAytgdaPACu+gBrSwBmmQB6CACGKABn1wB29AC/gwBl1gzXiABqQQ BmMAB9EwB6tABn3wBXEwBVbgBZVQAyxVJudQC7ewC4YgAZCgC7ZQC+1QDmKQCJXwBP88B4DwB1xQ CUCQBn9ABoWABI+gDurgBFvABr2DBagABmLQB9NABrYABmSwBmdABVVAB3cgBWb8S6qMKvXwmNM0 D4kpIeuwDCfyy5YRzFn/QQ3TUHD4wAfcIA32oA+7QA73QI1SlTz9gEz1AA3x8KfJUw/1oA/kwA1K hZFSJVX5MLNSJaa1QJ49PRvLRiLY8AnoSRCxcD/28AzuAL9L3dPjsA1igpHOBIPz4AbTgA2roAu4 wArCoE0jItNadcCjS7350Au68A7aKyZ4IAzccAZ7oAdaEAeZQAZw8Aa38A+IQASaYAdzkAe8wAht 8Aa6EA2OwAp/wAZ9sAZqUAZxwAP+yAfSgASZpw3MCkh1EAqIwAcWVCH7cBXE0AcaNBDK4AlvkAtx cAeeZglqEAe1cA2IIAuAEMZxYAZoMAdAAAnQYA/JsAqpEAjA4Ae+oAgz/1whB9cgxcBwtYAKq3De 6J3e6r3eq9AKr7AKrtAKrvAKnEAJrxDfrgDf990K8h1/rsAKrqAJqMAK8i3frnDgr8AKqxB/+w3f B37gAP7f7D3h6J2AFL7erQDf/N3fAA7gAk7g8W3g873gJN7eCX7gF57iFD4KwpgV8qAK4eAPqsAK 6HAONn7jOJ7jOr7jPN7jPv7jQB7kQj7kRF7kRu7jBIW6Sm4Shbrke9vkTt6mqhrlr1lcGiIEAXCO VG5VU54gzAAF4pAIVGCIW+5RXS4ZikCVAwENSBAnZU5M85UPe1DKrPAK5nbkNl7jTnAK6pDj6iAO ZlAF5IHnhF7ohn7oiP/O41jRDb4wish0DNIqIeDABGhakE3ACm9eTLYZIZwgBwmSDya6B5nuNGce El4wjg2SD/EQDEfghiYiD4aACGU86lgB5SJRDkagqxFiD3AwBrj8IO4QDIHABTYaBlrQBN9I61kB NvDgCrNgyALhCmMwIr1QBLlgGakgAR8wBVwwCMNQ6QVRC0zQB3+r7BeSI9AAAiTQB3rQw2RQB4lQ CsiQDZXABJdgIvOQBmvAcPSQDIrgBVYwCMHQDbsQ6ZaBDWUgBjBm7v9g5VpRD6EKNDQSCADgAH2g C6xJIvEACArwpCm3C+7CstjgBUIglq9Z6rE2H1hxCpdQCEpgBxi1j6b/IAnq2imUwA3vgAiMwAu5 0PM+//NAH/RCP/REX/RGf/RIf/S7EAy0kAUlgAewIAy9kAu6kPRWf/VYD/T/IAnJ+A+fYPLkgEyn yfACkQ+lID4xkFZW1QpujglxYMrnTvYEcQuPIAqCEAV0AAyMK02ekOy3oPYh4fBybxDgcAlX8AWm wAy7kLdNswtdsAgCoQzT0Mo2pSH3oA9JAACy8Azm8Bv7wMZKtQ/wAPcbKAkegAVjhA2K4AoCUQmK sJtxLyHzcA2O0OIhoQ/68AkmcAhvKA5G8M4l0g3akKkNEgklYQuOQPoNr9IEsQmAQA6dUAvQnhXl 4HNCmAdL6CDYUCRY/2AGYuAG4N8GciAIb5AAAuAH018QssAHGDgKvV35AuEOStAExGAP4cAOmAAL 9aAO8zAOmlAIANHu30CCBQ0eLOiv0zqEDR0+hBhRokRnS9xN5DfGz8R/uYh4mojLiqGBsAjtayiM GEF/y6JxhOmQX7aYNW3efDjGFMR9ZP7cPKWEVcRMmQZuCpNqoDJD6e5YK/eGDqeiVa1exZpV69ai ndi8ocpV7FiyZc1e9TQnhiRNVzdR0hGFU9uzVjtl2tIDDClTnq7+owTq37Q2i1AiVIlTMUJkhxc/ htxQXxVeBfmV6ROZYL0KACwd1EPoH7c9mBwbDDZM82Nrm+z5a9jvG/8aSKttRxxF5p8/MplvO7w1 aBE1d6gkoWuY+jfOYRn2eGtmrx6/e/QGysPF7Ny1beeWf//3CoAK8A5zYfpnDQ2jfslXli/vr1k6 ZPXgR25//yA5Z//CUUIlv4OEUU2/+8wBAIBQ1sEHNgMfvOmRSCQiEEIL0WFmHm3i8aSGELixMMSD fnGkmn9QseS0gioUUUR42BkIn3noeQebTYh5J4kBJNFHnhZ/S8eT91ARxLqCLvrnmGR+ZJIjff4p Bx9YfABgkiYVi8eUT74xaBB55LEkE2eYIbNMM89EM00112SzTTffhDNNaa6ZxhE0oHkmTj33hBMm Fq8ENKZ4zulFxUD/b1LuUEU5mscbbxZFtEBIJ4WoGTu+uIVSCiXVtFOD1PkFmk8E8hShREudiJBE FGtnGc20q0mSTn48FVWD0ikGFEg8+eWdaqiBZ5hRIuFkFnAM/ceeb3oBJZJOajnFDEggoSYycmqR 58mG/KnnGnB+AeSPZcbx8SB2ygHvz079+QaVA1IwpZlyJ/Knm1pOOGCTZtSJ6JxSCgEGn8fwYcSX J9thZpxl4JmnoX3U6UQWTjCp5JU7pFilkkk4ucUZdhys6Zlb9OEExl0M1idllVdmuWWW+aFnSX/2 cblmlfn5R51+5HmmFEcmWWWaeAqyuWiVBzK6ZZzfkYWQSeDQJp1w/8TRxhirZXkFkgcEKbeflfmR 5oEw2kv5MHuaeUQBFGapJh2c/5GnGWiwyUYae/bZR8B4uumlCQB6YfmhaFgBZhh4/vElmH4WZ7xx xx9ffCBwREFEkjd8CQUSSVRJxhwBDXJnGlwopuSTIEphCXLVV2e9ddX9occWZA9aJ5hLGhGlmaEL okcZSwz5ZJrPX5/HiR26cUYbSYiZ5x2QB3LcT05hokeXRUbhEiJ7uOHlCwDO0AWbw22NbJxNBMBB mtkjEsaTe57fbZxzjvgbpz/pGUEDSSopKrBQPvEEKpqwNWfAj3zko4c0MKGGKaThE8joBCXGwQ5p 2MITh6jDGLTgBf8m6OAe9nvPAUUYkX1swxaOCIMDEGCIYTCkJvvIhwE5UqsRbsYYhdCABMSAh0V0 QhfUQId9BpIPiHxwIPugRzq4wYxZhIIQMLADG9TQhS1goQtfaMMefFCAFeQBDmDoAha2AIY0xMEP MoiCFbqgh04sg1SAUpdi+NGMFQAgDLgAhwwjgo2JVAMpV7jDLd7YkHqEYxg30EAhUmEKRjbyFKW4 wQNYeI1z2MMg8BCHEQ3Sj23kwQFk0Aay+iEOF07qVPi4Qx/ooceCzKMXa2ABDMxQi3m4Yxw48wYp zgCDCVQAB3HgQw88wQ3+nIIPWrCCGQoBBgAEwRjEKMYtQiEKUXz/AhFqGI803tGObCRDFqrYxCTq YAAHiAENZzhDGLDghS5QEQEAaEIZzLAHQThCE6mQxTAaYQVotEMd/wSoOtpBCzKgohJvsMIX6OAJ ZqRjIOPDFSXcIMZArGIZiwBGTOjxDWCcohAPAMAfZsENgdmmVkwgwAuAMIUuJOEGIXAAATBAAAB0 wAq02N2R0lFShOwBAHJA0j/6gY97nIMbm5BAGLaBDWxoYxtP3UY3hvGDM5xDHN3QRjOUgQtYpGIT MqjBJjhBClKsAhawEEYxkMGIRnQDHevIm0GWkQpLEqQf+cBHOtDBiAk8QhzeoMYwBDsMYiRjEEBQ hDGmgQ1xqIOn/+lAwyS+0T5FlIEJKdiBF7wAAATwwROgQAQiOoEKV7wiFEqgwSZK4YlrIsEHSbjC GEQAgMrA5Bx1YAY8HjEJYQQjGLv47DCUMVziJgMZt8hCEfRQCUycwrnPRQUb3PCI59IiF9fNxS4k wYdK7AK7usCuL1ZhCVEAw7y9wG4udKGKPRgiGMUwRjKMe4xiCPYYxxAGgYhhtWMgAxnHsIUtgFGM YuT3F7nAhSpQ8YYjIOIUsAAvMPJLYFzQ4hb+xTCGn/lfDRfYF7loBSN8AIZavNe/xyBGfoVhXN8G o7f5bTF8VTzj/BIDGLggRotdLBFzDOQemkTIPoCMkPE5BEYPOf+yQwaJkHl87iD8qKtDityQJdMO IkFtSE4bcg8iOsQfWkbIM3AyD3CA4x2S4UY9jHSQfXADHNNwSDfU0Q09jsPORlYHOJy8GXOoY8gE sYc5xoEuhPBDHOcgh0PCsQ8sG2Qc8+DG2w6CjnjUQ1sHiYc5pFFKg9yDHOTgF0JG+c/IzKINpDBG Q6CBhjY0oiHUOEMylEHlOCziDZwuyB/Y0jDGVAIQzGhIN0BxCTEjZBya2MUuGkKPSvBCFdsSxSby sOeBkAIXpvAOQnQxijb4oiHPOIUxplyQc1SiD5xoiD0yQYtT1NDd74a3TabRjXEI8SDykEY8fNEN fPRY0fEGeGQ2skCNRShiEUd4wyH8sYczoEEZ7FDDJbSgiDOAIRGZWAMX4lAGLghiEH1QRMBF/iBR yGLkDgkIADs= ------=_NextPart_000_0000_01C82B66.82923E60 Content-Type: image/gif Content-Transfer-Encoding: base64 Content-Location: http://neuro-oncology.dukejournals.org/content/vol8/issue1/images/small/Hoffman_Fig3.gif R0lGODdhyACJAOcAAAAAAAEBAQICAgMDAwQEBAUFBQYGBgcHBwgICAkJCQoKCgsLCwwMDA0NDQ4O Dg8PDxAQEBERERISEhMTExQUFBUVFRYWFhcXFxgYGBkZGRoaGhsbGxwcHB0dHR4eHh8fHyAgICEh ISIiIiMjIyQkJCUlJSYmJicnJygoKCkpKSoqKisrKywsLC0tLS4uLi8vLzAwMDExMTIyMjMzMzQ0 NDU1NTY2Njc3Nzg4ODk5OTo6Ojs7Ozw8PD09PT4+Pj8/P0BAQEFBQUJCQkNDQ0REREVFRUZGRkdH R0hISElJSUpKSktLS0xMTE1NTU5OTk9PT1BQUFFRUVJSUlNTU1RUVFVVVVZWVldXV1hYWFlZWVpa WltbW1xcXF1dXV5eXl9fX2BgYGFhYWJiYmNjY2RkZGVlZWZmZmdnZ2hoaGlpaWpqamtra2xsbG1t bW5ubm9vb3BwcHFxcXJycnNzc3R0dHV1dXZ2dnd3d3h4eHl5eXp6ent7e3x8fH19fX5+fn9/f4CA gIGBgYKCgoODg4SEhIWFhYaGhoeHh4iIiImJiYqKiouLi4yMjI2NjY6Ojo+Pj5CQkJGRkZKSkpOT k5SUlJWVlZaWlpeXl5iYmJmZmZqampubm5ycnJ2dnZ6enp+fn6CgoKGhoaKioqOjo6SkpKWlpaam pqenp6ioqKmpqaqqqqurq6ysrK2tra6urq+vr7CwsLGxsbKysrOzs7S0tLW1tba2tre3t7i4uLm5 ubq6uru7u7y8vL29vb6+vr+/v8DAwMHBwcLCwsPDw8TExMXFxcbGxsfHx8jIyMnJycrKysvLy8zM zM3Nzc7Ozs/Pz9DQ0NHR0dLS0tPT09TU1NXV1dbW1tfX19jY2NnZ2dra2tvb29zc3N3d3d7e3t/f 3+Dg4OHh4eLi4uPj4+Tk5OXl5ebm5ufn5+jo6Onp6erq6uvr6+zs7O3t7e7u7u/v7/Dw8PHx8fLy 8vPz8/T09PX19fb29vf39/j4+Pn5+fr6+vv7+/z8/P39/f7+/v///ywAAAAAyACJAEAI/wD/CRxI sKDBgwgFogKCxYrDhw6vXIE4cSJFihYhatzIsaPHjRklZuQoEuTIjyitUJGCL6HLlzBjJuTlzOC+ Z9A8XQnWbBs0MX08NbOFzl2qXc3U2SPnDZ08mVBlxoPHDZO8d/eWffkDqtkudO1M9YKW7h5Tde7Y /ZsmC5cbecf4+TMHbxw5gXc8ycEWB9g2VbbmwTtIanDUwwlfaUPscs8XxpAjS55MuTLCYaPWlanX DlAoYL9Cix5NurRoYG9chQ7WxhZo07Bjy55Nu7bt27hz2z78atvkZ6wQyrNkubjx48gnK47c6CnM YK2SS59OnbK+f/r4CYzFDTE0WIxFjf8zWK5SJHAC+SHaV326th5X7rVHfCmWQFmTDN7z5e/fLG9Q nWKILOwZ1A0ZQyxxRRmszBPTPq1gQcc02ZlzSBSrjGLMfIylwwUlHP4Dzx9T8BEIev/Ew0477XRj zTRDiBAdQbIAMopApRjTH0K9IYSPIN8IFA8oTUSAQoEhCrTOIQmlo4smSjigRS+jTAGeS+gwoclB 9gCilmXDqDIQLr4k+c8eg/yDjR6VIGlQj2bGaVkxlyAmSTcu6dJLVOWUAYkkiDFSiUD79GMQPKjY 888r1fDj6KOQRirppJRWaumlmGaqKab7FDhPLYSgcskd+Wy6jz+60NLPpPb4oU4/+0j/yh4wkfxj KW++VYZMGSzYsIUYj0BzHWW5ZHHGMgONAwkVcAhTHD2qXAConP/8gss/kGQDGSZ8WCPZcgipQ0kU dDxD7bkGCVMEMZThs4QT5xzmTy9nXGHIH3pMsQcyhh4HJ7oAI1cHKIwtgwgWHmTQhRZ7mFJNPtU9 4scygpjTThxxIHLIxhx3jMgikTQChwgyxCHGEzyowIEEJgyxBQokeLEEDBZYMAINRGCBRgoRvBFH GV8kYcQNNZAQggMDlCCEF3bM8QYce4DsyCGNLMLI1VgzsogjizwSiSSPHKLHG27AYQcRANggRx+R PKKIxh3HLffcdNdt9914383bYgH3/+333wRZklc0CM1SBhulIJQLHMeEg5AwbAhiCELclAGKKT5i 8sgi/RokSiyLJGRKK6TsaJAqt7Di+EHCUGJHNQgZg8knhB/kDSNykIKQOJY0E+RB5lTCCCEI2VMJ LLoDrjxM11BSzvLQx8SLuQixMok0AnkDyyiESLLIJWeAUsgbeyACyCl4uJHIGnecQUcT8c7nDCeK /rONN5nEAognldTTCC2AqAcyWgEKOQCCDq+AgxkKIQk2YMIyhUmSODrHmHjkghcYzKAGN9gLXvTi g774oAh74Ytd7KKDG0yhClfIwhZq8IMeBOEIQ+gLXZwQhSFEIS92oacO/oKDI4ThBv93AQxq/Ysy rmhGPDIRvSYu74iQqccjDJILWzjxinIaRx7YoY9K7MIb3eAGN7pBRjGSMYxjLGMav/GIW3yjjGcU Ize8UYhhnBGOaoxjGtGoxzzGsY9+5CMe/WjGQBZSkGG8YyHl+MdGIvKQkNyjJCc5RkbiKSpQlIk7 iAOVe+QHi6CMjCO29I9THMMlmXyJKGAHGTs0gBcURAgjxBHKf4jCCZd0iTrOMAf5uKQfnWCCJdwU mWMI4hQCSQQciEmQVBZEEhsqSDrSEAZaxgQciBgAANCwOplAAxS+qMIRfgAKdaTjnOigRz/64Q9X 6KEYkMnDGbbBiNX5Ax/u2IYybvH/BgjgIDLRIMMXnJOkSXBCIJPQQnAEQg1YgAMN6iBHGQSxiUxs ohFjEAMOfmAFTIiCE5kIqUhHStKSmvSkKC1pJ6YAACyEAhSc0ERKM6EJUIDiDDuAAiECYQYTvGEU M80EJwAhBUzINKgm/QQZ5tCJkWqCElW4xFGRGlJNTJWqTBTGlqaRBkbEspm5qiXAtJGAG9TCMAjZ ByII6pJ9JEI7L2mFFQkSjAfGxB2sOOU/XGGIYR3EmWINbEL80Qi//kMZTIRKMRKrnLBCZRpsoEIr TCcTa5RCHMdYhSUCsQYvcAENefCCCJJwJcRQwwzBoIUqMjGJQOwhDWToQhIAkANN/2DjJe7gAvGS pA9TgOIdccrHJ/6xD1Es4x3IVccgEgUP5Dr3udCNrnSnS93qWve62M3uO1RjCCUgYRPhwAc+4gFd e9RjFD6gAzfuQV7owqMe+DCHLeTQBBRYAAmfMAc+rnLd994DG0cAgC2gi6uBMAMACsCDLtwhWMqo ww8AcMEb3kCGMIxhDF8IQxqaAIALpIEOieBELILhjHBgpRXJ8Ec8yqGNZQiDFqbABCAQkAHqHYcf 9/hEGczxLcc2+MfQy0czBEIOXyIknS6RR/wQMg8eJwQfd3GJjw0y5YJUmSBXHkiWiWzkg6DDQQlB RzxcQg8n+2g8LhETkCXTD2zwg//BCMHGO86RjXyU46sDkUc71nyu6RnEH+cgBxycEIqiWGMM82iD NjpFD3mkwh4tgYcwpAGxedSjVC2pDqDRoQkvQOMc74CGG6LRjuzEwx356AfEevEKZwwCYvzQRz+2 4YpMUFYyEawlTSzTjy7z+Ti5DiUvpjFYamg5Ef/YRCogAYfZTcITalDE5DJh5jjRQhK5ooYi/lGJ UkSCDZ34hCQ2YYZEFILb2MjFP1aBh1YI4x3Y+4cqnFHPVfwDH6cIRjdCEQhUUAISj6DFQU6B1vas wxLniAcDY/GKhjv84RCPeMRlIQuJW/ziGM+4xjfO8Y57/OMgf0WBLeMPQuxhz7//TnlkAHuYcpCS F8FQucxhgo9zwHkWv5sMMso0EHiAaOZAfwnLZZIJABnkEeoIutIHkg721MKakbErQpjxi6VbfVFb fsk4SEnmKV496ENPiC6GARVKoPnrP4ZGJcZBBniUQw2HeKlN5073uts0FGNghN33PvdQ7AEOouA7 KUrxhx8c4BGB57viF8/4xjv+8ZCPfOQJgo9SWALlf826QfQROsbk4+fuUMUikHEQfhwCzmKFxhH8 kIlt6AITddBCFtxQCFkEIxCKEAc3moELUEgMDmxYAgAAcKPjsGK4/7gEG+Ca+aiIovMHoccoQkEP yOjDBACw6yaMfcX2+do4yuAC/xtyyZhbVGFy8q4FK5n+CnjooxPFOIf8509/+acjGXIoBzroj453 FKMJZCAOcyZ/7DAP57AJQ/AEnAAOUwEP8aANhIADbUAN8sAO9XcO6yAP0fAFPmAK6sAO6HSBIjiC JGh/hgAAJIAJrOAL0ZAN4QAW8hAOxlAKNfALA1iCF5gOjeAI+4eDI1gOXzAExcAO7OAORugO8NBc szAKz9CD8vcPgnBu/0ALkMBMA8FyzuAIA8EP35ANdIAF3REi3DAordAHpDcQ/gAP67AO7HAJVMAE WggV+SAGgEAQxMBYxTENm/AP3MB1HLILbtAJAqEKiWBYBQELVaYLqbANegAFjP+ADn1TD4ZQDyIi DJhQCblQbVsoDIMgAz+wfgOhDDlwCy9hCrVQGbEwVwORCVE2H/wgCZhTDXEQCcxnELAQhv+QDQEA A1f3BS2FGI9AbIyRCTZWEOBwUIchDH+AGL2gCIfQDOiQCZAwZjyieWjXSYLwPDLRCEuWEJlwdi/R DHViK4ZAfjARDkMWDpJwCrWYIpPgIKlQDfugD/RYj/Z4j/iYj/q4j/zYj/74jwCJj6ZzD8YwCY+w DC3RD/qwD+0QCPQAkPuQDZMwj/q4D4/wDBRZj/tQD3/QDQrJj/9gC3wADf8wCpvQjmB1jSHCDoAw CXj2EpuQcwOBDlL4EvxQCCj/8hLzUAqakJNvYo1QASvT4Q9oEACVYIgqRw5SpwrXchj6cAc/BxWu AArg8AYRZQaD8AmdsJVc2ZVeyZWeIAqm4AZCAAVi4Amj8AmfEJamIAqEIBFZwAREUAVZ4AmngAqn QAqhoJae0Ame8AmiUApsQARRMAafMApf6ZekMApxQAVVMARp8AXKhpemsJgv9QmgcAqjgAqgoAdF oARYgAVZkAil4Al20ANiUJqJuZqs2ZqJKQpZ8AOU0JeuWZtdOXIw8QtfUAFHgJTGAVyA0whTgHkB ww08Nx1HRAuy8AZTAAoFp5IvkQ5VMAVNGRXjUAdSoAv3cE+/0AefFQrdRBDf/2AIT6AH8XYQ18AI VqAGswBmjMEPeoVz0Ckd/WAMfHAFe2AM0BAMa1AGNYEY9+CeRgSU8xkZ+CAOX1AI7VB9B9Ev1vAI XOAFnSCTBhEPyLAJcYAFFTAAcHAJojALxeAM3yCA8TAMmVA/MtEvviQLRmcQ+FAMiNAFYkAJ0sAP 8/B9UeEPKBoV9eANulAEAYAFfrAHRFqke/AHOAAAT5A/0qAOEHMQ87ALhMAFZiAJ04CSBXqFfGMZ gTcZmZalgBN2YAqmdJQO+VAJvIBGcrSm3+ANa/qmc/QNcLqm3iCncypGdXqnZgQOejpGfNqnf6qn 4KCmczqofdqmh+qmeoqoev+ap3raDYF6p9oIGfPgDuKAo/fGDvnwpAaRD+mQDZB4EPqgDu9AnATh D+pAqggBaGmREOcwD19yEOnADlmWDvLwDbc2EO5wo1YoInWBqfewDvzwpQWBD+jADd1IEPnwZaaK huZghGMardLKGMGgBuTgBaSQBY0QBejQDEvlB/9QCKiABXpACVLACYHQB1MQB3BQB3HQB4hgBgw6 rVHhC8JIr9RBcGK1awWxS2BgAADQAmFwCODABY5QBqJACYUQBqbACHGwB5rAB4IACXhwCWPgBnVQ CfJaHeqgBmJwAQBwBGCwCOKQB3LQDI6AO5TQCKuwCOUgDF2QC1NACJnwCYT/AAhuoAhPkDiVEWyg 5GcxoQ/ywUXnQA/sQA/twA6I4gfTUA/poA/t4A7tsIYvWR2bKhCv6iD98Twr1g/tEA/zsA5GiA+l KqC49pxXxK8wwQ/swA+c+g+Y6jf7wA6qRhBxKxClog5YKhDzgA+X5hxvaxA+i0VASxDtUAdyQAQD UAZvMAnQ4AW0kAgHWwaMQAlrMAlkcAiQmwZnyFuk4AlDAAB6oAnA4AxdQAuFEAgY9giQcAaS8AWJ sAWxoAbBsCF2MAaLwAa6sAbMsA9tkAtgYB//AAtq0AW+IAhdsAmEYAaNcAnEKhCDe0W6IArP0AzW e73W+wzT4AzWqwzE0AzF/5AMyBAMxVAMymAMxFAMxxALisC92Pu+8Bu/8ju/70sN1xAN1psMxQC+ y5AM5GsM55u+xhALjcAMwtAMzBAMCgwN0eAMwDAIy2AMx1AKzfAM0QANz3AMxHAMxpAMyVC67+sM iECN8/ENZFCBuDALs0BxLLzCFOfCL8zCtaALuVDDukDDNozDuXDDOazDPszDO1zDOSzEQGzDQnzE RbzDOozESPzDTKzEOFzENxzFU6zEROzDT2zEuaDCLBzDXvzCMAzDsjALMYEPKEcLUFcZ+jCv+Ppj YioT95ACFaCJbSxWb3xNq0AMZFfHDXbHMNE//2AJaMvH0FN94aAdtBCekv+xC9FED55AyFfkCYdg DAhXD4jACgjMDMvADJzcyZy8yZ7syaB8CyfLyc9wCZDgDJ0MyqH8ya3syqssyrIcy5/MyqysybMM y7ocyrfMy7mMy7T8yr0czMAszK+Mm5JxCelQEI6wDpAcSn6MEMlwigXRDo3wzKAUzZ36SQZBDOqG zU6kzQURCteQEJqwzOAMOO9AB/BwDnMgCa7QCvI8z/Rcz/XsCpRgBq9gz/PsCWXAzwAd0AI90ARd 0AZ90Aid0AV9GCwqGZKwtwNxDHuSzk9EoAYxC8gCE5IAjhTdN+L8D+qwhzFBD9vW0X/z0ZgQqzCR DMJr0nFCDdbAD7sAMbP/4JOKpQuHUQqTmhDhEJUuXRnLYEOu0A7+AArIkLREmNRKvdRE6A1/wNRQ rdTtQA6HANXvAA/HgAiE8AhlgAnvENVgHdZiPdZkvdQsIrVlndZqHdUGAdFYhxigoMgy4Qwt/Q8H WAn3KhC9sFCCtQsAAABXoAeY4Avl8LwuQQ4YttOWYQ/awQ+yAAnA2XxRUQ32BhmZIM+C0LkHsQyC uK9IMGQG0Q7KgAqG4AR/bQVjAAeGYAmmgAvHoA3d0AiJcAVwoNiTARgCAQqWULXRLAm9urZkcAQc TRDL0AvL7A3XDEqHcAWhahzuoAdUUESUkQclDQui8Nt3fA8gkAO9yg1//50KiLEPqtAFKVACPTAJ 8iAPjOBE9GAG4NoepJAEj3C3AkEP7sBMj/BJYWKq+zAI6mAOaoAIohAKBF7gBk7gprDcp5AKA17g pTAKc3ADXIAKqXAKcMACTDAHg7DgDU7gorAKlYAHU+ACdaAKbSkKpKAKfhADRhAEm3ngMB7jMj7j Hi4JgsAIqVCZoyAKHR6YqcAIP3AFqkDjMs7jRC7jo7AKbvDXRCAGXxAFTNAETeADOGADAgAAXaCX Bb4OmBAKAnENqjgQ67Qd5iiqhGDbw5sEqPASwRAHVkAJOU4JVPAHw40QYdAEa1A71JEGD6ACjWAH a/AFXgAGbmAHhoAFDv+gAaAYFfiAAi3gm9WBCjx7CuudGFnHCmteELWgBH4oE13wAxYtEJGgDvpw AwAAA2hABqouBl6g6maQAQBgB4ihD23gB9rhDoFg2NjBDa2IGI7QDquQ1xxSCeC9boMA0eAiqw45 ENIgARUQCVU7HZbAfVImBeDgB1xg0wjhDmSQ3ARxCexiHIeAcotgttVxD/DAoGnJ21dWCRtSDo7g BOYZDmlsJqhQdYbbC49ACcCQFt0gDlpVCUrgB5iqDUNAMAgxDXFIGfwACPP6DtPCIfCQCKREC4tg OscQDPmwChCT7ANBDVmABlcQCoN8LqwgBJnQCK3Q6wjBD8MwBR4wjgL/kQs2UJ0J0Q84ORn0cAjP qwx83R4jkunZ4A1f+gu10Au3IA/+gArRYA9O3wsAkAC94A+95vRWf/VYn/Vav/Vc3/XP8Avf0PVb LxelIAM2Iw37IPZWnw+xsAn5oPZb/w2HUA9Zfw+hYAxwn/X0kPdXb0v2Ng5f4HXVOBDkEAZ74NZ8 pgwaghi4TomH8Q3cfBCQwFYx4QQEUOcuwQ2GMAjlQA5u0OkF4fEUnQkxBxXQIHUIAQ+QEBWScFuh 8M0ysQxisN764AuvQMI/+dP/0A1EcFswUQyiEBPNgExrOwiRnQ6AoOsHsQ1mIAv/4A1f0Ai5OhC3 qPve0AmusAuOAAot/1oQuuD8MnEKoJ0Q6oB+BdEJx/kSvWBsWkSLBbEPo0AP4jAGZ+AHfHD/+J// +r///N///v//AMFH4ECCBQ0eRJhQocFAg7wkUaNkDSFDUrL8WVjwyJw+B/+EUYLR4B81Q+x0TPjP k6Bm/2ht+xdT5sxXMGfexJlT506ePX3+BBp0py8AYYTGnAdJ56pbPj/x4nnuj6eYqwrx21nz6Fau Xb1+BYsz2imcj64BPScIH898//pJEhMqq82wdX/uc2ZX795VzGTuEwTv6CZdPvetnbt3ShFve2XW shIGTRwpkMY5jmkOs9BI7v6dM9Q1DoFuQqE5o3dpLStr/Vy/hh1bdv+/mMi+WLklb94+ZpK8VJFD 69xMf7NlxzTWJYuxmP6cx6wHy0sUTetkFjceW2Y6Wm2ihPnhIm928uXN93M36Zglt+ePx9TOs5ox YsPq/XulrSs0N1Je/bwnmklIKEoPRjzJhZp17pGpHmnakMIWoeJBhQYAtEAkkU1CwUWYbL6BJ51U kKkEjC0QacYenLhxIpPNevJHCBHue/EnrYKCw4crXPFnr3m8ISYNE7J5sR94BAkHKH3wYAOxGp/s 6sad8EElCzJ8MUdFKLfcahQl9KuLH6y6siYFATqhp0YpZ9ImkCgMEYdLOcGyxohUvnrGixOEsGIN VtLxCZ5QrChDlx7/Y3pHlTGumOQyvWDhRqZvDLhAFtrmxDSsagjoYJGzfpInkSU82QcnfpQR5Iox RiHHHnWcmWOKStT5iZ9i5Ogzi+GOuieOf8hRA5FRRCFWFVRECSUUYpFdtllilV0W2mebldZZZp+V tlptqY02W2+j5RZccZGFFhVTVhFlDziukKEJSVY55ZRUqoyBjEVWIWXbZkc5pRVQuHAClFRGyTbc aYklZRNDSjn4qDUzhRhKeWoJg4AHYOmqnh1egCZimR72OGSRZapmkSrC0IScdmgdJ5dB0KACjkqK iWcbZaCUUh41HBm5Z2IEw0keebyZgxRphGFFk0HwcAONMZwAoAEu/7pAo4w45hhkkVNMUQIJMbKY 5NOg7kGDCFQ4ucSQPt4g44upKQAglq+k3GcVXmjBFY1TkuxZpniE4QkdWdIMyp9pMCFjCzR+KCSa aK4hJ/Jy6MnnnUqO+UoaMPuOiRRTzrHjHnsq0YUb00833RtxyrnmFTqAqOGDGoDhBhxxyDHnHHPG Ccccc8JZXfdyeAdnGidSiMUZb74JJ5xxxinHHHCwKUccbny5BI4iYODBiyMqCCSVeMePV5U7TrAD DzGasMEGI8IIhJRPogBEixeqMOQXbn7vhpv+UQdgAAU4QAIW0IAHDGBPwtENamyjR7QAh1DYQbh/ vKMbzqjFJf7gBv8ECMAMfoiEKoZhjXMgph0RlEk/9KEOdGCDGmiIATG0hBl6yKIdnMMhTkCWQx72 UE108WEQhaiXHQ7RiEfsiT5iIovGINGJT8yJM86gDXW0oRHzQkUWtYgKVfThilvcYioUsQdjgTGL qWDEHrBoxlRM4g5lNCMqPsGGNZoRFGyI4xbZMIo8ZpENn+hjKtrQiTpu0XyRKKQWU9GHRSQyi11E hCNRkYpGqDGPqZCEHeBoxlLEAIqfBKVeHoEHNEQqJ69AAyGmoRNboIEpOvmFGgBxCJ1wwwt36INO uqEGNRCiVDiZhxwgoQid0IMOj3iEk2aijztkohFNxAkk/JAIaN7LxBJuGAMQaXIGPawyJ7hIwyea khNesIEOiNCJNc5Qhj/oZR7u8IxO8AEPefwSJ/p4hzJvsg93zGMeO1mHEnnSDwqa6h8zxEk/+GEd nSj0HTuxp0744Y8bNvQfu7GoPonzD3r8s6GXCmVIRTrSr/gjDrP4hjKw4Ytw/MIa/xiGNNggD0dk Ag+oiMYvyJELZNTiG8fwhjNyoQtlgJSkR/2KN0qRj0+sxxakuCgpdkGLf9xCFczgRSo2AYowcOIU u1iFL2jBilqgAqEkDQgAOw== ------=_NextPart_000_0000_01C82B66.82923E60 Content-Type: image/gif Content-Transfer-Encoding: base64 Content-Location: http://neuro-oncology.dukejournals.org/icons/back.gif R0lGODlhDAAMAPcAAP//////zP//mf//Zv//M///AP/M///MzP/Mmf/MZv/MM//MAP+Z//+ZzP+Z mf+ZZv+ZM/+ZAP9m//9mzP9mmf9mZv9mM/9mAP8z//8zzP8zmf8zZv8zM/8zAP8A//8AzP8Amf8A Zv8AM/8AAMz//8z/zMz/mcz/Zsz/M8z/AMzM/8zMzMzMmczMZszMM8zMAMyZ/8yZzMyZmcyZZsyZ M8yZAMxm/8xmzMxmmcxmZsxmM8xmAMwz/8wzzMwzmcwzZswzM8wzAMwA/8wAzMwAmcwAZswAM8wA AJn//5n/zJn/mZn/Zpn/M5n/AJnM/5nMzJnMmZnMZpnMM5nMAJmZ/5mZzJmZmZmZZpmZM5mZAJlm /5lmzJlmmZlmZplmM5lmAJkz/5kzzJkzmZkzZpkzM5kzAJkA/5kAzJkAmZkAZpkAM5kAAGb//2b/ zGb/mWb/Zmb/M2b/AGbM/2bMzGbMmWbMZmbMM2bMAGaZ/2aZzGaZmWaZZmaZM2aZAGZm/2ZmzGZm mWZmZmZmM2ZmAGYz/2YzzGYzmWYzZmYzM2YzAGYA/2YAzGYAmWYAZmYAM2YAADP//zP/zDP/mTP/ ZjP/MzP/ADPM/zPMzDPMmTPMZjPMMzPMADOZ/zOZzDOZmTOZZjOZMzOZADNm/zNmzDNmmTNmZjNm MzNmADMz/zMzzDMzmTMzZjMzMzMzADMA/zMAzDMAmTMAZjMAMzMAAAD//wD/zAD/mQD/ZgD/MwD/ AADM/wDMzADMmQDMZgDMMwDMAACZ/wCZzACZmQCZZgCZMwCZAABm/wBmzABmmQBmZgBmMwBmAAAz /wAzzAAzmQAzZgAzMwAzAAAA/wAAzAAAmQAAZgAAMwAAAP///wAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAACH5BAEAANgALAAAAAAMAAwA AAggAAUJHEiwoMGDCAsCAJBw4cKDDh0ifNiQYcWEGDNmDAgAOw== ------=_NextPart_000_0000_01C82B66.82923E60 Content-Type: application/octet-stream Content-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-printable Content-Location: http://neuro-oncology.dukejournals.org/javascript/ajax/xmlhttprequest.js /*=0A= =0A= Cross-Browser XMLHttpRequest v1.2=0A= =3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D= =3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=0A= =0A= Emulate Gecko 'XMLHttpRequest()' functionality in IE and Opera. Opera = requires=0A= the Sun Java Runtime Environment .=0A= =0A= by Andrew Gregory=0A= http://www.scss.com.au/family/andrew/webdesign/xmlhttprequest/=0A= =0A= This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution License. To = view a=0A= copy of this license, visit = http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/2.5/ or=0A= send a letter to Creative Commons, 559 Nathan Abbott Way, Stanford, = California=0A= 94305, USA.=0A= =0A= Attribution: Leave my name and web address in this script intact.=0A= =0A= Not Supported in Opera=0A= ----------------------=0A= * user/password authentication=0A= * responseXML data member=0A= =0A= Not Fully Supported in Opera=0A= ----------------------------=0A= * async requests=0A= * abort()=0A= * getAllResponseHeaders(), getAllResponseHeader(header)=0A= =0A= */=0A= // IE support=0A= if (window.ActiveXObject && !window.XMLHttpRequest) {=0A= window.XMLHttpRequest =3D function() {=0A= var msxmls =3D new Array(=0A= 'Msxml2.XMLHTTP.5.0',=0A= 'Msxml2.XMLHTTP.4.0',=0A= 'Msxml2.XMLHTTP.3.0',=0A= 'Msxml2.XMLHTTP',=0A= 'Microsoft.XMLHTTP');=0A= for (var i =3D 0; i < msxmls.length; i++) {=0A= try {=0A= return new ActiveXObject(msxmls[i]);=0A= } catch (e) {=0A= }=0A= }=0A= return null;=0A= };=0A= }=0A= // Gecko support=0A= /* ;-) */=0A= // Opera support=0A= if (window.opera && !window.XMLHttpRequest) {=0A= window.XMLHttpRequest =3D function() {=0A= this.readyState =3D 0; // = 0=3Duninitialized,1=3Dloading,2=3Dloaded,3=3Dinteractive,4=3Dcomplete=0A= this.status =3D 0; // HTTP status codes=0A= this.statusText =3D '';=0A= this._headers =3D [];=0A= this._aborted =3D false;=0A= this._async =3D true;=0A= this._defaultCharset =3D 'ISO-8859-1';=0A= this._getCharset =3D function() {=0A= var charset =3D _defaultCharset;=0A= var contentType =3D = this.getResponseHeader('Content-type').toUpperCase();=0A= val =3D contentType.indexOf('CHARSET=3D');=0A= if (val !=3D -1) {=0A= charset =3D contentType.substring(val);=0A= }=0A= val =3D charset.indexOf(';');=0A= if (val !=3D -1) {=0A= charset =3D charset.substring(0, val);=0A= }=0A= val =3D charset.indexOf(',');=0A= if (val !=3D -1) {=0A= charset =3D charset.substring(0, val);=0A= }=0A= return charset;=0A= };=0A= this.abort =3D function() {=0A= this._aborted =3D true;=0A= };=0A= this.getAllResponseHeaders =3D function() {=0A= return this.getAllResponseHeader('*');=0A= };=0A= this.getAllResponseHeader =3D function(header) {=0A= var ret =3D '';=0A= for (var i =3D 0; i < this._headers.length; i++) {=0A= if (header =3D=3D '*' || this._headers[i].h =3D=3D header) {=0A= ret +=3D this._headers[i].h + ': ' + this._headers[i].v + '\n';=0A= }=0A= }=0A= return ret;=0A= };=0A= this.getResponseHeader =3D function(header) {=0A= var ret =3D getAllResponseHeader(header);=0A= var i =3D ret.indexOf('\n');=0A= if (i !=3D -1) {=0A= ret =3D ret.substring(0, i);=0A= }=0A= return ret;=0A= };=0A= this.setRequestHeader =3D function(header, value) {=0A= this._headers[this._headers.length] =3D {h:header, v:value};=0A= };=0A= this.open =3D function(method, url, async, user, password) {=0A= this.method =3D method;=0A= this.url =3D url;=0A= this._async =3D true;=0A= this._aborted =3D false;=0A= this._headers =3D [];=0A= if (arguments.length >=3D 3) {=0A= this._async =3D async;=0A= }=0A= if (arguments.length > 3) {=0A= opera.postError('XMLHttpRequest.open() - user/password not = supported');=0A= }=0A= this.readyState =3D 1;=0A= if (this.onreadystatechange) {=0A= this.onreadystatechange();=0A= }=0A= };=0A= this.send =3D function(data) {=0A= if (!navigator.javaEnabled()) {=0A= alert("XMLHttpRequest.send() - Java must be installed and = enabled.");=0A= return;=0A= }=0A= if (this._async) {=0A= setTimeout(this._sendasync, 0, this, data);=0A= // this is not really asynchronous and won't execute until the = current=0A= // execution context ends=0A= } else {=0A= this._sendsync(data);=0A= }=0A= }=0A= this._sendasync =3D function(req, data) {=0A= if (!req._aborted) {=0A= req._sendsync(data);=0A= }=0A= };=0A= this._sendsync =3D function(data) {=0A= this.readyState =3D 2;=0A= if (this.onreadystatechange) {=0A= this.onreadystatechange();=0A= }=0A= // open connection=0A= var url =3D new java.net.URL(new = java.net.URL(window.location.href), this.url);=0A= var conn =3D url.openConnection();=0A= for (var i =3D 0; i < this._headers.length; i++) {=0A= conn.setRequestProperty(this._headers[i].h, this._headers[i].v);=0A= }=0A= this._headers =3D [];=0A= if (this.method =3D=3D 'POST') {=0A= // POST data=0A= conn.setDoOutput(true);=0A= var wr =3D new = java.io.OutputStreamWriter(conn.getOutputStream(), this._getCharset());=0A= wr.write(data);=0A= wr.flush();=0A= wr.close();=0A= }=0A= // read response headers=0A= // NOTE: the getHeaderField() methods always return nulls for me :(=0A= var gotContentEncoding =3D false;=0A= var gotContentLength =3D false;=0A= var gotContentType =3D false;=0A= var gotDate =3D false;=0A= var gotExpiration =3D false;=0A= var gotLastModified =3D false;=0A= for (var i =3D 0; ; i++) {=0A= var hdrName =3D conn.getHeaderFieldKey(i);=0A= var hdrValue =3D conn.getHeaderField(i);=0A= if (hdrName =3D=3D null && hdrValue =3D=3D null) {=0A= break;=0A= }=0A= if (hdrName !=3D null) {=0A= this._headers[this._headers.length] =3D {h:hdrName, = v:hdrValue};=0A= switch (hdrName.toLowerCase()) {=0A= case 'content-encoding': gotContentEncoding =3D true; break;=0A= case 'content-length' : gotContentLength =3D true; break;=0A= case 'content-type' : gotContentType =3D true; break;=0A= case 'date' : gotDate =3D true; break;=0A= case 'expires' : gotExpiration =3D true; break;=0A= case 'last-modified' : gotLastModified =3D true; break;=0A= }=0A= }=0A= }=0A= // try to fill in any missing header information=0A= var val;=0A= val =3D conn.getContentEncoding();=0A= if (val !=3D null && !gotContentEncoding) = this._headers[this._headers.length] =3D {h:'Content-encoding', v:val};=0A= val =3D conn.getContentLength();=0A= if (val !=3D -1 && !gotContentLength) = this._headers[this._headers.length] =3D {h:'Content-length', v:val};=0A= val =3D conn.getContentType();=0A= if (val !=3D null && !gotContentType) = this._headers[this._headers.length] =3D {h:'Content-type', v:val};=0A= val =3D conn.getDate();=0A= if (val !=3D 0 && !gotDate) this._headers[this._headers.length] = =3D {h:'Date', v:(new Date(val)).toUTCString()};=0A= val =3D conn.getExpiration();=0A= if (val !=3D 0 && !gotExpiration) = this._headers[this._headers.length] =3D {h:'Expires', v:(new = Date(val)).toUTCString()};=0A= val =3D conn.getLastModified();=0A= if (val !=3D 0 && !gotLastModified) = this._headers[this._headers.length] =3D {h:'Last-modified', v:(new = Date(val)).toUTCString()};=0A= // read response data=0A= var reqdata =3D '';=0A= var stream =3D conn.getInputStream();=0A= if (stream) {=0A= var reader =3D new java.io.BufferedReader(new = java.io.InputStreamReader(stream, this._getCharset()));=0A= var line;=0A= while ((line =3D reader.readLine()) !=3D null) {=0A= if (this.readyState =3D=3D 2) {=0A= this.readyState =3D 3;=0A= if (this.onreadystatechange) {=0A= this.onreadystatechange();=0A= }=0A= }=0A= reqdata +=3D line + '\n';=0A= }=0A= reader.close();=0A= this.status =3D 200;=0A= this.statusText =3D 'OK';=0A= this.responseText =3D reqdata;=0A= this.readyState =3D 4;=0A= if (this.onreadystatechange) {=0A= this.onreadystatechange();=0A= }=0A= if (this.onload) {=0A= this.onload();=0A= }=0A= } else {=0A= // error=0A= this.status =3D 404;=0A= this.statusText =3D 'Not Found';=0A= this.responseText =3D '';=0A= this.readyState =3D 4;=0A= if (this.onreadystatechange) {=0A= this.onreadystatechange();=0A= }=0A= if (this.onerror) {=0A= this.onerror();=0A= }=0A= }=0A= };=0A= };=0A= }=0A= // ActiveXObject emulation=0A= if (!window.ActiveXObject && window.XMLHttpRequest) {=0A= window.ActiveXObject =3D function(type) {=0A= switch (type.toLowerCase()) {=0A= case 'microsoft.xmlhttp':=0A= case 'msxml2.xmlhttp':=0A= case 'msxml2.xmlhttp.3.0':=0A= case 'msxml2.xmlhttp.4.0':=0A= case 'msxml2.xmlhttp.5.0':=0A= return new XMLHttpRequest();=0A= }=0A= return null;=0A= };=0A= }=0A= ------=_NextPart_000_0000_01C82B66.82923E60 Content-Type: application/octet-stream Content-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-printable Content-Location: http://neuro-oncology.dukejournals.org/javascript/ajax/utility.js /************************************************************************= *****=0A= * javascript/ajax/utility.js=0A= *=0A= * Utility functions for working with XMLHttpRequest data.=0A= *=0A= * Copyright 2006 Board of Trustees of the Leland Stanford Junior = University.=0A= = *************************************************************************= ***/=0A= =0A= /*=0A= * Copy XML nodes into an HTMLElement. This effectively=0A= * clones XML markup which uses XHTML naming conventions=0A= * into an HTML DOM.=0A= */=0A= function copy_xml_to_html(src, dst) {=0A= if (src.nodeType =3D=3D 1) { /* Node.ELEMENT_NODE */=0A= var e =3D document.createElement(src.nodeName);=0A= for (var i =3D 0; i < src.childNodes.length; i++) {=0A= copy_xml_to_html(src.childNodes[i], e);=0A= }=0A= for (var i =3D 0; i < src.attributes.length; i++) {=0A= var n =3D src.attributes[i].name;=0A= var v =3D unescape_xml_string(src.attributes[i].value); =0A= e.setAttribute(n, v);=0A= if (n =3D=3D "class") {=0A= e.className =3D v;=0A= }=0A= else if (n =3D=3D "style") {=0A= set_css_style(v, e, "");=0A= }=0A= }=0A= dst.appendChild(e);=0A= }=0A= else if (src.nodeType =3D=3D 3) { /* Node.TEXT_NODE */=0A= dst.appendChild(document.createTextNode(src.nodeValue));=0A= }=0A= }=0A= =0A= /* =0A= * It is unclear that this is the right thing to be calling=0A= * from copy_xml_to_html, but it appears that Safari decides=0A= * to convert & to the NCR #, and then encodes that=0A= * NCR to &%26%2338;. So, I'm going to treat the DOM Attr=0A= * value as a plain string, and run our XML string input=0A= * through the decoding routine below.=0A= */=0A= function unescape_xml_string(s) {=0A= return s.replace(/'/g, "'")=0A= .replace(/'/g, "'")=0A= .replace(/"/g, "\"")=0A= .replace(/"/g, "\"")=0A= .replace(/>/g, ">")=0A= .replace(/>/g, ">")=0A= .replace(/</g, "<")=0A= .replace(/</g, "<")=0A= .replace(/&/g, "&")=0A= .replace(/&/g, "&");=0A= }=0A= =0A= /*=0A= * Parse set of CSS rules and apply them to an element.=0A= * This is quite horrifying, but I'm unable to determine=0A= * how else to handle this with IE 6. FireFox and other=0A= * sane browsers let you simply set the style attribute=0A= * or use e.style.setProperty(rule, value, priority),=0A= * IE 6 appears to have neither of these capabilities..=0A= */=0A= function set_css_style(css, e, priority) {=0A= var rules =3D css.split(";");=0A= for (var i =3D 0; i < rules.length; i++) {=0A= var nvpair =3D rules[i].split(":");=0A= if (nvpair.length =3D=3D 2) {=0A= try {=0A= var name =3D nvpair[0]; /* style attribute */=0A= var value =3D nvpair[1]; /* attribute value */=0A= =0A= /*=0A= * For each possible style attribute, set the=0A= * appropriate style property in the element.=0A= */=0A= if (name =3D=3D "background") {=0A= e.style.background =3D value;=0A= }=0A= else if (name =3D=3D "background-attachment") {=0A= e.style.backgroundAttachment =3D value;=0A= }=0A= else if (name =3D=3D "background-color") {=0A= e.style.backgroundColor =3D value;=0A= }=0A= else if (name =3D=3D "background-image") {=0A= e.style.backgroundImage =3D value;=0A= }=0A= else if (name =3D=3D "background-position") {=0A= e.style.backgroundPosition =3D value;=0A= }=0A= else if (name =3D=3D "background-position-x") {=0A= e.style.backgroundPositionX =3D value;=0A= }=0A= else if (name =3D=3D "background-position-y") {=0A= e.style.backgroundPositionY =3D value;=0A= }=0A= else if (name =3D=3D "background-repeat") {=0A= e.style.backgroundRepeat =3D value;=0A= }=0A= else if (name =3D=3D "behavior") {=0A= e.style.behavior =3D value;=0A= }=0A= else if (name =3D=3D "border") {=0A= e.style.border =3D value;=0A= }=0A= else if (name =3D=3D "border-bottom") {=0A= e.style.borderBottom =3D value;=0A= }=0A= else if (name =3D=3D "border-bottom-color") {=0A= e.style.borderBottomColor =3D value;=0A= }=0A= else if (name =3D=3D "border-bottom-style") {=0A= e.style.borderBottomStyle =3D value;=0A= }=0A= else if (name =3D=3D "border-bottom-width") {=0A= e.style.borderBottomWidth =3D value;=0A= }=0A= else if (name =3D=3D "border-collapse") {=0A= e.style.borderCollapse =3D value;=0A= }=0A= else if (name =3D=3D "border-color") {=0A= e.style.borderColor =3D value;=0A= }=0A= else if (name =3D=3D "border-left") {=0A= e.style.borderLeft =3D value;=0A= }=0A= else if (name =3D=3D "border-left-color") {=0A= e.style.borderLeftColor =3D value;=0A= }=0A= else if (name =3D=3D "border-left-style") {=0A= e.style.borderLeftStyle =3D value;=0A= }=0A= else if (name =3D=3D "border-left-width") {=0A= e.style.borderLeftWidth =3D value;=0A= }=0A= else if (name =3D=3D "border-right") {=0A= e.style.borderRight =3D value;=0A= }=0A= else if (name =3D=3D "border-right-color") {=0A= e.style.borderRightColor =3D value;=0A= }=0A= else if (name =3D=3D "border-right-style") {=0A= e.style.borderRightStyle =3D value;=0A= }=0A= else if (name =3D=3D "border-right-width") {=0A= e.style.borderRightWidth =3D value;=0A= }=0A= else if (name =3D=3D "border-style") {=0A= e.style.borderStyle =3D value;=0A= }=0A= else if (name =3D=3D "border-top") {=0A= e.style.borderTop =3D value;=0A= }=0A= else if (name =3D=3D "border-top-color") {=0A= e.style.borderTopColor =3D value;=0A= }=0A= else if (name =3D=3D "border-top-style") {=0A= e.style.borderTopStyle =3D value;=0A= }=0A= else if (name =3D=3D "border-top-width") {=0A= e.style.borderTopWidth =3D value;=0A= }=0A= else if (name =3D=3D "border-width") {=0A= e.style.borderWidth =3D value;=0A= }=0A= else if (name =3D=3D "bottom") {=0A= e.style.bottom =3D value;=0A= }=0A= else if (name =3D=3D "clear") {=0A= e.style.clear =3D value;=0A= }=0A= else if (name =3D=3D "clip") {=0A= e.style.clip =3D value;=0A= }=0A= else if (name =3D=3D "color") {=0A= e.style.color =3D value;=0A= }=0A= else if (name =3D=3D "cssText") {=0A= e.style.Sets =3D value;=0A= }=0A= else if (name =3D=3D "cursor") {=0A= e.style.cursor =3D value;=0A= }=0A= else if (name =3D=3D "direction") {=0A= e.style.direction =3D value;=0A= }=0A= else if (name =3D=3D "display") {=0A= e.style.display =3D value;=0A= }=0A= else if (name =3D=3D "font") {=0A= e.style.font =3D value;=0A= }=0A= else if (name =3D=3D "font-family") {=0A= e.style.fontFamily =3D value;=0A= }=0A= else if (name =3D=3D "font-size") {=0A= e.style.fontSize =3D value;=0A= }=0A= else if (name =3D=3D "font-style") {=0A= e.style.fontStyle =3D value;=0A= }=0A= else if (name =3D=3D "font-variant") {=0A= e.style.fontVariant =3D value;=0A= }=0A= else if (name =3D=3D "font-weight") {=0A= e.style.fontWeight =3D value;=0A= }=0A= else if (name =3D=3D "height") {=0A= e.style.height =3D value;=0A= }=0A= else if (name =3D=3D "ime-mode") {=0A= e.style.imeMode =3D value;=0A= }=0A= else if (name =3D=3D "layout-flow") {=0A= e.style.layoutFlow =3D value;=0A= }=0A= else if (name =3D=3D "layout-grid") {=0A= e.style.layoutGrid =3D value;=0A= }=0A= else if (name =3D=3D "layout-grid-char") {=0A= e.style.layoutGridChar =3D value;=0A= }=0A= else if (name =3D=3D "layout-grid-line") {=0A= e.style.layoutGridLine =3D value;=0A= }=0A= else if (name =3D=3D "layout-grid-mode") {=0A= e.style.layoutGridMode =3D value;=0A= }=0A= else if (name =3D=3D "layout-grid-type") {=0A= e.style.layoutGridType =3D value;=0A= }=0A= else if (name =3D=3D "left") {=0A= e.style.left =3D value;=0A= }=0A= else if (name =3D=3D "letter-spacing") {=0A= e.style.letterSpacing =3D value;=0A= }=0A= else if (name =3D=3D "line-break") {=0A= e.style.lineBreak =3D value;=0A= }=0A= else if (name =3D=3D "line-height") {=0A= e.style.lineHeight =3D value;=0A= }=0A= else if (name =3D=3D "list-style") {=0A= e.style.listStyle =3D value;=0A= }=0A= else if (name =3D=3D "list-style-image") {=0A= e.style.listStyleImage =3D value;=0A= }=0A= else if (name =3D=3D "list-style-position") {=0A= e.style.listStylePosition =3D value;=0A= }=0A= else if (name =3D=3D "list-style-type") {=0A= e.style.listStyleType =3D value;=0A= }=0A= else if (name =3D=3D "margin") {=0A= e.style.margin =3D value;=0A= }=0A= else if (name =3D=3D "margin-bottom") {=0A= e.style.marginBottom =3D value;=0A= }=0A= else if (name =3D=3D "margin-left") {=0A= e.style.marginLeft =3D value;=0A= }=0A= else if (name =3D=3D "margin-right") {=0A= e.style.marginRight =3D value;=0A= }=0A= else if (name =3D=3D "margin-top") {=0A= e.style.marginTop =3D value;=0A= }=0A= else if (name =3D=3D "min-height") {=0A= e.style.minHeight =3D value;=0A= }=0A= else if (name =3D=3D "overflow") {=0A= e.style.overflow =3D value;=0A= }=0A= else if (name =3D=3D "overflow-x") {=0A= e.style.overflowX =3D value;=0A= }=0A= else if (name =3D=3D "overflow-y") {=0A= e.style.overflowY =3D value;=0A= }=0A= else if (name =3D=3D "padding") {=0A= e.style.padding =3D value;=0A= }=0A= else if (name =3D=3D "padding-bottom") {=0A= e.style.paddingBottom =3D value;=0A= }=0A= else if (name =3D=3D "padding-left") {=0A= e.style.paddingLeft =3D value;=0A= }=0A= else if (name =3D=3D "padding-right") {=0A= e.style.paddingRight =3D value;=0A= }=0A= else if (name =3D=3D "padding-top") {=0A= e.style.paddingTop =3D value;=0A= }=0A= else if (name =3D=3D "page-break-after") {=0A= e.style.pageBreakAfter =3D value;=0A= }=0A= else if (name =3D=3D "page-break-before") {=0A= e.style.pageBreakBefore =3D value;=0A= }=0A= else if (name =3D=3D "pixelBottom") {=0A= e.style.pixelBottom =3D value;=0A= }=0A= else if (name =3D=3D "pixelHeight") {=0A= e.style.pixelHeight =3D value;=0A= }=0A= else if (name =3D=3D "pixelLeft") {=0A= e.style.pixelLeft =3D value;=0A= }=0A= else if (name =3D=3D "pixelRight") {=0A= e.style.pixelRight =3D value;=0A= }=0A= else if (name =3D=3D "pixelTop") {=0A= e.style.pixelTop =3D value;=0A= }=0A= else if (name =3D=3D "pixelWidth") {=0A= e.style.pixelWidth =3D value;=0A= }=0A= else if (name =3D=3D "posBottom") {=0A= e.style.posBottom =3D value;=0A= }=0A= else if (name =3D=3D "posHeight") {=0A= e.style.posHeight =3D value;=0A= }=0A= else if (name =3D=3D "position") {=0A= e.style.position =3D value;=0A= }=0A= else if (name =3D=3D "posLeft") {=0A= e.style.posLeft =3D value;=0A= }=0A= else if (name =3D=3D "posRight") {=0A= e.style.posRight =3D value;=0A= }=0A= else if (name =3D=3D "posTop") {=0A= e.style.posTop =3D value;=0A= }=0A= else if (name =3D=3D "posWidth") {=0A= e.style.posWidth =3D value;=0A= }=0A= else if (name =3D=3D "right") {=0A= e.style.right =3D value;=0A= }=0A= else if (name =3D=3D "ruby-align") {=0A= e.style.rubyAlign =3D value;=0A= }=0A= else if (name =3D=3D "ruby-overhang") {=0A= e.style.rubyOverhang =3D value;=0A= }=0A= else if (name =3D=3D "ruby-position") {=0A= e.style.rubyPosition =3D value;=0A= }=0A= else if (name =3D=3D "scrollbar-3dlight-color") {=0A= e.style.scrollbar3dLightColor =3D value;=0A= }=0A= else if (name =3D=3D "scrollbar-arrow-color") {=0A= e.style.scrollbarArrowColor =3D value;=0A= }=0A= else if (name =3D=3D "scrollbar-base-color") {=0A= e.style.scrollbarBaseColor =3D value;=0A= }=0A= else if (name =3D=3D "scrollbar-darkshadow-color") {=0A= e.style.scrollbarDarkShadowColor =3D value;=0A= }=0A= else if (name =3D=3D "scrollbar-face-color") {=0A= e.style.scrollbarFaceColor =3D value;=0A= }=0A= else if (name =3D=3D "scrollbar-highlight-color") {=0A= e.style.scrollbarHighlightColor =3D value;=0A= }=0A= else if (name =3D=3D "scrollbar-shadow-color") {=0A= e.style.scrollbarShadowColor =3D value;=0A= }=0A= else if (name =3D=3D "scrollbar-track-color") {=0A= e.style.scrollbarTrackColor =3D value;=0A= }=0A= else if (name =3D=3D "float") {=0A= e.style.styleFloat =3D value;=0A= }=0A= else if (name =3D=3D "table-layout") {=0A= e.style.tableLayout =3D value;=0A= }=0A= else if (name =3D=3D "text-align") {=0A= e.style.textAlign =3D value;=0A= }=0A= else if (name =3D=3D "text-align-last") {=0A= e.style.textAlignLast =3D value;=0A= }=0A= else if (name =3D=3D "text-autospace") {=0A= e.style.textAutospace =3D value;=0A= }=0A= else if (name =3D=3D "text-decoration") {=0A= e.style.textDecoration =3D value;=0A= }=0A= else if (name =3D=3D "textDecorationBlink") {=0A= e.style.textDecorationBlink =3D value;=0A= }=0A= else if (name =3D=3D "textDecorationLineThrough") {=0A= e.style.textDecorationLineThrough =3D value;=0A= }=0A= else if (name =3D=3D "textDecorationNone") {=0A= e.style.textDecorationNone =3D value;=0A= }=0A= else if (name =3D=3D "textDecorationOverline") {=0A= e.style.textDecorationOverline =3D value;=0A= }=0A= else if (name =3D=3D "textDecorationUnderline") {=0A= e.style.textDecorationUnderline =3D value;=0A= }=0A= else if (name =3D=3D "text-indent") {=0A= e.style.textIndent =3D value;=0A= }=0A= else if (name =3D=3D "text-justify") {=0A= e.style.textJustify =3D value;=0A= }=0A= else if (name =3D=3D "text-kashida-space") {=0A= e.style.textKashidaSpace =3D value;=0A= }=0A= else if (name =3D=3D "text-overflow") {=0A= e.style.textOverflow =3D value;=0A= }=0A= else if (name =3D=3D "text-transform") {=0A= e.style.textTransform =3D value;=0A= }=0A= else if (name =3D=3D "text-underline-position") {=0A= e.style.textUnderlinePosition =3D value;=0A= }=0A= else if (name =3D=3D "top") {=0A= e.style.top =3D value;=0A= }=0A= else if (name =3D=3D "unicode-bidi") {=0A= e.style.unicodeBidi =3D value;=0A= }=0A= else if (name =3D=3D "vertical-align") {=0A= e.style.verticalAlign =3D value;=0A= }=0A= else if (name =3D=3D "visibility") {=0A= e.style.visibility =3D value;=0A= }=0A= else if (name =3D=3D "white-space") {=0A= e.style.whiteSpace =3D value;=0A= }=0A= else if (name =3D=3D "width") {=0A= e.style.width =3D value;=0A= }=0A= else if (name =3D=3D "word-break") {=0A= e.style.wordBreak =3D value;=0A= }=0A= else if (name =3D=3D "word-spacing") {=0A= e.style.wordSpacing =3D value;=0A= }=0A= else if (name =3D=3D "word-wrap") {=0A= e.style.wordWrap =3D value;=0A= }=0A= else if (name =3D=3D "writing-mode") {=0A= e.style.writingMode =3D value;=0A= }=0A= else if (name =3D=3D "z-index") {=0A= e.style.zIndex =3D value;=0A= }=0A= else if (name =3D=3D "zoom") {=0A= e.style.zoom =3D value;=0A= }=0A= }=0A= catch (e) {=0A= /* ignore error on attempt to set e.style.[property] */=0A= }=0A= }=0A= }=0A= }=0A= ------=_NextPart_000_0000_01C82B66.82923E60 Content-Type: application/octet-stream Content-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-printable Content-Location: http://neuro-oncology.dukejournals.org/javascript/entrez/callback.js /************************************************************************= *****=0A= * javascript/entrez/callback.js=0A= *=0A= * Entrez Linking callback to populate content box.=0A= *=0A= * Copyright 2006 Board of Trustees of the Leland Stanford Junior = University.=0A= = *************************************************************************= ***/=0A= =0A= /*=0A= * Execute callback to fill content box with Entrez Linking information.=0A= */=0A= function entrez_callback(pmid, callback_url) {=0A= /*=0A= * MSIE 5.5 and below have issues with the JavaScript=0A= * used for Entrez Linking. For now we have to disable=0A= * the callback until we can track down a proper fix=0A= * (or everybody sanely upgrades to version 6 or 7!).=0A= */=0A= if (navigator) {=0A= var appname =3D navigator.appName;=0A= if (appname =3D=3D "Microsoft Internet Explorer") {=0A= var userAgent =3D navigator["userAgent"];=0A= var s =3D "MSIE ";=0A= var n =3D -1; =0A= if ((n =3D userAgent.indexOf(s)) !=3D -1) {=0A= var v =3D parseFloat(userAgent.substring(n+s.length));=0A= if (v < 6) {=0A= return;=0A= }=0A= }=0A= }=0A= }=0A= =0A= /*=0A= * Acquire table row element to update, initiate callback=0A= * to update table with Entrez Links.=0A= */=0A= var tr =3D document.getElementById('entrez_callback_'+pmid);=0A= if (!tr) {=0A= return;=0A= }=0A= var req =3D new XMLHttpRequest();=0A= if (!req) {=0A= return;=0A= }=0A= req.onreadystatechange =3D function() {=0A= if (req.readyState =3D=3D 4 && (req.status =3D=3D 200 || req.status = =3D=3D 304)) {=0A= var src =3D req.responseXML.documentElement;=0A= var dst =3D document.createDocumentFragment();=0A= for (var i =3D 0; i < src.childNodes.length; i++) {=0A= copy_xml_to_html(src.childNodes[i], dst);=0A= }=0A= var tbl =3D tr.parentNode;=0A= tbl.replaceChild(dst, tr);=0A= }=0A= }=0A= req.open('GET', callback_url, true);=0A= req.send(null);=0A= }=0A= ------=_NextPart_000_0000_01C82B66.82923E60--