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Subject: Quality of life in adults with brain tumors: Current knowledge and future directions
Date: Mon, 1 Nov 2010 22:27:59 +0100
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            <DIV><SPAN class=3Dcitation-version></SPAN><SPAN=20
            class=3Dcitation-abbreviation>Neuro Oncol. </SPAN><SPAN=20
            class=3Dcitation-publication-date>2009 June; </SPAN><SPAN=20
            class=3Dcitation-volume>11</SPAN><SPAN=20
            class=3Dcitation-issue>(3)</SPAN><SPAN =
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            330=E2=80=93339. </SPAN></DIV>
            <DIV><SPAN class=3Dfm-vol-iss-date></SPAN><SPAN=20
            class=3Dfm-vol-iss-date>doi: <A class=3Dref-extlink=20
            onclick=3D"focuswin('pmc_ext')"=20
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Provider%7CCrosslink%7CDOI&amp;rendering-type=3Dnormal">10.1215/15228517-=
2008-093</A>.</SPAN></DIV></DIV></DIV></TD>
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            <DIV class=3Dfm-citation-pmcid><SPAN=20
            class=3Dfm-citation-ids-label>PMCID:=20
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      <DIV class=3Dfm-copyright><A class=3Dint-reflink=20
      =
href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/about/copyright.html">Copyright</=
A>=20
      =C2=A9 2009 by the Society for Neuro-Oncology</DIV>
      <DIV class=3Dfm-title>Quality of life in adults with brain tumors: =
Current=20
      knowledge and future directions</DIV>
      <DIV class=3D"contrib-group fm-author">Raymond Liu, Margaretta =
Page, Karla=20
      Solheim, Sherry Fox, and Susan M. Chang<SUP></SUP></DIV>
      <DIV class=3Dfm-affl>Department of Neurological Surgery, =
University of=20
      California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA (R.L., M.P., K.S., =
S.M.C.);=20
      and Cullather Brain Tumor Quality of Life Center, Bon Secours =
Richmond=20
      Health System/ St. Mary=E2=80=99s Hospital, Richmond, VA (S.F.); =
USA</DIV>
      <DIV class=3Dfm-footnote id=3Dc1-neu_11-3-330>Address =
correspondence to Susan=20
      M. Chang, Department of Neurological Surgery, University of =
California,=20
      San Francisco, 400 Parnassus Ave., A-808, San Francisco, CA =
94143-0350,=20
      USA, ( <SPAN class=3Dbefore-email-separator></SPAN><SPAN=20
      class=3Demail-label>Email: </SPAN><SPAN=20
      class=3De_id3137570>changs/at/neurosurg.ucsf.edu</SPAN>
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      ).</DIV>
      <DIV class=3Dfm-pubdate>Received July 23, 2008; Accepted October =
14,=20
      2008.</DIV></DIV>
      <DIV class=3Dsec id=3D__abstractid3103224>
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        <UL class=3D"submenu head1">
          <LI class=3D"submenu-item current-item"><A class=3D""=20
          style=3D"TEXT-ALIGN: left" onclick=3Dreturn(false)=20
          =
href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2718978/?tool=3Dpubme=
d#">Abstract</A>
          <LI class=3Dsubmenu-item><A class=3D"" style=3D"TEXT-ALIGN: =
left"=20
          =
href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2718978/?tool=3Dpubme=
d#__secid3111291">QOL=20
          in Brain Tumor Patients: Current Knowledge</A>
          <LI class=3Dsubmenu-item><A class=3D"" style=3D"TEXT-ALIGN: =
left"=20
          =
href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2718978/?tool=3Dpubme=
d#__secid3135164">Specific=20
          Symptoms</A>
          <LI class=3Dsubmenu-item><A class=3D"" style=3D"TEXT-ALIGN: =
left"=20
          =
href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2718978/?tool=3Dpubme=
d#__secid3135737">Long-<IMG=20
          style=3D"BORDER-TOP-STYLE: none; BORDER-RIGHT-STYLE: none; =
BORDER-LEFT-STYLE: none; BORDER-BOTTOM-STYLE: none"=20
          =
src=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/corehtml/pmc/pmcents/dot.gif">Term=20
          Symptoms: Survivorship</A>
          <LI class=3Dsubmenu-item><A class=3D"" style=3D"TEXT-ALIGN: =
left"=20
          =
href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2718978/?tool=3Dpubme=
d#__secid3135905">A=20
          Common Etiology to Symptoms: Symptom Clusters</A>
          <LI class=3Dsubmenu-item><A class=3D"" style=3D"TEXT-ALIGN: =
left"=20
          =
href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2718978/?tool=3Dpubme=
d#__secid3136089">Symptom=20
          Management</A>
          <LI class=3Dsubmenu-item><A class=3D"" style=3D"TEXT-ALIGN: =
left"=20
          =
href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2718978/?tool=3Dpubme=
d#__secid3136198">A=20
          Model for Future QOL Research</A>
          <LI class=3Dsubmenu-item><A class=3D"" style=3D"TEXT-ALIGN: =
left"=20
          =
href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2718978/?tool=3Dpubme=
d#__secid3136782">QOL=20
          Measurement</A>
          <LI class=3Dsubmenu-item><A class=3D"" style=3D"TEXT-ALIGN: =
left"=20
          =
href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2718978/?tool=3Dpubme=
d#__secid3136970">Other=20
          QOL Research Challenges</A>
          <LI class=3Dsubmenu-item><A class=3D"" style=3D"TEXT-ALIGN: =
left"=20
          =
href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2718978/?tool=3Dpubme=
d#__secid3137142">Future=20
          Directions</A>
          <LI class=3Dsubmenu-item><A class=3D"" style=3D"TEXT-ALIGN: =
left"=20
          =
href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2718978/?tool=3Dpubme=
d#__secid3137191">Conclusions</A>
          <LI class=3Dsubmenu-item><A class=3D"" style=3D"TEXT-ALIGN: =
left"=20
          =
href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2718978/?tool=3Dpubme=
d#__ref-listid3137226">References</A></LI></UL></LI></UL></DIV>
      <DIV>Abstract</DIV></DIV>
      <DIV class=3Dsection-content =
id=3D__abstractid3103224content><!--article-meta-->
      <DIV class=3D"p p-first-last" id=3D__pid3103225>Quality of life is =
an=20
      important area of clinical neurooncology that is increasingly =
relevant as=20
      survivorship increases and as patients experience potential =
morbidities=20
      associated with new therapies. This review of quality-of-life =
studies in=20
      the brain tumor population aims to summarize what is currently =
known about=20
      quality of life in patients with both low-grade and high-grade =
tumors and=20
      suggest how we may use this knowledge to direct future research. =
To date,=20
      reports on quality of life have been primarily qualitative and =
focused on=20
      specific symptoms such as fatigue, sleep disorders, and cognitive=20
      dysfunction, as well as some symptom clusters. However, the =
increasing=20
      interest in exploring quality of life as a primary end point for =
cancer=20
      therapy has established a need for prospective, controlled studies =
to=20
      assess baseline and serial quality-of-life parameters in brain =
tumor=20
      patients in order to plan and evaluate appropriate and timely=20
      interventions for their symptoms.</DIV>
      <DIV class=3Dp><SPAN class=3Dkwd-label>Keywords: </SPAN><SPAN=20
      class=3Dkwd-text>brain tumor, clinical trial end points, quality =
of life,=20
      survivorship, symptom management</SPAN></DIV></DIV></DIV>
      <DIV class=3Dsec id=3D__bodyid3111242>
      <DIV class=3D"head1 section-title" id=3D__bodyid3111242titletitle=20
      style=3D"TEXT-ALIGN: left">
      <DIV class=3Dother-sections>
      <UL class=3D"noext-menu noext-menu-hidden">
        <LI><A class=3Dfirst-link=20
        =
href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2718978/?tool=3Dpubme=
d#">&nbsp;Other=20
        Sections=E2=96=BC</A>
        <UL class=3D"submenu head1">
          <LI class=3Dsubmenu-item><A class=3D"" style=3D"TEXT-ALIGN: =
left"=20
          =
href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2718978/?tool=3Dpubme=
d#__abstractid3103224">Abstract</A>
          <LI class=3Dsubmenu-item><A class=3D"" style=3D"TEXT-ALIGN: =
left"=20
          =
href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2718978/?tool=3Dpubme=
d#__secid3111291">QOL=20
          in Brain Tumor Patients: Current Knowledge</A>
          <LI class=3Dsubmenu-item><A class=3D"" style=3D"TEXT-ALIGN: =
left"=20
          =
href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2718978/?tool=3Dpubme=
d#__secid3135164">Specific=20
          Symptoms</A>
          <LI class=3Dsubmenu-item><A class=3D"" style=3D"TEXT-ALIGN: =
left"=20
          =
href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2718978/?tool=3Dpubme=
d#__secid3135737">Long-<IMG=20
          style=3D"BORDER-TOP-STYLE: none; BORDER-RIGHT-STYLE: none; =
BORDER-LEFT-STYLE: none; BORDER-BOTTOM-STYLE: none"=20
          =
src=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/corehtml/pmc/pmcents/dot.gif">Term=20
          Symptoms: Survivorship</A>
          <LI class=3Dsubmenu-item><A class=3D"" style=3D"TEXT-ALIGN: =
left"=20
          =
href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2718978/?tool=3Dpubme=
d#__secid3135905">A=20
          Common Etiology to Symptoms: Symptom Clusters</A>
          <LI class=3Dsubmenu-item><A class=3D"" style=3D"TEXT-ALIGN: =
left"=20
          =
href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2718978/?tool=3Dpubme=
d#__secid3136089">Symptom=20
          Management</A>
          <LI class=3Dsubmenu-item><A class=3D"" style=3D"TEXT-ALIGN: =
left"=20
          =
href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2718978/?tool=3Dpubme=
d#__secid3136198">A=20
          Model for Future QOL Research</A>
          <LI class=3Dsubmenu-item><A class=3D"" style=3D"TEXT-ALIGN: =
left"=20
          =
href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2718978/?tool=3Dpubme=
d#__secid3136782">QOL=20
          Measurement</A>
          <LI class=3Dsubmenu-item><A class=3D"" style=3D"TEXT-ALIGN: =
left"=20
          =
href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2718978/?tool=3Dpubme=
d#__secid3136970">Other=20
          QOL Research Challenges</A>
          <LI class=3Dsubmenu-item><A class=3D"" style=3D"TEXT-ALIGN: =
left"=20
          =
href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2718978/?tool=3Dpubme=
d#__secid3137142">Future=20
          Directions</A>
          <LI class=3Dsubmenu-item><A class=3D"" style=3D"TEXT-ALIGN: =
left"=20
          =
href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2718978/?tool=3Dpubme=
d#__secid3137191">Conclusions</A>
          <LI class=3Dsubmenu-item><A class=3D"" style=3D"TEXT-ALIGN: =
left"=20
          =
href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2718978/?tool=3Dpubme=
d#__ref-listid3137226">References</A></LI></UL></LI></UL></DIV>
      <DIV>&nbsp;</DIV></DIV>
      <DIV class=3Dsection-content id=3D__bodyid3111242content>
      <DIV class=3D"p p-first" id=3D__pid3111244>Quality of life (QOL) =
is a concept=20
      that encompasses the multidimensional well-being of a person and =
reflects=20
      an individual=E2=80=99s overall satisfaction with life. QOL is a =
broad term that=20
      involves several dimensions, including physical or functional =
status,=20
      emotional well-being, and social well-being.<SUP><A=20
      class=3D"cite-reflink bibr popnode"=20
      href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12082656"=20
      =
ref=3D"reftype=3Dpubmed&amp;article-id=3D2718978&amp;issue-id=3D180561&am=
p;journal-id=3D310&amp;FROM=3DArticle%7CBody&amp;TO=3DEntrez%7CPubMed%7CR=
ecord&amp;rendering-type=3Dnormal"=20
      rid=3D"b1-neu_11-3-330">1</A></SUP></DIV>
      <DIV class=3Dp id=3D__pid3111258>Patients with primary brain =
tumors face=20
      serious challenges to their QOL. They have difficulties with =
general=20
      symptoms such as headache, anorexia, nausea, seizures, and =
insomnia. These=20
      patients also face symptoms secondary to focal neurologic =
deterioration,=20
      including motor deficits, personality changes, cognitive deficits, =

      aphasia, or visual field defects.<SUP><A class=3D"cite-reflink =
bibr popnode"=20
      href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12195437"=20
      =
ref=3D"reftype=3Dpubmed&amp;article-id=3D2718978&amp;issue-id=3D180561&am=
p;journal-id=3D310&amp;FROM=3DArticle%7CBody&amp;TO=3DEntrez%7CPubMed%7CR=
ecord&amp;rendering-type=3Dnormal"=20
      rid=3D"b2-neu_11-3-330">2</A></SUP><SUP>,</SUP><SUP><A=20
      class=3D"cite-reflink bibr popnode"=20
      href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11265231"=20
      =
ref=3D"reftype=3Dpubmed&amp;article-id=3D2718978&amp;issue-id=3D180561&am=
p;journal-id=3D310&amp;FROM=3DArticle%7CBody&amp;TO=3DEntrez%7CPubMed%7CR=
ecord&amp;rendering-type=3Dnormal"=20
      rid=3D"b3-neu_11-3-330">3</A></SUP></DIV>
      <DIV class=3Dp id=3D__pid3111284>Despite these many challenges, =
there are few=20
      well-tested interventions to improve QOL and no established =
systematic way=20
      to study it in these patients. Few adequately controlled or =
powered=20
      studies have addressed QOL, and clinical guidelines are limited on =
how to=20
      manage symptoms in primary brain tumor patients. This review =
summarizes=20
      what is currently known about the QOL of adult primary brain tumor =

      patients, the challenges to QOL research, and future directions =
for QOL=20
      research in brain tumor patients.</DIV></DIV></DIV>
      <DIV class=3Dsec id=3D__secid3111291>
      <DIV class=3D"head1 section-title" id=3D__secid3111291titletitle=20
      style=3D"TEXT-ALIGN: left">
      <DIV class=3Dother-sections>
      <UL class=3D"noext-menu noext-menu-hidden">
        <LI><A class=3Dfirst-link=20
        =
href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2718978/?tool=3Dpubme=
d#">&nbsp;Other=20
        Sections=E2=96=BC</A>
        <UL class=3D"submenu head1">
          <LI class=3Dsubmenu-item><A class=3D"" style=3D"TEXT-ALIGN: =
left"=20
          =
href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2718978/?tool=3Dpubme=
d#__abstractid3103224">Abstract</A>
          <LI class=3D"submenu-item current-item"><A class=3D""=20
          style=3D"TEXT-ALIGN: left" onclick=3Dreturn(false)=20
          =
href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2718978/?tool=3Dpubme=
d#">QOL=20
          in Brain Tumor Patients: Current Knowledge</A>
          <LI class=3Dsubmenu-item><A class=3D"" style=3D"TEXT-ALIGN: =
left"=20
          =
href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2718978/?tool=3Dpubme=
d#__secid3135164">Specific=20
          Symptoms</A>
          <LI class=3Dsubmenu-item><A class=3D"" style=3D"TEXT-ALIGN: =
left"=20
          =
href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2718978/?tool=3Dpubme=
d#__secid3135737">Long-<IMG=20
          style=3D"BORDER-TOP-STYLE: none; BORDER-RIGHT-STYLE: none; =
BORDER-LEFT-STYLE: none; BORDER-BOTTOM-STYLE: none"=20
          =
src=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/corehtml/pmc/pmcents/dot.gif">Term=20
          Symptoms: Survivorship</A>
          <LI class=3Dsubmenu-item><A class=3D"" style=3D"TEXT-ALIGN: =
left"=20
          =
href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2718978/?tool=3Dpubme=
d#__secid3135905">A=20
          Common Etiology to Symptoms: Symptom Clusters</A>
          <LI class=3Dsubmenu-item><A class=3D"" style=3D"TEXT-ALIGN: =
left"=20
          =
href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2718978/?tool=3Dpubme=
d#__secid3136089">Symptom=20
          Management</A>
          <LI class=3Dsubmenu-item><A class=3D"" style=3D"TEXT-ALIGN: =
left"=20
          =
href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2718978/?tool=3Dpubme=
d#__secid3136198">A=20
          Model for Future QOL Research</A>
          <LI class=3Dsubmenu-item><A class=3D"" style=3D"TEXT-ALIGN: =
left"=20
          =
href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2718978/?tool=3Dpubme=
d#__secid3136782">QOL=20
          Measurement</A>
          <LI class=3Dsubmenu-item><A class=3D"" style=3D"TEXT-ALIGN: =
left"=20
          =
href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2718978/?tool=3Dpubme=
d#__secid3136970">Other=20
          QOL Research Challenges</A>
          <LI class=3Dsubmenu-item><A class=3D"" style=3D"TEXT-ALIGN: =
left"=20
          =
href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2718978/?tool=3Dpubme=
d#__secid3137142">Future=20
          Directions</A>
          <LI class=3Dsubmenu-item><A class=3D"" style=3D"TEXT-ALIGN: =
left"=20
          =
href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2718978/?tool=3Dpubme=
d#__secid3137191">Conclusions</A>
          <LI class=3Dsubmenu-item><A class=3D"" style=3D"TEXT-ALIGN: =
left"=20
          =
href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2718978/?tool=3Dpubme=
d#__ref-listid3137226">References</A></LI></UL></LI></UL></DIV>
      <DIV>QOL in Brain Tumor Patients: Current Knowledge</DIV></DIV>
      <DIV class=3Dsection-content id=3D__secid3111291content>
      <DIV class=3D"p p-first" id=3D__pid3111298>The overall symptom =
burden and=20
      disability for glioma patients are significant, especially in =
those with=20
      high-grade or recurrent disease.<SUP><A class=3D"cite-reflink bibr =
popnode"=20
      href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11265231"=20
      =
ref=3D"reftype=3Dpubmed&amp;article-id=3D2718978&amp;issue-id=3D180561&am=
p;journal-id=3D310&amp;FROM=3DArticle%7CBody&amp;TO=3DEntrez%7CPubMed%7CR=
ecord&amp;rendering-type=3Dnormal"=20
      rid=3D"b3-neu_11-3-330">3</A></SUP><SUP>,</SUP><SUP><A=20
      class=3D"cite-reflink bibr popnode"=20
      href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8978224"=20
      =
ref=3D"reftype=3Dpubmed&amp;article-id=3D2718978&amp;issue-id=3D180561&am=
p;journal-id=3D310&amp;FROM=3DArticle%7CBody&amp;TO=3DEntrez%7CPubMed%7CR=
ecord&amp;rendering-type=3Dnormal"=20
      rid=3D"b4-neu_11-3-330">4</A></SUP> Malignant glioma patients =
score=20
      significantly lower in all domains of functioning compared to =
age-matched=20
      and sex-matched healthy controls and have lower social functioning =
and=20
      more problems with vision, motor functions, communication, =
headaches, and=20
      seizures than do matched, non-small-cell lung cancer =
patients.<SUP><A=20
      class=3D"cite-reflink bibr popnode"=20
      href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11600605"=20
      =
ref=3D"reftype=3Dpubmed&amp;article-id=3D2718978&amp;issue-id=3D180561&am=
p;journal-id=3D310&amp;FROM=3DArticle%7CBody&amp;TO=3DEntrez%7CPubMed%7CR=
ecord&amp;rendering-type=3Dnormal"=20
      rid=3D"b5-neu_11-3-330">5</A></SUP> Patients with high-grade =
tumors do not=20
      appear to differ in QOL between those with grade III and grade IV=20
      tumors,<SUP><A class=3D"cite-reflink bibr popnode"=20
      href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11265231"=20
      =
ref=3D"reftype=3Dpubmed&amp;article-id=3D2718978&amp;issue-id=3D180561&am=
p;journal-id=3D310&amp;FROM=3DArticle%7CBody&amp;TO=3DEntrez%7CPubMed%7CR=
ecord&amp;rendering-type=3Dnormal"=20
      rid=3D"b3-neu_11-3-330">3</A></SUP><SUP>,</SUP><SUP><A=20
      class=3D"cite-reflink bibr popnode"=20
      href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16163448"=20
      =
ref=3D"reftype=3Dpubmed&amp;article-id=3D2718978&amp;issue-id=3D180561&am=
p;journal-id=3D310&amp;FROM=3DArticle%7CBody&amp;TO=3DEntrez%7CPubMed%7CR=
ecord&amp;rendering-type=3Dnormal"=20
      rid=3D"b6-neu_11-3-330">6</A></SUP><SUP>=E2=80=93</SUP><SUP><A=20
      class=3D"cite-reflink bibr popnode"=20
      href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8865005"=20
      =
ref=3D"reftype=3Dpubmed&amp;article-id=3D2718978&amp;issue-id=3D180561&am=
p;journal-id=3D310&amp;FROM=3DArticle%7CBody&amp;TO=3DEntrez%7CPubMed%7CR=
ecord&amp;rendering-type=3Dnormal"=20
      rid=3D"b8-neu_11-3-330">8</A></SUP> although perceived QOL in =
patients with=20
      grade III tumors may be better.<SUP><A class=3D"cite-reflink bibr =
popnode"=20
      href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15774446"=20
      =
ref=3D"reftype=3Dpubmed&amp;article-id=3D2718978&amp;issue-id=3D180561&am=
p;journal-id=3D310&amp;FROM=3DArticle%7CBody&amp;TO=3DEntrez%7CPubMed%7CR=
ecord&amp;rendering-type=3Dnormal"=20
      rid=3D"b9-neu_11-3-330">9</A></SUP> The difference in QOL may be =
less=20
      dependent on the grade of tumor and more dependent on whether the =
tumor is=20
      stable or progressive. For example, one study found that patients =
with=20
      malignant gliomas with low QOL at baseline tended to deteriorate =
over=20
      time.<SUP><A class=3D"cite-reflink bibr popnode"=20
      href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16145528"=20
      =
ref=3D"reftype=3Dpubmed&amp;article-id=3D2718978&amp;issue-id=3D180561&am=
p;journal-id=3D310&amp;FROM=3DArticle%7CBody&amp;TO=3DEntrez%7CPubMed%7CR=
ecord&amp;rendering-type=3Dnormal"=20
      rid=3D"b10-neu_11-3-330">10</A></SUP></DIV>
      <DIV class=3D"p p-last" id=3D__pid3117903>Patients with low-grade =
glioma also=20
      have a significant symptom burden.<SUP><A=20
      class=3D"cite-reflink bibr popnode"=20
      href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8024261"=20
      =
ref=3D"reftype=3Dpubmed&amp;article-id=3D2718978&amp;issue-id=3D180561&am=
p;journal-id=3D310&amp;FROM=3DArticle%7CBody&amp;TO=3DEntrez%7CPubMed%7CR=
ecord&amp;rendering-type=3Dnormal"=20
      rid=3D"b11-neu_11-3-330">11</A></SUP> In one study, 45% of =
patients with=20
      low-grade glioma reported low overall QOL, with fewer than half =
able to=20
      carry out normal activities without restriction. Fatigue, sleep=20
      disturbance, and pain were the most frequent symptom complaints, =
but=20
      patients also had difficulties with other realms of QOL, including =

      difficulties with cognitive and emotional dimensions.<SUP><A=20
      class=3D"cite-reflink bibr popnode"=20
      href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16710652"=20
      =
ref=3D"reftype=3Dpubmed&amp;article-id=3D2718978&amp;issue-id=3D180561&am=
p;journal-id=3D310&amp;FROM=3DArticle%7CBody&amp;TO=3DEntrez%7CPubMed%7CR=
ecord&amp;rendering-type=3Dnormal"=20
      rid=3D"b12-neu_11-3-330">12</A></SUP> Compared to control groups =
of patients=20
      with non-CNS cancers and healthy patients, low-grade glioma =
patients=20
      specifically report more fatigue, cognitive dysfunction, and =
altered mood=20
      states.<SUP><A class=3D"cite-reflink bibr popnode"=20
      href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8024261"=20
      =
ref=3D"reftype=3Dpubmed&amp;article-id=3D2718978&amp;issue-id=3D180561&am=
p;journal-id=3D310&amp;FROM=3DArticle%7CBody&amp;TO=3DEntrez%7CPubMed%7CR=
ecord&amp;rendering-type=3Dnormal"=20
      rid=3D"b11-neu_11-3-330">11</A></SUP><SUP>,</SUP><SUP><A=20
      class=3D"cite-reflink bibr popnode"=20
      href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14520665"=20
      =
ref=3D"reftype=3Dpubmed&amp;article-id=3D2718978&amp;issue-id=3D180561&am=
p;journal-id=3D310&amp;FROM=3DArticle%7CBody&amp;TO=3DEntrez%7CPubMed%7CR=
ecord&amp;rendering-type=3Dnormal"=20
      rid=3D"b13-neu_11-3-330">13</A></SUP><SUP>=E2=80=93</SUP><SUP><A=20
      class=3D"cite-reflink bibr popnode"=20
      href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12423981"=20
      =
ref=3D"reftype=3Dpubmed&amp;article-id=3D2718978&amp;issue-id=3D180561&am=
p;journal-id=3D310&amp;FROM=3DArticle%7CBody&amp;TO=3DEntrez%7CPubMed%7CR=
ecord&amp;rendering-type=3Dnormal"=20
      rid=3D"b15-neu_11-3-330">15</A></SUP> The prognostic significance =
of symptom=20
      burden in low-grade glioma patients is unclear because studies =
have shown=20
      contradictory findings.<SUP><A class=3D"cite-reflink bibr popnode" =

      href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11956268"=20
      =
ref=3D"reftype=3Dpubmed&amp;article-id=3D2718978&amp;issue-id=3D180561&am=
p;journal-id=3D310&amp;FROM=3DArticle%7CBody&amp;TO=3DEntrez%7CPubMed%7CR=
ecord&amp;rendering-type=3Dnormal"=20
      rid=3D"b16-neu_11-3-330">16</A></SUP><SUP>,</SUP><SUP><A=20
      class=3D"cite-reflink bibr popnode"=20
      href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9294476"=20
      =
ref=3D"reftype=3Dpubmed&amp;article-id=3D2718978&amp;issue-id=3D180561&am=
p;journal-id=3D310&amp;FROM=3DArticle%7CBody&amp;TO=3DEntrez%7CPubMed%7CR=
ecord&amp;rendering-type=3Dnormal"=20
      rid=3D"b17-neu_11-3-330">17</A></SUP></DIV></DIV></DIV>
      <DIV class=3Dsec id=3D__secid3135164>
      <DIV class=3D"head1 section-title" id=3D__secid3135164titletitle=20
      style=3D"TEXT-ALIGN: left">
      <DIV class=3Dother-sections>
      <UL class=3D"noext-menu noext-menu-hidden">
        <LI><A class=3Dfirst-link=20
        =
href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2718978/?tool=3Dpubme=
d#">&nbsp;Other=20
        Sections=E2=96=BC</A>
        <UL class=3D"submenu head1">
          <LI class=3Dsubmenu-item><A class=3D"" style=3D"TEXT-ALIGN: =
left"=20
          =
href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2718978/?tool=3Dpubme=
d#__abstractid3103224">Abstract</A>
          <LI class=3Dsubmenu-item><A class=3D"" style=3D"TEXT-ALIGN: =
left"=20
          =
href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2718978/?tool=3Dpubme=
d#__secid3111291">QOL=20
          in Brain Tumor Patients: Current Knowledge</A>
          <LI class=3D"submenu-item current-item"><A class=3D""=20
          style=3D"TEXT-ALIGN: left" onclick=3Dreturn(false)=20
          =
href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2718978/?tool=3Dpubme=
d#">Specific=20
          Symptoms</A>
          <LI class=3Dsubmenu-item><A class=3D"" style=3D"TEXT-ALIGN: =
left"=20
          =
href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2718978/?tool=3Dpubme=
d#__secid3135737">Long-<IMG=20
          style=3D"BORDER-TOP-STYLE: none; BORDER-RIGHT-STYLE: none; =
BORDER-LEFT-STYLE: none; BORDER-BOTTOM-STYLE: none"=20
          =
src=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/corehtml/pmc/pmcents/dot.gif">Term=20
          Symptoms: Survivorship</A>
          <LI class=3Dsubmenu-item><A class=3D"" style=3D"TEXT-ALIGN: =
left"=20
          =
href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2718978/?tool=3Dpubme=
d#__secid3135905">A=20
          Common Etiology to Symptoms: Symptom Clusters</A>
          <LI class=3Dsubmenu-item><A class=3D"" style=3D"TEXT-ALIGN: =
left"=20
          =
href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2718978/?tool=3Dpubme=
d#__secid3136089">Symptom=20
          Management</A>
          <LI class=3Dsubmenu-item><A class=3D"" style=3D"TEXT-ALIGN: =
left"=20
          =
href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2718978/?tool=3Dpubme=
d#__secid3136198">A=20
          Model for Future QOL Research</A>
          <LI class=3Dsubmenu-item><A class=3D"" style=3D"TEXT-ALIGN: =
left"=20
          =
href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2718978/?tool=3Dpubme=
d#__secid3136782">QOL=20
          Measurement</A>
          <LI class=3Dsubmenu-item><A class=3D"" style=3D"TEXT-ALIGN: =
left"=20
          =
href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2718978/?tool=3Dpubme=
d#__secid3136970">Other=20
          QOL Research Challenges</A>
          <LI class=3Dsubmenu-item><A class=3D"" style=3D"TEXT-ALIGN: =
left"=20
          =
href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2718978/?tool=3Dpubme=
d#__secid3137142">Future=20
          Directions</A>
          <LI class=3Dsubmenu-item><A class=3D"" style=3D"TEXT-ALIGN: =
left"=20
          =
href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2718978/?tool=3Dpubme=
d#__secid3137191">Conclusions</A>
          <LI class=3Dsubmenu-item><A class=3D"" style=3D"TEXT-ALIGN: =
left"=20
          =
href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2718978/?tool=3Dpubme=
d#__ref-listid3137226">References</A></LI></UL></LI></UL></DIV>
      <DIV>Specific Symptoms</DIV></DIV>
      <DIV class=3Dsection-content id=3D__secid3135164content>
      <DIV class=3D"p p-first" id=3D__pid3135168>Research addressing =
specific=20
      symptoms that affect QOL has focused on fatigue, sleep, pain, =
seizures,=20
      mood disturbance, and cognitive function. This research has been =
mostly=20
      descriptive, and most studies examine a heterogeneous group of =
patients=20
      receiving different therapies at different stages of their =
illness.</DIV>
      <DIV class=3Dp id=3D__pid3135173>Fatigue appears to be the most =
significant=20
      symptom facing patients with high-grade gliomas<SUP><A=20
      class=3D"cite-reflink bibr popnode"=20
      href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11265231"=20
      =
ref=3D"reftype=3Dpubmed&amp;article-id=3D2718978&amp;issue-id=3D180561&am=
p;journal-id=3D310&amp;FROM=3DArticle%7CBody&amp;TO=3DEntrez%7CPubMed%7CR=
ecord&amp;rendering-type=3Dnormal"=20
      rid=3D"b3-neu_11-3-330">3</A></SUP><SUP>,</SUP><SUP><A=20
      class=3D"cite-reflink bibr popnode"=20
      href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16163448"=20
      =
ref=3D"reftype=3Dpubmed&amp;article-id=3D2718978&amp;issue-id=3D180561&am=
p;journal-id=3D310&amp;FROM=3DArticle%7CBody&amp;TO=3DEntrez%7CPubMed%7CR=
ecord&amp;rendering-type=3Dnormal"=20
      rid=3D"b6-neu_11-3-330">6</A></SUP> and may be more significant a =
problem=20
      compared to patients with low-grade tumors.<SUP><A=20
      class=3D"cite-reflink bibr popnode"=20
      href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11861699"=20
      =
ref=3D"reftype=3Dpubmed&amp;article-id=3D2718978&amp;issue-id=3D180561&am=
p;journal-id=3D310&amp;FROM=3DArticle%7CBody&amp;TO=3DEntrez%7CPubMed%7CR=
ecord&amp;rendering-type=3Dnormal"=20
      rid=3D"b18-neu_11-3-330">18</A></SUP> In patients with recurrent =
malignant=20
      gliomas, the incidence of fatigue may approach =
89%=E2=80=9394%.<SUP><A=20
      class=3D"cite-reflink bibr popnode"=20
      href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11265231"=20
      =
ref=3D"reftype=3Dpubmed&amp;article-id=3D2718978&amp;issue-id=3D180561&am=
p;journal-id=3D310&amp;FROM=3DArticle%7CBody&amp;TO=3DEntrez%7CPubMed%7CR=
ecord&amp;rendering-type=3Dnormal"=20
      rid=3D"b3-neu_11-3-330">3</A></SUP> In a study evaluating patients =
with=20
      high-grade gliomas enrolled in three phase II protocols, =
significant=20
      fatigue was found in one-third of patients and independently =
predicted=20
      poorer overall survival.<SUP><A class=3D"cite-reflink bibr =
popnode"=20
      href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16163448"=20
      =
ref=3D"reftype=3Dpubmed&amp;article-id=3D2718978&amp;issue-id=3D180561&am=
p;journal-id=3D310&amp;FROM=3DArticle%7CBody&amp;TO=3DEntrez%7CPubMed%7CR=
ecord&amp;rendering-type=3Dnormal"=20
      rid=3D"b6-neu_11-3-330">6</A></SUP> In that study, Eastern =
Cooperative=20
      Oncology Group performance status was correlated with overall QOL, =

      excessive daytime somnolence, and increased fatigue. For low-grade =
glioma=20
      patients, one small study showed that of all QOL variables tested, =
fatigue=20
      had the strongest relationship with overall QOL.<SUP><A=20
      class=3D"cite-reflink bibr popnode"=20
      href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16710652"=20
      =
ref=3D"reftype=3Dpubmed&amp;article-id=3D2718978&amp;issue-id=3D180561&am=
p;journal-id=3D310&amp;FROM=3DArticle%7CBody&amp;TO=3DEntrez%7CPubMed%7CR=
ecord&amp;rendering-type=3Dnormal"=20
      rid=3D"b12-neu_11-3-330">12</A></SUP></DIV>
      <DIV class=3Dp id=3D__pid3135241>Sleep disturbance is also a =
common problem in=20
      primary brain tumor patients.<SUP><A class=3D"cite-reflink bibr =
popnode"=20
      href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16710652"=20
      =
ref=3D"reftype=3Dpubmed&amp;article-id=3D2718978&amp;issue-id=3D180561&am=
p;journal-id=3D310&amp;FROM=3DArticle%7CBody&amp;TO=3DEntrez%7CPubMed%7CR=
ecord&amp;rendering-type=3Dnormal"=20
      rid=3D"b12-neu_11-3-330">12</A></SUP><SUP>,</SUP><SUP><A=20
      class=3D"cite-reflink bibr popnode"=20
      href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12112483"=20
      =
ref=3D"reftype=3Dpubmed&amp;article-id=3D2718978&amp;issue-id=3D180561&am=
p;journal-id=3D310&amp;FROM=3DArticle%7CBody&amp;TO=3DEntrez%7CPubMed%7CR=
ecord&amp;rendering-type=3Dnormal"=20
      rid=3D"b19-neu_11-3-330">19</A></SUP> For example, one study =
evaluating the=20
      incidence of major depressive disorder in a neurooncology clinic =
showed=20
      some type of sleep disturbance in 31.6%=E2=80=9352% of the =
patients=20
      evaluated.<SUP><A class=3D"cite-reflink bibr popnode"=20
      href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12112483"=20
      =
ref=3D"reftype=3Dpubmed&amp;article-id=3D2718978&amp;issue-id=3D180561&am=
p;journal-id=3D310&amp;FROM=3DArticle%7CBody&amp;TO=3DEntrez%7CPubMed%7CR=
ecord&amp;rendering-type=3Dnormal"=20
      rid=3D"b19-neu_11-3-330">19</A></SUP> Other patient series suggest =
that=20
      high-grade glioma patients may have an even higher prevalence of =
sleep=20
      disturbance.<SUP><A class=3D"cite-reflink bibr popnode"=20
      href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11265231"=20
      =
ref=3D"reftype=3Dpubmed&amp;article-id=3D2718978&amp;issue-id=3D180561&am=
p;journal-id=3D310&amp;FROM=3DArticle%7CBody&amp;TO=3DEntrez%7CPubMed%7CR=
ecord&amp;rendering-type=3Dnormal"=20
      rid=3D"b3-neu_11-3-330">3</A></SUP><SUP>,</SUP><SUP><A=20
      class=3D"cite-reflink bibr popnode"=20
      href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16321761"=20
      =
ref=3D"reftype=3Dpubmed&amp;article-id=3D2718978&amp;issue-id=3D180561&am=
p;journal-id=3D310&amp;FROM=3DArticle%7CBody&amp;TO=3DEntrez%7CPubMed%7CR=
ecord&amp;rendering-type=3Dnormal"=20
      rid=3D"b20-neu_11-3-330">20</A></SUP></DIV>
      <DIV class=3Dp id=3D__pid3135297>Pain is another symptom that =
glioma patients=20
      often face.<SUP><A class=3D"cite-reflink bibr popnode"=20
      href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9217039"=20
      =
ref=3D"reftype=3Dpubmed&amp;article-id=3D2718978&amp;issue-id=3D180561&am=
p;journal-id=3D310&amp;FROM=3DArticle%7CBody&amp;TO=3DEntrez%7CPubMed%7CR=
ecord&amp;rendering-type=3Dnormal"=20
      rid=3D"b21-neu_11-3-330">21</A></SUP> Headache is the most common =
type of=20
      pain, which more than 50% of patients with high-grade gliomas=20
      experience.<SUP><A class=3D"cite-reflink bibr popnode"=20
      href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11265231"=20
      =
ref=3D"reftype=3Dpubmed&amp;article-id=3D2718978&amp;issue-id=3D180561&am=
p;journal-id=3D310&amp;FROM=3DArticle%7CBody&amp;TO=3DEntrez%7CPubMed%7CR=
ecord&amp;rendering-type=3Dnormal"=20
      rid=3D"b3-neu_11-3-330">3</A></SUP> Unfortunately, studies to date =
have not=20
      examined the type, location, or intensity of headache pain, the =
distress=20
      it caused, or its overall relationship to QOL in brain tumor=20
      patients.</DIV>
      <DIV class=3Dp id=3D__pid3135323>Seizures in glioma patients are =
associated=20
      with deterioration in multiple cognitive domains.<SUP><A=20
      class=3D"cite-reflink bibr popnode"=20
      href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14520665"=20
      =
ref=3D"reftype=3Dpubmed&amp;article-id=3D2718978&amp;issue-id=3D180561&am=
p;journal-id=3D310&amp;FROM=3DArticle%7CBody&amp;TO=3DEntrez%7CPubMed%7CR=
ecord&amp;rendering-type=3Dnormal"=20
      rid=3D"b13-neu_11-3-330">13</A></SUP> Low-grade glioma patients =
may have a=20
      higher incidence of epileptic seizures than do high-grade glioma =
patients,=20
      and in one study, antiepileptic therapy was able to control =
seizures only=20
      in approximately 50% of patients.<SUP><A class=3D"cite-reflink =
bibr popnode"=20
      href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14520665"=20
      =
ref=3D"reftype=3Dpubmed&amp;article-id=3D2718978&amp;issue-id=3D180561&am=
p;journal-id=3D310&amp;FROM=3DArticle%7CBody&amp;TO=3DEntrez%7CPubMed%7CR=
ecord&amp;rendering-type=3Dnormal"=20
      rid=3D"b13-neu_11-3-330">13</A></SUP> The presence of seizures has =
not been=20
      shown to be a prognostic factor in some studies<SUP><A=20
      class=3D"cite-reflink bibr popnode"=20
      href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9294476"=20
      =
ref=3D"reftype=3Dpubmed&amp;article-id=3D2718978&amp;issue-id=3D180561&am=
p;journal-id=3D310&amp;FROM=3DArticle%7CBody&amp;TO=3DEntrez%7CPubMed%7CR=
ecord&amp;rendering-type=3Dnormal"=20
      rid=3D"b17-neu_11-3-330">17</A></SUP> and was a positive =
prognostic factor=20
      in other studies when no other symptoms were present.<SUP><A=20
      class=3D"cite-reflink bibr popnode"=20
      href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11956268"=20
      =
ref=3D"reftype=3Dpubmed&amp;article-id=3D2718978&amp;issue-id=3D180561&am=
p;journal-id=3D310&amp;FROM=3DArticle%7CBody&amp;TO=3DEntrez%7CPubMed%7CR=
ecord&amp;rendering-type=3Dnormal"=20
      rid=3D"b16-neu_11-3-330">16</A></SUP><SUP>,</SUP><SUP><A=20
      class=3D"cite-reflink bibr popnode"=20
      href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9193320"=20
      =
ref=3D"reftype=3Dpubmed&amp;article-id=3D2718978&amp;issue-id=3D180561&am=
p;journal-id=3D310&amp;FROM=3DArticle%7CBody&amp;TO=3DEntrez%7CPubMed%7CR=
ecord&amp;rendering-type=3Dnormal"=20
      rid=3D"b22-neu_11-3-330">22</A></SUP><SUP>,</SUP><SUP><A=20
      class=3D"cite-reflink bibr popnode"=20
      href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9598670"=20
      =
ref=3D"reftype=3Dpubmed&amp;article-id=3D2718978&amp;issue-id=3D180561&am=
p;journal-id=3D310&amp;FROM=3DArticle%7CBody&amp;TO=3DEntrez%7CPubMed%7CR=
ecord&amp;rendering-type=3Dnormal"=20
      rid=3D"b23-neu_11-3-330">23</A></SUP></DIV>
      <DIV class=3Dp id=3D__pid3135390>Studies on mood disturbance in =
brain tumor=20
      patients have reported varying results, noting depression in =
anywhere=20
      between 7.9% and 90% of cases<SUP><A class=3D"cite-reflink bibr =
popnode"=20
      href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8865005"=20
      =
ref=3D"reftype=3Dpubmed&amp;article-id=3D2718978&amp;issue-id=3D180561&am=
p;journal-id=3D310&amp;FROM=3DArticle%7CBody&amp;TO=3DEntrez%7CPubMed%7CR=
ecord&amp;rendering-type=3Dnormal"=20
      rid=3D"b8-neu_11-3-330">8</A></SUP><SUP>,</SUP><SUP><A=20
      class=3D"cite-reflink bibr popnode"=20
      href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12112483"=20
      =
ref=3D"reftype=3Dpubmed&amp;article-id=3D2718978&amp;issue-id=3D180561&am=
p;journal-id=3D310&amp;FROM=3DArticle%7CBody&amp;TO=3DEntrez%7CPubMed%7CR=
ecord&amp;rendering-type=3Dnormal"=20
      rid=3D"b19-neu_11-3-330">19</A></SUP><SUP>,</SUP><SUP><A=20
      class=3D"cite-reflink bibr popnode"=20
      href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16304988"=20
      =
ref=3D"reftype=3Dpubmed&amp;article-id=3D2718978&amp;issue-id=3D180561&am=
p;journal-id=3D310&amp;FROM=3DArticle%7CBody&amp;TO=3DEntrez%7CPubMed%7CR=
ecord&amp;rendering-type=3Dnormal"=20
      rid=3D"b24-neu_11-3-330">24</A></SUP><SUP>=E2=80=93</SUP><SUP><A=20
      class=3D"cite-reflink bibr popnode"=20
      href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14744282"=20
      =
ref=3D"reftype=3Dpubmed&amp;article-id=3D2718978&amp;issue-id=3D180561&am=
p;journal-id=3D310&amp;FROM=3DArticle%7CBody&amp;TO=3DEntrez%7CPubMed%7CR=
ecord&amp;rendering-type=3Dnormal"=20
      rid=3D"b26-neu_11-3-330">26</A></SUP> and significant anxiety in =
29%=E2=80=9360% of=20
      cases.<SUP><A class=3D"cite-reflink bibr popnode"=20
      href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8865005"=20
      =
ref=3D"reftype=3Dpubmed&amp;article-id=3D2718978&amp;issue-id=3D180561&am=
p;journal-id=3D310&amp;FROM=3DArticle%7CBody&amp;TO=3DEntrez%7CPubMed%7CR=
ecord&amp;rendering-type=3Dnormal"=20
      rid=3D"b8-neu_11-3-330">8</A></SUP><SUP>,</SUP><SUP><A=20
      class=3D"cite-reflink bibr popnode"=20
      href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10759042"=20
      =
ref=3D"reftype=3Dpubmed&amp;article-id=3D2718978&amp;issue-id=3D180561&am=
p;journal-id=3D310&amp;FROM=3DArticle%7CBody&amp;TO=3DEntrez%7CPubMed%7CR=
ecord&amp;rendering-type=3Dnormal"=20
      rid=3D"b25-neu_11-3-330">25</A></SUP><SUP>,</SUP><SUP><A=20
      class=3D"cite-reflink bibr popnode"=20
      href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18314416"=20
      =
ref=3D"reftype=3Dpubmed&amp;article-id=3D2718978&amp;issue-id=3D180561&am=
p;journal-id=3D310&amp;FROM=3DArticle%7CBody&amp;TO=3DEntrez%7CPubMed%7CR=
ecord&amp;rendering-type=3Dnormal"=20
      rid=3D"b27-neu_11-3-330">27</A></SUP> The use of formal criteria =
from the=20
      <EM>Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders</EM>, =
4th=20
      edition, was employed in only a few studies to study =
depression.<SUP><A=20
      class=3D"cite-reflink bibr popnode"=20
      href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12112483"=20
      =
ref=3D"reftype=3Dpubmed&amp;article-id=3D2718978&amp;issue-id=3D180561&am=
p;journal-id=3D310&amp;FROM=3DArticle%7CBody&amp;TO=3DEntrez%7CPubMed%7CR=
ecord&amp;rendering-type=3Dnormal"=20
      rid=3D"b19-neu_11-3-330">19</A></SUP><SUP>,</SUP><SUP><A=20
      class=3D"cite-reflink bibr popnode"=20
      href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14744282"=20
      =
ref=3D"reftype=3Dpubmed&amp;article-id=3D2718978&amp;issue-id=3D180561&am=
p;journal-id=3D310&amp;FROM=3DArticle%7CBody&amp;TO=3DEntrez%7CPubMed%7CR=
ecord&amp;rendering-type=3Dnormal"=20
      rid=3D"b26-neu_11-3-330">26</A></SUP> Of note, in some cohorts of =
primary=20
      brain tumor patients, depression was the most important =
independent=20
      predictor of QOL<SUP><A class=3D"cite-reflink bibr popnode"=20
      href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12125966"=20
      =
ref=3D"reftype=3Dpubmed&amp;article-id=3D2718978&amp;issue-id=3D180561&am=
p;journal-id=3D310&amp;FROM=3DArticle%7CBody&amp;TO=3DEntrez%7CPubMed%7CR=
ecord&amp;rendering-type=3Dnormal"=20
      rid=3D"b28-neu_11-3-330">28</A></SUP><SUP>,</SUP><SUP><A=20
      class=3D"cite-reflink bibr popnode"=20
      href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16140507"=20
      =
ref=3D"reftype=3Dpubmed&amp;article-id=3D2718978&amp;issue-id=3D180561&am=
p;journal-id=3D310&amp;FROM=3DArticle%7CBody&amp;TO=3DEntrez%7CPubMed%7CR=
ecord&amp;rendering-type=3Dnormal"=20
      rid=3D"b29-neu_11-3-330">29</A></SUP> and has been shown to have =
an adverse=20
      impact on survival.<SUP><A class=3D"cite-reflink bibr popnode"=20
      href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14744282"=20
      =
ref=3D"reftype=3Dpubmed&amp;article-id=3D2718978&amp;issue-id=3D180561&am=
p;journal-id=3D310&amp;FROM=3DArticle%7CBody&amp;TO=3DEntrez%7CPubMed%7CR=
ecord&amp;rendering-type=3Dnormal"=20
      rid=3D"b26-neu_11-3-330">26</A></SUP><SUP>,</SUP><SUP><A=20
      class=3D"cite-reflink bibr popnode"=20
      href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15918939"=20
      =
ref=3D"reftype=3Dpubmed&amp;article-id=3D2718978&amp;issue-id=3D180561&am=
p;journal-id=3D310&amp;FROM=3DArticle%7CBody&amp;TO=3DEntrez%7CPubMed%7CR=
ecord&amp;rendering-type=3Dnormal"=20
      rid=3D"b30-neu_11-3-330">30</A></SUP><SUP>,</SUP><SUP><A=20
      class=3D"cite-reflink bibr popnode"=20
      href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16960653"=20
      =
ref=3D"reftype=3Dpubmed&amp;article-id=3D2718978&amp;issue-id=3D180561&am=
p;journal-id=3D310&amp;FROM=3DArticle%7CBody&amp;TO=3DEntrez%7CPubMed%7CR=
ecord&amp;rendering-type=3Dnormal"=20
      rid=3D"b31-neu_11-3-330">31</A></SUP> Depression may also be =
under-treated.=20
      For example, in one study, only 60% of patients reported by their=20
      physicians to be depressed received antidepressants.<SUP><A=20
      class=3D"cite-reflink bibr popnode"=20
      href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14744282"=20
      =
ref=3D"reftype=3Dpubmed&amp;article-id=3D2718978&amp;issue-id=3D180561&am=
p;journal-id=3D310&amp;FROM=3DArticle%7CBody&amp;TO=3DEntrez%7CPubMed%7CR=
ecord&amp;rendering-type=3Dnormal"=20
      rid=3D"b26-neu_11-3-330">26</A></SUP></DIV>
      <DIV class=3Dp id=3D__pid3135557>Depression and anxiety may both =
have biologic=20
      foundations in brain tumor patients. In particular, measurable =
serotonin=20
      binding sites and strong peripheral benzo-diazepine receptor =
expression=20
      were present in the tumors of rats implanted with gliomas.<SUP><A=20
      class=3D"cite-reflink bibr popnode"=20
      href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11535011"=20
      =
ref=3D"reftype=3Dpubmed&amp;article-id=3D2718978&amp;issue-id=3D180561&am=
p;journal-id=3D310&amp;FROM=3DArticle%7CBody&amp;TO=3DEntrez%7CPubMed%7CR=
ecord&amp;rendering-type=3Dnormal"=20
      rid=3D"b32-neu_11-3-330">32</A></SUP> Expression of certain =
serotonin=20
      receptors has also been found in human fetal astrocytes and glioma =
cell=20
      lines.<SUP><A class=3D"cite-reflink bibr popnode"=20
      =
href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2718978/?tool=3Dpubme=
d#b33-neu_11-3-330"=20
      rid=3D"b33-neu_11-3-330">33</A></SUP> The biologic connections =
between tumor=20
      and symptoms could suggest that symptoms in some cases may not =
only be=20
      prognostic, but may be a surrogate marker for disease.</DIV>
      <DIV class=3Dp id=3D__pid3135585>Cognitive functioning has also =
been studied=20
      in brain tumor patients and has been recently reviewed.<SUP><A=20
      class=3D"cite-reflink bibr popnode"=20
      href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14980531"=20
      =
ref=3D"reftype=3Dpubmed&amp;article-id=3D2718978&amp;issue-id=3D180561&am=
p;journal-id=3D310&amp;FROM=3DArticle%7CBody&amp;TO=3DEntrez%7CPubMed%7CR=
ecord&amp;rendering-type=3Dnormal"=20
      rid=3D"b34-neu_11-3-330">34</A></SUP> Malignant glioma patients, =
in=20
      particular, deal with a significant burden in terms of cognitive=20
      dysfunction, with as many as 49% experiencing cognitive =
impairment.<SUP><A=20
      class=3D"cite-reflink bibr popnode"=20
      href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11600605"=20
      =
ref=3D"reftype=3Dpubmed&amp;article-id=3D2718978&amp;issue-id=3D180561&am=
p;journal-id=3D310&amp;FROM=3DArticle%7CBody&amp;TO=3DEntrez%7CPubMed%7CR=
ecord&amp;rendering-type=3Dnormal"=20
      rid=3D"b5-neu_11-3-330">5</A></SUP> In smaller trials, there is =
evidence=20
      that cognitive dysfunction is present even prior to =
treatment.<SUP><A=20
      class=3D"cite-reflink bibr popnode"=20
      href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10942005"=20
      =
ref=3D"reftype=3Dpubmed&amp;article-id=3D2718978&amp;issue-id=3D180561&am=
p;journal-id=3D310&amp;FROM=3DArticle%7CBody&amp;TO=3DEntrez%7CPubMed%7CR=
ecord&amp;rendering-type=3Dnormal"=20
      rid=3D"b35-neu_11-3-330">35</A></SUP> There is an unmet need for =
early=20
      neurocognitive evaluation and intervention. In addition, the =
prevalence of=20
      neurocognitive dysfunction has implications for decision making =
and=20
      informed consent.</DIV>
      <DIV class=3Dp id=3D__pid3135623>Evaluation of cognitive function =
also has=20
      prognostic value.<SUP><A class=3D"cite-reflink bibr popnode"=20
      href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15774446"=20
      =
ref=3D"reftype=3Dpubmed&amp;article-id=3D2718978&amp;issue-id=3D180561&am=
p;journal-id=3D310&amp;FROM=3DArticle%7CBody&amp;TO=3DEntrez%7CPubMed%7CR=
ecord&amp;rendering-type=3Dnormal"=20
      rid=3D"b9-neu_11-3-330">9</A></SUP><SUP>,</SUP><SUP><A=20
      class=3D"cite-reflink bibr popnode"=20
      href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12672280"=20
      =
ref=3D"reftype=3Dpubmed&amp;article-id=3D2718978&amp;issue-id=3D180561&am=
p;journal-id=3D310&amp;FROM=3DArticle%7CBody&amp;TO=3DEntrez%7CPubMed%7CR=
ecord&amp;rendering-type=3Dnormal"=20
      rid=3D"b36-neu_11-3-330">36</A></SUP><SUP>,</SUP><SUP><A=20
      class=3D"cite-reflink bibr popnode"=20
      href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14694052"=20
      =
ref=3D"reftype=3Dpubmed&amp;article-id=3D2718978&amp;issue-id=3D180561&am=
p;journal-id=3D310&amp;FROM=3DArticle%7CBody&amp;TO=3DEntrez%7CPubMed%7CR=
ecord&amp;rendering-type=3Dnormal"=20
      rid=3D"b37-neu_11-3-330">37</A></SUP> For example, one study of =
recurrent=20
      malignant gliomas showed that cognitive deterioration may precede=20
      radiographic evidence of progression by almost 6 weeks.<SUP><A=20
      class=3D"cite-reflink bibr popnode"=20
      href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12672280"=20
      =
ref=3D"reftype=3Dpubmed&amp;article-id=3D2718978&amp;issue-id=3D180561&am=
p;journal-id=3D310&amp;FROM=3DArticle%7CBody&amp;TO=3DEntrez%7CPubMed%7CR=
ecord&amp;rendering-type=3Dnormal"=20
      rid=3D"b36-neu_11-3-330">36</A></SUP> A simple screening =
examination such as=20
      the Mini Mental Status Examination (MMSE) can have prognostic =
significance=20
      in glioma patients.<SUP><A class=3D"cite-reflink bibr popnode"=20
      href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17135644"=20
      =
ref=3D"reftype=3Dpubmed&amp;article-id=3D2718978&amp;issue-id=3D180561&am=
p;journal-id=3D310&amp;FROM=3DArticle%7CBody&amp;TO=3DEntrez%7CPubMed%7CR=
ecord&amp;rendering-type=3Dnormal"=20
      rid=3D"b38-neu_11-3-330">38</A></SUP><SUP>=E2=80=93</SUP><SUP><A=20
      class=3D"cite-reflink bibr popnode"=20
      href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15093907"=20
      =
ref=3D"reftype=3Dpubmed&amp;article-id=3D2718978&amp;issue-id=3D180561&am=
p;journal-id=3D310&amp;FROM=3DArticle%7CBody&amp;TO=3DEntrez%7CPubMed%7CR=
ecord&amp;rendering-type=3Dnormal"=20
      rid=3D"b40-neu_11-3-330">40</A></SUP> However, while the MMSE is =
feasible=20
      and convenient to use in brain tumor patients, it has not =
consistently=20
      been shown to detect cognitive decline in brain tumor =
patients.<SUP><A=20
      class=3D"cite-reflink bibr popnode"=20
      href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16163448"=20
      =
ref=3D"reftype=3Dpubmed&amp;article-id=3D2718978&amp;issue-id=3D180561&am=
p;journal-id=3D310&amp;FROM=3DArticle%7CBody&amp;TO=3DEntrez%7CPubMed%7CR=
ecord&amp;rendering-type=3Dnormal"=20
      rid=3D"b6-neu_11-3-330">6</A></SUP> Moreover, the test has been =
validated=20
      for dementia screening but does not have a high degree of =
sensitivity for=20
      other cognitive domains.<SUP><A class=3D"cite-reflink bibr =
popnode"=20
      href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12913103"=20
      =
ref=3D"reftype=3Dpubmed&amp;article-id=3D2718978&amp;issue-id=3D180561&am=
p;journal-id=3D310&amp;FROM=3DArticle%7CBody&amp;TO=3DEntrez%7CPubMed%7CR=
ecord&amp;rendering-type=3Dnormal"=20
      rid=3D"b41-neu_11-3-330">41</A></SUP> New neuropsychologic tests =
need to be=20
      validated in this population, because many of the standard tests =
lack=20
      sensitivity, especially at the lower end of the impaired =
range.<SUP><A=20
      class=3D"cite-reflink bibr popnode"=20
      href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8283263"=20
      =
ref=3D"reftype=3Dpubmed&amp;article-id=3D2718978&amp;issue-id=3D180561&am=
p;journal-id=3D310&amp;FROM=3DArticle%7CBody&amp;TO=3DEntrez%7CPubMed%7CR=
ecord&amp;rendering-type=3Dnormal"=20
      rid=3D"b42-neu_11-3-330">42</A></SUP> In fact, attempts are being =
made in=20
      large cooperative trials to standardize the measurement of =
cognitive=20
      status. Numerous brain studies being conducted by cooperatives =
such as the=20
      Radiation Therapy Oncology Group are using well-known tests of=20
      neurocognitive function, such as the Hopkins Verbal Learning Test, =
the=20
      Trail Making Test, and the Controlled Word Association Test.</DIV>
      <DIV class=3D"p p-last" id=3D__pid3135730>In summary, brain tumor =
patients=20
      deal with a significant symptom burden. The main areas of concern =
are in=20
      fatigue, sleep, pain, seizures, mood, and cognitive function. =
Malignant=20
      glioma patients are particularly affected by fatigue, whereas =
low-grade=20
      glioma patients have a large symptom burden from seizures. Further =

      research is necessary not only to better define this symptom =
burden, but=20
      also to examine individual symptoms within specific=20
      populations.</DIV></DIV></DIV>
      <DIV class=3Dsec id=3D__secid3135737>
      <DIV class=3D"head1 section-title" id=3D__secid3135737titletitle=20
      style=3D"TEXT-ALIGN: left">
      <DIV class=3Dother-sections>
      <UL class=3D"noext-menu noext-menu-hidden">
        <LI><A class=3Dfirst-link=20
        =
href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2718978/?tool=3Dpubme=
d#">&nbsp;Other=20
        Sections=E2=96=BC</A>
        <UL class=3D"submenu head1">
          <LI class=3Dsubmenu-item><A class=3D"" style=3D"TEXT-ALIGN: =
left"=20
          =
href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2718978/?tool=3Dpubme=
d#__abstractid3103224">Abstract</A>
          <LI class=3Dsubmenu-item><A class=3D"" style=3D"TEXT-ALIGN: =
left"=20
          =
href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2718978/?tool=3Dpubme=
d#__secid3111291">QOL=20
          in Brain Tumor Patients: Current Knowledge</A>
          <LI class=3Dsubmenu-item><A class=3D"" style=3D"TEXT-ALIGN: =
left"=20
          =
href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2718978/?tool=3Dpubme=
d#__secid3135164">Specific=20
          Symptoms</A>
          <LI class=3D"submenu-item current-item"><A class=3D""=20
          style=3D"TEXT-ALIGN: left" onclick=3Dreturn(false)=20
          =
href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2718978/?tool=3Dpubme=
d#">Long-<IMG=20
          style=3D"BORDER-TOP-STYLE: none; BORDER-RIGHT-STYLE: none; =
BORDER-LEFT-STYLE: none; BORDER-BOTTOM-STYLE: none"=20
          =
src=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/corehtml/pmc/pmcents/dot.gif">Term=20
          Symptoms: Survivorship</A>
          <LI class=3Dsubmenu-item><A class=3D"" style=3D"TEXT-ALIGN: =
left"=20
          =
href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2718978/?tool=3Dpubme=
d#__secid3135905">A=20
          Common Etiology to Symptoms: Symptom Clusters</A>
          <LI class=3Dsubmenu-item><A class=3D"" style=3D"TEXT-ALIGN: =
left"=20
          =
href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2718978/?tool=3Dpubme=
d#__secid3136089">Symptom=20
          Management</A>
          <LI class=3Dsubmenu-item><A class=3D"" style=3D"TEXT-ALIGN: =
left"=20
          =
href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2718978/?tool=3Dpubme=
d#__secid3136198">A=20
          Model for Future QOL Research</A>
          <LI class=3Dsubmenu-item><A class=3D"" style=3D"TEXT-ALIGN: =
left"=20
          =
href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2718978/?tool=3Dpubme=
d#__secid3136782">QOL=20
          Measurement</A>
          <LI class=3Dsubmenu-item><A class=3D"" style=3D"TEXT-ALIGN: =
left"=20
          =
href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2718978/?tool=3Dpubme=
d#__secid3136970">Other=20
          QOL Research Challenges</A>
          <LI class=3Dsubmenu-item><A class=3D"" style=3D"TEXT-ALIGN: =
left"=20
          =
href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2718978/?tool=3Dpubme=
d#__secid3137142">Future=20
          Directions</A>
          <LI class=3Dsubmenu-item><A class=3D"" style=3D"TEXT-ALIGN: =
left"=20
          =
href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2718978/?tool=3Dpubme=
d#__secid3137191">Conclusions</A>
          <LI class=3Dsubmenu-item><A class=3D"" style=3D"TEXT-ALIGN: =
left"=20
          =
href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2718978/?tool=3Dpubme=
d#__ref-listid3137226">References</A></LI></UL></LI></UL></DIV>
      <DIV>Long-Term Symptoms: Survivorship</DIV></DIV>
      <DIV class=3Dsection-content id=3D__secid3135737content>
      <DIV class=3D"p p-first" id=3D__pid3135741>The current literature =
on=20
      survivorship in brain tumor patients consists of small, mostly=20
      retrospective, noncontrolled studies. Moreover, they follow =
patients over=20
      varying amounts of time.<SUP><A class=3D"cite-reflink bibr =
popnode"=20
      href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2178330"=20
      =
ref=3D"reftype=3Dpubmed&amp;article-id=3D2718978&amp;issue-id=3D180561&am=
p;journal-id=3D310&amp;FROM=3DArticle%7CBody&amp;TO=3DEntrez%7CPubMed%7CR=
ecord&amp;rendering-type=3Dnormal"=20
      rid=3D"b43-neu_11-3-330">43</A></SUP> Patients in survivorship =
studies are=20
      also highly selected, as they tend to be young, have high =
pretreatment=20
      performance status, and often have had a gross total resection of =
their=20
      tumor. Prospective studies evaluating survivorship would be ideal, =
but=20
      these studies pose special difficulties because compliance with=20
      self-reported questionnaires declines over time, with the sickest =
patients=20
      unable to complete follow-up. For example, one study following=20
      neuropsychologic impairments in adults with brain tumors showed=20
      heterogeneous results, with only 5 of 49 patients completing the =
third=20
      follow-up assessment.<SUP><A class=3D"cite-reflink bibr popnode"=20
      href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3565314"=20
      =
ref=3D"reftype=3Dpubmed&amp;article-id=3D2718978&amp;issue-id=3D180561&am=
p;journal-id=3D310&amp;FROM=3DArticle%7CBody&amp;TO=3DEntrez%7CPubMed%7CR=
ecord&amp;rendering-type=3Dnormal"=20
      rid=3D"b44-neu_11-3-330">44</A></SUP></DIV>
      <DIV class=3Dp id=3D__pid3135770>Despite the many limitations on =
survivorship=20
      studies, there is some indication that long-term survivors may =
have=20
      acceptable long-term QOL. When compared to a heterogeneous group =
of=20
      inpatients with chronic neurologic diseases, patients with =
malignant brain=20
      tumors had comparable levels of QOL, and 73% of them were able to =
continue=20
      or resume previous work activity.<SUP><A class=3D"cite-reflink =
bibr popnode"=20
      href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10449559"=20
      =
ref=3D"reftype=3Dpubmed&amp;article-id=3D2718978&amp;issue-id=3D180561&am=
p;journal-id=3D310&amp;FROM=3DArticle%7CBody&amp;TO=3DEntrez%7CPubMed%7CR=
ecord&amp;rendering-type=3Dnormal"=20
      rid=3D"b45-neu_11-3-330">45</A></SUP> Other studies have found =
that between=20
      44% and 60% of patients were able to go back to work, although =
mostly on a=20
      part-time basis.<SUP><A class=3D"cite-reflink bibr popnode"=20
      href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12814255"=20
      =
ref=3D"reftype=3Dpubmed&amp;article-id=3D2718978&amp;issue-id=3D180561&am=
p;journal-id=3D310&amp;FROM=3DArticle%7CBody&amp;TO=3DEntrez%7CPubMed%7CR=
ecord&amp;rendering-type=3Dnormal"=20
      rid=3D"b46-neu_11-3-330">46</A></SUP> In a study of interstitial=20
      implantation of brachytherapy, survivors of recurrences were =
generally=20
      able to maintain their functional status, as measured by =
KPS.<SUP><A=20
      class=3D"cite-reflink bibr popnode"=20
      href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2557303"=20
      =
ref=3D"reftype=3Dpubmed&amp;article-id=3D2718978&amp;issue-id=3D180561&am=
p;journal-id=3D310&amp;FROM=3DArticle%7CBody&amp;TO=3DEntrez%7CPubMed%7CR=
ecord&amp;rendering-type=3Dnormal"=20
      rid=3D"b47-neu_11-3-330">47</A></SUP></DIV>
      <DIV class=3Dp id=3D__pid3135810>The most serious challenge =
survivors of brain=20
      tumors face may be cognitive dysfunction, and this is especially =
true for=20
      patients with malignant glioma.<SUP><A class=3D"cite-reflink bibr =
popnode"=20
      href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8283263"=20
      =
ref=3D"reftype=3Dpubmed&amp;article-id=3D2718978&amp;issue-id=3D180561&am=
p;journal-id=3D310&amp;FROM=3DArticle%7CBody&amp;TO=3DEntrez%7CPubMed%7CR=
ecord&amp;rendering-type=3Dnormal"=20
      rid=3D"b42-neu_11-3-330">42</A></SUP><SUP>,</SUP><SUP><A=20
      class=3D"cite-reflink bibr popnode"=20
      href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2178330"=20
      =
ref=3D"reftype=3Dpubmed&amp;article-id=3D2718978&amp;issue-id=3D180561&am=
p;journal-id=3D310&amp;FROM=3DArticle%7CBody&amp;TO=3DEntrez%7CPubMed%7CR=
ecord&amp;rendering-type=3Dnormal"=20
      rid=3D"b43-neu_11-3-330">43</A></SUP><SUP>,</SUP><SUP><A=20
      class=3D"cite-reflink bibr popnode"=20
      href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10443883"=20
      =
ref=3D"reftype=3Dpubmed&amp;article-id=3D2718978&amp;issue-id=3D180561&am=
p;journal-id=3D310&amp;FROM=3DArticle%7CBody&amp;TO=3DEntrez%7CPubMed%7CR=
ecord&amp;rendering-type=3Dnormal"=20
      rid=3D"b48-neu_11-3-330">48</A></SUP><SUP>=E2=80=93</SUP><SUP><A=20
      class=3D"cite-reflink bibr popnode"=20
      href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16434662"=20
      =
ref=3D"reftype=3Dpubmed&amp;article-id=3D2718978&amp;issue-id=3D180561&am=
p;journal-id=3D310&amp;FROM=3DArticle%7CBody&amp;TO=3DEntrez%7CPubMed%7CR=
ecord&amp;rendering-type=3Dnormal"=20
      rid=3D"b50-neu_11-3-330">50</A></SUP> Cognitive decline was found =
in 50% of=20
      glioblastoma patients surviving up to 6 years.<SUP><A=20
      class=3D"cite-reflink bibr popnode"=20
      href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10443883"=20
      =
ref=3D"reftype=3Dpubmed&amp;article-id=3D2718978&amp;issue-id=3D180561&am=
p;journal-id=3D310&amp;FROM=3DArticle%7CBody&amp;TO=3DEntrez%7CPubMed%7CR=
ecord&amp;rendering-type=3Dnormal"=20
      rid=3D"b48-neu_11-3-330">48</A></SUP> Cognitive deficits have been =
noted on=20
      formal testing of supposedly symptom-free survivors of malignant =
brain=20
      tumors, suggesting that cognitive deficits may be present even in =
those=20
      patients without overt evidence of impairment.<SUP><A=20
      class=3D"cite-reflink bibr popnode"=20
      href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7721551"=20
      =
ref=3D"reftype=3Dpubmed&amp;article-id=3D2718978&amp;issue-id=3D180561&am=
p;journal-id=3D310&amp;FROM=3DArticle%7CBody&amp;TO=3DEntrez%7CPubMed%7CR=
ecord&amp;rendering-type=3Dnormal"=20
      rid=3D"b51-neu_11-3-330">51</A></SUP> However, malignant glioma =
survivors=20
      may still report experiencing good overall QOL despite suffering =
from=20
      cognitive impairments.<SUP><A class=3D"cite-reflink bibr popnode"=20
      href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12814255"=20
      =
ref=3D"reftype=3Dpubmed&amp;article-id=3D2718978&amp;issue-id=3D180561&am=
p;journal-id=3D310&amp;FROM=3DArticle%7CBody&amp;TO=3DEntrez%7CPubMed%7CR=
ecord&amp;rendering-type=3Dnormal"=20
      rid=3D"b46-neu_11-3-330">46</A></SUP></DIV>
      <DIV class=3D"p p-last" id=3D__pid3135888>Survivors of malignant =
gliomas also=20
      deal with significant mood disturbance. A small study examining 10 =

      patients with glioblastoma surviving for more than 5 years found =
that=20
      depression or anxiety affected a significant proportion of the =
patients (4=20
      of the 10 patients).<SUP><A class=3D"cite-reflink bibr popnode"=20
      href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16434662"=20
      =
ref=3D"reftype=3Dpubmed&amp;article-id=3D2718978&amp;issue-id=3D180561&am=
p;journal-id=3D310&amp;FROM=3DArticle%7CBody&amp;TO=3DEntrez%7CPubMed%7CR=
ecord&amp;rendering-type=3Dnormal"=20
      rid=3D"b50-neu_11-3-330">50</A></SUP> Larger prospective studies =
are needed=20
      to better describe the long-term QOL of brain tumor patients. The =
urgent=20
      need for research in this field is driven by the growing =
population of=20
      brain tumor survivors.</DIV></DIV></DIV>
      <DIV class=3Dsec id=3D__secid3135905>
      <DIV class=3D"head1 section-title" id=3D__secid3135905titletitle=20
      style=3D"TEXT-ALIGN: left">
      <DIV class=3Dother-sections>
      <UL class=3D"noext-menu noext-menu-hidden">
        <LI><A class=3Dfirst-link=20
        =
href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2718978/?tool=3Dpubme=
d#">&nbsp;Other=20
        Sections=E2=96=BC</A>
        <UL class=3D"submenu head1">
          <LI class=3Dsubmenu-item><A class=3D"" style=3D"TEXT-ALIGN: =
left"=20
          =
href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2718978/?tool=3Dpubme=
d#__abstractid3103224">Abstract</A>
          <LI class=3Dsubmenu-item><A class=3D"" style=3D"TEXT-ALIGN: =
left"=20
          =
href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2718978/?tool=3Dpubme=
d#__secid3111291">QOL=20
          in Brain Tumor Patients: Current Knowledge</A>
          <LI class=3Dsubmenu-item><A class=3D"" style=3D"TEXT-ALIGN: =
left"=20
          =
href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2718978/?tool=3Dpubme=
d#__secid3135164">Specific=20
          Symptoms</A>
          <LI class=3Dsubmenu-item><A class=3D"" style=3D"TEXT-ALIGN: =
left"=20
          =
href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2718978/?tool=3Dpubme=
d#__secid3135737">Long-<IMG=20
          style=3D"BORDER-TOP-STYLE: none; BORDER-RIGHT-STYLE: none; =
BORDER-LEFT-STYLE: none; BORDER-BOTTOM-STYLE: none"=20
          =
src=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/corehtml/pmc/pmcents/dot.gif">Term=20
          Symptoms: Survivorship</A>
          <LI class=3D"submenu-item current-item"><A class=3D""=20
          style=3D"TEXT-ALIGN: left" onclick=3Dreturn(false)=20
          =
href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2718978/?tool=3Dpubme=
d#">A=20
          Common Etiology to Symptoms: Symptom Clusters</A>
          <LI class=3Dsubmenu-item><A class=3D"" style=3D"TEXT-ALIGN: =
left"=20
          =
href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2718978/?tool=3Dpubme=
d#__secid3136089">Symptom=20
          Management</A>
          <LI class=3Dsubmenu-item><A class=3D"" style=3D"TEXT-ALIGN: =
left"=20
          =
href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2718978/?tool=3Dpubme=
d#__secid3136198">A=20
          Model for Future QOL Research</A>
          <LI class=3Dsubmenu-item><A class=3D"" style=3D"TEXT-ALIGN: =
left"=20
          =
href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2718978/?tool=3Dpubme=
d#__secid3136782">QOL=20
          Measurement</A>
          <LI class=3Dsubmenu-item><A class=3D"" style=3D"TEXT-ALIGN: =
left"=20
          =
href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2718978/?tool=3Dpubme=
d#__secid3136970">Other=20
          QOL Research Challenges</A>
          <LI class=3Dsubmenu-item><A class=3D"" style=3D"TEXT-ALIGN: =
left"=20
          =
href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2718978/?tool=3Dpubme=
d#__secid3137142">Future=20
          Directions</A>
          <LI class=3Dsubmenu-item><A class=3D"" style=3D"TEXT-ALIGN: =
left"=20
          =
href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2718978/?tool=3Dpubme=
d#__secid3137191">Conclusions</A>
          <LI class=3Dsubmenu-item><A class=3D"" style=3D"TEXT-ALIGN: =
left"=20
          =
href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2718978/?tool=3Dpubme=
d#__ref-listid3137226">References</A></LI></UL></LI></UL></DIV>
      <DIV>A Common Etiology to Symptoms: Symptom Clusters</DIV></DIV>
      <DIV class=3Dsection-content id=3D__secid3135905content>
      <DIV class=3D"p p-first" id=3D__pid3135909>Although symptoms have =
been studied=20
      separately, they are often interrelated and may in some cases have =
a=20
      common etiology. The interrelationship between symptoms has been =
studied=20
      in the symptom cluster literature.<SUP><A=20
      class=3D"cite-reflink bibr popnode"=20
      href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17500504"=20
      =
ref=3D"reftype=3Dpubmed&amp;article-id=3D2718978&amp;issue-id=3D180561&am=
p;journal-id=3D310&amp;FROM=3DArticle%7CBody&amp;TO=3DEntrez%7CPubMed%7CR=
ecord&amp;rendering-type=3Dnormal"=20
      rid=3D"b52-neu_11-3-330">52</A></SUP><SUP>,</SUP><SUP><A=20
      class=3D"cite-reflink bibr popnode"=20
      =
href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2718978/?tool=3Dpubme=
d#b53-neu_11-3-330"=20
      rid=3D"b53-neu_11-3-330">53</A></SUP> In general cancer patients, =
anxiety,=20
      depression, pain, fatigue, and sleep disturbance have been =
consistently=20
      studied as potential components of symptom clusters, and studies =
have=20
      found relationships among these symptoms in various =
configurations.<SUP><A=20
      class=3D"cite-reflink bibr popnode"=20
      =
href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2718978/?tool=3Dpubme=
d#b53-neu_11-3-330"=20
      rid=3D"b53-neu_11-3-330">53</A></SUP> Research specifically =
concerning=20
      symptom clusters in primary brain tumor patients has been =
extremely=20
      limited. In a high-grade glioma study, depression, fatigue, sleep=20
      disturbance, and cognitive impairment formed a symptom cluster =
that=20
      explained 29% of the variance in QOL, and depression, fatigue, =
sleep=20
      disturbance, cognitive impairment, and pain formed a symptom =
cluster that=20
      explained 62% of the variance in functional status.<SUP><A=20
      class=3D"cite-reflink bibr popnode"=20
      =
href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2718978/?tool=3Dpubme=
d#b54-neu_11-3-330"=20
      rid=3D"b54-neu_11-3-330">54</A></SUP></DIV>
      <DIV class=3Dp id=3D__pid3135960>Cognitive function has been =
correlated to=20
      increased fatigue and depression in newly diagnosed malignant =
glioma=20
      patients.<SUP><A class=3D"cite-reflink bibr popnode"=20
      href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16163448"=20
      =
ref=3D"reftype=3Dpubmed&amp;article-id=3D2718978&amp;issue-id=3D180561&am=
p;journal-id=3D310&amp;FROM=3DArticle%7CBody&amp;TO=3DEntrez%7CPubMed%7CR=
ecord&amp;rendering-type=3Dnormal"=20
      rid=3D"b6-neu_11-3-330">6</A></SUP> Performance status was also =
strongly=20
      correlated with cognitive function, as measured by the MMSE, in =
one study=20
      evaluating two large, prospective, randomized trials of newly =
diagnosed=20
      malignant glioma patients.<SUP><A class=3D"cite-reflink bibr =
popnode"=20
      href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9626221"=20
      =
ref=3D"reftype=3Dpubmed&amp;article-id=3D2718978&amp;issue-id=3D180561&am=
p;journal-id=3D310&amp;FROM=3DArticle%7CBody&amp;TO=3DEntrez%7CPubMed%7CR=
ecord&amp;rendering-type=3Dnormal"=20
      rid=3D"b55-neu_11-3-330">55</A></SUP> Fatigue, in turn, may be =
related to=20
      other aspects of QOL and was found to have negative effects on all =

      components of QOL in glioblastoma patients, with the exception of=20
      nutritional well-being.<SUP><A class=3D"cite-reflink bibr popnode" =

      href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10382191"=20
      =
ref=3D"reftype=3Dpubmed&amp;article-id=3D2718978&amp;issue-id=3D180561&am=
p;journal-id=3D310&amp;FROM=3DArticle%7CBody&amp;TO=3DEntrez%7CPubMed%7CR=
ecord&amp;rendering-type=3Dnormal"=20
      rid=3D"b56-neu_11-3-330">56</A></SUP></DIV>
      <DIV class=3D"p p-last" id=3D__pid3135997>The etiologies of =
specific clusters=20
      of symptoms are generally unknown. Expression of proinflammatory =
cytokines=20
      such as tumor necrosis factor-=CE=B1, interleukin-1, and =
interleukin-6 has been=20
      proposed as one mechanism for common symptoms.<SUP><A=20
      class=3D"cite-reflink bibr popnode"=20
      href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17500504"=20
      =
ref=3D"reftype=3Dpubmed&amp;article-id=3D2718978&amp;issue-id=3D180561&am=
p;journal-id=3D310&amp;FROM=3DArticle%7CBody&amp;TO=3DEntrez%7CPubMed%7CR=
ecord&amp;rendering-type=3Dnormal"=20
      rid=3D"b52-neu_11-3-330">52</A></SUP><SUP>,</SUP><SUP><A=20
      class=3D"cite-reflink bibr popnode"=20
      =
href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2718978/?tool=3Dpubme=
d#b53-neu_11-3-330"=20
      rid=3D"b53-neu_11-3-330">53</A></SUP> Support for this hypothesis =
is=20
      provided by studies that show an elevation in fatigue, anxiety, =
sleep=20
      disturbance, and pain sensitivity when these cytokines are =
introduced into=20
      animal models.<SUP><A class=3D"cite-reflink bibr popnode"=20
      href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17500504"=20
      =
ref=3D"reftype=3Dpubmed&amp;article-id=3D2718978&amp;issue-id=3D180561&am=
p;journal-id=3D310&amp;FROM=3DArticle%7CBody&amp;TO=3DEntrez%7CPubMed%7CR=
ecord&amp;rendering-type=3Dnormal"=20
      rid=3D"b52-neu_11-3-330">52</A></SUP><SUP>,</SUP><SUP><A=20
      class=3D"cite-reflink bibr popnode"=20
      =
href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2718978/?tool=3Dpubme=
d#b53-neu_11-3-330"=20
      rid=3D"b53-neu_11-3-330">53</A></SUP> Increased levels of these =
cytokines=20
      are also seen in depressed patients and cancer patients with=20
      fatigue.<SUP><A class=3D"cite-reflink bibr popnode"=20
      href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17500504"=20
      =
ref=3D"reftype=3Dpubmed&amp;article-id=3D2718978&amp;issue-id=3D180561&am=
p;journal-id=3D310&amp;FROM=3DArticle%7CBody&amp;TO=3DEntrez%7CPubMed%7CR=
ecord&amp;rendering-type=3Dnormal"=20
      rid=3D"b52-neu_11-3-330">52</A></SUP><SUP>,</SUP><SUP><A=20
      class=3D"cite-reflink bibr popnode"=20
      =
href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2718978/?tool=3Dpubme=
d#b53-neu_11-3-330"=20
      rid=3D"b53-neu_11-3-330">53</A></SUP> Although there is some =
evidence that=20
      cytokines contribute to symptom clusters, it is very possible that =
other=20
      explanations exist, or that clustered symptoms do not share a =
common=20
      etiology.<SUP><A class=3D"cite-reflink bibr popnode"=20
      =
href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2718978/?tool=3Dpubme=
d#b53-neu_11-3-330"=20
      rid=3D"b53-neu_11-3-330">53</A></SUP> Other biologic mechanisms =
for symptom=20
      clusters are being studied as well. For example, the symptom =
cluster of=20
      fatigue, appetite loss, and sleep disruption may result from =
interference=20
      by epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) ligands with the =
hypothalamic=20
      modulation of circadian rhythms, as EGFR ligands and members of =
the EGFR=20
      family are overexpressed in tumor cells.<SUP><A=20
      class=3D"cite-reflink bibr popnode"=20
      href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17500504"=20
      =
ref=3D"reftype=3Dpubmed&amp;article-id=3D2718978&amp;issue-id=3D180561&am=
p;journal-id=3D310&amp;FROM=3DArticle%7CBody&amp;TO=3DEntrez%7CPubMed%7CR=
ecord&amp;rendering-type=3Dnormal"=20
      rid=3D"b52-neu_11-3-330">52</A></SUP> More research needs to be =
done on=20
      biologic mechanisms of symptoms to better understand the =
connection=20
      between symptoms and tumor factors and to develop better targeted=20
      interventions.</DIV></DIV></DIV>
      <DIV class=3Dsec id=3D__secid3136089>
      <DIV class=3D"head1 section-title" id=3D__secid3136089titletitle=20
      style=3D"TEXT-ALIGN: left">
      <DIV class=3Dother-sections>
      <UL class=3D"noext-menu noext-menu-hidden">
        <LI><A class=3Dfirst-link=20
        =
href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2718978/?tool=3Dpubme=
d#">&nbsp;Other=20
        Sections=E2=96=BC</A>
        <UL class=3D"submenu head1">
          <LI class=3Dsubmenu-item><A class=3D"" style=3D"TEXT-ALIGN: =
left"=20
          =
href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2718978/?tool=3Dpubme=
d#__abstractid3103224">Abstract</A>
          <LI class=3Dsubmenu-item><A class=3D"" style=3D"TEXT-ALIGN: =
left"=20
          =
href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2718978/?tool=3Dpubme=
d#__secid3111291">QOL=20
          in Brain Tumor Patients: Current Knowledge</A>
          <LI class=3Dsubmenu-item><A class=3D"" style=3D"TEXT-ALIGN: =
left"=20
          =
href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2718978/?tool=3Dpubme=
d#__secid3135164">Specific=20
          Symptoms</A>
          <LI class=3Dsubmenu-item><A class=3D"" style=3D"TEXT-ALIGN: =
left"=20
          =
href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2718978/?tool=3Dpubme=
d#__secid3135737">Long-<IMG=20
          style=3D"BORDER-TOP-STYLE: none; BORDER-RIGHT-STYLE: none; =
BORDER-LEFT-STYLE: none; BORDER-BOTTOM-STYLE: none"=20
          =
src=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/corehtml/pmc/pmcents/dot.gif">Term=20
          Symptoms: Survivorship</A>
          <LI class=3Dsubmenu-item><A class=3D"" style=3D"TEXT-ALIGN: =
left"=20
          =
href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2718978/?tool=3Dpubme=
d#__secid3135905">A=20
          Common Etiology to Symptoms: Symptom Clusters</A>
          <LI class=3D"submenu-item current-item"><A class=3D""=20
          style=3D"TEXT-ALIGN: left" onclick=3Dreturn(false)=20
          =
href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2718978/?tool=3Dpubme=
d#">Symptom=20
          Management</A>
          <LI class=3Dsubmenu-item><A class=3D"" style=3D"TEXT-ALIGN: =
left"=20
          =
href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2718978/?tool=3Dpubme=
d#__secid3136198">A=20
          Model for Future QOL Research</A>
          <LI class=3Dsubmenu-item><A class=3D"" style=3D"TEXT-ALIGN: =
left"=20
          =
href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2718978/?tool=3Dpubme=
d#__secid3136782">QOL=20
          Measurement</A>
          <LI class=3Dsubmenu-item><A class=3D"" style=3D"TEXT-ALIGN: =
left"=20
          =
href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2718978/?tool=3Dpubme=
d#__secid3136970">Other=20
          QOL Research Challenges</A>
          <LI class=3Dsubmenu-item><A class=3D"" style=3D"TEXT-ALIGN: =
left"=20
          =
href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2718978/?tool=3Dpubme=
d#__secid3137142">Future=20
          Directions</A>
          <LI class=3Dsubmenu-item><A class=3D"" style=3D"TEXT-ALIGN: =
left"=20
          =
href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2718978/?tool=3Dpubme=
d#__secid3137191">Conclusions</A>
          <LI class=3Dsubmenu-item><A class=3D"" style=3D"TEXT-ALIGN: =
left"=20
          =
href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2718978/?tool=3Dpubme=
d#__ref-listid3137226">References</A></LI></UL></LI></UL></DIV>
      <DIV>Symptom Management</DIV></DIV>
      <DIV class=3Dsection-content id=3D__secid3136089content>
      <DIV class=3D"p p-first" id=3D__pid3136093>Despite the significant =
burden of=20
      symptoms that brain tumor patients face, few QOL interventions =
have been=20
      tested in brain tumor patients. Of all symptoms, interventions for =
fatigue=20
      and cognitive dysfunction have been the most widely studied. A =
phase II=20
      study of donepezil in 24 irradiated brain tumor patients showed=20
      statistically significant improvements in cognitive functioning, =
mood, and=20
      health-related QOL.<SUP><A class=3D"cite-reflink bibr popnode"=20
      href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16549835"=20
      =
ref=3D"reftype=3Dpubmed&amp;article-id=3D2718978&amp;issue-id=3D180561&am=
p;journal-id=3D310&amp;FROM=3DArticle%7CBody&amp;TO=3DEntrez%7CPubMed%7CR=
ecord&amp;rendering-type=3Dnormal"=20
      rid=3D"b57-neu_11-3-330">57</A></SUP> Methylphenidate has also =
been used to=20
      improve cognitive dysfunction and fatigue. In a pilot study,=20
      methylphenidate improved cognitive function and fatigue in =
patients with=20
      brain tumors.<SUP><A class=3D"cite-reflink bibr popnode"=20
      href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9667273"=20
      =
ref=3D"reftype=3Dpubmed&amp;article-id=3D2718978&amp;issue-id=3D180561&am=
p;journal-id=3D310&amp;FROM=3DArticle%7CBody&amp;TO=3DEntrez%7CPubMed%7CR=
ecord&amp;rendering-type=3Dnormal"=20
      rid=3D"b58-neu_11-3-330">58</A></SUP> A randomized trial of =
methylphenidate=20
      in a heterogeneous population of brain tumor patients receiving =
radiation=20
      therapy was closed early due to lack of accrual, high dropout =
rates, an=20
      interim analysis showing no effect, and withdrawal of drug company =

      support.<SUP><A class=3D"cite-reflink bibr popnode"=20
      href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17869448"=20
      =
ref=3D"reftype=3Dpubmed&amp;article-id=3D2718978&amp;issue-id=3D180561&am=
p;journal-id=3D310&amp;FROM=3DArticle%7CBody&amp;TO=3DEntrez%7CPubMed%7CR=
ecord&amp;rendering-type=3Dnormal"=20
      rid=3D"b59-neu_11-3-330">59</A></SUP> Modafinil is another =
wake-promoting=20
      agent used for fatigue, although no large-scale studies have been=20
      performed in brain tumor patients. A pilot study of modafinil in =
brain=20
      tumor patients showed some improvement in cognitive, mood, and =
fatigue=20
      outcome measures, although the study randomized patients to two =
different=20
      doses of modafinil rather than to placebo.<SUP><A=20
      class=3D"cite-reflink bibr popnode"=20
      =
href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2718978/?tool=3Dpubme=
d#b60-neu_11-3-330"=20
      rid=3D"b60-neu_11-3-330">60</A></SUP></DIV>
      <DIV class=3D"p p-last" id=3D__pid3136148>Nonpharmacologic =
interventions such=20
      as exercise are thought to potentially improve QOL outcomes, as =
well, and=20
      will likely be tested in brain tumor patients in the near =
future.<SUP><A=20
      class=3D"cite-reflink bibr popnode"=20
      href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16929468"=20
      =
ref=3D"reftype=3Dpubmed&amp;article-id=3D2718978&amp;issue-id=3D180561&am=
p;journal-id=3D310&amp;FROM=3DArticle%7CBody&amp;TO=3DEntrez%7CPubMed%7CR=
ecord&amp;rendering-type=3Dnormal"=20
      rid=3D"b61-neu_11-3-330">61</A></SUP> Complementary alternative =
medicine=20
      (CAM) is also commonly used, although studies to date have failed =
to show=20
      a clear correlation between use of CAM and improved QOL.<SUP><A=20
      class=3D"cite-reflink bibr popnode"=20
      href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16924996"=20
      =
ref=3D"reftype=3Dpubmed&amp;article-id=3D2718978&amp;issue-id=3D180561&am=
p;journal-id=3D310&amp;FROM=3DArticle%7CBody&amp;TO=3DEntrez%7CPubMed%7CR=
ecord&amp;rendering-type=3Dnormal"=20
      rid=3D"b62-neu_11-3-330">62</A></SUP><SUP>,</SUP><SUP><A=20
      class=3D"cite-reflink bibr popnode"=20
      href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16877182"=20
      =
ref=3D"reftype=3Dpubmed&amp;article-id=3D2718978&amp;issue-id=3D180561&am=
p;journal-id=3D310&amp;FROM=3DArticle%7CBody&amp;TO=3DEntrez%7CPubMed%7CR=
ecord&amp;rendering-type=3Dnormal"=20
      rid=3D"b63-neu_11-3-330">63</A></SUP> In addition, cognitive =
training=20
      modules have been developed and tested in non-cancer =
patients<SUP><A=20
      class=3D"cite-reflink bibr popnode"=20
      href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17179457"=20
      =
ref=3D"reftype=3Dpubmed&amp;article-id=3D2718978&amp;issue-id=3D180561&am=
p;journal-id=3D310&amp;FROM=3DArticle%7CBody&amp;TO=3DEntrez%7CPubMed%7CR=
ecord&amp;rendering-type=3Dnormal"=20
      rid=3D"b64-neu_11-3-330">64</A></SUP> and will likely be tested in =
brain=20
      tumor patients in the future.</DIV></DIV></DIV>
      <DIV class=3Dsec id=3D__secid3136198>
      <DIV class=3D"head1 section-title" id=3D__secid3136198titletitle=20
      style=3D"TEXT-ALIGN: left">
      <DIV class=3Dother-sections>
      <UL class=3D"noext-menu noext-menu-hidden">
        <LI><A class=3Dfirst-link=20
        =
href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2718978/?tool=3Dpubme=
d#">&nbsp;Other=20
        Sections=E2=96=BC</A>
        <UL class=3D"submenu head1">
          <LI class=3Dsubmenu-item><A class=3D"" style=3D"TEXT-ALIGN: =
left"=20
          =
href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2718978/?tool=3Dpubme=
d#__abstractid3103224">Abstract</A>
          <LI class=3Dsubmenu-item><A class=3D"" style=3D"TEXT-ALIGN: =
left"=20
          =
href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2718978/?tool=3Dpubme=
d#__secid3111291">QOL=20
          in Brain Tumor Patients: Current Knowledge</A>
          <LI class=3Dsubmenu-item><A class=3D"" style=3D"TEXT-ALIGN: =
left"=20
          =
href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2718978/?tool=3Dpubme=
d#__secid3135164">Specific=20
          Symptoms</A>
          <LI class=3Dsubmenu-item><A class=3D"" style=3D"TEXT-ALIGN: =
left"=20
          =
href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2718978/?tool=3Dpubme=
d#__secid3135737">Long-<IMG=20
          style=3D"BORDER-TOP-STYLE: none; BORDER-RIGHT-STYLE: none; =
BORDER-LEFT-STYLE: none; BORDER-BOTTOM-STYLE: none"=20
          =
src=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/corehtml/pmc/pmcents/dot.gif">Term=20
          Symptoms: Survivorship</A>
          <LI class=3Dsubmenu-item><A class=3D"" style=3D"TEXT-ALIGN: =
left"=20
          =
href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2718978/?tool=3Dpubme=
d#__secid3135905">A=20
          Common Etiology to Symptoms: Symptom Clusters</A>
          <LI class=3Dsubmenu-item><A class=3D"" style=3D"TEXT-ALIGN: =
left"=20
          =
href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2718978/?tool=3Dpubme=
d#__secid3136089">Symptom=20
          Management</A>
          <LI class=3D"submenu-item current-item"><A class=3D""=20
          style=3D"TEXT-ALIGN: left" onclick=3Dreturn(false)=20
          =
href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2718978/?tool=3Dpubme=
d#">A=20
          Model for Future QOL Research</A>
          <LI class=3Dsubmenu-item><A class=3D"" style=3D"TEXT-ALIGN: =
left"=20
          =
href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2718978/?tool=3Dpubme=
d#__secid3136782">QOL=20
          Measurement</A>
          <LI class=3Dsubmenu-item><A class=3D"" style=3D"TEXT-ALIGN: =
left"=20
          =
href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2718978/?tool=3Dpubme=
d#__secid3136970">Other=20
          QOL Research Challenges</A>
          <LI class=3Dsubmenu-item><A class=3D"" style=3D"TEXT-ALIGN: =
left"=20
          =
href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2718978/?tool=3Dpubme=
d#__secid3137142">Future=20
          Directions</A>
          <LI class=3Dsubmenu-item><A class=3D"" style=3D"TEXT-ALIGN: =
left"=20
          =
href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2718978/?tool=3Dpubme=
d#__secid3137191">Conclusions</A>
          <LI class=3Dsubmenu-item><A class=3D"" style=3D"TEXT-ALIGN: =
left"=20
          =
href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2718978/?tool=3Dpubme=
d#__ref-listid3137226">References</A></LI></UL></LI></UL></DIV>
      <DIV>A Model for Future QOL Research</DIV></DIV>
      <DIV class=3Dsection-content id=3D__secid3136198content>
      <DIV class=3D"p p-first" id=3D__pid3136202>Because of the =
difficulty of=20
      studying symptoms that may have many potential contributing =
etiologies,=20
      better research models are needed to understand what contributes =
to=20
      decreased QOL and symptom burden in order to develop targeted=20
      interventions to improve patients=E2=80=99 QOL. <A=20
      class=3D"fig-table-link fig figpopup" style=3D"TEXT-DECORATION: =
none"=20
      onclick=3D"return startTarget(this, 'figure', 1024, 800)"=20
      =
href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2718978/figure/f1-neu=
_11-3-330/"=20
      rid-figpopup=3D"f1-neu_11-3-330"><SPAN=20
      style=3D"TEXT-DECORATION: underline">Figure 1</SPAN></A> describes =
one way=20
      of examining the individual contributions to a patient=E2=80=99s =
overall QOL.=20
      Patient factors that can contribute to QOL include demographic=20
      characteristics and comorbidities that may affect a =
patient=E2=80=99s perception=20
      and symptom experience. Tumor factors include tumor laterality, =
size, and=20
      location, which may, in brain tumor patients, affect the specific=20
      neurologic symptoms they experience. Finally, treatment factors =
include=20
      surgery, radiation, chemotherapies, and concomitant medications =
that can=20
      cause or relieve symptoms that affect QOL.</DIV>
      <DIV class=3D"canvas-figure-ref-outer screen-view">
      <DIV class=3Dcanvas-figure-ref-inner>
      <TABLE class=3Dthumb-caption style=3D"CLEAR: both; WIDTH: 100%" =
cellSpacing=3D0=20
      cellPadding=3D0 border=3D0>
        <TBODY>
        <TR vAlign=3Dtop align=3Dleft>
          <TD class=3Dthumb-cell>
            <DIV class=3Dthumb-ph id=3Df1-neu_11-3-330><A=20
            class=3D"icon-reflink figpopup"=20
            onclick=3D"return startTarget(this, 'figure', 1024, 800)"=20
            =
href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2718978/figure/f1-neu=
_11-3-330/">
            <DIV class=3Dsmall-thumb-canvas>
            <DIV class=3Dsmall-thumb-canvas-1><IMG=20
            class=3D"icon-reflink small-thumb" title=3D"Fig. 1" =
alt=3D"Fig. 1"=20
            =
src=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2718978/bin/neu_11-3-3=
30f1.gif"=20
            =
src-large=3D"/pmc/articles/PMC2718978/bin/neu_11-3-330f1.jpg"></DIV></DIV=
></A></DIV></TD>
          <TD class=3Dcaption-cell>
            <DIV class=3Dcaption-ph><A class=3Dside-caption=20
            onclick=3D"return startTarget(this, 'figure', 1024, 800)"=20
            =
href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2718978/figure/f1-neu=
_11-3-330/"><STRONG>Fig.=20
            1</STRONG></A>
            <DIV class=3Dfigure-table-caption-in-article><SPAN>Model to =
evaluate=20
            effects of different factors on brain tumor =
patients=E2=80=99 overall=20
            quality of life (QOL).</SPAN></DIV>
            <DIV=20
      =
class=3Dfigure-table-caption-in-article></DIV></DIV></TD></TR></TBODY></T=
ABLE>
      <DIV class=3Dfigure-table-caption-in-article></DIV></DIV></DIV>
      <DIV class=3D"canvas-figure-ref-outer print-view">
      <DIV class=3Dcanvas-figure-ref-inner>
      <DIV class=3D"thumb-ph inline-block"><A class=3D"icon-reflink =
figpopup"=20
      onclick=3D"return startTarget(this, 'figure', 1024, 800)"=20
      =
href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2718978/figure/f1-neu=
_11-3-330/">
      <DIV class=3Dsmall-thumb-canvas>
      <DIV class=3Dsmall-thumb-canvas-1><IMG class=3D"icon-reflink =
small-thumb"=20
      title=3D"Fig. 1" alt=3D"Fig. 1"=20
      =
src=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2718978/bin/neu_11-3-3=
30f1.gif"=20
      =
src-large=3D"/pmc/articles/PMC2718978/bin/neu_11-3-330f1.jpg"></DIV></DIV=
></A></DIV>
      <DIV class=3Dfigure-table-caption-in-article>
      <DIV class=3Dp>
      <DIV class=3Dp><STRONG>Fig. 1</STRONG></DIV>
      <DIV class=3Dp>
      <DIV class=3Dcaption>
      <DIV class=3Dp>
      <DIV class=3Dp id=3D__pid3124650>Model to evaluate effects of =
different=20
      factors on brain tumor patients=E2=80=99 overall quality of life=20
      (QOL).</DIV></DIV></DIV></DIV></DIV></DIV>
      <DIV style=3D"CLEAR: both"></DIV></DIV></DIV>
      <DIV class=3Dsec id=3D__secid3136223>
      <DIV class=3D"head2 head-separate">Patient Factors</DIV>
      <DIV class=3D"p p-first-last" id=3D__pid3136227>Studies focusing =
on brain=20
      tumor patient comorbidities and demographics and their effects on =
QOL are=20
      largely lacking. Gender differences in brain tumor =
patients=E2=80=99 reported QOL=20
      have been the most studied patient factor, although results have =
been=20
      mixed. A correlation between lower QOL scores and being female has =
been=20
      shown in several studies,<SUP><A class=3D"cite-reflink bibr =
popnode"=20
      href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16140507"=20
      =
ref=3D"reftype=3Dpubmed&amp;article-id=3D2718978&amp;issue-id=3D180561&am=
p;journal-id=3D310&amp;FROM=3DArticle%7CBody&amp;TO=3DEntrez%7CPubMed%7CR=
ecord&amp;rendering-type=3Dnormal"=20
      rid=3D"b29-neu_11-3-330">29</A></SUP><SUP>,</SUP><SUP><A=20
      class=3D"cite-reflink bibr popnode"=20
      href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11817703"=20
      =
ref=3D"reftype=3Dpubmed&amp;article-id=3D2718978&amp;issue-id=3D180561&am=
p;journal-id=3D310&amp;FROM=3DArticle%7CBody&amp;TO=3DEntrez%7CPubMed%7CR=
ecord&amp;rendering-type=3Dnormal"=20
      rid=3D"b65-neu_11-3-330">65</A></SUP> although not in =
others.<SUP><A=20
      class=3D"cite-reflink bibr popnode"=20
      href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16163448"=20
      =
ref=3D"reftype=3Dpubmed&amp;article-id=3D2718978&amp;issue-id=3D180561&am=
p;journal-id=3D310&amp;FROM=3DArticle%7CBody&amp;TO=3DEntrez%7CPubMed%7CR=
ecord&amp;rendering-type=3Dnormal"=20
      rid=3D"b6-neu_11-3-330">6</A></SUP><SUP>,</SUP><SUP><A=20
      class=3D"cite-reflink bibr popnode"=20
      href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16710652"=20
      =
ref=3D"reftype=3Dpubmed&amp;article-id=3D2718978&amp;issue-id=3D180561&am=
p;journal-id=3D310&amp;FROM=3DArticle%7CBody&amp;TO=3DEntrez%7CPubMed%7CR=
ecord&amp;rendering-type=3Dnormal"=20
      rid=3D"b12-neu_11-3-330">12</A></SUP> Higher levels of mood =
disturbance have=20
      been found in women with brain tumors than in men,<SUP><A=20
      class=3D"cite-reflink bibr popnode"=20
      href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10492684"=20
      =
ref=3D"reftype=3Dpubmed&amp;article-id=3D2718978&amp;issue-id=3D180561&am=
p;journal-id=3D310&amp;FROM=3DArticle%7CBody&amp;TO=3DEntrez%7CPubMed%7CR=
ecord&amp;rendering-type=3Dnormal"=20
      rid=3D"b66-neu_11-3-330">66</A></SUP><SUP>,</SUP><SUP><A=20
      class=3D"cite-reflink bibr popnode"=20
      href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12933936"=20
      =
ref=3D"reftype=3Dpubmed&amp;article-id=3D2718978&amp;issue-id=3D180561&am=
p;journal-id=3D310&amp;FROM=3DArticle%7CBody&amp;TO=3DEntrez%7CPubMed%7CR=
ecord&amp;rendering-type=3Dnormal"=20
      rid=3D"b67-neu_11-3-330">67</A></SUP> but not in all =
studies.<SUP><A=20
      class=3D"cite-reflink bibr popnode"=20
      href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10759042"=20
      =
ref=3D"reftype=3Dpubmed&amp;article-id=3D2718978&amp;issue-id=3D180561&am=
p;journal-id=3D310&amp;FROM=3DArticle%7CBody&amp;TO=3DEntrez%7CPubMed%7CR=
ecord&amp;rendering-type=3Dnormal"=20
      rid=3D"b25-neu_11-3-330">25</A></SUP> The etiology of this =
proposed=20
      difference remains unexplained, but reporting bias could certainly =

      contribute.</DIV></DIV>
      <DIV class=3Dsec id=3D__secid3136307>
      <DIV class=3D"head2 head-separate">Tumor Factors</DIV>
      <DIV class=3D"p p-first" id=3D__pid3136311>Tumor location and =
laterality has=20
      been shown to be correlated to several specific symptoms in some =
studies=20
      but not in others. Because patients with tumors in the left =
hemisphere may=20
      have greater problems with communication even before treatment is=20
      initiated,<SUP><A class=3D"cite-reflink bibr popnode"=20
      href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10942005"=20
      =
ref=3D"reftype=3Dpubmed&amp;article-id=3D2718978&amp;issue-id=3D180561&am=
p;journal-id=3D310&amp;FROM=3DArticle%7CBody&amp;TO=3DEntrez%7CPubMed%7CR=
ecord&amp;rendering-type=3Dnormal"=20
      rid=3D"b35-neu_11-3-330">35</A></SUP> the reliability of =
conclusions about=20
      laterality based on self-reported symptoms and QOL is sometimes in =

      question.</DIV>
      <DIV class=3Dp id=3D__pid3136326>Mood changes may be affected by =
lesion=20
      location. For example, depression may arise from left brain =
injury,<SUP><A=20
      class=3D"cite-reflink bibr popnode"=20
      href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12933936"=20
      =
ref=3D"reftype=3Dpubmed&amp;article-id=3D2718978&amp;issue-id=3D180561&am=
p;journal-id=3D310&amp;FROM=3DArticle%7CBody&amp;TO=3DEntrez%7CPubMed%7CR=
ecord&amp;rendering-type=3Dnormal"=20
      rid=3D"b67-neu_11-3-330">67</A></SUP> and anxious states may arise =
from=20
      right brain injury.<SUP><A class=3D"cite-reflink bibr popnode"=20
      href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9126405"=20
      =
ref=3D"reftype=3Dpubmed&amp;article-id=3D2718978&amp;issue-id=3D180561&am=
p;journal-id=3D310&amp;FROM=3DArticle%7CBody&amp;TO=3DEntrez%7CPubMed%7CR=
ecord&amp;rendering-type=3Dnormal"=20
      rid=3D"b68-neu_11-3-330">68</A></SUP> Depression may also be more =
frequent=20
      in malignant glioma patients with left-hemisphere tumors.<SUP><A=20
      class=3D"cite-reflink bibr popnode"=20
      href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12605978"=20
      =
ref=3D"reftype=3Dpubmed&amp;article-id=3D2718978&amp;issue-id=3D180561&am=
p;journal-id=3D310&amp;FROM=3DArticle%7CBody&amp;TO=3DEntrez%7CPubMed%7CR=
ecord&amp;rendering-type=3Dnormal"=20
      rid=3D"b7-neu_11-3-330">7</A></SUP> Another study showed that =
patients with=20
      a right-hemisphere primary brain tumor had statistically =
significantly=20
      higher mean anxiety scores, which improved 3 months and 1 year =
after=20
      surgical resection.<SUP><A class=3D"cite-reflink bibr popnode"=20
      href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12933936"=20
      =
ref=3D"reftype=3Dpubmed&amp;article-id=3D2718978&amp;issue-id=3D180561&am=
p;journal-id=3D310&amp;FROM=3DArticle%7CBody&amp;TO=3DEntrez%7CPubMed%7CR=
ecord&amp;rendering-type=3Dnormal"=20
      rid=3D"b67-neu_11-3-330">67</A></SUP> Low-grade glioma patients =
with lesions=20
      in the ventral frontal cortex or lesions in the temporoparietal =
cortex=20
      were reported to have statistically significantly worse mood =
states after=20
      surgery than those patients with lesions in other regions of the=20
      brain.<SUP><A class=3D"cite-reflink bibr popnode"=20
      href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8304842"=20
      =
ref=3D"reftype=3Dpubmed&amp;article-id=3D2718978&amp;issue-id=3D180561&am=
p;journal-id=3D310&amp;FROM=3DArticle%7CBody&amp;TO=3DEntrez%7CPubMed%7CR=
ecord&amp;rendering-type=3Dnormal"=20
      rid=3D"b69-neu_11-3-330">69</A></SUP></DIV>
      <DIV class=3D"p p-last" id=3D__pid3136385>Cognitive function may =
also be=20
      related to tumor laterality. For example, left-hemisphere tumors =
have in=20
      general been associated with lower scores on verbal tests,<SUP><A=20
      class=3D"cite-reflink bibr popnode"=20
      href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12605978"=20
      =
ref=3D"reftype=3Dpubmed&amp;article-id=3D2718978&amp;issue-id=3D180561&am=
p;journal-id=3D310&amp;FROM=3DArticle%7CBody&amp;TO=3DEntrez%7CPubMed%7CR=
ecord&amp;rendering-type=3Dnormal"=20
      rid=3D"b7-neu_11-3-330">7</A></SUP> while right-hemisphere lesions =
have been=20
      related to lower scores on facial recognition tests.<SUP><A=20
      class=3D"cite-reflink bibr popnode"=20
      href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8865004"=20
      =
ref=3D"reftype=3Dpubmed&amp;article-id=3D2718978&amp;issue-id=3D180561&am=
p;journal-id=3D310&amp;FROM=3DArticle%7CBody&amp;TO=3DEntrez%7CPubMed%7CR=
ecord&amp;rendering-type=3Dnormal"=20
      rid=3D"b70-neu_11-3-330">70</A></SUP> In another study, cognitive=20
      functioning in patients referred for neuropsychiatric evaluation =
was poor=20
      but was better in younger patients and in those with frontal brain =

      tumors.<SUP><A class=3D"cite-reflink bibr popnode"=20
      href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15072475"=20
      =
ref=3D"reftype=3Dpubmed&amp;article-id=3D2718978&amp;issue-id=3D180561&am=
p;journal-id=3D310&amp;FROM=3DArticle%7CBody&amp;TO=3DEntrez%7CPubMed%7CR=
ecord&amp;rendering-type=3Dnormal"=20
      rid=3D"b71-neu_11-3-330">71</A></SUP> In low-grade glioma =
patients, greater=20
      cognitive disability has been noted in those with tumors in the =
dominant=20
      hemisphere.<SUP><A class=3D"cite-reflink bibr popnode"=20
      href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8024261"=20
      =
ref=3D"reftype=3Dpubmed&amp;article-id=3D2718978&amp;issue-id=3D180561&am=
p;journal-id=3D310&amp;FROM=3DArticle%7CBody&amp;TO=3DEntrez%7CPubMed%7CR=
ecord&amp;rendering-type=3Dnormal"=20
      rid=3D"b11-neu_11-3-330">11</A></SUP><SUP>,</SUP><SUP><A=20
      class=3D"cite-reflink bibr popnode"=20
      href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12423981"=20
      =
ref=3D"reftype=3Dpubmed&amp;article-id=3D2718978&amp;issue-id=3D180561&am=
p;journal-id=3D310&amp;FROM=3DArticle%7CBody&amp;TO=3DEntrez%7CPubMed%7CR=
ecord&amp;rendering-type=3Dnormal"=20
      rid=3D"b15-neu_11-3-330">15</A></SUP> Patients with tumors in the =
left=20
      hemisphere report more difficulty concentrating than do patients =
with=20
      right-hemisphere lesions,<SUP><A class=3D"cite-reflink bibr =
popnode"=20
      href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12195437"=20
      =
ref=3D"reftype=3Dpubmed&amp;article-id=3D2718978&amp;issue-id=3D180561&am=
p;journal-id=3D310&amp;FROM=3DArticle%7CBody&amp;TO=3DEntrez%7CPubMed%7CR=
ecord&amp;rendering-type=3Dnormal"=20
      rid=3D"b2-neu_11-3-330">2</A></SUP><SUP>,</SUP><SUP><A=20
      class=3D"cite-reflink bibr popnode"=20
      href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8024261"=20
      =
ref=3D"reftype=3Dpubmed&amp;article-id=3D2718978&amp;issue-id=3D180561&am=
p;journal-id=3D310&amp;FROM=3DArticle%7CBody&amp;TO=3DEntrez%7CPubMed%7CR=
ecord&amp;rendering-type=3Dnormal"=20
      rid=3D"b11-neu_11-3-330">11</A></SUP> although patients with=20
      right-hemisphere lesions report more tension.<SUP><A=20
      class=3D"cite-reflink bibr popnode"=20
      href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8024261"=20
      =
ref=3D"reftype=3Dpubmed&amp;article-id=3D2718978&amp;issue-id=3D180561&am=
p;journal-id=3D310&amp;FROM=3DArticle%7CBody&amp;TO=3DEntrez%7CPubMed%7CR=
ecord&amp;rendering-type=3Dnormal"=20
      rid=3D"b11-neu_11-3-330">11</A></SUP> The effect of tumor =
laterality may=20
      differ between brain tumor patients and other populations. For =
example,=20
      one small study compared 17 brain tumor patients to 17 stroke =
patients=20
      with similar laterality and found that these two populations =
differed=20
      tremendously in their neuropsychologic profiles. In this study, =
brain=20
      tumor patients tended to have more global cognitive deficits =
compared to=20
      the site-specific deficits apparent in stroke patients.<SUP><A=20
      class=3D"cite-reflink bibr popnode"=20
      href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2322133"=20
      =
ref=3D"reftype=3Dpubmed&amp;article-id=3D2718978&amp;issue-id=3D180561&am=
p;journal-id=3D310&amp;FROM=3DArticle%7CBody&amp;TO=3DEntrez%7CPubMed%7CR=
ecord&amp;rendering-type=3Dnormal"=20
      rid=3D"b72-neu_11-3-330">72</A></SUP> Tumor progression may have =
more of an=20
      impact on declining cognitive function in patients than do =
treatment=20
      factors such as radiation,<SUP><A class=3D"cite-reflink bibr =
popnode"=20
      href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17135644"=20
      =
ref=3D"reftype=3Dpubmed&amp;article-id=3D2718978&amp;issue-id=3D180561&am=
p;journal-id=3D310&amp;FROM=3DArticle%7CBody&amp;TO=3DEntrez%7CPubMed%7CR=
ecord&amp;rendering-type=3Dnormal"=20
      rid=3D"b38-neu_11-3-330">38</A></SUP> but the difficulty in =
separating these=20
      effects often makes it difficult to attribute symptomatic =
progression to a=20
      single cause.</DIV></DIV>
      <DIV class=3D"sec sec-last" id=3D__secid3136502>
      <DIV class=3D"head2 head-separate">Treatment Factors</DIV>
      <DIV class=3D"p p-first" id=3D__pid3136506>Treatment factors that =
can affect=20
      brain tumor patients=E2=80=99 overall QOL include surgery, =
radiation,=20
      chemotherapy, and concomitant medications. Relationships between =
QOL and=20
      these treatments have been studied, although they suffer from lack =
of=20
      adequate power and control populations.</DIV>
      <DIV class=3Dp id=3D__pid3136511>In surgical series of high-grade =
glioma=20
      patients, the extent of resection may correlate with QOL outcomes, =
with=20
      biopsy patients having worse QOL than those who have undergone =
gross total=20
      resection.<SUP><A class=3D"cite-reflink bibr popnode"=20
      href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11600605"=20
      =
ref=3D"reftype=3Dpubmed&amp;article-id=3D2718978&amp;issue-id=3D180561&am=
p;journal-id=3D310&amp;FROM=3DArticle%7CBody&amp;TO=3DEntrez%7CPubMed%7CR=
ecord&amp;rendering-type=3Dnormal"=20
      rid=3D"b5-neu_11-3-330">5</A></SUP><SUP>,</SUP><SUP><A=20
      class=3D"cite-reflink bibr popnode"=20
      href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16145528"=20
      =
ref=3D"reftype=3Dpubmed&amp;article-id=3D2718978&amp;issue-id=3D180561&am=
p;journal-id=3D310&amp;FROM=3DArticle%7CBody&amp;TO=3DEntrez%7CPubMed%7CR=
ecord&amp;rendering-type=3Dnormal"=20
      rid=3D"b10-neu_11-3-330">10</A></SUP><SUP>,</SUP><SUP><A=20
      class=3D"cite-reflink bibr popnode"=20
      href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12423981"=20
      =
ref=3D"reftype=3Dpubmed&amp;article-id=3D2718978&amp;issue-id=3D180561&am=
p;journal-id=3D310&amp;FROM=3DArticle%7CBody&amp;TO=3DEntrez%7CPubMed%7CR=
ecord&amp;rendering-type=3Dnormal"=20
      rid=3D"b15-neu_11-3-330">15</A></SUP><SUP>,</SUP><SUP><A=20
      class=3D"cite-reflink bibr popnode"=20
      href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14744282"=20
      =
ref=3D"reftype=3Dpubmed&amp;article-id=3D2718978&amp;issue-id=3D180561&am=
p;journal-id=3D310&amp;FROM=3DArticle%7CBody&amp;TO=3DEntrez%7CPubMed%7CR=
ecord&amp;rendering-type=3Dnormal"=20
      rid=3D"b26-neu_11-3-330">26</A></SUP> Unfortunately, selection =
bias of=20
      patients who undergo either a gross total resection or a biopsy =
based on=20
      factors such as tumor size, multifocality, location, and =
functionality may=20
      confound these findings.</DIV>
      <DIV class=3Dp id=3D__pid3136556>Radiation therapy may adversely =
affect QOL in=20
      brain tumor patients by leading to increased fatigue in the short =
term and=20
      by contributing to cognitive dysfunction in the long term. Both=20
      radiation-induced fatigue and cognitive dysfunction have been =
reviewed in=20
      the literature.<SUP><A class=3D"cite-reflink bibr popnode"=20
      href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8120563"=20
      =
ref=3D"reftype=3Dpubmed&amp;article-id=3D2718978&amp;issue-id=3D180561&am=
p;journal-id=3D310&amp;FROM=3DArticle%7CBody&amp;TO=3DEntrez%7CPubMed%7CR=
ecord&amp;rendering-type=3Dnormal"=20
      rid=3D"b73-neu_11-3-330">73</A></SUP><SUP>,</SUP><SUP><A=20
      class=3D"cite-reflink bibr popnode"=20
      href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8961368"=20
      =
ref=3D"reftype=3Dpubmed&amp;article-id=3D2718978&amp;issue-id=3D180561&am=
p;journal-id=3D310&amp;FROM=3DArticle%7CBody&amp;TO=3DEntrez%7CPubMed%7CR=
ecord&amp;rendering-type=3Dnormal"=20
      rid=3D"b74-neu_11-3-330">74</A></SUP> One extensive review of =
clinical=20
      studies published on the neurobehavioral sequelae of therapeutic =
cranial=20
      irradiation in adults found significant cognitive deterioration in =
at=20
      least 92 of 748 patients reviewed.<SUP><A=20
      class=3D"cite-reflink bibr popnode"=20
      href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8120563"=20
      =
ref=3D"reftype=3Dpubmed&amp;article-id=3D2718978&amp;issue-id=3D180561&am=
p;journal-id=3D310&amp;FROM=3DArticle%7CBody&amp;TO=3DEntrez%7CPubMed%7CR=
ecord&amp;rendering-type=3Dnormal"=20
      rid=3D"b73-neu_11-3-330">73</A></SUP> In long-term survivors who =
received=20
      radiation therapy, cognitive functioning was more significantly =
impaired=20
      in those that had received whole-brain irradiation compared to =
focused=20
      radiotherapy.<SUP><A class=3D"cite-reflink bibr popnode"=20
      href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8961368"=20
      =
ref=3D"reftype=3Dpubmed&amp;article-id=3D2718978&amp;issue-id=3D180561&am=
p;journal-id=3D310&amp;FROM=3DArticle%7CBody&amp;TO=3DEntrez%7CPubMed%7CR=
ecord&amp;rendering-type=3Dnormal"=20
      rid=3D"b74-neu_11-3-330">74</A></SUP> Although these studies =
attribute=20
      cognitive decline to treatment effect, it is often difficult to=20
      differentiate tumor factors from treatment factors. For example, =
some=20
      studies show that patients with tumors have poor QOL regardless of =
whether=20
      radiation has been administered.<SUP><A class=3D"cite-reflink bibr =
popnode"=20
      href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8024261"=20
      =
ref=3D"reftype=3Dpubmed&amp;article-id=3D2718978&amp;issue-id=3D180561&am=
p;journal-id=3D310&amp;FROM=3DArticle%7CBody&amp;TO=3DEntrez%7CPubMed%7CR=
ecord&amp;rendering-type=3Dnormal"=20
      rid=3D"b11-neu_11-3-330">11</A></SUP><SUP>,</SUP><SUP><A=20
      class=3D"cite-reflink bibr popnode"=20
      href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12423981"=20
      =
ref=3D"reftype=3Dpubmed&amp;article-id=3D2718978&amp;issue-id=3D180561&am=
p;journal-id=3D310&amp;FROM=3DArticle%7CBody&amp;TO=3DEntrez%7CPubMed%7CR=
ecord&amp;rendering-type=3Dnormal"=20
      rid=3D"b15-neu_11-3-330">15</A></SUP> Furthermore, modern =
radiotherapy=20
      techniques may not cause the same types of long-term cognitive =
effects as=20
      whole-brain radiotherapy.<SUP><A class=3D"cite-reflink bibr =
popnode"=20
      href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15964709"=20
      =
ref=3D"reftype=3Dpubmed&amp;article-id=3D2718978&amp;issue-id=3D180561&am=
p;journal-id=3D310&amp;FROM=3DArticle%7CBody&amp;TO=3DEntrez%7CPubMed%7CR=
ecord&amp;rendering-type=3Dnormal"=20
      rid=3D"b14-neu_11-3-330">14</A></SUP><SUP>,</SUP><SUP><A=20
      class=3D"cite-reflink bibr popnode"=20
      href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12423981"=20
      =
ref=3D"reftype=3Dpubmed&amp;article-id=3D2718978&amp;issue-id=3D180561&am=
p;journal-id=3D310&amp;FROM=3DArticle%7CBody&amp;TO=3DEntrez%7CPubMed%7CR=
ecord&amp;rendering-type=3Dnormal"=20
      rid=3D"b15-neu_11-3-330">15</A></SUP><SUP>,</SUP><SUP><A=20
      class=3D"cite-reflink bibr popnode"=20
      href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12829670"=20
      =
ref=3D"reftype=3Dpubmed&amp;article-id=3D2718978&amp;issue-id=3D180561&am=
p;journal-id=3D310&amp;FROM=3DArticle%7CBody&amp;TO=3DEntrez%7CPubMed%7CR=
ecord&amp;rendering-type=3Dnormal"=20
      rid=3D"b75-neu_11-3-330">75</A></SUP><SUP>=E2=80=93</SUP><SUP><A=20
      class=3D"cite-reflink bibr popnode"=20
      href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11376174"=20
      =
ref=3D"reftype=3Dpubmed&amp;article-id=3D2718978&amp;issue-id=3D180561&am=
p;journal-id=3D310&amp;FROM=3DArticle%7CBody&amp;TO=3DEntrez%7CPubMed%7CR=
ecord&amp;rendering-type=3Dnormal"=20
      rid=3D"b77-neu_11-3-330">77</A></SUP></DIV>
      <DIV class=3Dp id=3D__pid3136670>The few studies that have =
evaluated=20
      chemotherapy-related QOL suffer from an inability to differentiate =
between=20
      the effects of chemotherapy and the effects of other treatments or =
the=20
      tumor itself. The QOL in newly diagnosed glioblastoma patients =
receiving=20
      either radio-therapy alone or radiotherapy with concomitant and =
adjuvant=20
      temozolomide (TMZ) has been reported.<SUP><A=20
      class=3D"cite-reflink bibr popnode"=20
      href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16321761"=20
      =
ref=3D"reftype=3Dpubmed&amp;article-id=3D2718978&amp;issue-id=3D180561&am=
p;journal-id=3D310&amp;FROM=3DArticle%7CBody&amp;TO=3DEntrez%7CPubMed%7CR=
ecord&amp;rendering-type=3Dnormal"=20
      rid=3D"b20-neu_11-3-330">20</A></SUP> Both groups were =
substantially=20
      impaired compared to historical controls, but no significant =
decrease in=20
      overall QOL was noted throughout treatment. Patients receiving TMZ =
had=20
      more vomiting, anorexia, constipation, and decreased social =
functioning.=20
      Fatigue during radiation therapy was more frequent in those =
assigned to=20
      TMZ. Not surprisingly, patients who responded to TMZ reported =
improvement=20
      in multiple domains of QOL.<SUP><A class=3D"cite-reflink bibr =
popnode"=20
      href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10974627"=20
      =
ref=3D"reftype=3Dpubmed&amp;article-id=3D2718978&amp;issue-id=3D180561&am=
p;journal-id=3D310&amp;FROM=3DArticle%7CBody&amp;TO=3DEntrez%7CPubMed%7CR=
ecord&amp;rendering-type=3Dnormal"=20
      rid=3D"b78-neu_11-3-330">78</A></SUP></DIV>
      <DIV class=3Dp id=3D__pid3136698>Concurrent medication use may =
confound the=20
      study of therapy-related symptoms. Medications commonly given to =
brain=20
      tumor patients include seizure medications and steroids. Both =
these=20
      medications can adversely affect physical, emotional, and =
cognitive=20
      functioning.<SUP><A class=3D"cite-reflink bibr popnode"=20
      href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9421545"=20
      =
ref=3D"reftype=3Dpubmed&amp;article-id=3D2718978&amp;issue-id=3D180561&am=
p;journal-id=3D310&amp;FROM=3DArticle%7CBody&amp;TO=3DEntrez%7CPubMed%7CR=
ecord&amp;rendering-type=3Dnormal"=20
      rid=3D"b79-neu_11-3-330">79</A></SUP> Anti-epileptics, in =
particular, have=20
      been linked to cognitive dysfunction.<SUP><A=20
      class=3D"cite-reflink bibr popnode"=20
      href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11600605"=20
      =
ref=3D"reftype=3Dpubmed&amp;article-id=3D2718978&amp;issue-id=3D180561&am=
p;journal-id=3D310&amp;FROM=3DArticle%7CBody&amp;TO=3DEntrez%7CPubMed%7CR=
ecord&amp;rendering-type=3Dnormal"=20
      rid=3D"b5-neu_11-3-330">5</A></SUP><SUP>,</SUP><SUP><A=20
      class=3D"cite-reflink bibr popnode"=20
      href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14520665"=20
      =
ref=3D"reftype=3Dpubmed&amp;article-id=3D2718978&amp;issue-id=3D180561&am=
p;journal-id=3D310&amp;FROM=3DArticle%7CBody&amp;TO=3DEntrez%7CPubMed%7CR=
ecord&amp;rendering-type=3Dnormal"=20
      rid=3D"b13-neu_11-3-330">13</A></SUP><SUP>,</SUP><SUP><A=20
      class=3D"cite-reflink bibr popnode"=20
      href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12423981"=20
      =
ref=3D"reftype=3Dpubmed&amp;article-id=3D2718978&amp;issue-id=3D180561&am=
p;journal-id=3D310&amp;FROM=3DArticle%7CBody&amp;TO=3DEntrez%7CPubMed%7CR=
ecord&amp;rendering-type=3Dnormal"=20
      rid=3D"b15-neu_11-3-330">15</A></SUP> Analysis of this link is =
confounded by=20
      whether symptoms are caused by antiepileptics or by seizure =
activity.=20
      Corticosteroids have been linked to depression in high-grade =
glioma=20
      patients<SUP><A class=3D"cite-reflink bibr popnode"=20
      href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12112483"=20
      =
ref=3D"reftype=3Dpubmed&amp;article-id=3D2718978&amp;issue-id=3D180561&am=
p;journal-id=3D310&amp;FROM=3DArticle%7CBody&amp;TO=3DEntrez%7CPubMed%7CR=
ecord&amp;rendering-type=3Dnormal"=20
      rid=3D"b19-neu_11-3-330">19</A></SUP><SUP>,</SUP><SUP><A=20
      class=3D"cite-reflink bibr popnode"=20
      href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14744282"=20
      =
ref=3D"reftype=3Dpubmed&amp;article-id=3D2718978&amp;issue-id=3D180561&am=
p;journal-id=3D310&amp;FROM=3DArticle%7CBody&amp;TO=3DEntrez%7CPubMed%7CR=
ecord&amp;rendering-type=3Dnormal"=20
      rid=3D"b26-neu_11-3-330">26</A></SUP> and to lower survival in =
recurrent=20
      malignant glioma patients.<SUP><A class=3D"cite-reflink bibr =
popnode"=20
      href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17577040"=20
      =
ref=3D"reftype=3Dpubmed&amp;article-id=3D2718978&amp;issue-id=3D180561&am=
p;journal-id=3D310&amp;FROM=3DArticle%7CBody&amp;TO=3DEntrez%7CPubMed%7CR=
ecord&amp;rendering-type=3Dnormal"=20
      rid=3D"b80-neu_11-3-330">80</A></SUP></DIV>
      <DIV class=3D"p p-last" id=3D__pid3136776>While treatment-related =
effects on=20
      QOL have been examined, existing studies are often retrospective =
and not=20
      controlled. In addition, it has not been clear which concurrent or =

      sequential treatments are affecting QOL and whether patient =
factors or=20
      tumor factors are contributing to loss of QOL. Further research =
that=20
      accounts for confounding factors is necessary in order to define =
specific=20
      treatment-related symptoms and their contribution to decreased=20
      QOL.</DIV></DIV></DIV></DIV>
      <DIV class=3Dsec id=3D__secid3136782>
      <DIV class=3D"head1 section-title" id=3D__secid3136782titletitle=20
      style=3D"TEXT-ALIGN: left">
      <DIV class=3Dother-sections>
      <UL class=3D"noext-menu noext-menu-hidden">
        <LI><A class=3Dfirst-link=20
        =
href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2718978/?tool=3Dpubme=
d#">&nbsp;Other=20
        Sections=E2=96=BC</A>
        <UL class=3D"submenu head1">
          <LI class=3Dsubmenu-item><A class=3D"" style=3D"TEXT-ALIGN: =
left"=20
          =
href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2718978/?tool=3Dpubme=
d#__abstractid3103224">Abstract</A>
          <LI class=3Dsubmenu-item><A class=3D"" style=3D"TEXT-ALIGN: =
left"=20
          =
href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2718978/?tool=3Dpubme=
d#__secid3111291">QOL=20
          in Brain Tumor Patients: Current Knowledge</A>
          <LI class=3Dsubmenu-item><A class=3D"" style=3D"TEXT-ALIGN: =
left"=20
          =
href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2718978/?tool=3Dpubme=
d#__secid3135164">Specific=20
          Symptoms</A>
          <LI class=3Dsubmenu-item><A class=3D"" style=3D"TEXT-ALIGN: =
left"=20
          =
href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2718978/?tool=3Dpubme=
d#__secid3135737">Long-<IMG=20
          style=3D"BORDER-TOP-STYLE: none; BORDER-RIGHT-STYLE: none; =
BORDER-LEFT-STYLE: none; BORDER-BOTTOM-STYLE: none"=20
          =
src=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/corehtml/pmc/pmcents/dot.gif">Term=20
          Symptoms: Survivorship</A>
          <LI class=3Dsubmenu-item><A class=3D"" style=3D"TEXT-ALIGN: =
left"=20
          =
href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2718978/?tool=3Dpubme=
d#__secid3135905">A=20
          Common Etiology to Symptoms: Symptom Clusters</A>
          <LI class=3Dsubmenu-item><A class=3D"" style=3D"TEXT-ALIGN: =
left"=20
          =
href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2718978/?tool=3Dpubme=
d#__secid3136089">Symptom=20
          Management</A>
          <LI class=3Dsubmenu-item><A class=3D"" style=3D"TEXT-ALIGN: =
left"=20
          =
href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2718978/?tool=3Dpubme=
d#__secid3136198">A=20
          Model for Future QOL Research</A>
          <LI class=3D"submenu-item current-item"><A class=3D""=20
          style=3D"TEXT-ALIGN: left" onclick=3Dreturn(false)=20
          =
href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2718978/?tool=3Dpubme=
d#">QOL=20
          Measurement</A>
          <LI class=3Dsubmenu-item><A class=3D"" style=3D"TEXT-ALIGN: =
left"=20
          =
href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2718978/?tool=3Dpubme=
d#__secid3136970">Other=20
          QOL Research Challenges</A>
          <LI class=3Dsubmenu-item><A class=3D"" style=3D"TEXT-ALIGN: =
left"=20
          =
href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2718978/?tool=3Dpubme=
d#__secid3137142">Future=20
          Directions</A>
          <LI class=3Dsubmenu-item><A class=3D"" style=3D"TEXT-ALIGN: =
left"=20
          =
href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2718978/?tool=3Dpubme=
d#__secid3137191">Conclusions</A>
          <LI class=3Dsubmenu-item><A class=3D"" style=3D"TEXT-ALIGN: =
left"=20
          =
href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2718978/?tool=3Dpubme=
d#__ref-listid3137226">References</A></LI></UL></LI></UL></DIV>
      <DIV>QOL Measurement</DIV></DIV>
      <DIV class=3Dsection-content id=3D__secid3136782content>
      <DIV class=3D"p p-first" id=3D__pid3136786>Another challenge in =
QOL research=20
      is finding validated instruments to use. Early QOL reports in =
brain tumor=20
      patients evaluated only the functional domain of QOL using KPS=20
      scores.<SUP><A class=3D"cite-reflink bibr popnode"=20
      href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9503517"=20
      =
ref=3D"reftype=3Dpubmed&amp;article-id=3D2718978&amp;issue-id=3D180561&am=
p;journal-id=3D310&amp;FROM=3DArticle%7CBody&amp;TO=3DEntrez%7CPubMed%7CR=
ecord&amp;rendering-type=3Dnormal"=20
      rid=3D"b81-neu_11-3-330">81</A></SUP><SUP>,</SUP><SUP><A=20
      class=3D"cite-reflink bibr popnode"=20
      href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1331345"=20
      =
ref=3D"reftype=3Dpubmed&amp;article-id=3D2718978&amp;issue-id=3D180561&am=
p;journal-id=3D310&amp;FROM=3DArticle%7CBody&amp;TO=3DEntrez%7CPubMed%7CR=
ecord&amp;rendering-type=3Dnormal"=20
      rid=3D"b82-neu_11-3-330">82</A></SUP> A review of studies up to =
1998 in=20
      brain tumor patients<SUP><A class=3D"cite-reflink bibr popnode"=20
      href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9503517"=20
      =
ref=3D"reftype=3Dpubmed&amp;article-id=3D2718978&amp;issue-id=3D180561&am=
p;journal-id=3D310&amp;FROM=3DArticle%7CBody&amp;TO=3DEntrez%7CPubMed%7CR=
ecord&amp;rendering-type=3Dnormal"=20
      rid=3D"b81-neu_11-3-330">81</A></SUP> suggests that functional =
status as=20
      measured by KPS remains high until near the time of death. KPS =
generally=20
      correlates with overall QOL<SUP><A class=3D"cite-reflink bibr =
popnode"=20
      href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1460487"=20
      =
ref=3D"reftype=3Dpubmed&amp;article-id=3D2718978&amp;issue-id=3D180561&am=
p;journal-id=3D310&amp;FROM=3DArticle%7CBody&amp;TO=3DEntrez%7CPubMed%7CR=
ecord&amp;rendering-type=3Dnormal"=20
      rid=3D"b83-neu_11-3-330">83</A></SUP><SUP>,</SUP><SUP><A=20
      class=3D"cite-reflink bibr popnode"=20
      href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11600605"=20
      =
ref=3D"reftype=3Dpubmed&amp;article-id=3D2718978&amp;issue-id=3D180561&am=
p;journal-id=3D310&amp;FROM=3DArticle%7CBody&amp;TO=3DEntrez%7CPubMed%7CR=
ecord&amp;rendering-type=3Dnormal"=20
      rid=3D"b5-neu_11-3-330">5</A></SUP> and appears to have prognostic =

      value.<SUP><A class=3D"cite-reflink bibr popnode"=20
      href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17577040"=20
      =
ref=3D"reftype=3Dpubmed&amp;article-id=3D2718978&amp;issue-id=3D180561&am=
p;journal-id=3D310&amp;FROM=3DArticle%7CBody&amp;TO=3DEntrez%7CPubMed%7CR=
ecord&amp;rendering-type=3Dnormal"=20
      rid=3D"b80-neu_11-3-330">80</A></SUP> However, using the KPS to =
measure QOL=20
      is problematic because it is only a single measurement of =
functional=20
      ability, and its reliability and validity depend on the observer. =
Methods=20
      of obtaining more information about a patient=E2=80=99s QOL =
include considering=20
      the patient=E2=80=99s level of independence, training observers in =
KPS=20
      measurement,<SUP><A class=3D"cite-reflink bibr popnode"=20
      href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6704925"=20
      =
ref=3D"reftype=3Dpubmed&amp;article-id=3D2718978&amp;issue-id=3D180561&am=
p;journal-id=3D310&amp;FROM=3DArticle%7CBody&amp;TO=3DEntrez%7CPubMed%7CR=
ecord&amp;rendering-type=3Dnormal"=20
      rid=3D"b84-neu_11-3-330">84</A></SUP> and developing adjunctive=20
      questionnaires such as the independent-living score to corroborate =
KPS=20
      scores.<SUP><A class=3D"cite-reflink bibr popnode"=20
      href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12622451"=20
      =
ref=3D"reftype=3Dpubmed&amp;article-id=3D2718978&amp;issue-id=3D180561&am=
p;journal-id=3D310&amp;FROM=3DArticle%7CBody&amp;TO=3DEntrez%7CPubMed%7CR=
ecord&amp;rendering-type=3Dnormal"=20
      rid=3D"b85-neu_11-3-330">85</A></SUP></DIV>
      <DIV class=3Dp id=3D__pid3136879>More recent studies have assessed =
the=20
      multidimensional aspect of QOL. However, conclusions are still =
difficult=20
      to make given that the questionnaires are often not validated in =
the brain=20
      tumor population and heterogeneous groups of brain tumor patients =
at all=20
      stages in their disease course are assessed. Attempts to validate=20
      questionnaires in the brain tumor population have been made, but =
large,=20
      well-run studies that employ these questionnaires remain =
lacking.<SUP><A=20
      class=3D"cite-reflink bibr popnode"=20
      href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8901377"=20
      =
ref=3D"reftype=3Dpubmed&amp;article-id=3D2718978&amp;issue-id=3D180561&am=
p;journal-id=3D310&amp;FROM=3DArticle%7CBody&amp;TO=3DEntrez%7CPubMed%7CR=
ecord&amp;rendering-type=3Dnormal"=20
      rid=3D"b86-neu_11-3-330">86</A></SUP><SUP>,</SUP><SUP><A=20
      class=3D"cite-reflink bibr popnode"=20
      href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7850714"=20
      =
ref=3D"reftype=3Dpubmed&amp;article-id=3D2718978&amp;issue-id=3D180561&am=
p;journal-id=3D310&amp;FROM=3DArticle%7CBody&amp;TO=3DEntrez%7CPubMed%7CR=
ecord&amp;rendering-type=3Dnormal"=20
      rid=3D"b87-neu_11-3-330">87</A></SUP></DIV>
      <DIV class=3Dp id=3D__pid3136906>In order to address these =
questions, new=20
      instruments that can measure the multidimensional nature of QOL in =
brain=20
      tumor patients have been developed. The two multidimensional QOL=20
      instruments that have been employed most extensively in brain =
tumor=20
      patients are the Functional Assessment of Cancer =
Therapy=E2=80=93Brain (FACT-Br)=20
      and the Brain Cancer Module=E2=80=9320 (BCM-20).</DIV>
      <DIV class=3Dp id=3D__pid3136911>The Functional Assessment of =
Cancer Therapy=E2=80=93=20
      General (FACT-G) is an instrument that has been used to measure =
QOL and=20
      has been modified in brain tumor patients in the FACT-Br.<SUP><A=20
      class=3D"cite-reflink bibr popnode"=20
      href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7850714"=20
      =
ref=3D"reftype=3Dpubmed&amp;article-id=3D2718978&amp;issue-id=3D180561&am=
p;journal-id=3D310&amp;FROM=3DArticle%7CBody&amp;TO=3DEntrez%7CPubMed%7CR=
ecord&amp;rendering-type=3Dnormal"=20
      rid=3D"b87-neu_11-3-330">87</A></SUP> In contrast, the BCM-20 is =
designed as=20
      a supplement to other general cancer-specific =
questionnaires.<SUP><A=20
      class=3D"cite-reflink bibr popnode"=20
      href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8901377"=20
      =
ref=3D"reftype=3Dpubmed&amp;article-id=3D2718978&amp;issue-id=3D180561&am=
p;journal-id=3D310&amp;FROM=3DArticle%7CBody&amp;TO=3DEntrez%7CPubMed%7CR=
ecord&amp;rendering-type=3Dnormal"=20
      rid=3D"b86-neu_11-3-330">86</A></SUP> It contains questions =
targeted at four=20
      different areas: future uncertainty, visual disorder, =
communication=20
      deficit, and motor dysfunction. In addition, it has seven =
single-item=20
      questions that address physical symptoms regarding headache, =
seizure,=20
      drowsiness, hair loss, itching, weakness, and loss of bladder =
function.=20
      Whereas the BCM-20 groups items into four subscales with symptom =
domains=20
      and additional individual items, FACT-Br groups all 19 of its =
brain=20
      tumor=E2=80=93specific questions into a single subscale. The two =
questionnaires=20
      have not been compared to each other.</DIV>
      <DIV class=3D"p p-last" id=3D__pid3136941>Other questionnaires are =
also being=20
      developed. Recently, a single-item linear analog scale assessment =
of QOL=20
      in neurooncology patients has been validated. This simple =
instrument may=20
      allow a quick assessment of the different dimensions of QOL in =
brain tumor=20
      patients, especially when further detail into specific areas of =
QOL is not=20
      the primary objective.<SUP><A class=3D"cite-reflink bibr popnode"=20
      href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17703910"=20
      =
ref=3D"reftype=3Dpubmed&amp;article-id=3D2718978&amp;issue-id=3D180561&am=
p;journal-id=3D310&amp;FROM=3DArticle%7CBody&amp;TO=3DEntrez%7CPubMed%7CR=
ecord&amp;rendering-type=3Dnormal"=20
      rid=3D"b88-neu_11-3-330">88</A></SUP> In addition, the M. D. =
Anderson=20
      Symptom Inventory Brain Tumor Module is a validated 22-item =
questionnaire=20
      that identifies spe-cific symptoms that brain tumor patients =
face.<SUP><A=20
      class=3D"cite-reflink bibr popnode"=20
      href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16598415"=20
      =
ref=3D"reftype=3Dpubmed&amp;article-id=3D2718978&amp;issue-id=3D180561&am=
p;journal-id=3D310&amp;FROM=3DArticle%7CBody&amp;TO=3DEntrez%7CPubMed%7CR=
ecord&amp;rendering-type=3Dnormal"=20
      rid=3D"b89-neu_11-3-330">89</A></SUP> More research is needed to =
better=20
      utilize existing instruments and to validate new ones in brain =
tumor=20
      patients designed to answer specific questions.</DIV></DIV></DIV>
      <DIV class=3Dsec id=3D__secid3136970>
      <DIV class=3D"head1 section-title" id=3D__secid3136970titletitle=20
      style=3D"TEXT-ALIGN: left">
      <DIV class=3Dother-sections>
      <UL class=3D"noext-menu noext-menu-hidden">
        <LI><A class=3Dfirst-link=20
        =
href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2718978/?tool=3Dpubme=
d#">&nbsp;Other=20
        Sections=E2=96=BC</A>
        <UL class=3D"submenu head1">
          <LI class=3Dsubmenu-item><A class=3D"" style=3D"TEXT-ALIGN: =
left"=20
          =
href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2718978/?tool=3Dpubme=
d#__abstractid3103224">Abstract</A>
          <LI class=3Dsubmenu-item><A class=3D"" style=3D"TEXT-ALIGN: =
left"=20
          =
href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2718978/?tool=3Dpubme=
d#__secid3111291">QOL=20
          in Brain Tumor Patients: Current Knowledge</A>
          <LI class=3Dsubmenu-item><A class=3D"" style=3D"TEXT-ALIGN: =
left"=20
          =
href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2718978/?tool=3Dpubme=
d#__secid3135164">Specific=20
          Symptoms</A>
          <LI class=3Dsubmenu-item><A class=3D"" style=3D"TEXT-ALIGN: =
left"=20
          =
href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2718978/?tool=3Dpubme=
d#__secid3135737">Long-<IMG=20
          style=3D"BORDER-TOP-STYLE: none; BORDER-RIGHT-STYLE: none; =
BORDER-LEFT-STYLE: none; BORDER-BOTTOM-STYLE: none"=20
          =
src=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/corehtml/pmc/pmcents/dot.gif">Term=20
          Symptoms: Survivorship</A>
          <LI class=3Dsubmenu-item><A class=3D"" style=3D"TEXT-ALIGN: =
left"=20
          =
href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2718978/?tool=3Dpubme=
d#__secid3135905">A=20
          Common Etiology to Symptoms: Symptom Clusters</A>
          <LI class=3Dsubmenu-item><A class=3D"" style=3D"TEXT-ALIGN: =
left"=20
          =
href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2718978/?tool=3Dpubme=
d#__secid3136089">Symptom=20
          Management</A>
          <LI class=3Dsubmenu-item><A class=3D"" style=3D"TEXT-ALIGN: =
left"=20
          =
href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2718978/?tool=3Dpubme=
d#__secid3136198">A=20
          Model for Future QOL Research</A>
          <LI class=3Dsubmenu-item><A class=3D"" style=3D"TEXT-ALIGN: =
left"=20
          =
href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2718978/?tool=3Dpubme=
d#__secid3136782">QOL=20
          Measurement</A>
          <LI class=3D"submenu-item current-item"><A class=3D""=20
          style=3D"TEXT-ALIGN: left" onclick=3Dreturn(false)=20
          =
href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2718978/?tool=3Dpubme=
d#">Other=20
          QOL Research Challenges</A>
          <LI class=3Dsubmenu-item><A class=3D"" style=3D"TEXT-ALIGN: =
left"=20
          =
href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2718978/?tool=3Dpubme=
d#__secid3137142">Future=20
          Directions</A>
          <LI class=3Dsubmenu-item><A class=3D"" style=3D"TEXT-ALIGN: =
left"=20
          =
href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2718978/?tool=3Dpubme=
d#__secid3137191">Conclusions</A>
          <LI class=3Dsubmenu-item><A class=3D"" style=3D"TEXT-ALIGN: =
left"=20
          =
href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2718978/?tool=3Dpubme=
d#__ref-listid3137226">References</A></LI></UL></LI></UL></DIV>
      <DIV>Other QOL Research Challenges</DIV></DIV>
      <DIV class=3Dsection-content id=3D__secid3136970content>
      <DIV class=3D"p p-first" id=3D__pid3136974>Additional challenges =
face=20
      investigators interested in pursuing QOL research in brain tumor =
patients.=20
      Foremost among these challenges is finding the right instruments =
to=20
      measure QOL. There must be a balance between collecting detailed=20
      information with well-validated questionnaires and minimizing=20
      questionnaire burden. QOL studies in brain tumor patients that are =

      prospective, randomized, and hypothesis driven will allow =
investigators to=20
      pick appropriate instruments that will answer their specific =
questions=20
      without running into difficulties with compliance and the hazards =
of=20
      multiple unintended comparisons.</DIV>
      <DIV class=3Dp id=3D__pid3136982>Questionnaire burden and =
resulting=20
      noncompliance have been a major problem with existing instruments. =
While=20
      semistructured interviews may elicit more information from =
patients and=20
      caregivers, the interview format can be quite demanding on the =
brain tumor=20
      population.<SUP><A class=3D"cite-reflink bibr popnode"=20
      href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8877305"=20
      =
ref=3D"reftype=3Dpubmed&amp;article-id=3D2718978&amp;issue-id=3D180561&am=
p;journal-id=3D310&amp;FROM=3DArticle%7CBody&amp;TO=3DEntrez%7CPubMed%7CR=
ecord&amp;rendering-type=3Dnormal"=20
      rid=3D"b90-neu_11-3-330">90</A></SUP> Many patients with recurrent =
malignant=20
      glioma who filled out a baseline FACT-Br questionnaire were unable =
to=20
      complete it at their first follow-up assessment.<SUP><A=20
      class=3D"cite-reflink bibr popnode"=20
      href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12672280"=20
      =
ref=3D"reftype=3Dpubmed&amp;article-id=3D2718978&amp;issue-id=3D180561&am=
p;journal-id=3D310&amp;FROM=3DArticle%7CBody&amp;TO=3DEntrez%7CPubMed%7CR=
ecord&amp;rendering-type=3Dnormal"=20
      rid=3D"b36-neu_11-3-330">36</A></SUP><SUP>,</SUP><SUP><A=20
      class=3D"cite-reflink bibr popnode"=20
      href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10653880"=20
      =
ref=3D"reftype=3Dpubmed&amp;article-id=3D2718978&amp;issue-id=3D180561&am=
p;journal-id=3D310&amp;FROM=3DArticle%7CBody&amp;TO=3DEntrez%7CPubMed%7CR=
ecord&amp;rendering-type=3Dnormal"=20
      rid=3D"b91-neu_11-3-330">91</A></SUP> Another study examining =
longitudinal=20
      questionnaire compliance among newly diagnosed malignant glioma =
patients=20
      showed that compliance dropped to less than 50% at 6 months, with=20
      administrative failure being by far the largest reason for failure =
of=20
      compliance.<SUP><A class=3D"cite-reflink bibr popnode"=20
      href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12825822"=20
      =
ref=3D"reftype=3Dpubmed&amp;article-id=3D2718978&amp;issue-id=3D180561&am=
p;journal-id=3D310&amp;FROM=3DArticle%7CBody&amp;TO=3DEntrez%7CPubMed%7CR=
ecord&amp;rendering-type=3Dnormal"=20
      rid=3D"b92-neu_11-3-330">92</A></SUP></DIV>
      <DIV class=3Dp id=3D__pid3137032>One way of improving compliance =
is by=20
      simplifying the questionnaires; another is by providing more time =
for=20
      administration. For example, a 10-point Likert scale with brain=20
      tumor-specific questions was investigated in a preliminary study =
and found=20
      to be feasible in an unselected brain tumor population.<SUP><A=20
      class=3D"cite-reflink bibr popnode"=20
      href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11817703"=20
      =
ref=3D"reftype=3Dpubmed&amp;article-id=3D2718978&amp;issue-id=3D180561&am=
p;journal-id=3D310&amp;FROM=3DArticle%7CBody&amp;TO=3DEntrez%7CPubMed%7CR=
ecord&amp;rendering-type=3Dnormal"=20
      rid=3D"b65-neu_11-3-330">65</A></SUP> Another strategy to improve =
compliance=20
      has been to use proxy raters. The reliability of proxy raters has =
been=20
      examined, and results have been mixed.<SUP><A=20
      class=3D"cite-reflink bibr popnode"=20
      href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12605978"=20
      =
ref=3D"reftype=3Dpubmed&amp;article-id=3D2718978&amp;issue-id=3D180561&am=
p;journal-id=3D310&amp;FROM=3DArticle%7CBody&amp;TO=3DEntrez%7CPubMed%7CR=
ecord&amp;rendering-type=3Dnormal"=20
      rid=3D"b7-neu_11-3-330">7</A></SUP> Further study into proxy =
raters is=20
      needed, and documentation of whether or not questionnaires were =
obtained=20
      from proxy raters should be incorporated into QOL studies.</DIV>
      <DIV class=3Dp id=3D__pid3137059>Another challenge with QOL =
research in brain=20
      tumor patients is related to the potential lack of correlation =
between=20
      self-reported measures and objective measurements. For example, =
poor=20
      correlation exists between self-report and objective measures of =
cognitive=20
      functioning in patients with low-grade tumors<SUP><A=20
      class=3D"cite-reflink bibr popnode"=20
      href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12423981"=20
      =
ref=3D"reftype=3Dpubmed&amp;article-id=3D2718978&amp;issue-id=3D180561&am=
p;journal-id=3D310&amp;FROM=3DArticle%7CBody&amp;TO=3DEntrez%7CPubMed%7CR=
ecord&amp;rendering-type=3Dnormal"=20
      rid=3D"b15-neu_11-3-330">15</A></SUP> and in an unselected =
population of=20
      brain tumor patients prior to treatment.<SUP><A=20
      class=3D"cite-reflink bibr popnode"=20
      href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10942005"=20
      =
ref=3D"reftype=3Dpubmed&amp;article-id=3D2718978&amp;issue-id=3D180561&am=
p;journal-id=3D310&amp;FROM=3DArticle%7CBody&amp;TO=3DEntrez%7CPubMed%7CR=
ecord&amp;rendering-type=3Dnormal"=20
      rid=3D"b35-neu_11-3-330">35</A></SUP> The problem of =
self-reporting=20
      cognitive dysfunction is exacerbated in patients with frontal =
tumors, who=20
      may underreport cognitive dysfunction due to impaired judgment, or =
in=20
      patients with anxiety, depression, or fatigue who may overreport =
cognitive=20
      dysfunction.<SUP><A class=3D"cite-reflink bibr popnode"=20
      href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14980531"=20
      =
ref=3D"reftype=3Dpubmed&amp;article-id=3D2718978&amp;issue-id=3D180561&am=
p;journal-id=3D310&amp;FROM=3DArticle%7CBody&amp;TO=3DEntrez%7CPubMed%7CR=
ecord&amp;rendering-type=3Dnormal"=20
      rid=3D"b34-neu_11-3-330">34</A></SUP> Unfortunately, physicians =
may not be=20
      better at determining the severity of symptoms, and in low-grade =
glioma=20
      patients may in fact be underestimating the severity of most=20
      symptoms.<SUP><A class=3D"cite-reflink bibr popnode"=20
      href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10023313"=20
      =
ref=3D"reftype=3Dpubmed&amp;article-id=3D2718978&amp;issue-id=3D180561&am=
p;journal-id=3D310&amp;FROM=3DArticle%7CBody&amp;TO=3DEntrez%7CPubMed%7CR=
ecord&amp;rendering-type=3Dnormal"=20
      rid=3D"b76-neu_11-3-330">76</A></SUP></DIV>
      <DIV class=3Dp id=3D__pid3137108>Missing data is another major =
challenge that=20
      faces a QOL researcher. It is critical to document the reason for =
missing=20
      data and to prospectively design a trial to account for missing =
data. One=20
      of the dangers of not adequately considering missing data is that =
the=20
      sickest patients with the highest symptom burden do not fill out=20
      questionnaires and are underrepresented in studies. This is a =
particular=20
      challenge with longitudinal QOL studies in which patients who have =
the=20
      highest symptom burden are often the ones that may find it most =
difficult=20
      to complete questionnaires. Again, the careful selection of =
instruments=20
      that have minimal item burden and instruments that still capture =
the=20
      needed data are crucial to the success of such a study.</DIV>
      <DIV class=3Dp id=3D__pid3137116>Once data are collected in brain =
tumor=20
      patients, they should be analyzed with consideration for response =
shifts.=20
      Response shifts are natural changes in a patient=E2=80=99s =
perception of their QOL=20
      over time in response to changing internal standards when they are =
faced=20
      with a life-threatening illness. If these natural changes and =
adaptations=20
      over time are not considered, data from longitudinal QOL studies =
may=20
      incorrectly attribute changes in QOL to other external factors. =
Research=20
      on accounting for this phenomenon is still ongoing, and models to =
account=20
      for response shift have been proposed.<SUP><A=20
      class=3D"cite-reflink bibr popnode"=20
      href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17031503"=20
      =
ref=3D"reftype=3Dpubmed&amp;article-id=3D2718978&amp;issue-id=3D180561&am=
p;journal-id=3D310&amp;FROM=3DArticle%7CBody&amp;TO=3DEntrez%7CPubMed%7CR=
ecord&amp;rendering-type=3Dnormal"=20
      rid=3D"b93-neu_11-3-330">93</A></SUP></DIV>
      <DIV class=3D"p p-last" id=3D__pid3137133>Finally, because the =
symptoms and=20
      realms of QOL can be interrelated (e.g., insomnia can cause =
fatigue, which=20
      leads to decreased social interaction), and because an individual =
patient=20
      is subject to different environmental and demographic factors that =
can=20
      independently affect individual symptoms and realms of QOL, the =
study of=20
      QOL can become quite complex. The large number of interdependent =
variables=20
      may explain why many QOL studies have produced mixed results. The =
best way=20
      to account for these interactions in a trial is to have a focused =
question=20
      that is prospectively measured and ideally compared between =
adequately=20
      powered randomized groups in order to reduce the number of=20
      confounders.</DIV></DIV></DIV>
      <DIV class=3Dsec id=3D__secid3137142>
      <DIV class=3D"head1 section-title" id=3D__secid3137142titletitle=20
      style=3D"TEXT-ALIGN: left">
      <DIV class=3Dother-sections>
      <UL class=3D"noext-menu noext-menu-hidden">
        <LI><A class=3Dfirst-link=20
        =
href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2718978/?tool=3Dpubme=
d#">&nbsp;Other=20
        Sections=E2=96=BC</A>
        <UL class=3D"submenu head1">
          <LI class=3Dsubmenu-item><A class=3D"" style=3D"TEXT-ALIGN: =
left"=20
          =
href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2718978/?tool=3Dpubme=
d#__abstractid3103224">Abstract</A>
          <LI class=3Dsubmenu-item><A class=3D"" style=3D"TEXT-ALIGN: =
left"=20
          =
href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2718978/?tool=3Dpubme=
d#__secid3111291">QOL=20
          in Brain Tumor Patients: Current Knowledge</A>
          <LI class=3Dsubmenu-item><A class=3D"" style=3D"TEXT-ALIGN: =
left"=20
          =
href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2718978/?tool=3Dpubme=
d#__secid3135164">Specific=20
          Symptoms</A>
          <LI class=3Dsubmenu-item><A class=3D"" style=3D"TEXT-ALIGN: =
left"=20
          =
href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2718978/?tool=3Dpubme=
d#__secid3135737">Long-<IMG=20
          style=3D"BORDER-TOP-STYLE: none; BORDER-RIGHT-STYLE: none; =
BORDER-LEFT-STYLE: none; BORDER-BOTTOM-STYLE: none"=20
          =
src=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/corehtml/pmc/pmcents/dot.gif">Term=20
          Symptoms: Survivorship</A>
          <LI class=3Dsubmenu-item><A class=3D"" style=3D"TEXT-ALIGN: =
left"=20
          =
href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2718978/?tool=3Dpubme=
d#__secid3135905">A=20
          Common Etiology to Symptoms: Symptom Clusters</A>
          <LI class=3Dsubmenu-item><A class=3D"" style=3D"TEXT-ALIGN: =
left"=20
          =
href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2718978/?tool=3Dpubme=
d#__secid3136089">Symptom=20
          Management</A>
          <LI class=3Dsubmenu-item><A class=3D"" style=3D"TEXT-ALIGN: =
left"=20
          =
href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2718978/?tool=3Dpubme=
d#__secid3136198">A=20
          Model for Future QOL Research</A>
          <LI class=3Dsubmenu-item><A class=3D"" style=3D"TEXT-ALIGN: =
left"=20
          =
href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2718978/?tool=3Dpubme=
d#__secid3136782">QOL=20
          Measurement</A>
          <LI class=3Dsubmenu-item><A class=3D"" style=3D"TEXT-ALIGN: =
left"=20
          =
href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2718978/?tool=3Dpubme=
d#__secid3136970">Other=20
          QOL Research Challenges</A>
          <LI class=3D"submenu-item current-item"><A class=3D""=20
          style=3D"TEXT-ALIGN: left" onclick=3Dreturn(false)=20
          =
href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2718978/?tool=3Dpubme=
d#">Future=20
          Directions</A>
          <LI class=3Dsubmenu-item><A class=3D"" style=3D"TEXT-ALIGN: =
left"=20
          =
href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2718978/?tool=3Dpubme=
d#__secid3137191">Conclusions</A>
          <LI class=3Dsubmenu-item><A class=3D"" style=3D"TEXT-ALIGN: =
left"=20
          =
href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2718978/?tool=3Dpubme=
d#__ref-listid3137226">References</A></LI></UL></LI></UL></DIV>
      <DIV>Future Directions</DIV></DIV>
      <DIV class=3Dsection-content id=3D__secid3137142content>
      <DIV class=3D"p p-first-last" id=3D__pid3137146>Several exciting =
avenues of=20
      research remain in the vastly unexplored area of QOL in brain =
tumor=20
      patients. Research needs to be performed on validation of =
easy-to-use=20
      questionnaires and cognitive tests with incorporation of these =
instruments=20
      into ongoing clinical trials. Moreover, a better description of=20
      longitudinal QOL and exploration into specific causes of symptoms =
and=20
      survivorship is necessary. In addition, the significance of other=20
      nontraditional patient factors that contribute to QOL, such as =
caregiver,=20
      spiritual, and financial aspects of a patient=E2=80=99s life, need =
to be better=20
      explored. Finally, once QOL in brain tumor patients has been =
adequately=20
      described, interventions=E2=80=94both pharmacologic and =
nonpharmacologic=E2=80=94are=20
      necessary in order to improve QOL. Ultimately, the exploration of =
imaging,=20
      serum, genetic, or other biomarkers that can more objectively =
quantify=20
      symptoms not only will allow the field of QOL to be more =
consistently=20
      described, but also will likely have significant diagnostic, =
prognostic,=20
      and treatment value. While funding may be limited to pursue these =
primary=20
      QOL research goals, efforts should be made to incorporate QOL =
research as=20
      secondary end points into ongoing therapy trials. Few trials have =
done=20
      this to date,<SUP><A class=3D"cite-reflink bibr popnode"=20
      href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12204663"=20
      =
ref=3D"reftype=3Dpubmed&amp;article-id=3D2718978&amp;issue-id=3D180561&am=
p;journal-id=3D310&amp;FROM=3DArticle%7CBody&amp;TO=3DEntrez%7CPubMed%7CR=
ecord&amp;rendering-type=3Dnormal"=20
      rid=3D"b94-neu_11-3-330">94</A></SUP> although the potential =
impact of QOL=20
      on survival and prognosis makes incorporation of QOL end points =
especially=20
      important.<SUP><A class=3D"cite-reflink bibr popnode"=20
      href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18227528"=20
      =
ref=3D"reftype=3Dpubmed&amp;article-id=3D2718978&amp;issue-id=3D180561&am=
p;journal-id=3D310&amp;FROM=3DArticle%7CBody&amp;TO=3DEntrez%7CPubMed%7CR=
ecord&amp;rendering-type=3Dnormal"=20
      rid=3D"b95-neu_11-3-330">95</A></SUP><SUP>=E2=80=93</SUP><SUP><A=20
      class=3D"cite-reflink bibr popnode"=20
      href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16877731"=20
      =
ref=3D"reftype=3Dpubmed&amp;article-id=3D2718978&amp;issue-id=3D180561&am=
p;journal-id=3D310&amp;FROM=3DArticle%7CBody&amp;TO=3DEntrez%7CPubMed%7CR=
ecord&amp;rendering-type=3Dnormal"=20
      rid=3D"b97-neu_11-3-330">97</A></SUP></DIV></DIV></DIV>
      <DIV class=3Dsec id=3D__secid3137191>
      <DIV class=3D"head1 section-title" id=3D__secid3137191titletitle=20
      style=3D"TEXT-ALIGN: left">
      <DIV class=3Dother-sections>
      <UL class=3D"noext-menu noext-menu-hidden">
        <LI><A class=3Dfirst-link=20
        =
href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2718978/?tool=3Dpubme=
d#">&nbsp;Other=20
        Sections=E2=96=BC</A>
        <UL class=3D"submenu head1">
          <LI class=3Dsubmenu-item><A class=3D"" style=3D"TEXT-ALIGN: =
left"=20
          =
href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2718978/?tool=3Dpubme=
d#__abstractid3103224">Abstract</A>
          <LI class=3Dsubmenu-item><A class=3D"" style=3D"TEXT-ALIGN: =
left"=20
          =
href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2718978/?tool=3Dpubme=
d#__secid3111291">QOL=20
          in Brain Tumor Patients: Current Knowledge</A>
          <LI class=3Dsubmenu-item><A class=3D"" style=3D"TEXT-ALIGN: =
left"=20
          =
href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2718978/?tool=3Dpubme=
d#__secid3135164">Specific=20
          Symptoms</A>
          <LI class=3Dsubmenu-item><A class=3D"" style=3D"TEXT-ALIGN: =
left"=20
          =
href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2718978/?tool=3Dpubme=
d#__secid3135737">Long-<IMG=20
          style=3D"BORDER-TOP-STYLE: none; BORDER-RIGHT-STYLE: none; =
BORDER-LEFT-STYLE: none; BORDER-BOTTOM-STYLE: none"=20
          =
src=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/corehtml/pmc/pmcents/dot.gif">Term=20
          Symptoms: Survivorship</A>
          <LI class=3Dsubmenu-item><A class=3D"" style=3D"TEXT-ALIGN: =
left"=20
          =
href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2718978/?tool=3Dpubme=
d#__secid3135905">A=20
          Common Etiology to Symptoms: Symptom Clusters</A>
          <LI class=3Dsubmenu-item><A class=3D"" style=3D"TEXT-ALIGN: =
left"=20
          =
href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2718978/?tool=3Dpubme=
d#__secid3136089">Symptom=20
          Management</A>
          <LI class=3Dsubmenu-item><A class=3D"" style=3D"TEXT-ALIGN: =
left"=20
          =
href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2718978/?tool=3Dpubme=
d#__secid3136198">A=20
          Model for Future QOL Research</A>
          <LI class=3Dsubmenu-item><A class=3D"" style=3D"TEXT-ALIGN: =
left"=20
          =
href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2718978/?tool=3Dpubme=
d#__secid3136782">QOL=20
          Measurement</A>
          <LI class=3Dsubmenu-item><A class=3D"" style=3D"TEXT-ALIGN: =
left"=20
          =
href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2718978/?tool=3Dpubme=
d#__secid3136970">Other=20
          QOL Research Challenges</A>
          <LI class=3Dsubmenu-item><A class=3D"" style=3D"TEXT-ALIGN: =
left"=20
          =
href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2718978/?tool=3Dpubme=
d#__secid3137142">Future=20
          Directions</A>
          <LI class=3D"submenu-item current-item"><A class=3D""=20
          style=3D"TEXT-ALIGN: left" onclick=3Dreturn(false)=20
          =
href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2718978/?tool=3Dpubme=
d#">Conclusions</A>
          <LI class=3Dsubmenu-item><A class=3D"" style=3D"TEXT-ALIGN: =
left"=20
          =
href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2718978/?tool=3Dpubme=
d#__ref-listid3137226">References</A></LI></UL></LI></UL></DIV>
      <DIV>Conclusions</DIV></DIV>
      <DIV class=3Dsection-content id=3D__secid3137191content>
      <DIV class=3D"p p-first" id=3D__pid3137197>QOL in brain tumor =
patients is=20
      complex and multidimensional in nature, with symptoms having=20
      interrelationships with each other as well as patient, tumor, and=20
      treatment factors. Assessing QOL is challenging given the scarcity =
of=20
      well-validated instruments, difficulty with compliance especially =
in=20
      longitudinal measurements over time, and the lack of well-designed =
trials.=20
      Assessing QOL in brain tumor patients is additionally complicated =
by the=20
      relative rarity of the disease compared to other malignancies, =
functional=20
      limitations to self-reporting, and concurrent medications such as =
steroids=20
      and antiepileptics.</DIV>
      <DIV class=3Dp id=3D__pid3137205>Despite these limitations, some =
conclusions=20
      can be made regarding QOL studied to date on brain tumor patients. =

      Specifically, the burden of symptoms that affect QOL is =
significant, but=20
      understudied. There are limited therapeutic options to improve =
QOL. The=20
      incorporation of QOL as both primary and secondary end points is =
crucial=20
      because QOL can have prognostic value, and improvement of QOL may =
in turn=20
      increase overall survival. As such, QOL should be included as a =
secondary=20
      outcome measure and also be tested as a primary outcome measure in =

      intervention studies designed to improve the lives of brain tumor=20
      patients.</DIV>
      <DIV class=3D"p p-last" id=3D__pid3137213>Clearly, more work is =
needed in the=20
      field of QOL in brain tumor patients. Adequately powered, =
high-quality=20
      studies from descriptive to diagnostic to interventional in nature =
are=20
      needed in order to increase both the quality and quantity of these =

      patients=E2=80=99 lives.</DIV></DIV></DIV>
      <DIV class=3Dsec id=3D__ackid3137219>
      <DIV class=3D"head1 section-title" id=3D__ackid3137219titletitle=20
      style=3D"TEXT-ALIGN: left">
      <DIV>Acknowledgment</DIV></DIV>
      <DIV class=3Dsection-content id=3D__ackid3137219content>
      <DIV class=3Dsec>
      <DIV class=3Dp id=3D__pid3137223>We are grateful to Ilona Garner, =
Department=20
      of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, =
for=20
      editorial support.</DIV></DIV></DIV></DIV>
      <DIV class=3Dsec id=3D__ref-listid3137226>
      <DIV class=3D"head1 section-title" =
id=3D__ref-listid3137226titletitle=20
      style=3D"TEXT-ALIGN: left">
      <DIV class=3Dother-sections>
      <UL class=3D"noext-menu noext-menu-hidden">
        <LI><A class=3Dfirst-link=20
        =
href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2718978/?tool=3Dpubme=
d#">&nbsp;Other=20
        Sections=E2=96=BC</A>
        <UL class=3D"submenu head1">
          <LI class=3Dsubmenu-item><A class=3D"" style=3D"TEXT-ALIGN: =
left"=20
          =
href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2718978/?tool=3Dpubme=
d#__abstractid3103224">Abstract</A>
          <LI class=3Dsubmenu-item><A class=3D"" style=3D"TEXT-ALIGN: =
left"=20
          =
href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2718978/?tool=3Dpubme=
d#__secid3111291">QOL=20
          in Brain Tumor Patients: Current Knowledge</A>
          <LI class=3Dsubmenu-item><A class=3D"" style=3D"TEXT-ALIGN: =
left"=20
          =
href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2718978/?tool=3Dpubme=
d#__secid3135164">Specific=20
          Symptoms</A>
          <LI class=3Dsubmenu-item><A class=3D"" style=3D"TEXT-ALIGN: =
left"=20
          =
href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2718978/?tool=3Dpubme=
d#__secid3135737">Long-<IMG=20
          style=3D"BORDER-TOP-STYLE: none; BORDER-RIGHT-STYLE: none; =
BORDER-LEFT-STYLE: none; BORDER-BOTTOM-STYLE: none"=20
          =
src=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/corehtml/pmc/pmcents/dot.gif">Term=20
          Symptoms: Survivorship</A>
          <LI class=3Dsubmenu-item><A class=3D"" style=3D"TEXT-ALIGN: =
left"=20
          =
href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2718978/?tool=3Dpubme=
d#__secid3135905">A=20
          Common Etiology to Symptoms: Symptom Clusters</A>
          <LI class=3Dsubmenu-item><A class=3D"" style=3D"TEXT-ALIGN: =
left"=20
          =
href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2718978/?tool=3Dpubme=
d#__secid3136089">Symptom=20
          Management</A>
          <LI class=3Dsubmenu-item><A class=3D"" style=3D"TEXT-ALIGN: =
left"=20
          =
href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2718978/?tool=3Dpubme=
d#__secid3136198">A=20
          Model for Future QOL Research</A>
          <LI class=3Dsubmenu-item><A class=3D"" style=3D"TEXT-ALIGN: =
left"=20
          =
href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2718978/?tool=3Dpubme=
d#__secid3136782">QOL=20
          Measurement</A>
          <LI class=3Dsubmenu-item><A class=3D"" style=3D"TEXT-ALIGN: =
left"=20
          =
href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2718978/?tool=3Dpubme=
d#__secid3136970">Other=20
          QOL Research Challenges</A>
          <LI class=3Dsubmenu-item><A class=3D"" style=3D"TEXT-ALIGN: =
left"=20
          =
href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2718978/?tool=3Dpubme=
d#__secid3137142">Future=20
          Directions</A>
          <LI class=3Dsubmenu-item><A class=3D"" style=3D"TEXT-ALIGN: =
left"=20
          =
href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2718978/?tool=3Dpubme=
d#__secid3137191">Conclusions</A>
          <LI class=3D"submenu-item current-item"><A class=3D""=20
          style=3D"TEXT-ALIGN: left" onclick=3Dreturn(false)=20
          =
href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2718978/?tool=3Dpubme=
d#">References</A></LI></UL></LI></UL></DIV>
      <DIV>References</DIV></DIV>
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Med%7CRecord&amp;rendering-type=3Dnormal">PubMed</A>]</SPAN></SPAN></SPAN=
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href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?cmd=3Dsearch&amp;db=3DPu=
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<DIV class=3Dcited-ref id=3Dcite-__pid3111244 rid=3D"__pid3111244" =
pmids=3D"12082656">
<UL>
  <LI class=3Dovfl><A class=3D"pl popnode"=20
  href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12082656"=20
  =
ref=3D"reftype=3Dpubmed&amp;article-id=3D2718978&amp;issue-id=3D180561&am=
p;journal-id=3D310&amp;FROM=3DArticle|CitedRefBlock&amp;TO=3DEntrez|Pubme=
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  class=3Dflag>Review</SPAN>Advances in quality of life measurements in =
oncology=20
  patients.</A>
  <P class=3Ddesc><EM class=3Dcit>Semin Oncol. 2002 Jun; 29(3 Suppl=20
  8):60-8.</EM></P><SPAN class=3Dpub>[Semin Oncol. =
2002]</SPAN></LI></UL><A=20
class=3Dall-articles=20
href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12082656/?report=3Dsummary"=20
ref=3D"reftype=3Dpubmed&amp;article-id=3D2718978&amp;issue-id=3D180561&am=
p;journal-id=3D310&amp;FROM=3DArticle|CitedRefBlock&amp;TO=3DEntrez|Pubme=
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more articles cited in this paragraph</A></DIV>
<DIV class=3Dcited-ref id=3Dcite-__pid3111258 rid=3D"__pid3111258"=20
pmids=3D"12195437 11265231">
<UL>
  <LI class=3Dovfl><A class=3D"pl popnode"=20
  href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12195437"=20
  =
ref=3D"reftype=3Dpubmed&amp;article-id=3D2718978&amp;issue-id=3D180561&am=
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  class=3Dflag>Review</SPAN>Impact of brain tumour treatment on quality =
of=20
  life.</A>
  <P class=3Ddesc><EM class=3Dcit>J Neurol. 2002 Aug; =
249(8):955-60.</EM></P><SPAN=20
  class=3Dpub>[J Neurol. 2002]</SPAN></LI>
  <LI class=3Dovfl><A class=3D"pl popnode"=20
  href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11265231"=20
  =
ref=3D"reftype=3Dpubmed&amp;article-id=3D2718978&amp;issue-id=3D180561&am=
p;journal-id=3D310&amp;FROM=3DArticle|CitedRefBlock&amp;TO=3DEntrez|Pubme=
d|Record&amp;rendering-type=3Dnormal">Effect=20
  of disease burden on health-related quality of life in patients with =
malignant=20
  gliomas.</A>
  <P class=3Ddesc><EM class=3Dcit>Neuro Oncol. 2000 Oct; =
2(4):221-8.</EM></P><SPAN=20
  class=3Dpub>[Neuro Oncol. 2000]</SPAN></LI></UL><A =
class=3Dall-articles=20
href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12195437,11265231/?report=3Dsu=
mmary"=20
ref=3D"reftype=3Dpubmed&amp;article-id=3D2718978&amp;issue-id=3D180561&am=
p;journal-id=3D310&amp;FROM=3DArticle|CitedRefBlock&amp;TO=3DEntrez|Pubme=
d|Record&amp;rendering-type=3Dnormal">See=20
more articles cited in this paragraph</A></DIV>
<DIV class=3Dcited-ref id=3Dcite-__pid3111298 rid=3D"__pid3111298"=20
pmids=3D"11265231 8978224 11600605 16163448 8865005 15774446 16145528">
<UL>
  <LI class=3Dovfl><A class=3D"pl popnode"=20
  href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11265231"=20
  =
ref=3D"reftype=3Dpubmed&amp;article-id=3D2718978&amp;issue-id=3D180561&am=
p;journal-id=3D310&amp;FROM=3DArticle|CitedRefBlock&amp;TO=3DEntrez|Pubme=
d|Record&amp;rendering-type=3Dnormal">Effect=20
  of disease burden on health-related quality of life in patients with =
malignant=20
  gliomas.</A>
  <P class=3Ddesc><EM class=3Dcit>Neuro Oncol. 2000 Oct; =
2(4):221-8.</EM></P><SPAN=20
  class=3Dpub>[Neuro Oncol. 2000]</SPAN></LI>
  <LI class=3Dovfl><A class=3D"pl popnode"=20
  href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8978224"=20
  =
ref=3D"reftype=3Dpubmed&amp;article-id=3D2718978&amp;issue-id=3D180561&am=
p;journal-id=3D310&amp;FROM=3DArticle|CitedRefBlock&amp;TO=3DEntrez|Pubme=
d|Record&amp;rendering-type=3Dnormal">Malignant=20
  cerebral glioma--I: Survival, disability, and morbidity after=20
radiotherapy.</A>
  <P class=3Ddesc><EM class=3Dcit>BMJ. 1996 Dec 14; =
313(7071):1507-12.</EM></P><SPAN=20
  class=3Dpub>[BMJ. 1996]</SPAN></LI>
  <LI class=3Dovfl><A class=3D"pl popnode"=20
  href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11600605"=20
  =
ref=3D"reftype=3Dpubmed&amp;article-id=3D2718978&amp;issue-id=3D180561&am=
p;journal-id=3D310&amp;FROM=3DArticle|CitedRefBlock&amp;TO=3DEntrez|Pubme=
d|Record&amp;rendering-type=3Dnormal">Neurobehavioral=20
  status and health-related quality of life in newly diagnosed =
high-grade glioma=20
  patients.</A>
  <P class=3Ddesc><EM class=3Dcit>J Clin Oncol. 2001 Oct 15;=20
  19(20):4037-47.</EM></P><SPAN class=3Dpub>[J Clin Oncol. =
2001]</SPAN></LI>
  <LI class=3Dovfl><A class=3D"pl popnode"=20
  href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16163448"=20
  =
ref=3D"reftype=3Dpubmed&amp;article-id=3D2718978&amp;issue-id=3D180561&am=
p;journal-id=3D310&amp;FROM=3DArticle|CitedRefBlock&amp;TO=3DEntrez|Pubme=
d|Record&amp;rendering-type=3Dnormal">Prospective=20
  study of quality of life in adults with newly diagnosed high-grade=20
gliomas.</A>
  <P class=3Ddesc><EM class=3Dcit>J Neurooncol. 2006 Feb;=20
  76(3):283-91.</EM></P><SPAN class=3Dpub>[J Neurooncol. =
2006]</SPAN></LI>
  <LI class=3Dovfl><A class=3D"pl popnode"=20
  href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8865005"=20
  =
ref=3D"reftype=3Dpubmed&amp;article-id=3D2718978&amp;issue-id=3D180561&am=
p;journal-id=3D310&amp;FROM=3DArticle|CitedRefBlock&amp;TO=3DEntrez|Pubme=
d|Record&amp;rendering-type=3Dnormal">Quality=20
  of life in brain tumor patients.</A>
  <P class=3Ddesc><EM class=3Dcit>J Neurooncol. 1996 Oct; =
30(1):71-80.</EM></P><SPAN=20
  class=3Dpub>[J Neurooncol. 1996]</SPAN></LI></UL><A =
class=3Dall-articles=20
href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11265231,8978224,11600605,1616=
3448,8865005,15774446,16145528/?report=3Dsummary"=20
ref=3D"reftype=3Dpubmed&amp;article-id=3D2718978&amp;issue-id=3D180561&am=
p;journal-id=3D310&amp;FROM=3DArticle|CitedRefBlock&amp;TO=3DEntrez|Pubme=
d|Record&amp;rendering-type=3Dnormal">See=20
more articles cited in this paragraph</A></DIV>
<DIV class=3Dcited-ref id=3Dcite-__pid3117903 rid=3D"__pid3117903"=20
pmids=3D"8024261 16710652 14520665 12423981 11956268 9294476">
<UL>
  <LI class=3Dovfl><A class=3D"pl popnode"=20
  href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8024261"=20
  =
ref=3D"reftype=3Dpubmed&amp;article-id=3D2718978&amp;issue-id=3D180561&am=
p;journal-id=3D310&amp;FROM=3DArticle|CitedRefBlock&amp;TO=3DEntrez|Pubme=
d|Record&amp;rendering-type=3Dnormal">Cognitive=20
  functions and quality of life in patients with low-grade gliomas: the =
impact=20
  of radiotherapy.</A>
  <P class=3Ddesc><EM class=3Dcit>Ann Neurol. 1994 Jul; =
36(1):48-54.</EM></P><SPAN=20
  class=3Dpub>[Ann Neurol. 1994]</SPAN></LI>
  <LI class=3Dovfl><A class=3D"pl popnode"=20
  href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16710652"=20
  =
ref=3D"reftype=3Dpubmed&amp;article-id=3D2718978&amp;issue-id=3D180561&am=
p;journal-id=3D310&amp;FROM=3DArticle|CitedRefBlock&amp;TO=3DEntrez|Pubme=
d|Record&amp;rendering-type=3Dnormal">The=20
  relationship between function, quality of life and coping in patients =
with=20
  low-grade gliomas.</A>
  <P class=3Ddesc><EM class=3Dcit>Support Care Cancer. 2006 Dec;=20
  14(12):1205-12.</EM></P><SPAN class=3Dpub>[Support Care Cancer.=20
2006]</SPAN></LI>
  <LI class=3Dovfl><A class=3D"pl popnode"=20
  href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14520665"=20
  =
ref=3D"reftype=3Dpubmed&amp;article-id=3D2718978&amp;issue-id=3D180561&am=
p;journal-id=3D310&amp;FROM=3DArticle|CitedRefBlock&amp;TO=3DEntrez|Pubme=
d|Record&amp;rendering-type=3Dnormal">Epilepsy=20
  in low-grade gliomas: the impact on cognitive function and quality of=20
life.</A>
  <P class=3Ddesc><EM class=3Dcit>Ann Neurol. 2003 Oct; =
54(4):514-20.</EM></P><SPAN=20
  class=3Dpub>[Ann Neurol. 2003]</SPAN></LI>
  <LI class=3Dovfl><A class=3D"pl popnode"=20
  href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12423981"=20
  =
ref=3D"reftype=3Dpubmed&amp;article-id=3D2718978&amp;issue-id=3D180561&am=
p;journal-id=3D310&amp;FROM=3DArticle|CitedRefBlock&amp;TO=3DEntrez|Pubme=
d|Record&amp;rendering-type=3Dnormal">Effect=20
  of radiotherapy and other treatment-related factors on mid-term to =
long-term=20
  cognitive sequelae in low-grade gliomas: a comparative study.</A>
  <P class=3Ddesc><EM class=3Dcit>Lancet. 2002 Nov 2;=20
  360(9343):1361-8.</EM></P><SPAN class=3Dpub>[Lancet. 2002]</SPAN></LI>
  <LI class=3Dovfl><A class=3D"pl popnode"=20
  href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11956268"=20
  =
ref=3D"reftype=3Dpubmed&amp;article-id=3D2718978&amp;issue-id=3D180561&am=
p;journal-id=3D310&amp;FROM=3DArticle|CitedRefBlock&amp;TO=3DEntrez|Pubme=
d|Record&amp;rendering-type=3Dnormal">Prognostic=20
  factors for survival in adult patients with cerebral low-grade =
glioma.</A>
  <P class=3Ddesc><EM class=3Dcit>J Clin Oncol. 2002 Apr 15;=20
  20(8):2076-84.</EM></P><SPAN class=3Dpub>[J Clin Oncol. =
2002]</SPAN></LI></UL><A=20
class=3Dall-articles=20
href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8024261,16710652,14520665,1242=
3981,11956268,9294476/?report=3Dsummary"=20
ref=3D"reftype=3Dpubmed&amp;article-id=3D2718978&amp;issue-id=3D180561&am=
p;journal-id=3D310&amp;FROM=3DArticle|CitedRefBlock&amp;TO=3DEntrez|Pubme=
d|Record&amp;rendering-type=3Dnormal">See=20
more articles cited in this paragraph</A></DIV>
<DIV class=3Dcited-ref id=3Dcite-__pid3135173 rid=3D"__pid3135173"=20
pmids=3D"11265231 16163448 11861699 16710652">
<UL>
  <LI class=3Dovfl><A class=3D"pl popnode"=20
  href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11265231"=20
  =
ref=3D"reftype=3Dpubmed&amp;article-id=3D2718978&amp;issue-id=3D180561&am=
p;journal-id=3D310&amp;FROM=3DArticle|CitedRefBlock&amp;TO=3DEntrez|Pubme=
d|Record&amp;rendering-type=3Dnormal">Effect=20
  of disease burden on health-related quality of life in patients with =
malignant=20
  gliomas.</A>
  <P class=3Ddesc><EM class=3Dcit>Neuro Oncol. 2000 Oct; =
2(4):221-8.</EM></P><SPAN=20
  class=3Dpub>[Neuro Oncol. 2000]</SPAN></LI>
  <LI class=3Dovfl><A class=3D"pl popnode"=20
  href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16163448"=20
  =
ref=3D"reftype=3Dpubmed&amp;article-id=3D2718978&amp;issue-id=3D180561&am=
p;journal-id=3D310&amp;FROM=3DArticle|CitedRefBlock&amp;TO=3DEntrez|Pubme=
d|Record&amp;rendering-type=3Dnormal">Prospective=20
  study of quality of life in adults with newly diagnosed high-grade=20
gliomas.</A>
  <P class=3Ddesc><EM class=3Dcit>J Neurooncol. 2006 Feb;=20
  76(3):283-91.</EM></P><SPAN class=3Dpub>[J Neurooncol. =
2006]</SPAN></LI>
  <LI class=3Dovfl><A class=3D"pl popnode"=20
  href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11861699"=20
  =
ref=3D"reftype=3Dpubmed&amp;article-id=3D2718978&amp;issue-id=3D180561&am=
p;journal-id=3D310&amp;FROM=3DArticle|CitedRefBlock&amp;TO=3DEntrez|Pubme=
d|Record&amp;rendering-type=3Dnormal">Effect=20
  of brain tumour laterality on patients' perceived quality of life.</A>
  <P class=3Ddesc><EM class=3Dcit>J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2002 =
Mar;=20
  72(3):373-7.</EM></P><SPAN class=3Dpub>[J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. =

  2002]</SPAN></LI>
  <LI class=3Dovfl><A class=3D"pl popnode"=20
  href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16710652"=20
  =
ref=3D"reftype=3Dpubmed&amp;article-id=3D2718978&amp;issue-id=3D180561&am=
p;journal-id=3D310&amp;FROM=3DArticle|CitedRefBlock&amp;TO=3DEntrez|Pubme=
d|Record&amp;rendering-type=3Dnormal">The=20
  relationship between function, quality of life and coping in patients =
with=20
  low-grade gliomas.</A>
  <P class=3Ddesc><EM class=3Dcit>Support Care Cancer. 2006 Dec;=20
  14(12):1205-12.</EM></P><SPAN class=3Dpub>[Support Care Cancer.=20
2006]</SPAN></LI></UL><A class=3Dall-articles=20
href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11265231,16163448,11861699,167=
10652/?report=3Dsummary"=20
ref=3D"reftype=3Dpubmed&amp;article-id=3D2718978&amp;issue-id=3D180561&am=
p;journal-id=3D310&amp;FROM=3DArticle|CitedRefBlock&amp;TO=3DEntrez|Pubme=
d|Record&amp;rendering-type=3Dnormal">See=20
more articles cited in this paragraph</A></DIV>
<DIV class=3Dcited-ref id=3Dcite-__pid3135241 rid=3D"__pid3135241"=20
pmids=3D"16710652 12112483 11265231 16321761">
<UL>
  <LI class=3Dovfl><A class=3D"pl popnode"=20
  href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16710652"=20
  =
ref=3D"reftype=3Dpubmed&amp;article-id=3D2718978&amp;issue-id=3D180561&am=
p;journal-id=3D310&amp;FROM=3DArticle|CitedRefBlock&amp;TO=3DEntrez|Pubme=
d|Record&amp;rendering-type=3Dnormal">The=20
  relationship between function, quality of life and coping in patients =
with=20
  low-grade gliomas.</A>
  <P class=3Ddesc><EM class=3Dcit>Support Care Cancer. 2006 Dec;=20
  14(12):1205-12.</EM></P><SPAN class=3Dpub>[Support Care Cancer.=20
2006]</SPAN></LI>
  <LI class=3Dovfl><A class=3D"pl popnode"=20
  href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12112483"=20
  =
ref=3D"reftype=3Dpubmed&amp;article-id=3D2718978&amp;issue-id=3D180561&am=
p;journal-id=3D310&amp;FROM=3DArticle|CitedRefBlock&amp;TO=3DEntrez|Pubme=
d|Record&amp;rendering-type=3Dnormal">Predicting=20
  major depression in brain tumor patients.</A>
  <P class=3Ddesc><EM class=3Dcit>Psychooncology. 2002 May-Jun;=20
  11(3):230-8.</EM></P><SPAN class=3Dpub>[Psychooncology. =
2002]</SPAN></LI>
  <LI class=3Dovfl><A class=3D"pl popnode"=20
  href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11265231"=20
  =
ref=3D"reftype=3Dpubmed&amp;article-id=3D2718978&amp;issue-id=3D180561&am=
p;journal-id=3D310&amp;FROM=3DArticle|CitedRefBlock&amp;TO=3DEntrez|Pubme=
d|Record&amp;rendering-type=3Dnormal">Effect=20
  of disease burden on health-related quality of life in patients with =
malignant=20
  gliomas.</A>
  <P class=3Ddesc><EM class=3Dcit>Neuro Oncol. 2000 Oct; =
2(4):221-8.</EM></P><SPAN=20
  class=3Dpub>[Neuro Oncol. 2000]</SPAN></LI>
  <LI class=3Dovfl><A class=3D"pl popnode"=20
  href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16321761"=20
  =
ref=3D"reftype=3Dpubmed&amp;article-id=3D2718978&amp;issue-id=3D180561&am=
p;journal-id=3D310&amp;FROM=3DArticle|CitedRefBlock&amp;TO=3DEntrez|Pubme=
d|Record&amp;rendering-type=3Dnormal">Health-related=20
  quality of life in patients with glioblastoma: a randomised controlled =

  trial.</A>
  <P class=3Ddesc><EM class=3Dcit>Lancet Oncol. 2005 Dec;=20
  6(12):937-44.</EM></P><SPAN class=3Dpub>[Lancet Oncol. =
2005]</SPAN></LI></UL><A=20
class=3Dall-articles=20
href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16710652,12112483,11265231,163=
21761/?report=3Dsummary"=20
ref=3D"reftype=3Dpubmed&amp;article-id=3D2718978&amp;issue-id=3D180561&am=
p;journal-id=3D310&amp;FROM=3DArticle|CitedRefBlock&amp;TO=3DEntrez|Pubme=
d|Record&amp;rendering-type=3Dnormal">See=20
more articles cited in this paragraph</A></DIV>
<DIV class=3Dcited-ref id=3Dcite-__pid3135297 rid=3D"__pid3135297"=20
pmids=3D"9217039 11265231">
<UL>
  <LI class=3Dovfl><A class=3D"pl popnode"=20
  href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9217039"=20
  =
ref=3D"reftype=3Dpubmed&amp;article-id=3D2718978&amp;issue-id=3D180561&am=
p;journal-id=3D310&amp;FROM=3DArticle|CitedRefBlock&amp;TO=3DEntrez|Pubme=
d|Record&amp;rendering-type=3Dnormal">Self-reported=20
  comprehensive health status of adult brain tumor patients using the =
Health=20
  Utilities Index.</A>
  <P class=3Ddesc><EM class=3Dcit>Cancer. 1997 Jul 15; =
80(2):258-65.</EM></P><SPAN=20
  class=3Dpub>[Cancer. 1997]</SPAN></LI>
  <LI class=3Dovfl><A class=3D"pl popnode"=20
  href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11265231"=20
  =
ref=3D"reftype=3Dpubmed&amp;article-id=3D2718978&amp;issue-id=3D180561&am=
p;journal-id=3D310&amp;FROM=3DArticle|CitedRefBlock&amp;TO=3DEntrez|Pubme=
d|Record&amp;rendering-type=3Dnormal">Effect=20
  of disease burden on health-related quality of life in patients with =
malignant=20
  gliomas.</A>
  <P class=3Ddesc><EM class=3Dcit>Neuro Oncol. 2000 Oct; =
2(4):221-8.</EM></P><SPAN=20
  class=3Dpub>[Neuro Oncol. 2000]</SPAN></LI></UL><A =
class=3Dall-articles=20
href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9217039,11265231/?report=3Dsum=
mary"=20
ref=3D"reftype=3Dpubmed&amp;article-id=3D2718978&amp;issue-id=3D180561&am=
p;journal-id=3D310&amp;FROM=3DArticle|CitedRefBlock&amp;TO=3DEntrez|Pubme=
d|Record&amp;rendering-type=3Dnormal">See=20
more articles cited in this paragraph</A></DIV>
<DIV class=3Dcited-ref id=3Dcite-__pid3135323 rid=3D"__pid3135323"=20
pmids=3D"14520665 9294476 11956268 9193320 9598670">
<UL>
  <LI class=3Dovfl><A class=3D"pl popnode"=20
  href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14520665"=20
  =
ref=3D"reftype=3Dpubmed&amp;article-id=3D2718978&amp;issue-id=3D180561&am=
p;journal-id=3D310&amp;FROM=3DArticle|CitedRefBlock&amp;TO=3DEntrez|Pubme=
d|Record&amp;rendering-type=3Dnormal">Epilepsy=20
  in low-grade gliomas: the impact on cognitive function and quality of=20
life.</A>
  <P class=3Ddesc><EM class=3Dcit>Ann Neurol. 2003 Oct; =
54(4):514-20.</EM></P><SPAN=20
  class=3Dpub>[Ann Neurol. 2003]</SPAN></LI>
  <LI class=3Dovfl><A class=3D"pl popnode"=20
  href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9294476"=20
  =
ref=3D"reftype=3Dpubmed&amp;article-id=3D2718978&amp;issue-id=3D180561&am=
p;journal-id=3D310&amp;FROM=3DArticle|CitedRefBlock&amp;TO=3DEntrez|Pubme=
d|Record&amp;rendering-type=3Dnormal">Survival,=20
  prognostic factors, and therapeutic efficacy in low-grade glioma: a=20
  retrospective study in 379 patients.</A>
  <P class=3Ddesc><EM class=3Dcit>J Clin Oncol. 1997 Sep;=20
  15(9):3129-40.</EM></P><SPAN class=3Dpub>[J Clin Oncol. =
1997]</SPAN></LI>
  <LI class=3Dovfl><A class=3D"pl popnode"=20
  href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11956268"=20
  =
ref=3D"reftype=3Dpubmed&amp;article-id=3D2718978&amp;issue-id=3D180561&am=
p;journal-id=3D310&amp;FROM=3DArticle|CitedRefBlock&amp;TO=3DEntrez|Pubme=
d|Record&amp;rendering-type=3Dnormal">Prognostic=20
  factors for survival in adult patients with cerebral low-grade =
glioma.</A>
  <P class=3Ddesc><EM class=3Dcit>J Clin Oncol. 2002 Apr 15;=20
  20(8):2076-84.</EM></P><SPAN class=3Dpub>[J Clin Oncol. =
2002]</SPAN></LI>
  <LI class=3Dovfl><A class=3D"pl popnode"=20
  href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9193320"=20
  =
ref=3D"reftype=3Dpubmed&amp;article-id=3D2718978&amp;issue-id=3D180561&am=
p;journal-id=3D310&amp;FROM=3DArticle|CitedRefBlock&amp;TO=3DEntrez|Pubme=
d|Record&amp;rendering-type=3Dnormal">Supratentorial=20
  low-grade glioma in adults: an analysis of prognostic factors and =
timing of=20
  radiation.</A>
  <P class=3Ddesc><EM class=3Dcit>J Clin Oncol. 1997 Apr;=20
  15(4):1294-301.</EM></P><SPAN class=3Dpub>[J Clin Oncol. =
1997]</SPAN></LI>
  <LI class=3Dovfl><A class=3D"pl popnode"=20
  href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9598670"=20
  =
ref=3D"reftype=3Dpubmed&amp;article-id=3D2718978&amp;issue-id=3D180561&am=
p;journal-id=3D310&amp;FROM=3DArticle|CitedRefBlock&amp;TO=3DEntrez|Pubme=
d|Record&amp;rendering-type=3Dnormal">Supratentorial=20
  low grade astrocytoma: prognostic factors, dedifferentiation, and the =
issue of=20
  early versus late surgery.</A>
  <P class=3Ddesc><EM class=3Dcit>J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 1998 =
May;=20
  64(5):581-7.</EM></P><SPAN class=3Dpub>[J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. =

  1998]</SPAN></LI></UL><A class=3Dall-articles=20
href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14520665,9294476,11956268,9193=
320,9598670/?report=3Dsummary"=20
ref=3D"reftype=3Dpubmed&amp;article-id=3D2718978&amp;issue-id=3D180561&am=
p;journal-id=3D310&amp;FROM=3DArticle|CitedRefBlock&amp;TO=3DEntrez|Pubme=
d|Record&amp;rendering-type=3Dnormal">See=20
more articles cited in this paragraph</A></DIV>
<DIV class=3Dcited-ref id=3Dcite-__pid3135390 rid=3D"__pid3135390"=20
pmids=3D"8865005 12112483 16304988 14744282 10759042 18314416 12125966 =
16140507 15918939 16960653">
<UL>
  <LI class=3Dovfl><A class=3D"pl popnode"=20
  href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8865005"=20
  =
ref=3D"reftype=3Dpubmed&amp;article-id=3D2718978&amp;issue-id=3D180561&am=
p;journal-id=3D310&amp;FROM=3DArticle|CitedRefBlock&amp;TO=3DEntrez|Pubme=
d|Record&amp;rendering-type=3Dnormal">Quality=20
  of life in brain tumor patients.</A>
  <P class=3Ddesc><EM class=3Dcit>J Neurooncol. 1996 Oct; =
30(1):71-80.</EM></P><SPAN=20
  class=3Dpub>[J Neurooncol. 1996]</SPAN></LI>
  <LI class=3Dovfl><A class=3D"pl popnode"=20
  href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12112483"=20
  =
ref=3D"reftype=3Dpubmed&amp;article-id=3D2718978&amp;issue-id=3D180561&am=
p;journal-id=3D310&amp;FROM=3DArticle|CitedRefBlock&amp;TO=3DEntrez|Pubme=
d|Record&amp;rendering-type=3Dnormal">Predicting=20
  major depression in brain tumor patients.</A>
  <P class=3Ddesc><EM class=3Dcit>Psychooncology. 2002 May-Jun;=20
  11(3):230-8.</EM></P><SPAN class=3Dpub>[Psychooncology. =
2002]</SPAN></LI>
  <LI class=3Dovfl><A class=3D"pl popnode"=20
  href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16304988"=20
  =
ref=3D"reftype=3Dpubmed&amp;article-id=3D2718978&amp;issue-id=3D180561&am=
p;journal-id=3D310&amp;FROM=3DArticle|CitedRefBlock&amp;TO=3DEntrez|Pubme=
d|Record&amp;rendering-type=3Dnormal">Depression=20
  and functional outcome in patients with brain tumors: a =
population-based=20
  1-year follow-up study.</A>
  <P class=3Ddesc><EM class=3Dcit>J Neurosurg. 2005 Nov; =
103(5):841-7.</EM></P><SPAN=20
  class=3Dpub>[J Neurosurg. 2005]</SPAN></LI>
  <LI class=3Dovfl><A class=3D"pl popnode"=20
  href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14744282"=20
  =
ref=3D"reftype=3Dpubmed&amp;article-id=3D2718978&amp;issue-id=3D180561&am=
p;journal-id=3D310&amp;FROM=3DArticle|CitedRefBlock&amp;TO=3DEntrez|Pubme=
d|Record&amp;rendering-type=3Dnormal">Depression=20
  in patients with high-grade glioma: results of the Glioma Outcomes=20
Project.</A>
  <P class=3Ddesc><EM class=3Dcit>Neurosurgery. 2004 Feb; 54(2):358-66; =
discussion=20
  366-7.</EM></P><SPAN class=3Dpub>[Neurosurgery. 2004]</SPAN></LI>
  <LI class=3Dovfl><A class=3D"pl popnode"=20
  href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10759042"=20
  =
ref=3D"reftype=3Dpubmed&amp;article-id=3D2718978&amp;issue-id=3D180561&am=
p;journal-id=3D310&amp;FROM=3DArticle|CitedRefBlock&amp;TO=3DEntrez|Pubme=
d|Record&amp;rendering-type=3Dnormal">Relationships:=20
  importance for patients with cerebral tumours.</A>
  <P class=3Ddesc><EM class=3Dcit>Brain Inj. 2000 Mar; =
14(3):251-9.</EM></P><SPAN=20
  class=3Dpub>[Brain Inj. 2000]</SPAN></LI></UL><A class=3Dall-articles=20
href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8865005,12112483,16304988,1474=
4282,10759042,18314416,12125966,16140507,15918939,16960653/?report=3Dsumm=
ary"=20
ref=3D"reftype=3Dpubmed&amp;article-id=3D2718978&amp;issue-id=3D180561&am=
p;journal-id=3D310&amp;FROM=3DArticle|CitedRefBlock&amp;TO=3DEntrez|Pubme=
d|Record&amp;rendering-type=3Dnormal">See=20
more articles cited in this paragraph</A></DIV>
<DIV class=3Dcited-ref id=3Dcite-__pid3135557 rid=3D"__pid3135557" =
pmids=3D"11535011">
<UL>
  <LI class=3Dovfl><A class=3D"pl popnode"=20
  href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11535011"=20
  =
ref=3D"reftype=3Dpubmed&amp;article-id=3D2718978&amp;issue-id=3D180561&am=
p;journal-id=3D310&amp;FROM=3DArticle|CitedRefBlock&amp;TO=3DEntrez|Pubme=
d|Record&amp;rendering-type=3Dnormal">Mechanisms=20
  of peritumoural brain dysfunction: metabolic and neuroreceptor =
findings in=20
  striatal C6 glioma.</A>
  <P class=3Ddesc><EM class=3Dcit>J Clin Neurosci. 2001 Sep;=20
  8(5):430-4.</EM></P><SPAN class=3Dpub>[J Clin Neurosci. =
2001]</SPAN></LI></UL><A=20
class=3Dall-articles=20
href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11535011/?report=3Dsummary"=20
ref=3D"reftype=3Dpubmed&amp;article-id=3D2718978&amp;issue-id=3D180561&am=
p;journal-id=3D310&amp;FROM=3DArticle|CitedRefBlock&amp;TO=3DEntrez|Pubme=
d|Record&amp;rendering-type=3Dnormal">See=20
more articles cited in this paragraph</A></DIV>
<DIV class=3Dcited-ref id=3Dcite-__pid3135585 rid=3D"__pid3135585"=20
pmids=3D"14980531 11600605 10942005">
<UL>
  <LI class=3Dovfl><A class=3D"pl popnode"=20
  href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14980531"=20
  =
ref=3D"reftype=3Dpubmed&amp;article-id=3D2718978&amp;issue-id=3D180561&am=
p;journal-id=3D310&amp;FROM=3DArticle|CitedRefBlock&amp;TO=3DEntrez|Pubme=
d|Record&amp;rendering-type=3Dnormal"><SPAN=20
  class=3Dflag>Review</SPAN>Cognitive deficits in adult patients with =
brain=20
  tumours.</A>
  <P class=3Ddesc><EM class=3Dcit>Lancet Neurol. 2004 Mar;=20
  3(3):159-68.</EM></P><SPAN class=3Dpub>[Lancet Neurol. =
2004]</SPAN></LI>
  <LI class=3Dovfl><A class=3D"pl popnode"=20
  href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11600605"=20
  =
ref=3D"reftype=3Dpubmed&amp;article-id=3D2718978&amp;issue-id=3D180561&am=
p;journal-id=3D310&amp;FROM=3DArticle|CitedRefBlock&amp;TO=3DEntrez|Pubme=
d|Record&amp;rendering-type=3Dnormal">Neurobehavioral=20
  status and health-related quality of life in newly diagnosed =
high-grade glioma=20
  patients.</A>
  <P class=3Ddesc><EM class=3Dcit>J Clin Oncol. 2001 Oct 15;=20
  19(20):4037-47.</EM></P><SPAN class=3Dpub>[J Clin Oncol. =
2001]</SPAN></LI>
  <LI class=3Dovfl><A class=3D"pl popnode"=20
  href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10942005"=20
  =
ref=3D"reftype=3Dpubmed&amp;article-id=3D2718978&amp;issue-id=3D180561&am=
p;journal-id=3D310&amp;FROM=3DArticle|CitedRefBlock&amp;TO=3DEntrez|Pubme=
d|Record&amp;rendering-type=3Dnormal">Cognitive=20
  deficits before treatment among patients with brain tumors.</A>
  <P class=3Ddesc><EM class=3Dcit>Neurosurgery. 2000 Aug; 47(2):324-33; =
discussion=20
  333-4.</EM></P><SPAN class=3Dpub>[Neurosurgery. =
2000]</SPAN></LI></UL><A=20
class=3Dall-articles=20
href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14980531,11600605,10942005/?re=
port=3Dsummary"=20
ref=3D"reftype=3Dpubmed&amp;article-id=3D2718978&amp;issue-id=3D180561&am=
p;journal-id=3D310&amp;FROM=3DArticle|CitedRefBlock&amp;TO=3DEntrez|Pubme=
d|Record&amp;rendering-type=3Dnormal">See=20
more articles cited in this paragraph</A></DIV>
<DIV class=3Dcited-ref id=3Dcite-__pid3135623 rid=3D"__pid3135623"=20
pmids=3D"15774446 12672280 14694052 17135644 15093907 16163448 12913103 =
8283263">
<UL>
  <LI class=3Dovfl><A class=3D"pl popnode"=20
  href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15774446"=20
  =
ref=3D"reftype=3Dpubmed&amp;article-id=3D2718978&amp;issue-id=3D180561&am=
p;journal-id=3D310&amp;FROM=3DArticle|CitedRefBlock&amp;TO=3DEntrez|Pubme=
d|Record&amp;rendering-type=3Dnormal">Facets=20
  and determinants of quality of life in patients with recurrent high =
grade=20
  glioma.</A>
  <P class=3Ddesc><EM class=3Dcit>J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2005 =
Apr;=20
  76(4):562-8.</EM></P><SPAN class=3Dpub>[J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. =

  2005]</SPAN></LI>
  <LI class=3Dovfl><A class=3D"pl popnode"=20
  href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12672280"=20
  =
ref=3D"reftype=3Dpubmed&amp;article-id=3D2718978&amp;issue-id=3D180561&am=
p;journal-id=3D310&amp;FROM=3DArticle|CitedRefBlock&amp;TO=3DEntrez|Pubme=
d|Record&amp;rendering-type=3Dnormal">Multifaceted=20
  end points in brain tumor clinical trials: cognitive deterioration =
precedes=20
  MRI progression.</A>
  <P class=3Ddesc><EM class=3Dcit>Neuro Oncol. 2003 Apr; =
5(2):89-95.</EM></P><SPAN=20
  class=3Dpub>[Neuro Oncol. 2003]</SPAN></LI>
  <LI class=3Dovfl><A class=3D"pl popnode"=20
  href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14694052"=20
  =
ref=3D"reftype=3Dpubmed&amp;article-id=3D2718978&amp;issue-id=3D180561&am=
p;journal-id=3D310&amp;FROM=3DArticle|CitedRefBlock&amp;TO=3DEntrez|Pubme=
d|Record&amp;rendering-type=3Dnormal">The=20
  prognostic value of cognitive functioning in the survival of patients =
with=20
  high-grade glioma.</A>
  <P class=3Ddesc><EM class=3Dcit>Neurology. 2003 Dec 23;=20
  61(12):1796-8.</EM></P><SPAN class=3Dpub>[Neurology. 2003]</SPAN></LI>
  <LI class=3Dovfl><A class=3D"pl popnode"=20
  href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17135644"=20
  =
ref=3D"reftype=3Dpubmed&amp;article-id=3D2718978&amp;issue-id=3D180561&am=
p;journal-id=3D310&amp;FROM=3DArticle|CitedRefBlock&amp;TO=3DEntrez|Pubme=
d|Record&amp;rendering-type=3Dnormal">Detrimental=20
  effects of tumor progression on cognitive function of patients with =
high-grade=20
  glioma.</A>
  <P class=3Ddesc><EM class=3Dcit>J Clin Oncol. 2006 Dec 1;=20
  24(34):5427-33.</EM></P><SPAN class=3Dpub>[J Clin Oncol. =
2006]</SPAN></LI>
  <LI class=3Dovfl><A class=3D"pl popnode"=20
  href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15093907"=20
  =
ref=3D"reftype=3Dpubmed&amp;article-id=3D2718978&amp;issue-id=3D180561&am=
p;journal-id=3D310&amp;FROM=3DArticle|CitedRefBlock&amp;TO=3DEntrez|Pubme=
d|Record&amp;rendering-type=3Dnormal">Importance=20
  of baseline mini-mental state examination as a prognostic factor for =
patients=20
  with low-grade glioma.</A>
  <P class=3Ddesc><EM class=3Dcit>Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2004 May =
1;=20
  59(1):117-25.</EM></P><SPAN class=3Dpub>[Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. =

  2004]</SPAN></LI></UL><A class=3Dall-articles=20
href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15774446,12672280,14694052,171=
35644,15093907,16163448,12913103,8283263/?report=3Dsummary"=20
ref=3D"reftype=3Dpubmed&amp;article-id=3D2718978&amp;issue-id=3D180561&am=
p;journal-id=3D310&amp;FROM=3DArticle|CitedRefBlock&amp;TO=3DEntrez|Pubme=
d|Record&amp;rendering-type=3Dnormal">See=20
more articles cited in this paragraph</A></DIV>
<DIV class=3Dcited-ref id=3Dcite-__pid3135741 rid=3D"__pid3135741"=20
pmids=3D"2178330 3565314">
<UL>
  <LI class=3Dovfl><A class=3D"pl popnode"=20
  href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2178330"=20
  =
ref=3D"reftype=3Dpubmed&amp;article-id=3D2718978&amp;issue-id=3D180561&am=
p;journal-id=3D310&amp;FROM=3DArticle|CitedRefBlock&amp;TO=3DEntrez|Pubme=
d|Record&amp;rendering-type=3Dnormal">Effects=20
  of treatment on long-term survivors with malignant astrocytomas.</A>
  <P class=3Ddesc><EM class=3Dcit>Ann Neurol. 1990 Dec; =
28(6):818-22.</EM></P><SPAN=20
  class=3Dpub>[Ann Neurol. 1990]</SPAN></LI>
  <LI class=3Dovfl><A class=3D"pl popnode"=20
  href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3565314"=20
  =
ref=3D"reftype=3Dpubmed&amp;article-id=3D2718978&amp;issue-id=3D180561&am=
p;journal-id=3D310&amp;FROM=3DArticle|CitedRefBlock&amp;TO=3DEntrez|Pubme=
d|Record&amp;rendering-type=3Dnormal">Neuropsychologic=20
  impairment in adults with brain tumors.</A>
  <P class=3Ddesc><EM class=3Dcit>Am J Clin Oncol. 1987 Apr;=20
  10(2):156-62.</EM></P><SPAN class=3Dpub>[Am J Clin Oncol. =
1987]</SPAN></LI></UL><A=20
class=3Dall-articles=20
href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2178330,3565314/?report=3Dsumm=
ary"=20
ref=3D"reftype=3Dpubmed&amp;article-id=3D2718978&amp;issue-id=3D180561&am=
p;journal-id=3D310&amp;FROM=3DArticle|CitedRefBlock&amp;TO=3DEntrez|Pubme=
d|Record&amp;rendering-type=3Dnormal">See=20
more articles cited in this paragraph</A></DIV>
<DIV class=3Dcited-ref id=3Dcite-__pid3135770 rid=3D"__pid3135770"=20
pmids=3D"10449559 12814255 2557303">
<UL>
  <LI class=3Dovfl><A class=3D"pl popnode"=20
  href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10449559"=20
  =
ref=3D"reftype=3Dpubmed&amp;article-id=3D2718978&amp;issue-id=3D180561&am=
p;journal-id=3D310&amp;FROM=3DArticle|CitedRefBlock&amp;TO=3DEntrez|Pubme=
d|Record&amp;rendering-type=3Dnormal">Quality=20
  of life in patients with stable disease after surgery, radiotherapy, =
and=20
  chemotherapy for malignant brain tumour.</A>
  <P class=3Ddesc><EM class=3Dcit>J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 1999 =
Sep;=20
  67(3):358-63.</EM></P><SPAN class=3Dpub>[J Neurol Neurosurg =
Psychiatry.=20
  1999]</SPAN></LI>
  <LI class=3Dovfl><A class=3D"pl popnode"=20
  href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12814255"=20
  =
ref=3D"reftype=3Dpubmed&amp;article-id=3D2718978&amp;issue-id=3D180561&am=
p;journal-id=3D310&amp;FROM=3DArticle|CitedRefBlock&amp;TO=3DEntrez|Pubme=
d|Record&amp;rendering-type=3Dnormal">Psychometric-=20
  and quality-of-life assessment in long-term glioblastoma =
survivors.</A>
  <P class=3Ddesc><EM class=3Dcit>J Neurooncol. 2003 May; =
63(1):55-61.</EM></P><SPAN=20
  class=3Dpub>[J Neurooncol. 2003]</SPAN></LI>
  <LI class=3Dovfl><A class=3D"pl popnode"=20
  href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2557303"=20
  =
ref=3D"reftype=3Dpubmed&amp;article-id=3D2718978&amp;issue-id=3D180561&am=
p;journal-id=3D310&amp;FROM=3DArticle|CitedRefBlock&amp;TO=3DEntrez|Pubme=
d|Record&amp;rendering-type=3Dnormal">Survival=20
  and quality of life after interstitial implantation of removable =
high-activity=20
  iodine-125 sources for the treatment of patients with recurrent =
malignant=20
  gliomas.</A>
  <P class=3Ddesc><EM class=3Dcit>Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 1989 =
Dec;=20
  17(6):1129-39.</EM></P><SPAN class=3Dpub>[Int J Radiat Oncol Biol =
Phys.=20
  1989]</SPAN></LI></UL><A class=3Dall-articles=20
href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10449559,12814255,2557303/?rep=
ort=3Dsummary"=20
ref=3D"reftype=3Dpubmed&amp;article-id=3D2718978&amp;issue-id=3D180561&am=
p;journal-id=3D310&amp;FROM=3DArticle|CitedRefBlock&amp;TO=3DEntrez|Pubme=
d|Record&amp;rendering-type=3Dnormal">See=20
more articles cited in this paragraph</A></DIV>
<DIV class=3Dcited-ref id=3Dcite-__pid3135810 rid=3D"__pid3135810"=20
pmids=3D"8283263 2178330 10443883 16434662 7721551 12814255">
<UL>
  <LI class=3Dovfl><A class=3D"pl popnode"=20
  href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8283263"=20
  =
ref=3D"reftype=3Dpubmed&amp;article-id=3D2718978&amp;issue-id=3D180561&am=
p;journal-id=3D310&amp;FROM=3DArticle|CitedRefBlock&amp;TO=3DEntrez|Pubme=
d|Record&amp;rendering-type=3Dnormal">Cognitive=20
  functioning in long-term survivors of high-grade glioma.</A>
  <P class=3Ddesc><EM class=3Dcit>J Neurosurg. 1994 Feb; =
80(2):247-53.</EM></P><SPAN=20
  class=3Dpub>[J Neurosurg. 1994]</SPAN></LI>
  <LI class=3Dovfl><A class=3D"pl popnode"=20
  href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2178330"=20
  =
ref=3D"reftype=3Dpubmed&amp;article-id=3D2718978&amp;issue-id=3D180561&am=
p;journal-id=3D310&amp;FROM=3DArticle|CitedRefBlock&amp;TO=3DEntrez|Pubme=
d|Record&amp;rendering-type=3Dnormal">Effects=20
  of treatment on long-term survivors with malignant astrocytomas.</A>
  <P class=3Ddesc><EM class=3Dcit>Ann Neurol. 1990 Dec; =
28(6):818-22.</EM></P><SPAN=20
  class=3Dpub>[Ann Neurol. 1990]</SPAN></LI>
  <LI class=3Dovfl><A class=3D"pl popnode"=20
  href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10443883"=20
  =
ref=3D"reftype=3Dpubmed&amp;article-id=3D2718978&amp;issue-id=3D180561&am=
p;journal-id=3D310&amp;FROM=3DArticle|CitedRefBlock&amp;TO=3DEntrez|Pubme=
d|Record&amp;rendering-type=3Dnormal">Which=20
  glioblastoma multiforme patient will become a long-term survivor? A=20
  population-based study.</A>
  <P class=3Ddesc><EM class=3Dcit>Ann Neurol. 1999 Aug; =
46(2):183-8.</EM></P><SPAN=20
  class=3Dpub>[Ann Neurol. 1999]</SPAN></LI>
  <LI class=3Dovfl><A class=3D"pl popnode"=20
  href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16434662"=20
  =
ref=3D"reftype=3Dpubmed&amp;article-id=3D2718978&amp;issue-id=3D180561&am=
p;journal-id=3D310&amp;FROM=3DArticle|CitedRefBlock&amp;TO=3DEntrez|Pubme=
d|Record&amp;rendering-type=3Dnormal">Surviving=20
  glioblastoma for more than 5 years: the patient's perspective.</A>
  <P class=3Ddesc><EM class=3Dcit>Neurology. 2006 Jan 24;=20
  66(2):239-42.</EM></P><SPAN class=3Dpub>[Neurology. 2006]</SPAN></LI>
  <LI class=3Dovfl><A class=3D"pl popnode"=20
  href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7721551"=20
  =
ref=3D"reftype=3Dpubmed&amp;article-id=3D2718978&amp;issue-id=3D180561&am=
p;journal-id=3D310&amp;FROM=3DArticle|CitedRefBlock&amp;TO=3DEntrez|Pubme=
d|Record&amp;rendering-type=3Dnormal">Cognitive=20
  impairment and quality of life in long-term survivors of malignant =
brain=20
  tumors.</A>
  <P class=3Ddesc><EM class=3Dcit>Ital J Neurol Sci. 1994 Dec;=20
  15(9):481-8.</EM></P><SPAN class=3Dpub>[Ital J Neurol Sci.=20
1994]</SPAN></LI></UL><A class=3Dall-articles=20
href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8283263,2178330,10443883,16434=
662,7721551,12814255/?report=3Dsummary"=20
ref=3D"reftype=3Dpubmed&amp;article-id=3D2718978&amp;issue-id=3D180561&am=
p;journal-id=3D310&amp;FROM=3DArticle|CitedRefBlock&amp;TO=3DEntrez|Pubme=
d|Record&amp;rendering-type=3Dnormal">See=20
more articles cited in this paragraph</A></DIV>
<DIV class=3Dcited-ref id=3Dcite-__pid3135888 rid=3D"__pid3135888" =
pmids=3D"16434662">
<UL>
  <LI class=3Dovfl><A class=3D"pl popnode"=20
  href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16434662"=20
  =
ref=3D"reftype=3Dpubmed&amp;article-id=3D2718978&amp;issue-id=3D180561&am=
p;journal-id=3D310&amp;FROM=3DArticle|CitedRefBlock&amp;TO=3DEntrez|Pubme=
d|Record&amp;rendering-type=3Dnormal">Surviving=20
  glioblastoma for more than 5 years: the patient's perspective.</A>
  <P class=3Ddesc><EM class=3Dcit>Neurology. 2006 Jan 24;=20
  66(2):239-42.</EM></P><SPAN class=3Dpub>[Neurology. =
2006]</SPAN></LI></UL><A=20
class=3Dall-articles=20
href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16434662/?report=3Dsummary"=20
ref=3D"reftype=3Dpubmed&amp;article-id=3D2718978&amp;issue-id=3D180561&am=
p;journal-id=3D310&amp;FROM=3DArticle|CitedRefBlock&amp;TO=3DEntrez|Pubme=
d|Record&amp;rendering-type=3Dnormal">See=20
more articles cited in this paragraph</A></DIV>
<DIV class=3Dcited-ref id=3Dcite-__pid3135909 rid=3D"__pid3135909" =
pmids=3D"17500504">
<UL>
  <LI class=3Dovfl><A class=3D"pl popnode"=20
  href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17500504"=20
  =
ref=3D"reftype=3Dpubmed&amp;article-id=3D2718978&amp;issue-id=3D180561&am=
p;journal-id=3D310&amp;FROM=3DArticle|CitedRefBlock&amp;TO=3DEntrez|Pubme=
d|Record&amp;rendering-type=3Dnormal"><SPAN=20
  class=3Dflag>Review</SPAN>Symptom clusters in cancer patients and =
their relation=20
  to EGFR ligand modulation of the circadian axis.</A>
  <P class=3Ddesc><EM class=3Dcit>J Support Oncol. 2007 Apr; =
5(4):167-74; discussion=20
  176-7.</EM></P><SPAN class=3Dpub>[J Support Oncol. =
2007]</SPAN></LI></UL><A=20
class=3Dall-articles=20
href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17500504/?report=3Dsummary"=20
ref=3D"reftype=3Dpubmed&amp;article-id=3D2718978&amp;issue-id=3D180561&am=
p;journal-id=3D310&amp;FROM=3DArticle|CitedRefBlock&amp;TO=3DEntrez|Pubme=
d|Record&amp;rendering-type=3Dnormal">See=20
more articles cited in this paragraph</A></DIV>
<DIV class=3Dcited-ref id=3Dcite-__pid3135960 rid=3D"__pid3135960"=20
pmids=3D"16163448 9626221 10382191">
<UL>
  <LI class=3Dovfl><A class=3D"pl popnode"=20
  href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16163448"=20
  =
ref=3D"reftype=3Dpubmed&amp;article-id=3D2718978&amp;issue-id=3D180561&am=
p;journal-id=3D310&amp;FROM=3DArticle|CitedRefBlock&amp;TO=3DEntrez|Pubme=
d|Record&amp;rendering-type=3Dnormal">Prospective=20
  study of quality of life in adults with newly diagnosed high-grade=20
gliomas.</A>
  <P class=3Ddesc><EM class=3Dcit>J Neurooncol. 2006 Feb;=20
  76(3):283-91.</EM></P><SPAN class=3Dpub>[J Neurooncol. =
2006]</SPAN></LI>
  <LI class=3Dovfl><A class=3D"pl popnode"=20
  href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9626221"=20
  =
ref=3D"reftype=3Dpubmed&amp;article-id=3D2718978&amp;issue-id=3D180561&am=
p;journal-id=3D310&amp;FROM=3DArticle|CitedRefBlock&amp;TO=3DEntrez|Pubme=
d|Record&amp;rendering-type=3Dnormal">Effects=20
  of radiation and chemotherapy on cognitive function in patients with=20
  high-grade glioma.</A>
  <P class=3Ddesc><EM class=3Dcit>J Clin Oncol. 1998 Jun;=20
  16(6):2195-201.</EM></P><SPAN class=3Dpub>[J Clin Oncol. =
1998]</SPAN></LI>
  <LI class=3Dovfl><A class=3D"pl popnode"=20
  href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10382191"=20
  =
ref=3D"reftype=3Dpubmed&amp;article-id=3D2718978&amp;issue-id=3D180561&am=
p;journal-id=3D310&amp;FROM=3DArticle|CitedRefBlock&amp;TO=3DEntrez|Pubme=
d|Record&amp;rendering-type=3Dnormal">Relationship=20
  between fatigue and quality of life in patients with glioblastoma=20
  multiformae.</A>
  <P class=3Ddesc><EM class=3Dcit>Oncol Nurs Forum. 1999 Jun;=20
  26(5):921-5.</EM></P><SPAN class=3Dpub>[Oncol Nurs Forum. =
1999]</SPAN></LI></UL><A=20
class=3Dall-articles=20
href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16163448,9626221,10382191/?rep=
ort=3Dsummary"=20
ref=3D"reftype=3Dpubmed&amp;article-id=3D2718978&amp;issue-id=3D180561&am=
p;journal-id=3D310&amp;FROM=3DArticle|CitedRefBlock&amp;TO=3DEntrez|Pubme=
d|Record&amp;rendering-type=3Dnormal">See=20
more articles cited in this paragraph</A></DIV>
<DIV class=3Dcited-ref id=3Dcite-__pid3135997 rid=3D"__pid3135997" =
pmids=3D"17500504">
<UL>
  <LI class=3Dovfl><A class=3D"pl popnode"=20
  href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17500504"=20
  =
ref=3D"reftype=3Dpubmed&amp;article-id=3D2718978&amp;issue-id=3D180561&am=
p;journal-id=3D310&amp;FROM=3DArticle|CitedRefBlock&amp;TO=3DEntrez|Pubme=
d|Record&amp;rendering-type=3Dnormal"><SPAN=20
  class=3Dflag>Review</SPAN>Symptom clusters in cancer patients and =
their relation=20
  to EGFR ligand modulation of the circadian axis.</A>
  <P class=3Ddesc><EM class=3Dcit>J Support Oncol. 2007 Apr; =
5(4):167-74; discussion=20
  176-7.</EM></P><SPAN class=3Dpub>[J Support Oncol. =
2007]</SPAN></LI></UL><A=20
class=3Dall-articles=20
href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17500504/?report=3Dsummary"=20
ref=3D"reftype=3Dpubmed&amp;article-id=3D2718978&amp;issue-id=3D180561&am=
p;journal-id=3D310&amp;FROM=3DArticle|CitedRefBlock&amp;TO=3DEntrez|Pubme=
d|Record&amp;rendering-type=3Dnormal">See=20
more articles cited in this paragraph</A></DIV>
<DIV class=3Dcited-ref id=3Dcite-__pid3136093 rid=3D"__pid3136093"=20
pmids=3D"16549835 9667273 17869448">
<UL>
  <LI class=3Dovfl><A class=3D"pl popnode"=20
  href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16549835"=20
  =
ref=3D"reftype=3Dpubmed&amp;article-id=3D2718978&amp;issue-id=3D180561&am=
p;journal-id=3D310&amp;FROM=3DArticle|CitedRefBlock&amp;TO=3DEntrez|Pubme=
d|Record&amp;rendering-type=3Dnormal">Phase=20
  II study of donepezil in irradiated brain tumor patients: effect on =
cognitive=20
  function, mood, and quality of life.</A>
  <P class=3Ddesc><EM class=3Dcit>J Clin Oncol. 2006 Mar 20;=20
  24(9):1415-20.</EM></P><SPAN class=3Dpub>[J Clin Oncol. =
2006]</SPAN></LI>
  <LI class=3Dovfl><A class=3D"pl popnode"=20
  href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9667273"=20
  =
ref=3D"reftype=3Dpubmed&amp;article-id=3D2718978&amp;issue-id=3D180561&am=
p;journal-id=3D310&amp;FROM=3DArticle|CitedRefBlock&amp;TO=3DEntrez|Pubme=
d|Record&amp;rendering-type=3Dnormal">Methylphenidate=20
  therapy improves cognition, mood, and function of brain tumor =
patients.</A>
  <P class=3Ddesc><EM class=3Dcit>J Clin Oncol. 1998 Jul;=20
  16(7):2522-7.</EM></P><SPAN class=3Dpub>[J Clin Oncol. =
1998]</SPAN></LI>
  <LI class=3Dovfl><A class=3D"pl popnode"=20
  href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17869448"=20
  =
ref=3D"reftype=3Dpubmed&amp;article-id=3D2718978&amp;issue-id=3D180561&am=
p;journal-id=3D310&amp;FROM=3DArticle|CitedRefBlock&amp;TO=3DEntrez|Pubme=
d|Record&amp;rendering-type=3Dnormal">A=20
  phase III, double-blind, placebo-controlled prospective randomized =
clinical=20
  trial of d-threo-methylphenidate HCl in brain tumor patients receiving =

  radiation therapy.</A>
  <P class=3Ddesc><EM class=3Dcit>Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2007 Dec =
1;=20
  69(5):1496-501.</EM></P><SPAN class=3Dpub>[Int J Radiat Oncol Biol =
Phys.=20
  2007]</SPAN></LI></UL><A class=3Dall-articles=20
href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16549835,9667273,17869448/?rep=
ort=3Dsummary"=20
ref=3D"reftype=3Dpubmed&amp;article-id=3D2718978&amp;issue-id=3D180561&am=
p;journal-id=3D310&amp;FROM=3DArticle|CitedRefBlock&amp;TO=3DEntrez|Pubme=
d|Record&amp;rendering-type=3Dnormal">See=20
more articles cited in this paragraph</A></DIV>
<DIV class=3Dcited-ref id=3Dcite-__pid3136148 rid=3D"__pid3136148"=20
pmids=3D"16929468 16924996 16877182 17179457">
<UL>
  <LI class=3Dovfl><A class=3D"pl popnode"=20
  href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16929468"=20
  =
ref=3D"reftype=3Dpubmed&amp;article-id=3D2718978&amp;issue-id=3D180561&am=
p;journal-id=3D310&amp;FROM=3DArticle|CitedRefBlock&amp;TO=3DEntrez|Pubme=
d|Record&amp;rendering-type=3Dnormal">Using=20
  the theory of planned behavior to understand the determinants of =
exercise=20
  intention in patients diagnosed with primary brain cancer.</A>
  <P class=3Ddesc><EM class=3Dcit>Psychooncology. 2007 Mar;=20
  16(3):232-40.</EM></P><SPAN class=3Dpub>[Psychooncology. =
2007]</SPAN></LI>
  <LI class=3Dovfl><A class=3D"pl popnode"=20
  href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16924996"=20
  =
ref=3D"reftype=3Dpubmed&amp;article-id=3D2718978&amp;issue-id=3D180561&am=
p;journal-id=3D310&amp;FROM=3DArticle|CitedRefBlock&amp;TO=3DEntrez|Pubme=
d|Record&amp;rendering-type=3Dnormal">Complementary=20
  therapy use and quality of life in persons with high-grade =
gliomas.</A>
  <P class=3Ddesc><EM class=3Dcit>J Neurosci Nurs. 2006 Aug;=20
  38(4):212-20.</EM></P><SPAN class=3Dpub>[J Neurosci Nurs. =
2006]</SPAN></LI>
  <LI class=3Dovfl><A class=3D"pl popnode"=20
  href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16877182"=20
  =
ref=3D"reftype=3Dpubmed&amp;article-id=3D2718978&amp;issue-id=3D180561&am=
p;journal-id=3D310&amp;FROM=3DArticle|CitedRefBlock&amp;TO=3DEntrez|Pubme=
d|Record&amp;rendering-type=3Dnormal">Complementary=20
  and alternative medicine use and quality of life in patients with =
primary=20
  brain tumors.</A>
  <P class=3Ddesc><EM class=3Dcit>J Pain Symptom Manage. 2006 Aug;=20
  32(2):148-54.</EM></P><SPAN class=3Dpub>[J Pain Symptom Manage.=20
2006]</SPAN></LI>
  <LI class=3Dovfl><A class=3D"pl popnode"=20
  href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17179457"=20
  =
ref=3D"reftype=3Dpubmed&amp;article-id=3D2718978&amp;issue-id=3D180561&am=
p;journal-id=3D310&amp;FROM=3DArticle|CitedRefBlock&amp;TO=3DEntrez|Pubme=
d|Record&amp;rendering-type=3Dnormal">Long-term=20
  effects of cognitive training on everyday functional outcomes in older =

  adults.</A>
  <P class=3Ddesc><EM class=3Dcit>JAMA. 2006 Dec 20; =
296(23):2805-14.</EM></P><SPAN=20
  class=3Dpub>[JAMA. 2006]</SPAN></LI></UL><A class=3Dall-articles=20
href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16929468,16924996,16877182,171=
79457/?report=3Dsummary"=20
ref=3D"reftype=3Dpubmed&amp;article-id=3D2718978&amp;issue-id=3D180561&am=
p;journal-id=3D310&amp;FROM=3DArticle|CitedRefBlock&amp;TO=3DEntrez|Pubme=
d|Record&amp;rendering-type=3Dnormal">See=20
more articles cited in this paragraph</A></DIV>
<DIV class=3Dcited-ref id=3Dcite-__pid3136227 rid=3D"__pid3136227"=20
pmids=3D"16140507 11817703 16163448 16710652 10492684 12933936 =
10759042">
<UL>
  <LI class=3Dovfl><A class=3D"pl popnode"=20
  href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16140507"=20
  =
ref=3D"reftype=3Dpubmed&amp;article-id=3D2718978&amp;issue-id=3D180561&am=
p;journal-id=3D310&amp;FROM=3DArticle|CitedRefBlock&amp;TO=3DEntrez|Pubme=
d|Record&amp;rendering-type=3Dnormal">Gender=20
  difference in relation to depression and quality of life among =
patients with a=20
  primary brain tumor.</A>
  <P class=3Ddesc><EM class=3Dcit>Eur Psychiatry. 2006 Apr;=20
  21(3):194-9.</EM></P><SPAN class=3Dpub>[Eur Psychiatry. =
2006]</SPAN></LI>
  <LI class=3Dovfl><A class=3D"pl popnode"=20
  href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11817703"=20
  =
ref=3D"reftype=3Dpubmed&amp;article-id=3D2718978&amp;issue-id=3D180561&am=
p;journal-id=3D310&amp;FROM=3DArticle|CitedRefBlock&amp;TO=3DEntrez|Pubme=
d|Record&amp;rendering-type=3Dnormal">The=20
  use of a simple Likert scale to measure quality of life in brain tumor =

  patients.</A>
  <P class=3Ddesc><EM class=3Dcit>J Neurooncol. 2001 Nov;=20
  55(2):121-31.</EM></P><SPAN class=3Dpub>[J Neurooncol. =
2001]</SPAN></LI>
  <LI class=3Dovfl><A class=3D"pl popnode"=20
  href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16163448"=20
  =
ref=3D"reftype=3Dpubmed&amp;article-id=3D2718978&amp;issue-id=3D180561&am=
p;journal-id=3D310&amp;FROM=3DArticle|CitedRefBlock&amp;TO=3DEntrez|Pubme=
d|Record&amp;rendering-type=3Dnormal">Prospective=20
  study of quality of life in adults with newly diagnosed high-grade=20
gliomas.</A>
  <P class=3Ddesc><EM class=3Dcit>J Neurooncol. 2006 Feb;=20
  76(3):283-91.</EM></P><SPAN class=3Dpub>[J Neurooncol. =
2006]</SPAN></LI>
  <LI class=3Dovfl><A class=3D"pl popnode"=20
  href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16710652"=20
  =
ref=3D"reftype=3Dpubmed&amp;article-id=3D2718978&amp;issue-id=3D180561&am=
p;journal-id=3D310&amp;FROM=3DArticle|CitedRefBlock&amp;TO=3DEntrez|Pubme=
d|Record&amp;rendering-type=3Dnormal">The=20
  relationship between function, quality of life and coping in patients =
with=20
  low-grade gliomas.</A>
  <P class=3Ddesc><EM class=3Dcit>Support Care Cancer. 2006 Dec;=20
  14(12):1205-12.</EM></P><SPAN class=3Dpub>[Support Care Cancer.=20
2006]</SPAN></LI>
  <LI class=3Dovfl><A class=3D"pl popnode"=20
  href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10492684"=20
  =
ref=3D"reftype=3Dpubmed&amp;article-id=3D2718978&amp;issue-id=3D180561&am=
p;journal-id=3D310&amp;FROM=3DArticle|CitedRefBlock&amp;TO=3DEntrez|Pubme=
d|Record&amp;rendering-type=3Dnormal">Anxiety=20
  and depression in patients with an intracranial neoplasm before and =
after=20
  tumour surgery.</A>
  <P class=3Ddesc><EM class=3Dcit>Br J Neurosurg. 1999 Feb;=20
  13(1):46-51.</EM></P><SPAN class=3Dpub>[Br J Neurosurg. =
1999]</SPAN></LI></UL><A=20
class=3Dall-articles=20
href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16140507,11817703,16163448,167=
10652,10492684,12933936,10759042/?report=3Dsummary"=20
ref=3D"reftype=3Dpubmed&amp;article-id=3D2718978&amp;issue-id=3D180561&am=
p;journal-id=3D310&amp;FROM=3DArticle|CitedRefBlock&amp;TO=3DEntrez|Pubme=
d|Record&amp;rendering-type=3Dnormal">See=20
more articles cited in this paragraph</A></DIV>
<DIV class=3Dcited-ref id=3Dcite-__pid3136311 rid=3D"__pid3136311" =
pmids=3D"10942005">
<UL>
  <LI class=3Dovfl><A class=3D"pl popnode"=20
  href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10942005"=20
  =
ref=3D"reftype=3Dpubmed&amp;article-id=3D2718978&amp;issue-id=3D180561&am=
p;journal-id=3D310&amp;FROM=3DArticle|CitedRefBlock&amp;TO=3DEntrez|Pubme=
d|Record&amp;rendering-type=3Dnormal">Cognitive=20
  deficits before treatment among patients with brain tumors.</A>
  <P class=3Ddesc><EM class=3Dcit>Neurosurgery. 2000 Aug; 47(2):324-33; =
discussion=20
  333-4.</EM></P><SPAN class=3Dpub>[Neurosurgery. =
2000]</SPAN></LI></UL><A=20
class=3Dall-articles=20
href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10942005/?report=3Dsummary"=20
ref=3D"reftype=3Dpubmed&amp;article-id=3D2718978&amp;issue-id=3D180561&am=
p;journal-id=3D310&amp;FROM=3DArticle|CitedRefBlock&amp;TO=3DEntrez|Pubme=
d|Record&amp;rendering-type=3Dnormal">See=20
more articles cited in this paragraph</A></DIV>
<DIV class=3Dcited-ref id=3Dcite-__pid3136326 rid=3D"__pid3136326"=20
pmids=3D"12933936 9126405 12605978 8304842">
<UL>
  <LI class=3Dovfl><A class=3D"pl popnode"=20
  href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12933936"=20
  =
ref=3D"reftype=3Dpubmed&amp;article-id=3D2718978&amp;issue-id=3D180561&am=
p;journal-id=3D310&amp;FROM=3DArticle|CitedRefBlock&amp;TO=3DEntrez|Pubme=
d|Record&amp;rendering-type=3Dnormal">The=20
  effect of brain tumour laterality on anxiety levels among =
neurosurgical=20
  patients.</A>
  <P class=3Ddesc><EM class=3Dcit>J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2003 =
Sep;=20
  74(9):1278-82.</EM></P><SPAN class=3Dpub>[J Neurol Neurosurg =
Psychiatry.=20
  2003]</SPAN></LI>
  <LI class=3Dovfl><A class=3D"pl popnode"=20
  href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9126405"=20
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ref=3D"reftype=3Dpubmed&amp;article-id=3D2718978&amp;issue-id=3D180561&am=
p;journal-id=3D310&amp;FROM=3DArticle|CitedRefBlock&amp;TO=3DEntrez|Pubme=
d|Record&amp;rendering-type=3Dnormal"><SPAN=20
  class=3Dflag>Review</SPAN>Neuropsychiatric manifestations of right =
hemisphere=20
  lesions.</A>
  <P class=3Ddesc><EM class=3Dcit>Brain Lang. 1997 Mar; =
57(1):22-37.</EM></P><SPAN=20
  class=3Dpub>[Brain Lang. 1997]</SPAN></LI>
  <LI class=3Dovfl><A class=3D"pl popnode"=20
  href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12605978"=20
  =
ref=3D"reftype=3Dpubmed&amp;article-id=3D2718978&amp;issue-id=3D180561&am=
p;journal-id=3D310&amp;FROM=3DArticle|CitedRefBlock&amp;TO=3DEntrez|Pubme=
d|Record&amp;rendering-type=3Dnormal">Prospective=20
  study of neuropsychologic testing and quality-of-life assessment of =
adults=20
  with primary malignant brain tumors.</A>
  <P class=3Ddesc><EM class=3Dcit>Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2003 Mar =
15;=20
  55(4):992-9.</EM></P><SPAN class=3Dpub>[Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys.=20
  2003]</SPAN></LI>
  <LI class=3Dovfl><A class=3D"pl popnode"=20
  href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8304842"=20
  =
ref=3D"reftype=3Dpubmed&amp;article-id=3D2718978&amp;issue-id=3D180561&am=
p;journal-id=3D310&amp;FROM=3DArticle|CitedRefBlock&amp;TO=3DEntrez|Pubme=
d|Record&amp;rendering-type=3Dnormal">Mood=20
  changes after surgery for tumors of the cerebral cortex.</A>
  <P class=3Ddesc><EM class=3Dcit>Arch Neurol. 1994 Feb; =
51(2):164-74.</EM></P><SPAN=20
  class=3Dpub>[Arch Neurol. 1994]</SPAN></LI></UL><A =
class=3Dall-articles=20
href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12933936,9126405,12605978,8304=
842/?report=3Dsummary"=20
ref=3D"reftype=3Dpubmed&amp;article-id=3D2718978&amp;issue-id=3D180561&am=
p;journal-id=3D310&amp;FROM=3DArticle|CitedRefBlock&amp;TO=3DEntrez|Pubme=
d|Record&amp;rendering-type=3Dnormal">See=20
more articles cited in this paragraph</A></DIV>
<DIV class=3Dcited-ref id=3Dcite-__pid3136385 rid=3D"__pid3136385"=20
pmids=3D"12605978 8865004 15072475 8024261 12423981 12195437 2322133 =
17135644">
<UL>
  <LI class=3Dovfl><A class=3D"pl popnode"=20
  href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12605978"=20
  =
ref=3D"reftype=3Dpubmed&amp;article-id=3D2718978&amp;issue-id=3D180561&am=
p;journal-id=3D310&amp;FROM=3DArticle|CitedRefBlock&amp;TO=3DEntrez|Pubme=
d|Record&amp;rendering-type=3Dnormal">Prospective=20
  study of neuropsychologic testing and quality-of-life assessment of =
adults=20
  with primary malignant brain tumors.</A>
  <P class=3Ddesc><EM class=3Dcit>Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2003 Mar =
15;=20
  55(4):992-9.</EM></P><SPAN class=3Dpub>[Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys.=20
  2003]</SPAN></LI>
  <LI class=3Dovfl><A class=3D"pl popnode"=20
  href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8865004"=20
  =
ref=3D"reftype=3Dpubmed&amp;article-id=3D2718978&amp;issue-id=3D180561&am=
p;journal-id=3D310&amp;FROM=3DArticle|CitedRefBlock&amp;TO=3DEntrez|Pubme=
d|Record&amp;rendering-type=3Dnormal">Cognitive=20
  dysfunction following surgery for intracerebral glioma: influence of=20
  histopathology, lesion location, and treatment.</A>
  <P class=3Ddesc><EM class=3Dcit>J Neurooncol. 1996 Oct; =
30(1):61-9.</EM></P><SPAN=20
  class=3Dpub>[J Neurooncol. 1996]</SPAN></LI>
  <LI class=3Dovfl><A class=3D"pl popnode"=20
  href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15072475"=20
  =
ref=3D"reftype=3Dpubmed&amp;article-id=3D2718978&amp;issue-id=3D180561&am=
p;journal-id=3D310&amp;FROM=3DArticle|CitedRefBlock&amp;TO=3DEntrez|Pubme=
d|Record&amp;rendering-type=3Dnormal">Prediction=20
  of neurocognitive outcome in adult brain tumor patients.</A>
  <P class=3Ddesc><EM class=3Dcit>J Neurooncol. 2004 Mar-Apr;=20
  67(1-2):245-53.</EM></P><SPAN class=3Dpub>[J Neurooncol. =
2004]</SPAN></LI>
  <LI class=3Dovfl><A class=3D"pl popnode"=20
  href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8024261"=20
  =
ref=3D"reftype=3Dpubmed&amp;article-id=3D2718978&amp;issue-id=3D180561&am=
p;journal-id=3D310&amp;FROM=3DArticle|CitedRefBlock&amp;TO=3DEntrez|Pubme=
d|Record&amp;rendering-type=3Dnormal">Cognitive=20
  functions and quality of life in patients with low-grade gliomas: the =
impact=20
  of radiotherapy.</A>
  <P class=3Ddesc><EM class=3Dcit>Ann Neurol. 1994 Jul; =
36(1):48-54.</EM></P><SPAN=20
  class=3Dpub>[Ann Neurol. 1994]</SPAN></LI>
  <LI class=3Dovfl><A class=3D"pl popnode"=20
  href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12423981"=20
  =
ref=3D"reftype=3Dpubmed&amp;article-id=3D2718978&amp;issue-id=3D180561&am=
p;journal-id=3D310&amp;FROM=3DArticle|CitedRefBlock&amp;TO=3DEntrez|Pubme=
d|Record&amp;rendering-type=3Dnormal">Effect=20
  of radiotherapy and other treatment-related factors on mid-term to =
long-term=20
  cognitive sequelae in low-grade gliomas: a comparative study.</A>
  <P class=3Ddesc><EM class=3Dcit>Lancet. 2002 Nov 2;=20
  360(9343):1361-8.</EM></P><SPAN class=3Dpub>[Lancet. =
2002]</SPAN></LI></UL><A=20
class=3Dall-articles=20
href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12605978,8865004,15072475,8024=
261,12423981,12195437,2322133,17135644/?report=3Dsummary"=20
ref=3D"reftype=3Dpubmed&amp;article-id=3D2718978&amp;issue-id=3D180561&am=
p;journal-id=3D310&amp;FROM=3DArticle|CitedRefBlock&amp;TO=3DEntrez|Pubme=
d|Record&amp;rendering-type=3Dnormal">See=20
more articles cited in this paragraph</A></DIV>
<DIV class=3Dcited-ref id=3Dcite-__pid3136511 rid=3D"__pid3136511"=20
pmids=3D"11600605 16145528 12423981 14744282">
<UL>
  <LI class=3Dovfl><A class=3D"pl popnode"=20
  href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11600605"=20
  =
ref=3D"reftype=3Dpubmed&amp;article-id=3D2718978&amp;issue-id=3D180561&am=
p;journal-id=3D310&amp;FROM=3DArticle|CitedRefBlock&amp;TO=3DEntrez|Pubme=
d|Record&amp;rendering-type=3Dnormal">Neurobehavioral=20
  status and health-related quality of life in newly diagnosed =
high-grade glioma=20
  patients.</A>
  <P class=3Ddesc><EM class=3Dcit>J Clin Oncol. 2001 Oct 15;=20
  19(20):4037-47.</EM></P><SPAN class=3Dpub>[J Clin Oncol. =
2001]</SPAN></LI>
  <LI class=3Dovfl><A class=3D"pl popnode"=20
  href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16145528"=20
  =
ref=3D"reftype=3Dpubmed&amp;article-id=3D2718978&amp;issue-id=3D180561&am=
p;journal-id=3D310&amp;FROM=3DArticle|CitedRefBlock&amp;TO=3DEntrez|Pubme=
d|Record&amp;rendering-type=3Dnormal">A=20
  prospective study of quality of life in adults with newly diagnosed =
high-grade=20
  gliomas: the impact of the extent of resection on quality of life and=20
  survival.</A>
  <P class=3Ddesc><EM class=3Dcit>Neurosurgery. 2005 Sep; 57(3):495-504; =
discussion=20
  495-504.</EM></P><SPAN class=3Dpub>[Neurosurgery. 2005]</SPAN></LI>
  <LI class=3Dovfl><A class=3D"pl popnode"=20
  href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12423981"=20
  =
ref=3D"reftype=3Dpubmed&amp;article-id=3D2718978&amp;issue-id=3D180561&am=
p;journal-id=3D310&amp;FROM=3DArticle|CitedRefBlock&amp;TO=3DEntrez|Pubme=
d|Record&amp;rendering-type=3Dnormal">Effect=20
  of radiotherapy and other treatment-related factors on mid-term to =
long-term=20
  cognitive sequelae in low-grade gliomas: a comparative study.</A>
  <P class=3Ddesc><EM class=3Dcit>Lancet. 2002 Nov 2;=20
  360(9343):1361-8.</EM></P><SPAN class=3Dpub>[Lancet. 2002]</SPAN></LI>
  <LI class=3Dovfl><A class=3D"pl popnode"=20
  href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14744282"=20
  =
ref=3D"reftype=3Dpubmed&amp;article-id=3D2718978&amp;issue-id=3D180561&am=
p;journal-id=3D310&amp;FROM=3DArticle|CitedRefBlock&amp;TO=3DEntrez|Pubme=
d|Record&amp;rendering-type=3Dnormal">Depression=20
  in patients with high-grade glioma: results of the Glioma Outcomes=20
Project.</A>
  <P class=3Ddesc><EM class=3Dcit>Neurosurgery. 2004 Feb; 54(2):358-66; =
discussion=20
  366-7.</EM></P><SPAN class=3Dpub>[Neurosurgery. =
2004]</SPAN></LI></UL><A=20
class=3Dall-articles=20
href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11600605,16145528,12423981,147=
44282/?report=3Dsummary"=20
ref=3D"reftype=3Dpubmed&amp;article-id=3D2718978&amp;issue-id=3D180561&am=
p;journal-id=3D310&amp;FROM=3DArticle|CitedRefBlock&amp;TO=3DEntrez|Pubme=
d|Record&amp;rendering-type=3Dnormal">See=20
more articles cited in this paragraph</A></DIV>
<DIV class=3Dcited-ref id=3Dcite-__pid3136556 rid=3D"__pid3136556"=20
pmids=3D"8120563 8961368 8024261 12423981 15964709 12829670 11376174">
<UL>
  <LI class=3Dovfl><A class=3D"pl popnode"=20
  href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8120563"=20
  =
ref=3D"reftype=3Dpubmed&amp;article-id=3D2718978&amp;issue-id=3D180561&am=
p;journal-id=3D310&amp;FROM=3DArticle|CitedRefBlock&amp;TO=3DEntrez|Pubme=
d|Record&amp;rendering-type=3Dnormal"><SPAN=20
  class=3Dflag>Review</SPAN>Neurobehavioral sequelae of cranial =
irradiation in=20
  adults: a review of radiation-induced encephalopathy.</A>
  <P class=3Ddesc><EM class=3Dcit>J Clin Oncol. 1994 Mar;=20
  12(3):627-42.</EM></P><SPAN class=3Dpub>[J Clin Oncol. =
1994]</SPAN></LI>
  <LI class=3Dovfl><A class=3D"pl popnode"=20
  href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8961368"=20
  =
ref=3D"reftype=3Dpubmed&amp;article-id=3D2718978&amp;issue-id=3D180561&am=
p;journal-id=3D310&amp;FROM=3DArticle|CitedRefBlock&amp;TO=3DEntrez|Pubme=
d|Record&amp;rendering-type=3Dnormal">Neuropsychometric=20
  evaluation of long-term survivors of adult brain tumours: relationship =
with=20
  tumour and treatment parameters.</A>
  <P class=3Ddesc><EM class=3Dcit>Radiother Oncol. 1996 Oct;=20
  41(1):55-9.</EM></P><SPAN class=3Dpub>[Radiother Oncol. =
1996]</SPAN></LI>
  <LI class=3Dovfl><A class=3D"pl popnode"=20
  href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8024261"=20
  =
ref=3D"reftype=3Dpubmed&amp;article-id=3D2718978&amp;issue-id=3D180561&am=
p;journal-id=3D310&amp;FROM=3DArticle|CitedRefBlock&amp;TO=3DEntrez|Pubme=
d|Record&amp;rendering-type=3Dnormal">Cognitive=20
  functions and quality of life in patients with low-grade gliomas: the =
impact=20
  of radiotherapy.</A>
  <P class=3Ddesc><EM class=3Dcit>Ann Neurol. 1994 Jul; =
36(1):48-54.</EM></P><SPAN=20
  class=3Dpub>[Ann Neurol. 1994]</SPAN></LI>
  <LI class=3Dovfl><A class=3D"pl popnode"=20
  href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12423981"=20
  =
ref=3D"reftype=3Dpubmed&amp;article-id=3D2718978&amp;issue-id=3D180561&am=
p;journal-id=3D310&amp;FROM=3DArticle|CitedRefBlock&amp;TO=3DEntrez|Pubme=
d|Record&amp;rendering-type=3Dnormal">Effect=20
  of radiotherapy and other treatment-related factors on mid-term to =
long-term=20
  cognitive sequelae in low-grade gliomas: a comparative study.</A>
  <P class=3Ddesc><EM class=3Dcit>Lancet. 2002 Nov 2;=20
  360(9343):1361-8.</EM></P><SPAN class=3Dpub>[Lancet. 2002]</SPAN></LI>
  <LI class=3Dovfl><A class=3D"pl popnode"=20
  href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15964709"=20
  =
ref=3D"reftype=3Dpubmed&amp;article-id=3D2718978&amp;issue-id=3D180561&am=
p;journal-id=3D310&amp;FROM=3DArticle|CitedRefBlock&amp;TO=3DEntrez|Pubme=
d|Record&amp;rendering-type=3Dnormal">Cognitive=20
  function after radiotherapy for supratentorial low-grade glioma: a =
North=20
  Central Cancer Treatment Group prospective study.</A>
  <P class=3Ddesc><EM class=3Dcit>Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2005 Nov =
15;=20
  63(4):1175-83.</EM></P><SPAN class=3Dpub>[Int J Radiat Oncol Biol =
Phys.=20
  2005]</SPAN></LI></UL><A class=3Dall-articles=20
href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8120563,8961368,8024261,124239=
81,15964709,12829670,11376174/?report=3Dsummary"=20
ref=3D"reftype=3Dpubmed&amp;article-id=3D2718978&amp;issue-id=3D180561&am=
p;journal-id=3D310&amp;FROM=3DArticle|CitedRefBlock&amp;TO=3DEntrez|Pubme=
d|Record&amp;rendering-type=3Dnormal">See=20
more articles cited in this paragraph</A></DIV>
<DIV class=3Dcited-ref id=3Dcite-__pid3136670 rid=3D"__pid3136670"=20
pmids=3D"16321761 10974627">
<UL>
  <LI class=3Dovfl><A class=3D"pl popnode"=20
  href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16321761"=20
  =
ref=3D"reftype=3Dpubmed&amp;article-id=3D2718978&amp;issue-id=3D180561&am=
p;journal-id=3D310&amp;FROM=3DArticle|CitedRefBlock&amp;TO=3DEntrez|Pubme=
d|Record&amp;rendering-type=3Dnormal">Health-related=20
  quality of life in patients with glioblastoma: a randomised controlled =

  trial.</A>
  <P class=3Ddesc><EM class=3Dcit>Lancet Oncol. 2005 Dec;=20
  6(12):937-44.</EM></P><SPAN class=3Dpub>[Lancet Oncol. =
2005]</SPAN></LI>
  <LI class=3Dovfl><A class=3D"pl popnode"=20
  href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10974627"=20
  =
ref=3D"reftype=3Dpubmed&amp;article-id=3D2718978&amp;issue-id=3D180561&am=
p;journal-id=3D310&amp;FROM=3DArticle|CitedRefBlock&amp;TO=3DEntrez|Pubme=
d|Record&amp;rendering-type=3Dnormal">Health-related=20
  quality of life in patients with anaplastic astrocytoma during =
treatment with=20
  temozolomide.</A>
  <P class=3Ddesc><EM class=3Dcit>Eur J Cancer. 2000 Sep;=20
  36(14):1788-95.</EM></P><SPAN class=3Dpub>[Eur J Cancer. =
2000]</SPAN></LI></UL><A=20
class=3Dall-articles=20
href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16321761,10974627/?report=3Dsu=
mmary"=20
ref=3D"reftype=3Dpubmed&amp;article-id=3D2718978&amp;issue-id=3D180561&am=
p;journal-id=3D310&amp;FROM=3DArticle|CitedRefBlock&amp;TO=3DEntrez|Pubme=
d|Record&amp;rendering-type=3Dnormal">See=20
more articles cited in this paragraph</A></DIV>
<DIV class=3Dcited-ref id=3Dcite-__pid3136698 rid=3D"__pid3136698"=20
pmids=3D"9421545 11600605 14520665 12423981 12112483 14744282 17577040">
<UL>
  <LI class=3Dovfl><A class=3D"pl popnode"=20
  href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9421545"=20
  =
ref=3D"reftype=3Dpubmed&amp;article-id=3D2718978&amp;issue-id=3D180561&am=
p;journal-id=3D310&amp;FROM=3DArticle|CitedRefBlock&amp;TO=3DEntrez|Pubme=
d|Record&amp;rendering-type=3Dnormal"><SPAN=20
  class=3Dflag>Review</SPAN>Cognitive side effects of medications.</A>
  <P class=3Ddesc><EM class=3Dcit>Neurol Clin. 1998 Feb; =
16(1):141-55.</EM></P><SPAN=20
  class=3Dpub>[Neurol Clin. 1998]</SPAN></LI>
  <LI class=3Dovfl><A class=3D"pl popnode"=20
  href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11600605"=20
  =
ref=3D"reftype=3Dpubmed&amp;article-id=3D2718978&amp;issue-id=3D180561&am=
p;journal-id=3D310&amp;FROM=3DArticle|CitedRefBlock&amp;TO=3DEntrez|Pubme=
d|Record&amp;rendering-type=3Dnormal">Neurobehavioral=20
  status and health-related quality of life in newly diagnosed =
high-grade glioma=20
  patients.</A>
  <P class=3Ddesc><EM class=3Dcit>J Clin Oncol. 2001 Oct 15;=20
  19(20):4037-47.</EM></P><SPAN class=3Dpub>[J Clin Oncol. =
2001]</SPAN></LI>
  <LI class=3Dovfl><A class=3D"pl popnode"=20
  href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14520665"=20
  =
ref=3D"reftype=3Dpubmed&amp;article-id=3D2718978&amp;issue-id=3D180561&am=
p;journal-id=3D310&amp;FROM=3DArticle|CitedRefBlock&amp;TO=3DEntrez|Pubme=
d|Record&amp;rendering-type=3Dnormal">Epilepsy=20
  in low-grade gliomas: the impact on cognitive function and quality of=20
life.</A>
  <P class=3Ddesc><EM class=3Dcit>Ann Neurol. 2003 Oct; =
54(4):514-20.</EM></P><SPAN=20
  class=3Dpub>[Ann Neurol. 2003]</SPAN></LI>
  <LI class=3Dovfl><A class=3D"pl popnode"=20
  href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12423981"=20
  =
ref=3D"reftype=3Dpubmed&amp;article-id=3D2718978&amp;issue-id=3D180561&am=
p;journal-id=3D310&amp;FROM=3DArticle|CitedRefBlock&amp;TO=3DEntrez|Pubme=
d|Record&amp;rendering-type=3Dnormal">Effect=20
  of radiotherapy and other treatment-related factors on mid-term to =
long-term=20
  cognitive sequelae in low-grade gliomas: a comparative study.</A>
  <P class=3Ddesc><EM class=3Dcit>Lancet. 2002 Nov 2;=20
  360(9343):1361-8.</EM></P><SPAN class=3Dpub>[Lancet. 2002]</SPAN></LI>
  <LI class=3Dovfl><A class=3D"pl popnode"=20
  href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12112483"=20
  =
ref=3D"reftype=3Dpubmed&amp;article-id=3D2718978&amp;issue-id=3D180561&am=
p;journal-id=3D310&amp;FROM=3DArticle|CitedRefBlock&amp;TO=3DEntrez|Pubme=
d|Record&amp;rendering-type=3Dnormal">Predicting=20
  major depression in brain tumor patients.</A>
  <P class=3Ddesc><EM class=3Dcit>Psychooncology. 2002 May-Jun;=20
  11(3):230-8.</EM></P><SPAN class=3Dpub>[Psychooncology. =
2002]</SPAN></LI></UL><A=20
class=3Dall-articles=20
href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9421545,11600605,14520665,1242=
3981,12112483,14744282,17577040/?report=3Dsummary"=20
ref=3D"reftype=3Dpubmed&amp;article-id=3D2718978&amp;issue-id=3D180561&am=
p;journal-id=3D310&amp;FROM=3DArticle|CitedRefBlock&amp;TO=3DEntrez|Pubme=
d|Record&amp;rendering-type=3Dnormal">See=20
more articles cited in this paragraph</A></DIV>
<DIV class=3Dcited-ref id=3Dcite-__pid3136786 rid=3D"__pid3136786"=20
pmids=3D"9503517 1331345 1460487 11600605 17577040 6704925 12622451">
<UL>
  <LI class=3Dovfl><A class=3D"pl popnode"=20
  href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9503517"=20
  =
ref=3D"reftype=3Dpubmed&amp;article-id=3D2718978&amp;issue-id=3D180561&am=
p;journal-id=3D310&amp;FROM=3DArticle|CitedRefBlock&amp;TO=3DEntrez|Pubme=
d|Record&amp;rendering-type=3Dnormal"><SPAN=20
  class=3Dflag>Review</SPAN>Quality of life of brain tumor patients.</A>
  <P class=3Ddesc><EM class=3Dcit>Semin Oncol Nurs. 1998 Feb;=20
  14(1):73-80.</EM></P><SPAN class=3Dpub>[Semin Oncol Nurs. =
1998]</SPAN></LI>
  <LI class=3Dovfl><A class=3D"pl popnode"=20
  href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1331345"=20
  =
ref=3D"reftype=3Dpubmed&amp;article-id=3D2718978&amp;issue-id=3D180561&am=
p;journal-id=3D310&amp;FROM=3DArticle|CitedRefBlock&amp;TO=3DEntrez|Pubme=
d|Record&amp;rendering-type=3Dnormal">Quality=20
  of life in patients with intracranial tumors on the basis of =
Karnofsky's=20
  performance status.</A>
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  13(2):177-81.</EM></P><SPAN class=3Dpub>[J Neurooncol. =
1992]</SPAN></LI>
  <LI class=3Dovfl><A class=3D"pl popnode"=20
  href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1460487"=20
  =
ref=3D"reftype=3Dpubmed&amp;article-id=3D2718978&amp;issue-id=3D180561&am=
p;journal-id=3D310&amp;FROM=3DArticle|CitedRefBlock&amp;TO=3DEntrez|Pubme=
d|Record&amp;rendering-type=3Dnormal">Quality=20
  of life self-reports from 200 brain tumor patients: comparisons with =
Karnofsky=20
  performance scores.</A>
  <P class=3Ddesc><EM class=3Dcit>J Neurooncol. 1992 Nov;=20
  14(3):243-53.</EM></P><SPAN class=3Dpub>[J Neurooncol. =
1992]</SPAN></LI>
  <LI class=3Dovfl><A class=3D"pl popnode"=20
  href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11600605"=20
  =
ref=3D"reftype=3Dpubmed&amp;article-id=3D2718978&amp;issue-id=3D180561&am=
p;journal-id=3D310&amp;FROM=3DArticle|CitedRefBlock&amp;TO=3DEntrez|Pubme=
d|Record&amp;rendering-type=3Dnormal">Neurobehavioral=20
  status and health-related quality of life in newly diagnosed =
high-grade glioma=20
  patients.</A>
  <P class=3Ddesc><EM class=3Dcit>J Clin Oncol. 2001 Oct 15;=20
  19(20):4037-47.</EM></P><SPAN class=3Dpub>[J Clin Oncol. =
2001]</SPAN></LI>
  <LI class=3Dovfl><A class=3D"pl popnode"=20
  href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17577040"=20
  =
ref=3D"reftype=3Dpubmed&amp;article-id=3D2718978&amp;issue-id=3D180561&am=
p;journal-id=3D310&amp;FROM=3DArticle|CitedRefBlock&amp;TO=3DEntrez|Pubme=
d|Record&amp;rendering-type=3Dnormal">Prognostic=20
  factors for survival in adult patients with recurrent glioma enrolled =
onto the=20
  new approaches to brain tumor therapy CNS consortium phase I and II =
clinical=20
  trials.</A>
  <P class=3Ddesc><EM class=3Dcit>J Clin Oncol. 2007 Jun 20;=20
  25(18):2601-6.</EM></P><SPAN class=3Dpub>[J Clin Oncol. =
2007]</SPAN></LI></UL><A=20
class=3Dall-articles=20
href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9503517,1331345,1460487,116006=
05,17577040,6704925,12622451/?report=3Dsummary"=20
ref=3D"reftype=3Dpubmed&amp;article-id=3D2718978&amp;issue-id=3D180561&am=
p;journal-id=3D310&amp;FROM=3DArticle|CitedRefBlock&amp;TO=3DEntrez|Pubme=
d|Record&amp;rendering-type=3Dnormal">See=20
more articles cited in this paragraph</A></DIV>
<DIV class=3Dcited-ref id=3Dcite-__pid3136879 rid=3D"__pid3136879"=20
pmids=3D"8901377 7850714">
<UL>
  <LI class=3Dovfl><A class=3D"pl popnode"=20
  href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8901377"=20
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ref=3D"reftype=3Dpubmed&amp;article-id=3D2718978&amp;issue-id=3D180561&am=
p;journal-id=3D310&amp;FROM=3DArticle|CitedRefBlock&amp;TO=3DEntrez|Pubme=
d|Record&amp;rendering-type=3Dnormal">The=20
  development and psychometric validation of a brain cancer =
quality-of-life=20
  questionnaire for use in combination with general cancer-specific=20
  questionnaires.</A>
  <P class=3Ddesc><EM class=3Dcit>Qual Life Res. 1996 Feb;=20
  5(1):139-50.</EM></P><SPAN class=3Dpub>[Qual Life Res. =
1996]</SPAN></LI>
  <LI class=3Dovfl><A class=3D"pl popnode"=20
  href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7850714"=20
  =
ref=3D"reftype=3Dpubmed&amp;article-id=3D2718978&amp;issue-id=3D180561&am=
p;journal-id=3D310&amp;FROM=3DArticle|CitedRefBlock&amp;TO=3DEntrez|Pubme=
d|Record&amp;rendering-type=3Dnormal">The=20
  Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy (FACT) scale. Development of a =
brain=20
  subscale and revalidation of the general version (FACT-G) in patients =
with=20
  primary brain tumors.</A>
  <P class=3Ddesc><EM class=3Dcit>Cancer. 1995 Mar 1; =
75(5):1151-61.</EM></P><SPAN=20
  class=3Dpub>[Cancer. 1995]</SPAN></LI></UL><A class=3Dall-articles=20
href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8901377,7850714/?report=3Dsumm=
ary"=20
ref=3D"reftype=3Dpubmed&amp;article-id=3D2718978&amp;issue-id=3D180561&am=
p;journal-id=3D310&amp;FROM=3DArticle|CitedRefBlock&amp;TO=3DEntrez|Pubme=
d|Record&amp;rendering-type=3Dnormal">See=20
more articles cited in this paragraph</A></DIV>
<DIV class=3Dcited-ref id=3Dcite-__pid3136911 rid=3D"__pid3136911"=20
pmids=3D"7850714 8901377">
<UL>
  <LI class=3Dovfl><A class=3D"pl popnode"=20
  href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7850714"=20
  =
ref=3D"reftype=3Dpubmed&amp;article-id=3D2718978&amp;issue-id=3D180561&am=
p;journal-id=3D310&amp;FROM=3DArticle|CitedRefBlock&amp;TO=3DEntrez|Pubme=
d|Record&amp;rendering-type=3Dnormal">The=20
  Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy (FACT) scale. Development of a =
brain=20
  subscale and revalidation of the general version (FACT-G) in patients =
with=20
  primary brain tumors.</A>
  <P class=3Ddesc><EM class=3Dcit>Cancer. 1995 Mar 1; =
75(5):1151-61.</EM></P><SPAN=20
  class=3Dpub>[Cancer. 1995]</SPAN></LI>
  <LI class=3Dovfl><A class=3D"pl popnode"=20
  href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8901377"=20
  =
ref=3D"reftype=3Dpubmed&amp;article-id=3D2718978&amp;issue-id=3D180561&am=
p;journal-id=3D310&amp;FROM=3DArticle|CitedRefBlock&amp;TO=3DEntrez|Pubme=
d|Record&amp;rendering-type=3Dnormal">The=20
  development and psychometric validation of a brain cancer =
quality-of-life=20
  questionnaire for use in combination with general cancer-specific=20
  questionnaires.</A>
  <P class=3Ddesc><EM class=3Dcit>Qual Life Res. 1996 Feb;=20
  5(1):139-50.</EM></P><SPAN class=3Dpub>[Qual Life Res. =
1996]</SPAN></LI></UL><A=20
class=3Dall-articles=20
href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7850714,8901377/?report=3Dsumm=
ary"=20
ref=3D"reftype=3Dpubmed&amp;article-id=3D2718978&amp;issue-id=3D180561&am=
p;journal-id=3D310&amp;FROM=3DArticle|CitedRefBlock&amp;TO=3DEntrez|Pubme=
d|Record&amp;rendering-type=3Dnormal">See=20
more articles cited in this paragraph</A></DIV>
<DIV class=3Dcited-ref id=3Dcite-__pid3136941 rid=3D"__pid3136941"=20
pmids=3D"17703910 16598415">
<UL>
  <LI class=3Dovfl><A class=3D"pl popnode"=20
  href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17703910"=20
  =
ref=3D"reftype=3Dpubmed&amp;article-id=3D2718978&amp;issue-id=3D180561&am=
p;journal-id=3D310&amp;FROM=3DArticle|CitedRefBlock&amp;TO=3DEntrez|Pubme=
d|Record&amp;rendering-type=3Dnormal">Validation=20
  of single-item linear analog scale assessment of quality of life in=20
  neuro-oncology patients.</A>
  <P class=3Ddesc><EM class=3Dcit>J Pain Symptom Manage. 2007 Dec;=20
  34(6):628-38.</EM></P><SPAN class=3Dpub>[J Pain Symptom Manage.=20
2007]</SPAN></LI>
  <LI class=3Dovfl><A class=3D"pl popnode"=20
  href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16598415"=20
  =
ref=3D"reftype=3Dpubmed&amp;article-id=3D2718978&amp;issue-id=3D180561&am=
p;journal-id=3D310&amp;FROM=3DArticle|CitedRefBlock&amp;TO=3DEntrez|Pubme=
d|Record&amp;rendering-type=3Dnormal">Validation=20
  of the M.D. Anderson Symptom Inventory Brain Tumor Module =
(MDASI-BT).</A>
  <P class=3Ddesc><EM class=3Dcit>J Neurooncol. 2006 Oct; =
80(1):27-35.</EM></P><SPAN=20
  class=3Dpub>[J Neurooncol. 2006]</SPAN></LI></UL><A =
class=3Dall-articles=20
href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17703910,16598415/?report=3Dsu=
mmary"=20
ref=3D"reftype=3Dpubmed&amp;article-id=3D2718978&amp;issue-id=3D180561&am=
p;journal-id=3D310&amp;FROM=3DArticle|CitedRefBlock&amp;TO=3DEntrez|Pubme=
d|Record&amp;rendering-type=3Dnormal">See=20
more articles cited in this paragraph</A></DIV>
<DIV class=3Dcited-ref id=3Dcite-__pid3136982 rid=3D"__pid3136982"=20
pmids=3D"8877305 12672280 10653880 12825822">
<UL>
  <LI class=3Dovfl><A class=3D"pl popnode"=20
  href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8877305"=20
  =
ref=3D"reftype=3Dpubmed&amp;article-id=3D2718978&amp;issue-id=3D180561&am=
p;journal-id=3D310&amp;FROM=3DArticle|CitedRefBlock&amp;TO=3DEntrez|Pubme=
d|Record&amp;rendering-type=3Dnormal">The=20
  'PRESTON Profile'--the first disease-specific tool for assessing =
quality of=20
  life in patients with malignant glioma.</A>
  <P class=3Ddesc><EM class=3Dcit>Disabil Rehabil. 1996 Sep;=20
  18(9):460-8.</EM></P><SPAN class=3Dpub>[Disabil Rehabil. =
1996]</SPAN></LI>
  <LI class=3Dovfl><A class=3D"pl popnode"=20
  href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12672280"=20
  =
ref=3D"reftype=3Dpubmed&amp;article-id=3D2718978&amp;issue-id=3D180561&am=
p;journal-id=3D310&amp;FROM=3DArticle|CitedRefBlock&amp;TO=3DEntrez|Pubme=
d|Record&amp;rendering-type=3Dnormal">Multifaceted=20
  end points in brain tumor clinical trials: cognitive deterioration =
precedes=20
  MRI progression.</A>
  <P class=3Ddesc><EM class=3Dcit>Neuro Oncol. 2003 Apr; =
5(2):89-95.</EM></P><SPAN=20
  class=3Dpub>[Neuro Oncol. 2003]</SPAN></LI>
  <LI class=3Dovfl><A class=3D"pl popnode"=20
  href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10653880"=20
  =
ref=3D"reftype=3Dpubmed&amp;article-id=3D2718978&amp;issue-id=3D180561&am=
p;journal-id=3D310&amp;FROM=3DArticle|CitedRefBlock&amp;TO=3DEntrez|Pubme=
d|Record&amp;rendering-type=3Dnormal">Cognitive=20
  function as a predictor of survival in patients with recurrent =
malignant=20
  glioma.</A>
  <P class=3Ddesc><EM class=3Dcit>J Clin Oncol. 2000 Feb;=20
  18(3):646-50.</EM></P><SPAN class=3Dpub>[J Clin Oncol. =
2000]</SPAN></LI>
  <LI class=3Dovfl><A class=3D"pl popnode"=20
  href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12825822"=20
  =
ref=3D"reftype=3Dpubmed&amp;article-id=3D2718978&amp;issue-id=3D180561&am=
p;journal-id=3D310&amp;FROM=3DArticle|CitedRefBlock&amp;TO=3DEntrez|Pubme=
d|Record&amp;rendering-type=3Dnormal">Practical=20
  problems with the collection and interpretation of serial quality of =
life=20
  assessments in patients with malignant glioma.</A>
  <P class=3Ddesc><EM class=3Dcit>J Neurooncol. 2003 Jun;=20
  63(2):179-86.</EM></P><SPAN class=3Dpub>[J Neurooncol. =
2003]</SPAN></LI></UL><A=20
class=3Dall-articles=20
href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8877305,12672280,10653880,1282=
5822/?report=3Dsummary"=20
ref=3D"reftype=3Dpubmed&amp;article-id=3D2718978&amp;issue-id=3D180561&am=
p;journal-id=3D310&amp;FROM=3DArticle|CitedRefBlock&amp;TO=3DEntrez|Pubme=
d|Record&amp;rendering-type=3Dnormal">See=20
more articles cited in this paragraph</A></DIV>
<DIV class=3Dcited-ref id=3Dcite-__pid3137032 rid=3D"__pid3137032"=20
pmids=3D"11817703 12605978">
<UL>
  <LI class=3Dovfl><A class=3D"pl popnode"=20
  href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11817703"=20
  =
ref=3D"reftype=3Dpubmed&amp;article-id=3D2718978&amp;issue-id=3D180561&am=
p;journal-id=3D310&amp;FROM=3DArticle|CitedRefBlock&amp;TO=3DEntrez|Pubme=
d|Record&amp;rendering-type=3Dnormal">The=20
  use of a simple Likert scale to measure quality of life in brain tumor =

  patients.</A>
  <P class=3Ddesc><EM class=3Dcit>J Neurooncol. 2001 Nov;=20
  55(2):121-31.</EM></P><SPAN class=3Dpub>[J Neurooncol. =
2001]</SPAN></LI>
  <LI class=3Dovfl><A class=3D"pl popnode"=20
  href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12605978"=20
  =
ref=3D"reftype=3Dpubmed&amp;article-id=3D2718978&amp;issue-id=3D180561&am=
p;journal-id=3D310&amp;FROM=3DArticle|CitedRefBlock&amp;TO=3DEntrez|Pubme=
d|Record&amp;rendering-type=3Dnormal">Prospective=20
  study of neuropsychologic testing and quality-of-life assessment of =
adults=20
  with primary malignant brain tumors.</A>
  <P class=3Ddesc><EM class=3Dcit>Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2003 Mar =
15;=20
  55(4):992-9.</EM></P><SPAN class=3Dpub>[Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys.=20
  2003]</SPAN></LI></UL><A class=3Dall-articles=20
href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11817703,12605978/?report=3Dsu=
mmary"=20
ref=3D"reftype=3Dpubmed&amp;article-id=3D2718978&amp;issue-id=3D180561&am=
p;journal-id=3D310&amp;FROM=3DArticle|CitedRefBlock&amp;TO=3DEntrez|Pubme=
d|Record&amp;rendering-type=3Dnormal">See=20
more articles cited in this paragraph</A></DIV>
<DIV class=3Dcited-ref id=3Dcite-__pid3137059 rid=3D"__pid3137059"=20
pmids=3D"12423981 10942005 14980531 10023313">
<UL>
  <LI class=3Dovfl><A class=3D"pl popnode"=20
  href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12423981"=20
  =
ref=3D"reftype=3Dpubmed&amp;article-id=3D2718978&amp;issue-id=3D180561&am=
p;journal-id=3D310&amp;FROM=3DArticle|CitedRefBlock&amp;TO=3DEntrez|Pubme=
d|Record&amp;rendering-type=3Dnormal">Effect=20
  of radiotherapy and other treatment-related factors on mid-term to =
long-term=20
  cognitive sequelae in low-grade gliomas: a comparative study.</A>
  <P class=3Ddesc><EM class=3Dcit>Lancet. 2002 Nov 2;=20
  360(9343):1361-8.</EM></P><SPAN class=3Dpub>[Lancet. 2002]</SPAN></LI>
  <LI class=3Dovfl><A class=3D"pl popnode"=20
  href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10942005"=20
  =
ref=3D"reftype=3Dpubmed&amp;article-id=3D2718978&amp;issue-id=3D180561&am=
p;journal-id=3D310&amp;FROM=3DArticle|CitedRefBlock&amp;TO=3DEntrez|Pubme=
d|Record&amp;rendering-type=3Dnormal">Cognitive=20
  deficits before treatment among patients with brain tumors.</A>
  <P class=3Ddesc><EM class=3Dcit>Neurosurgery. 2000 Aug; 47(2):324-33; =
discussion=20
  333-4.</EM></P><SPAN class=3Dpub>[Neurosurgery. 2000]</SPAN></LI>
  <LI class=3Dovfl><A class=3D"pl popnode"=20
  href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14980531"=20
  =
ref=3D"reftype=3Dpubmed&amp;article-id=3D2718978&amp;issue-id=3D180561&am=
p;journal-id=3D310&amp;FROM=3DArticle|CitedRefBlock&amp;TO=3DEntrez|Pubme=
d|Record&amp;rendering-type=3Dnormal"><SPAN=20
  class=3Dflag>Review</SPAN>Cognitive deficits in adult patients with =
brain=20
  tumours.</A>
  <P class=3Ddesc><EM class=3Dcit>Lancet Neurol. 2004 Mar;=20
  3(3):159-68.</EM></P><SPAN class=3Dpub>[Lancet Neurol. =
2004]</SPAN></LI>
  <LI class=3Dovfl><A class=3D"pl popnode"=20
  href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10023313"=20
  =
ref=3D"reftype=3Dpubmed&amp;article-id=3D2718978&amp;issue-id=3D180561&am=
p;journal-id=3D310&amp;FROM=3DArticle|CitedRefBlock&amp;TO=3DEntrez|Pubme=
d|Record&amp;rendering-type=3Dnormal">Quality=20
  of life after radiation therapy of cerebral low-grade gliomas of the =
adult:=20
  results of a randomised phase III trial on dose response (EORTC trial =
22844).=20
  EORTC Radiotherapy Co-operative Group.</A>
  <P class=3Ddesc><EM class=3Dcit>Eur J Cancer. 1998 Nov;=20
  34(12):1902-9.</EM></P><SPAN class=3Dpub>[Eur J Cancer. =
1998]</SPAN></LI></UL><A=20
class=3Dall-articles=20
href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12423981,10942005,14980531,100=
23313/?report=3Dsummary"=20
ref=3D"reftype=3Dpubmed&amp;article-id=3D2718978&amp;issue-id=3D180561&am=
p;journal-id=3D310&amp;FROM=3DArticle|CitedRefBlock&amp;TO=3DEntrez|Pubme=
d|Record&amp;rendering-type=3Dnormal">See=20
more articles cited in this paragraph</A></DIV>
<DIV class=3Dcited-ref id=3Dcite-__pid3137116 rid=3D"__pid3137116" =
pmids=3D"17031503">
<UL>
  <LI class=3Dovfl><A class=3D"pl popnode"=20
  href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17031503"=20
  =
ref=3D"reftype=3Dpubmed&amp;article-id=3D2718978&amp;issue-id=3D180561&am=
p;journal-id=3D310&amp;FROM=3DArticle|CitedRefBlock&amp;TO=3DEntrez|Pubme=
d|Record&amp;rendering-type=3Dnormal"><SPAN=20
  class=3Dflag>Review</SPAN>The clinical significance of adaptation to =
changing=20
  health: a meta-analysis of response shift.</A>
  <P class=3Ddesc><EM class=3Dcit>Qual Life Res. 2006 Nov;=20
  15(9):1533-50.</EM></P><SPAN class=3Dpub>[Qual Life Res. =
2006]</SPAN></LI></UL><A=20
class=3Dall-articles=20
href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17031503/?report=3Dsummary"=20
ref=3D"reftype=3Dpubmed&amp;article-id=3D2718978&amp;issue-id=3D180561&am=
p;journal-id=3D310&amp;FROM=3DArticle|CitedRefBlock&amp;TO=3DEntrez|Pubme=
d|Record&amp;rendering-type=3Dnormal">See=20
more articles cited in this paragraph</A></DIV>
<DIV class=3Dcited-ref id=3Dcite-__pid3137146 rid=3D"__pid3137146"=20
pmids=3D"12204663 18227528 16877731">
<UL>
  <LI class=3Dovfl><A class=3D"pl popnode"=20
  href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12204663"=20
  =
ref=3D"reftype=3Dpubmed&amp;article-id=3D2718978&amp;issue-id=3D180561&am=
p;journal-id=3D310&amp;FROM=3DArticle|CitedRefBlock&amp;TO=3DEntrez|Pubme=
d|Record&amp;rendering-type=3Dnormal"><SPAN=20
  class=3Dflag>Review</SPAN>Health related quality of life assessment =
methodology=20
  and reported outcomes in randomised controlled trials of primary brain =
cancer=20
  patients.</A>
  <P class=3Ddesc><EM class=3Dcit>Eur J Cancer. 2002 Sep;=20
  38(14):1824-31.</EM></P><SPAN class=3Dpub>[Eur J Cancer. =
2002]</SPAN></LI>
  <LI class=3Dovfl><A class=3D"pl popnode"=20
  href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18227528"=20
  =
ref=3D"reftype=3Dpubmed&amp;article-id=3D2718978&amp;issue-id=3D180561&am=
p;journal-id=3D310&amp;FROM=3DArticle|CitedRefBlock&amp;TO=3DEntrez|Pubme=
d|Record&amp;rendering-type=3Dnormal"><SPAN=20
  class=3Dflag>Review</SPAN>The prognostic significance of =
patient-reported=20
  outcomes in cancer clinical trials.</A>
  <P class=3Ddesc><EM class=3Dcit>J Clin Oncol. 2008 Mar 10;=20
  26(8):1355-63.</EM></P><SPAN class=3Dpub>[J Clin Oncol. =
2008]</SPAN></LI>
  <LI class=3Dovfl><A class=3D"pl popnode"=20
  href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16877731"=20
  =
ref=3D"reftype=3Dpubmed&amp;article-id=3D2718978&amp;issue-id=3D180561&am=
p;journal-id=3D310&amp;FROM=3DArticle|CitedRefBlock&amp;TO=3DEntrez|Pubme=
d|Record&amp;rendering-type=3Dnormal">Health=20
  status measurements at diagnosis as predictors of survival among =
adults with=20
  brain tumors.</A>
  <P class=3Ddesc><EM class=3Dcit>J Clin Oncol. 2006 Aug 1;=20
  24(22):3636-43.</EM></P><SPAN class=3Dpub>[J Clin Oncol. =
2006]</SPAN></LI></UL><A=20
class=3Dall-articles=20
href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12204663,18227528,16877731/?re=
port=3Dsummary"=20
ref=3D"reftype=3Dpubmed&amp;article-id=3D2718978&amp;issue-id=3D180561&am=
p;journal-id=3D310&amp;FROM=3DArticle|CitedRefBlock&amp;TO=3DEntrez|Pubme=
d|Record&amp;rendering-type=3Dnormal">See=20
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}
.x-tool-restore-over {
	BACKGROUND-POSITION: -15px -45px
}
.x-tool-gear {
	BACKGROUND-POSITION: 0px -90px
}
.x-tool-gear-over {
	BACKGROUND-POSITION: -15px -90px
}
.x-tool-pin {
	BACKGROUND-POSITION: 0px -135px
}
.x-tool-pin-over {
	BACKGROUND-POSITION: -15px -135px
}
.x-tool-unpin {
	BACKGROUND-POSITION: 0px -150px
}
.x-tool-unpin-over {
	BACKGROUND-POSITION: -15px -150px
}
.x-tool-right {
	BACKGROUND-POSITION: 0px -165px
}
.x-tool-right-over {
	BACKGROUND-POSITION: -15px -165px
}
.x-tool-left {
	BACKGROUND-POSITION: 0px -180px
}
.x-tool-left-over {
	BACKGROUND-POSITION: -15px -180px
}
.x-tool-up {
	BACKGROUND-POSITION: 0px -210px
}
.x-tool-up-over {
	BACKGROUND-POSITION: -15px -210px
}
.x-tool-down {
	BACKGROUND-POSITION: 0px -195px
}
.x-tool-down-over {
	BACKGROUND-POSITION: -15px -195px
}
.x-tool-refresh {
	BACKGROUND-POSITION: 0px -225px
}
.x-tool-refresh-over {
	BACKGROUND-POSITION: -15px -225px
}
.x-tool-minus {
	BACKGROUND-POSITION: 0px -255px
}
.x-tool-minus-over {
	BACKGROUND-POSITION: -15px -255px
}
.x-tool-plus {
	BACKGROUND-POSITION: 0px -240px
}
.x-tool-plus-over {
	BACKGROUND-POSITION: -15px -240px
}
.x-tool-search {
	BACKGROUND-POSITION: 0px -270px
}
.x-tool-search-over {
	BACKGROUND-POSITION: -15px -270px
}
.x-tool-save {
	BACKGROUND-POSITION: 0px -285px
}
.x-tool-save-over {
	BACKGROUND-POSITION: -15px -285px
}
.x-tool-help {
	BACKGROUND-POSITION: 0px -300px
}
.x-tool-help-over {
	BACKGROUND-POSITION: -15px -300px
}
.x-tool-print {
	BACKGROUND-POSITION: 0px -315px
}
.x-tool-print-over {
	BACKGROUND-POSITION: -15px -315px
}
.x-panel-ghost {
	Z-INDEX: 12000; BACKGROUND: #cbddf3; FILTER: alpha(opacity=3D65); LEFT: =
0px; OVERFLOW: hidden; POSITION: absolute; TOP: 0px; opacity: .65; =
-moz-opacity: .65
}
.x-panel-ghost UL {
	BORDER-RIGHT: #99bbe8 1px solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 0px; BORDER-TOP: =
#99bbe8 0px; DISPLAY: block; PADDING-LEFT: 0px; FONT-SIZE: 0px; =
PADDING-BOTTOM: 0px; MARGIN: 0px; OVERFLOW: hidden; BORDER-LEFT: #99bbe8 =
1px solid; LINE-HEIGHT: 0; PADDING-TOP: 0px; BORDER-BOTTOM: #99bbe8 1px =
solid
}
.x-panel-ghost * {
	CURSOR: move! important
}
.x-panel-dd-spacer {
	BORDER-RIGHT: #99bbe8 2px dashed; BORDER-TOP: #99bbe8 2px dashed; =
BORDER-LEFT: #99bbe8 2px dashed; BORDER-BOTTOM: #99bbe8 2px dashed
}
.x-panel-btns-ct {
	PADDING-RIGHT: 5px; PADDING-LEFT: 5px; PADDING-BOTTOM: 5px; =
PADDING-TOP: 5px
}
.x-panel-btns-ct .x-btn {
	CLEAR: none; FLOAT: right
}
.x-panel-btns-ct .x-panel-btns TD {
	BORDER-TOP-WIDTH: 0px; PADDING-RIGHT: 0px; PADDING-LEFT: 0px; =
BORDER-LEFT-WIDTH: 0px; BORDER-BOTTOM-WIDTH: 0px; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0px; =
PADDING-TOP: 0px; BORDER-RIGHT-WIDTH: 0px
}
.x-panel-btns-ct .x-panel-btns-right TABLE {
	CLEAR: none; FLOAT: right
}
.x-panel-btns-ct .x-panel-btns-left TABLE {
	CLEAR: none; FLOAT: left
}
.x-panel-btns-ct .x-panel-btns-center {
	TEXT-ALIGN: center
}
.x-panel-btns-ct .x-panel-btns-center TABLE {
	MARGIN: 0px auto
}
.x-panel-btns-ct TABLE TD.x-panel-btn-td {
	PADDING-RIGHT: 3px; PADDING-LEFT: 3px; PADDING-BOTTOM: 3px; =
PADDING-TOP: 3px
}
.x-panel-btns-ct .x-btn-focus .x-btn-left {
	BACKGROUND-POSITION: 0px -147px
}
.x-panel-btns-ct .x-btn-focus .x-btn-right {
	BACKGROUND-POSITION: 0px -168px
}
.x-panel-btns-ct .x-btn-focus .x-btn-center {
	BACKGROUND-POSITION: 0px -189px
}
.x-panel-btns-ct .x-btn-over .x-btn-left {
	BACKGROUND-POSITION: 0px -63px
}
.x-panel-btns-ct .x-btn-over .x-btn-right {
	BACKGROUND-POSITION: 0px -84px
}
.x-panel-btns-ct .x-btn-over .x-btn-center {
	BACKGROUND-POSITION: 0px -105px
}
.x-panel-btns-ct .x-btn-click .x-btn-center {
	BACKGROUND-POSITION: 0px -126px
}
.x-panel-btns-ct .x-btn-click .x-btn-right {
	BACKGROUND-POSITION: 0px -84px
}
.x-panel-btns-ct .x-btn-click .x-btn-left {
	BACKGROUND-POSITION: 0px -63px
}

------=_NextPart_000_0000_01CB7A14.0A304020
Content-Type: text/css;
	charset="iso-8859-1"
Content-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-printable
Content-Location: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/core/ext.ncbi/1/css/themes/xtheme-oldentrez.css

.x-panel {
	BORDER-LEFT-COLOR: #d0d0d0; BORDER-BOTTOM-COLOR: #d0d0d0; =
BORDER-TOP-STYLE: solid; BORDER-TOP-COLOR: #d0d0d0; BORDER-RIGHT-STYLE: =
solid; BORDER-LEFT-STYLE: solid; BORDER-RIGHT-COLOR: #d0d0d0; =
BORDER-BOTTOM-STYLE: solid
}
.x-panel-header {
	BORDER-RIGHT: #d0d0d0 1px solid; BORDER-TOP: #d0d0d0 1px solid; =
BACKGROUND-IMAGE: url(../../img/oldentrez/panel/white-top-bottom.gif); =
BORDER-LEFT: #d0d0d0 1px solid; COLOR: #333; BORDER-BOTTOM: #d0d0d0 1px =
solid
}
.x-panel-body {
	BORDER-LEFT-COLOR: #d0d0d0; BORDER-BOTTOM-COLOR: #d0d0d0; =
BORDER-TOP-COLOR: #d0d0d0; BORDER-RIGHT-COLOR: #d0d0d0
}
.x-panel-bbar .x-toolbar {
	BORDER-LEFT-COLOR: #d0d0d0; BORDER-BOTTOM-COLOR: #d0d0d0; =
BORDER-TOP-COLOR: #d0d0d0; BORDER-RIGHT-COLOR: #d0d0d0
}
.x-panel-tbar .x-toolbar {
	BORDER-LEFT-COLOR: #d0d0d0; BORDER-BOTTOM-COLOR: #d0d0d0; =
BORDER-TOP-COLOR: #d0d0d0; BORDER-RIGHT-COLOR: #d0d0d0
}
.x-panel-tbar-noheader .x-toolbar {
	BORDER-LEFT-COLOR: #d0d0d0; BORDER-BOTTOM-COLOR: #d0d0d0; =
BORDER-TOP-COLOR: #d0d0d0; BORDER-RIGHT-COLOR: #d0d0d0
}
.x-panel-mc .x-panel-tbar .x-toolbar {
	BORDER-LEFT-COLOR: #d0d0d0; BORDER-BOTTOM-COLOR: #d0d0d0; =
BORDER-TOP-COLOR: #d0d0d0; BORDER-RIGHT-COLOR: #d0d0d0
}
.x-panel-body-noheader {
	BORDER-LEFT-COLOR: #d0d0d0; BORDER-BOTTOM-COLOR: #d0d0d0; =
BORDER-TOP-COLOR: #d0d0d0; BORDER-RIGHT-COLOR: #d0d0d0
}
.x-panel-mc .x-panel-body {
	BORDER-LEFT-COLOR: #d0d0d0; BORDER-BOTTOM-COLOR: #d0d0d0; =
BORDER-TOP-COLOR: #d0d0d0; BORDER-RIGHT-COLOR: #d0d0d0
}
.x-panel-tl .x-panel-header {
	COLOR: #333
}
.x-panel-tc {
	BACKGROUND-IMAGE: url(../../img/oldentrez/panel/top-bottom.gif)
}
.x-panel-tl {
	BORDER-LEFT-COLOR: #d0d0d0; BACKGROUND-IMAGE: =
url(../../img/oldentrez/panel/corners-sprite.gif); BORDER-BOTTOM-COLOR: =
#d0d0d0; BORDER-TOP-COLOR: #d0d0d0; BORDER-RIGHT-COLOR: #d0d0d0
}
.x-panel-tr {
	BACKGROUND-IMAGE: url(../../img/oldentrez/panel/corners-sprite.gif)
}
.x-panel-bc {
	BACKGROUND-IMAGE: url(../../img/oldentrez/panel/top-bottom.gif)
}
.x-panel-bl {
	BACKGROUND-IMAGE: url(../../img/oldentrez/panel/corners-sprite.gif)
}
.x-panel-br {
	BACKGROUND-IMAGE: url(../../img/oldentrez/panel/corners-sprite.gif)
}
.x-panel-mc {
	BACKGROUND: #f1f1f1
}
.x-panel-mc .x-panel-body {
	BORDER-RIGHT: 0px; BORDER-TOP: 0px; BACKGROUND: none transparent scroll =
repeat 0% 0%; BORDER-LEFT: 0px; BORDER-BOTTOM: 0px
}
.x-panel-ml {
	BACKGROUND-IMAGE: url(../../img/oldentrez/panel/left-right.gif)
}
.x-panel-mr {
	BACKGROUND-IMAGE: url(../../img/oldentrez/panel/left-right.gif)
}
.x-tool {
	BACKGROUND-IMAGE: url(../../img/oldentrez/panel/tool-sprites.gif)
}
.x-panel-ghost {
	BACKGROUND: #e0e0e0
}
.x-panel-ghost UL {
	BORDER-LEFT-COLOR: #b0b0b0; BORDER-BOTTOM-COLOR: #b0b0b0; =
BORDER-TOP-COLOR: #b0b0b0; BORDER-RIGHT-COLOR: #b0b0b0
}
.x-grid-panel .x-panel-mc .x-panel-body {
	BORDER-RIGHT: #d0d0d0 1px solid; BORDER-TOP: #d0d0d0 1px solid; =
BORDER-LEFT: #d0d0d0 1px solid; BORDER-BOTTOM: #d0d0d0 1px solid
}
.x-btn-left {
	BACKGROUND-IMAGE: url(../../img/oldentrez/button/btn-sprite.gif)
}
.x-btn-right {
	BACKGROUND-IMAGE: url(../../img/oldentrez/button/btn-sprite.gif)
}
.x-btn-center {
	BACKGROUND-IMAGE: url(../../img/oldentrez/button/btn-sprite.gif)
}
.x-border-layout-ct {
	BACKGROUND: #f0f0f0
}
.x-accordion-hd {
	BACKGROUND-IMAGE: url(../../img/oldentrez/panel/light-hd.gif)
}
.x-layout-collapsed {
	BORDER-LEFT-COLOR: #e0e0e0; BORDER-BOTTOM-COLOR: #e0e0e0; =
BORDER-TOP-COLOR: #e0e0e0; BACKGROUND-COLOR: #eee; BORDER-RIGHT-COLOR: =
#e0e0e0
}
.x-layout-collapsed-over {
	BACKGROUND-COLOR: #fbfbfb
}
.x-tip .x-tip-top {
	BACKGROUND-IMAGE: url(../../img/oldentrez/qtip/tip-sprite.gif)
}
.x-tip .x-tip-top-left {
	BACKGROUND-IMAGE: url(../../img/oldentrez/qtip/tip-sprite.gif)
}
.x-tip .x-tip-top-right {
	BACKGROUND-IMAGE: url(../../img/oldentrez/qtip/tip-sprite.gif)
}
.x-tip .x-tip-ft {
	BACKGROUND-IMAGE: url(../../img/oldentrez/qtip/tip-sprite.gif)
}
.x-tip .x-tip-ft-left {
	BACKGROUND-IMAGE: url(../../img/oldentrez/qtip/tip-sprite.gif)
}
.x-tip .x-tip-ft-right {
	BACKGROUND-IMAGE: url(../../img/oldentrez/qtip/tip-sprite.gif)
}
.x-tip .x-tip-bd-left {
	BACKGROUND-IMAGE: url(../../img/oldentrez/qtip/tip-sprite.gif)
}
.x-tip .x-tip-bd-right {
	BACKGROUND-IMAGE: url(../../img/oldentrez/qtip/tip-sprite.gif)
}
.x-toolbar {
	BORDER-LEFT-COLOR: #d0d0d0; BACKGROUND: =
url(../../img/oldentrez/toolbar/bg.gif) #f0f4f5 repeat-x left top; =
BORDER-BOTTOM-COLOR: #d0d0d0; BORDER-TOP-COLOR: #d0d0d0; =
BORDER-RIGHT-COLOR: #d0d0d0
}
.x-toolbar BUTTON {
	COLOR: #444
}
.x-toolbar .x-btn-menu-arrow-wrap .x-btn-center BUTTON {
	BACKGROUND-IMAGE: url(../../img/oldentrez/toolbar/btn-arrow.gif)
}
.x-toolbar .x-btn-text-icon .x-btn-menu-arrow-wrap .x-btn-center BUTTON =
{
	BACKGROUND-IMAGE: url(../../img/oldentrez/toolbar/btn-arrow.gif)
}
.x-toolbar .x-btn-over .x-btn-left {
	BACKGROUND-IMAGE: url(../../img/oldentrez/toolbar/tb-btn-sprite.gif)
}
.x-toolbar .x-btn-over .x-btn-right {
	BACKGROUND-IMAGE: url(../../img/oldentrez/toolbar/tb-btn-sprite.gif)
}
.x-toolbar .x-btn-over .x-btn-center {
	BACKGROUND-IMAGE: url(../../img/oldentrez/toolbar/tb-btn-sprite.gif)
}
.x-toolbar .x-btn-over BUTTON {
	COLOR: #111
}
.x-toolbar .x-btn-click .x-btn-left {
	BACKGROUND-IMAGE: url(../../img/oldentrez/toolbar/tb-btn-sprite.gif)
}
.x-toolbar .x-btn-pressed .x-btn-left {
	BACKGROUND-IMAGE: url(../../img/oldentrez/toolbar/tb-btn-sprite.gif)
}
.x-toolbar .x-btn-menu-active .x-btn-left {
	BACKGROUND-IMAGE: url(../../img/oldentrez/toolbar/tb-btn-sprite.gif)
}
.x-toolbar .x-btn-click .x-btn-right {
	BACKGROUND-IMAGE: url(../../img/oldentrez/toolbar/tb-btn-sprite.gif)
}
.x-toolbar .x-btn-pressed .x-btn-right {
	BACKGROUND-IMAGE: url(../../img/oldentrez/toolbar/tb-btn-sprite.gif)
}
.x-toolbar .x-btn-menu-active .x-btn-right {
	BACKGROUND-IMAGE: url(../../img/oldentrez/toolbar/tb-btn-sprite.gif)
}
.x-toolbar .x-btn-click .x-btn-center {
	BACKGROUND-IMAGE: url(../../img/oldentrez/toolbar/tb-btn-sprite.gif)
}
.x-toolbar .x-btn-pressed .x-btn-center {
	BACKGROUND-IMAGE: url(../../img/oldentrez/toolbar/tb-btn-sprite.gif)
}
.x-toolbar .x-btn-menu-active .x-btn-center {
	BACKGROUND-IMAGE: url(../../img/oldentrez/toolbar/tb-btn-sprite.gif)
}
.x-toolbar .ytb-sep {
	BACKGROUND-IMAGE: url(../images/default/grid/grid-split.gif)
}
.x-tab-panel-header {
	BORDER-LEFT-COLOR: #d0d0d0; BACKGROUND: #eaeaea; BORDER-BOTTOM-COLOR: =
#d0d0d0; BORDER-TOP-COLOR: #d0d0d0; BORDER-RIGHT-COLOR: #d0d0d0
}
.x-tab-panel-footer {
	BORDER-LEFT-COLOR: #d0d0d0; BACKGROUND: #eaeaea; BORDER-BOTTOM-COLOR: =
#d0d0d0; BORDER-TOP-COLOR: #d0d0d0; BORDER-RIGHT-COLOR: #d0d0d0
}
.x-tab-panel-header {
	BORDER-LEFT-COLOR: #d0d0d0; BORDER-BOTTOM-COLOR: #d0d0d0; =
BORDER-TOP-COLOR: #d0d0d0; BORDER-RIGHT-COLOR: #d0d0d0
}
.x-tab-panel-footer {
	BORDER-LEFT-COLOR: #d0d0d0; BORDER-BOTTOM-COLOR: #d0d0d0; =
BORDER-TOP-COLOR: #d0d0d0; BORDER-RIGHT-COLOR: #d0d0d0
}
UL.x-tab-strip-top {
	BORDER-LEFT-COLOR: #d0d0d0; BACKGROUND: =
url(../../img/oldentrez/tabs/tab-strip-bg.gif) #dbdbdb repeat-x left =
top; BORDER-BOTTOM-COLOR: #d0d0d0; BORDER-TOP-COLOR: #d0d0d0; =
PADDING-TOP: 2px; BORDER-RIGHT-COLOR: #d0d0d0
}
UL.x-tab-strip-bottom {
	BORDER-LEFT-COLOR: #d0d0d0; BACKGROUND-IMAGE: =
url(../../img/oldentrez/tabs/tab-strip-btm-bg.gif); BORDER-BOTTOM-COLOR: =
#d0d0d0; BORDER-TOP-COLOR: #d0d0d0; BORDER-RIGHT-COLOR: #d0d0d0
}
.x-tab-strip SPAN.x-tab-strip-text {
	COLOR: #333
}
.x-tab-strip-over SPAN.x-tab-strip-text {
	COLOR: #111
}
.x-tab-strip-active SPAN.x-tab-strip-text {
	COLOR: #333
}
.x-tab-strip-disabled .x-tabs-text {
	COLOR: #aaaaaa
}
.x-tab-strip-top .x-tab-right {
	BACKGROUND-IMAGE: url(../../img/oldentrez/tabs/tabs-sprite.gif)
}
.x-tab-strip-top .x-tab-left {
	BACKGROUND-IMAGE: url(../../img/oldentrez/tabs/tabs-sprite.gif)
}
.x-tab-strip-top .x-tab-strip-inner {
	BACKGROUND-IMAGE: url(../../img/oldentrez/tabs/tabs-sprite.gif)
}
.x-tab-strip-bottom .x-tab-right {
	BACKGROUND-IMAGE: =
url(../../img/oldentrez/tabs/tab-btm-inactive-right-bg.gif)
}
.x-tab-strip-bottom .x-tab-left {
	BACKGROUND-IMAGE: =
url(../../img/oldentrez/tabs/tab-btm-inactive-left-bg.gif)
}
.x-tab-strip-bottom .x-tab-strip-active .x-tab-right {
	BACKGROUND-IMAGE: url(../../img/oldentrez/tabs/tab-btm-right-bg.gif)
}
.x-tab-strip-bottom .x-tab-strip-active .x-tab-left {
	BACKGROUND-IMAGE: url(../../img/oldentrez/tabs/tab-btm-left-bg.gif)
}
.x-tab-strip .x-tab-strip-closable A.x-tab-strip-close {
	BACKGROUND-IMAGE: url(../../img/oldentrez/tabs/tab-close.gif)
}
.x-tab-strip .x-tab-strip-closable A.x-tab-strip-close:hover {
	BACKGROUND-IMAGE: url(../../img/oldentrez/tabs/tab-close.gif)
}
.x-tab-panel-body {
	BORDER-LEFT-COLOR: #d0d0d0; BACKGROUND: #fff; BORDER-BOTTOM-COLOR: =
#d0d0d0; BORDER-TOP-COLOR: #d0d0d0; BORDER-RIGHT-COLOR: #d0d0d0
}
.x-tab-panel-bbar .x-toolbar {
	BORDER-LEFT-COLOR: #d0d0d0; BORDER-BOTTOM-COLOR: #d0d0d0; =
BORDER-TOP-COLOR: #d0d0d0; BORDER-RIGHT-COLOR: #d0d0d0
}
.x-tab-panel-tbar .x-toolbar {
	BORDER-LEFT-COLOR: #d0d0d0; BORDER-BOTTOM-COLOR: #d0d0d0; =
BORDER-TOP-COLOR: #d0d0d0; BORDER-RIGHT-COLOR: #d0d0d0
}
.x-tab-panel-header-plain .x-tab-strip-spacer {
	BORDER-LEFT-COLOR: #d0d0d0; BACKGROUND: #eaeaea; BORDER-BOTTOM-COLOR: =
#d0d0d0; BORDER-TOP-COLOR: #d0d0d0; BORDER-RIGHT-COLOR: #d0d0d0
}
.x-tab-scroller-left {
	BORDER-LEFT-COLOR: #aeaeae; BACKGROUND-IMAGE: =
url(../../img/oldentrez/tabs/scroll-left.gif); BORDER-BOTTOM-COLOR: =
#aeaeae; BORDER-TOP-COLOR: #aeaeae; BORDER-RIGHT-COLOR: #aeaeae
}
.x-tab-scroller-right {
	BORDER-LEFT-COLOR: #aeaeae; BACKGROUND-IMAGE: =
url(../../img/oldentrez/tabs/scroll-right.gif); BORDER-BOTTOM-COLOR: =
#aeaeae; BORDER-TOP-COLOR: #aeaeae; BORDER-RIGHT-COLOR: #aeaeae
}
.x-window-proxy {
	BORDER-LEFT-COLOR: #b0b0b0; BACKGROUND: #e0e0e0; BORDER-BOTTOM-COLOR: =
#b0b0b0; BORDER-TOP-COLOR: #b0b0b0; BORDER-RIGHT-COLOR: #b0b0b0
}
.x-window-tl .x-window-header {
	COLOR: #555
}
.x-window-tc {
	BACKGROUND-IMAGE: url(../../img/oldentrez/window/top-bottom.png)
}
.x-window-tl {
	BACKGROUND-IMAGE: url(../../img/oldentrez/window/left-corners.png)
}
.x-window-tr {
	BACKGROUND-IMAGE: url(../../img/oldentrez/window/right-corners.png)
}
.x-window-bc {
	BACKGROUND-IMAGE: url(../../img/oldentrez/window/top-bottom.png)
}
.x-window-bl {
	BACKGROUND-IMAGE: url(../../img/oldentrez/window/left-corners.png)
}
.x-window-br {
	BACKGROUND-IMAGE: url(../../img/oldentrez/window/right-corners.png)
}
.x-window-mc {
	BORDER-RIGHT: #d0d0d0 1px solid; BORDER-TOP: #d0d0d0 1px solid; =
BACKGROUND: #e8e8e8; BORDER-LEFT: #d0d0d0 1px solid; BORDER-BOTTOM: =
#d0d0d0 1px solid
}
.x-window-ml {
	BACKGROUND-IMAGE: url(../../img/oldentrez/window/left-right.png)
}
.x-window-mr {
	BACKGROUND-IMAGE: url(../../img/oldentrez/window/left-right.png)
}
.x-panel-ghost .x-window-tl {
	BORDER-LEFT-COLOR: #d0d0d0; BORDER-BOTTOM-COLOR: #d0d0d0; =
BORDER-TOP-COLOR: #d0d0d0; BORDER-RIGHT-COLOR: #d0d0d0
}
.x-panel-collapsed .x-window-tl {
	BORDER-LEFT-COLOR: #d0d0d0; BORDER-BOTTOM-COLOR: #d0d0d0; =
BORDER-TOP-COLOR: #d0d0d0; BORDER-RIGHT-COLOR: #d0d0d0
}
.x-window-plain .x-window-mc {
	BORDER-RIGHT: #eee 1px solid; BORDER-TOP: #d0d0d0 1px solid; =
BACKGROUND: #e8e8e8; BORDER-LEFT: #d0d0d0 1px solid; BORDER-BOTTOM: #eee =
1px solid
}
.x-window-plain .x-window-body {
	BORDER-RIGHT: #d0d0d0 1px solid; BORDER-TOP: #eee 1px solid; =
BACKGROUND: none transparent scroll repeat 0% 0%; BORDER-LEFT: #eee 1px =
solid; BORDER-BOTTOM: #d0d0d0 1px solid
}
BODY.x-body-masked .x-window-mc {
	BACKGROUND-COLOR: #e4e4e4
}
BODY.x-body-masked .x-window-plain .x-window-mc {
	BACKGROUND-COLOR: #e4e4e4
}
.x-html-editor-wrap {
	BORDER-LEFT-COLOR: #d0d0d0; BORDER-BOTTOM-COLOR: #d0d0d0; =
BORDER-TOP-COLOR: #d0d0d0; BORDER-RIGHT-COLOR: #d0d0d0
}
.x-panel-noborder .x-panel-body-noborder {
	BORDER-TOP-WIDTH: 0px; BORDER-LEFT-WIDTH: 0px; BORDER-BOTTOM-WIDTH: =
0px; BORDER-RIGHT-WIDTH: 0px
}
.x-panel-noborder .x-panel-header-noborder {
	BORDER-TOP-WIDTH: 0px; BORDER-LEFT-WIDTH: 0px; BORDER-BOTTOM: #d0d0d0 =
1px solid; BORDER-RIGHT-WIDTH: 0px
}
.x-panel-noborder .x-panel-tbar-noborder .x-toolbar {
	BORDER-TOP-WIDTH: 0px; BORDER-LEFT-WIDTH: 0px; BORDER-BOTTOM: #d0d0d0 =
1px solid; BORDER-RIGHT-WIDTH: 0px
}
.x-panel-noborder .x-panel-bbar-noborder .x-toolbar {
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.x-panel-bc .x-panel-footer {
	PADDING-BOTTOM: 6px
}
.x-panel-nofooter .x-panel-bc {
	FONT-SIZE: 0px; LINE-HEIGHT: 0; HEIGHT: 6px
}
.x-panel-nofooter .x-window-bc {
	FONT-SIZE: 0px; LINE-HEIGHT: 0; HEIGHT: 6px
}
.x-panel-bwrap {
	OVERFLOW: hidden; ZOOM: 1
}
.x-panel-body {
	OVERFLOW: hidden; ZOOM: 1
}
.x-panel-collapsed .x-resizable-handle {
	DISPLAY: none
}
.ext-gecko .x-panel-animated DIV {
	OVERFLOW: hidden! important
}
.x-plain-body {
	OVERFLOW: hidden
}
.x-plain-bbar .x-toolbar {
	PADDING-RIGHT: 2px; PADDING-LEFT: 2px; PADDING-BOTTOM: 2px; OVERFLOW: =
hidden; PADDING-TOP: 2px
}
.x-plain-tbar .x-toolbar {
	PADDING-RIGHT: 2px; PADDING-LEFT: 2px; PADDING-BOTTOM: 2px; OVERFLOW: =
hidden; PADDING-TOP: 2px
}
.x-plain-bwrap {
	OVERFLOW: hidden; ZOOM: 1
}
.x-plain {
	OVERFLOW: hidden
}
.x-tool {
	BACKGROUND: =
url(/core/extjs/ext-2.1/resources/images/default/panel/tool-sprites.gif) =
no-repeat; FLOAT: right; MARGIN-LEFT: 2px; OVERFLOW: hidden; WIDTH: =
15px; CURSOR: pointer; HEIGHT: 15px
}
.x-tool-toggle {
	BACKGROUND-POSITION: 0px -60px
}
.x-tool-toggle-over {
	BACKGROUND-POSITION: -15px -60px
}
.x-panel-collapsed .x-tool-toggle {
	BACKGROUND-POSITION: 0px -75px
}
.x-panel-collapsed .x-tool-toggle-over {
	BACKGROUND-POSITION: -15px -75px
}
.x-tool-close {
	BACKGROUND-POSITION: 0px 0px
}
.x-tool-close-over {
	BACKGROUND-POSITION: -15px 0px
}
.x-tool-minimize {
	BACKGROUND-POSITION: 0px -15px
}
.x-tool-minimize-over {
	BACKGROUND-POSITION: -15px 50%
}
.x-tool-maximize {
	BACKGROUND-POSITION: 0px -30px
}
.x-tool-maximize-over {
	BACKGROUND-POSITION: -15px -30px
}
.x-tool-restore {
	BACKGROUND-POSITION: 0px -45px
}
.x-tool-restore-over {
	BACKGROUND-POSITION: -15px -45px
}
.x-tool-gear {
	BACKGROUND-POSITION: 0px -90px
}
.x-tool-gear-over {
	BACKGROUND-POSITION: -15px -90px
}
.x-tool-pin {
	BACKGROUND-POSITION: 0px -135px
}
.x-tool-pin-over {
	BACKGROUND-POSITION: -15px -135px
}
.x-tool-unpin {
	BACKGROUND-POSITION: 0px -150px
}
.x-tool-unpin-over {
	BACKGROUND-POSITION: -15px -150px
}
.x-tool-right {
	BACKGROUND-POSITION: 0px -165px
}
.x-tool-right-over {
	BACKGROUND-POSITION: -15px -165px
}
.x-tool-left {
	BACKGROUND-POSITION: 0px -180px
}
.x-tool-left-over {
	BACKGROUND-POSITION: -15px -180px
}
.x-tool-up {
	BACKGROUND-POSITION: 0px -210px
}
.x-tool-up-over {
	BACKGROUND-POSITION: -15px -210px
}
.x-tool-down {
	BACKGROUND-POSITION: 0px -195px
}
.x-tool-down-over {
	BACKGROUND-POSITION: -15px -195px
}
.x-tool-refresh {
	BACKGROUND-POSITION: 0px -225px
}
.x-tool-refresh-over {
	BACKGROUND-POSITION: -15px -225px
}
.x-tool-minus {
	BACKGROUND-POSITION: 0px -255px
}
.x-tool-minus-over {
	BACKGROUND-POSITION: -15px -255px
}
.x-tool-plus {
	BACKGROUND-POSITION: 0px -240px
}
.x-tool-plus-over {
	BACKGROUND-POSITION: -15px -240px
}
.x-tool-search {
	BACKGROUND-POSITION: 0px -270px
}
.x-tool-search-over {
	BACKGROUND-POSITION: -15px -270px
}
.x-tool-save {
	BACKGROUND-POSITION: 0px -285px
}
.x-tool-save-over {
	BACKGROUND-POSITION: -15px -285px
}
.x-tool-help {
	BACKGROUND-POSITION: 0px -300px
}
.x-tool-help-over {
	BACKGROUND-POSITION: -15px -300px
}
.x-tool-print {
	BACKGROUND-POSITION: 0px -315px
}
.x-tool-print-over {
	BACKGROUND-POSITION: -15px -315px
}
.x-panel-ghost {
	Z-INDEX: 12000; BACKGROUND: #cbddf3; FILTER: alpha(opacity=3D65); LEFT: =
0px; OVERFLOW: hidden; POSITION: absolute; TOP: 0px; opacity: .65; =
-moz-opacity: .65
}
.x-panel-ghost UL {
	BORDER-RIGHT: #99bbe8 1px solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 0px; BORDER-TOP: =
#99bbe8 0px; DISPLAY: block; PADDING-LEFT: 0px; FONT-SIZE: 0px; =
PADDING-BOTTOM: 0px; MARGIN: 0px; OVERFLOW: hidden; BORDER-LEFT: #99bbe8 =
1px solid; LINE-HEIGHT: 0; PADDING-TOP: 0px; BORDER-BOTTOM: #99bbe8 1px =
solid
}
.x-panel-ghost * {
	CURSOR: move! important
}
.x-panel-dd-spacer {
	BORDER-RIGHT: #99bbe8 2px dashed; BORDER-TOP: #99bbe8 2px dashed; =
BORDER-LEFT: #99bbe8 2px dashed; BORDER-BOTTOM: #99bbe8 2px dashed
}
.x-panel-btns-ct {
	PADDING-RIGHT: 5px; PADDING-LEFT: 5px; PADDING-BOTTOM: 5px; =
PADDING-TOP: 5px
}
.x-panel-btns-ct .x-btn {
	CLEAR: none; FLOAT: right
}
.x-panel-btns-ct .x-panel-btns TD {
	BORDER-TOP-WIDTH: 0px; PADDING-RIGHT: 0px; PADDING-LEFT: 0px; =
BORDER-LEFT-WIDTH: 0px; BORDER-BOTTOM-WIDTH: 0px; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0px; =
PADDING-TOP: 0px; BORDER-RIGHT-WIDTH: 0px
}
.x-panel-btns-ct .x-panel-btns-right TABLE {
	CLEAR: none; FLOAT: right
}
.x-panel-btns-ct .x-panel-btns-left TABLE {
	CLEAR: none; FLOAT: left
}
.x-panel-btns-ct .x-panel-btns-center {
	TEXT-ALIGN: center
}
.x-panel-btns-ct .x-panel-btns-center TABLE {
	MARGIN: 0px auto
}
.x-panel-btns-ct TABLE TD.x-panel-btn-td {
	PADDING-RIGHT: 3px; PADDING-LEFT: 3px; PADDING-BOTTOM: 3px; =
PADDING-TOP: 3px
}
.x-panel-btns-ct .x-btn-focus .x-btn-left {
	BACKGROUND-POSITION: 0px -147px
}
.x-panel-btns-ct .x-btn-focus .x-btn-right {
	BACKGROUND-POSITION: 0px -168px
}
.x-panel-btns-ct .x-btn-focus .x-btn-center {
	BACKGROUND-POSITION: 0px -189px
}
.x-panel-btns-ct .x-btn-over .x-btn-left {
	BACKGROUND-POSITION: 0px -63px
}
.x-panel-btns-ct .x-btn-over .x-btn-right {
	BACKGROUND-POSITION: 0px -84px
}
.x-panel-btns-ct .x-btn-over .x-btn-center {
	BACKGROUND-POSITION: 0px -105px
}
.x-panel-btns-ct .x-btn-click .x-btn-center {
	BACKGROUND-POSITION: 0px -126px
}
.x-panel-btns-ct .x-btn-click .x-btn-right {
	BACKGROUND-POSITION: 0px -84px
}
.x-panel-btns-ct .x-btn-click .x-btn-left {
	BACKGROUND-POSITION: 0px -63px
}
.x-btn-menu-wrap {
	WIDTH: 0px! important
}
.x-menu {
	BACKGROUND: #f0f0f0 0px 0px
}
.x-menu-list-item IMG {
	DISPLAY: none
}
.x-menu-list-item A.x-menu-item {
	PADDING-LEFT: 8px
}
.port H1.x-panel-header-text {
	PADDING-RIGHT: 0px; PADDING-LEFT: 0px; FONT-SIZE: 100%; PADDING-BOTTOM: =
0px; MARGIN: 0px; PADDING-TOP: 0px
}
.port H2.x-panel-header-text {
	PADDING-RIGHT: 0px; PADDING-LEFT: 0px; FONT-SIZE: 100%; PADDING-BOTTOM: =
0px; MARGIN: 0px; PADDING-TOP: 0px
}
.port H3.x-panel-header-text {
	PADDING-RIGHT: 0px; PADDING-LEFT: 0px; FONT-SIZE: 100%; PADDING-BOTTOM: =
0px; MARGIN: 0px; PADDING-TOP: 0px
}
.port H4.x-panel-header-text {
	PADDING-RIGHT: 0px; PADDING-LEFT: 0px; FONT-SIZE: 100%; PADDING-BOTTOM: =
0px; MARGIN: 0px; PADDING-TOP: 0px
}
.port H5.x-panel-header-text {
	PADDING-RIGHT: 0px; PADDING-LEFT: 0px; FONT-SIZE: 100%; PADDING-BOTTOM: =
0px; MARGIN: 0px; PADDING-TOP: 0px
}
.port H6.x-panel-header-text {
	PADDING-RIGHT: 0px; PADDING-LEFT: 0px; FONT-SIZE: 100%; PADDING-BOTTOM: =
0px; MARGIN: 0px; PADDING-TOP: 0px
}
DIV.x-panel-body {
	PADDING-RIGHT: 5px; PADDING-LEFT: 5px; PADDING-BOTTOM: 5px; =
PADDING-TOP: 5px
}
.port .x-panel-header {
	PADDING-RIGHT: 3px; PADDING-LEFT: 5px; PADDING-BOTTOM: 4px; =
PADDING-TOP: 5px
}
.x-panel {
	BORDER-LEFT-COLOR: #d0d0d0; BORDER-BOTTOM-COLOR: #d0d0d0; =
BORDER-TOP-STYLE: solid; BORDER-TOP-COLOR: #d0d0d0; BORDER-RIGHT-STYLE: =
solid; BORDER-LEFT-STYLE: solid; BORDER-RIGHT-COLOR: #d0d0d0; =
BORDER-BOTTOM-STYLE: solid
}
.x-panel-header {
	BORDER-RIGHT: #d0d0d0 1px solid; BORDER-TOP: #d0d0d0 1px solid; =
BACKGROUND-IMAGE: =
url(/core/ext.ncbi/1/img/oldentrez/panel/white-top-bottom.gif); =
BORDER-LEFT: #d0d0d0 1px solid; COLOR: #333; BORDER-BOTTOM: #d0d0d0 1px =
solid
}
.x-panel-body {
	BORDER-LEFT-COLOR: #d0d0d0; BORDER-BOTTOM-COLOR: #d0d0d0; =
BORDER-TOP-COLOR: #d0d0d0; BORDER-RIGHT-COLOR: #d0d0d0
}
.x-panel-bbar .x-toolbar {
	BORDER-LEFT-COLOR: #d0d0d0; BORDER-BOTTOM-COLOR: #d0d0d0; =
BORDER-TOP-COLOR: #d0d0d0; BORDER-RIGHT-COLOR: #d0d0d0
}
.x-panel-tbar .x-toolbar {
	BORDER-LEFT-COLOR: #d0d0d0; BORDER-BOTTOM-COLOR: #d0d0d0; =
BORDER-TOP-COLOR: #d0d0d0; BORDER-RIGHT-COLOR: #d0d0d0
}
.x-panel-tbar-noheader .x-toolbar {
	BORDER-LEFT-COLOR: #d0d0d0; BORDER-BOTTOM-COLOR: #d0d0d0; =
BORDER-TOP-COLOR: #d0d0d0; BORDER-RIGHT-COLOR: #d0d0d0
}
.x-panel-mc .x-panel-tbar .x-toolbar {
	BORDER-LEFT-COLOR: #d0d0d0; BORDER-BOTTOM-COLOR: #d0d0d0; =
BORDER-TOP-COLOR: #d0d0d0; BORDER-RIGHT-COLOR: #d0d0d0
}
.x-panel-body-noheader {
	BORDER-LEFT-COLOR: #d0d0d0; BORDER-BOTTOM-COLOR: #d0d0d0; =
BORDER-TOP-COLOR: #d0d0d0; BORDER-RIGHT-COLOR: #d0d0d0
}
.x-panel-mc .x-panel-body {
	BORDER-LEFT-COLOR: #d0d0d0; BORDER-BOTTOM-COLOR: #d0d0d0; =
BORDER-TOP-COLOR: #d0d0d0; BORDER-RIGHT-COLOR: #d0d0d0
}
.x-panel-tl .x-panel-header {
	COLOR: #333
}
.x-panel-tc {
	BACKGROUND-IMAGE: =
url(/core/ext.ncbi/1/img/oldentrez/panel/top-bottom.gif)
}
.x-panel-tl {
	BORDER-LEFT-COLOR: #d0d0d0; BACKGROUND-IMAGE: =
url(/core/ext.ncbi/1/img/oldentrez/panel/corners-sprite.gif); =
BORDER-BOTTOM-COLOR: #d0d0d0; BORDER-TOP-COLOR: #d0d0d0; =
BORDER-RIGHT-COLOR: #d0d0d0
}
.x-panel-tr {
	BACKGROUND-IMAGE: =
url(/core/ext.ncbi/1/img/oldentrez/panel/corners-sprite.gif)
}
.x-panel-bc {
	BACKGROUND-IMAGE: =
url(/core/ext.ncbi/1/img/oldentrez/panel/top-bottom.gif)
}
.x-panel-bl {
	BACKGROUND-IMAGE: =
url(/core/ext.ncbi/1/img/oldentrez/panel/corners-sprite.gif)
}
.x-panel-br {
	BACKGROUND-IMAGE: =
url(/core/ext.ncbi/1/img/oldentrez/panel/corners-sprite.gif)
}
.x-panel-mc {
	BACKGROUND: #f1f1f1
}
.x-panel-mc .x-panel-body {
	BORDER-RIGHT: 0px; BORDER-TOP: 0px; BACKGROUND: none transparent scroll =
repeat 0% 0%; BORDER-LEFT: 0px; BORDER-BOTTOM: 0px
}
.x-panel-ml {
	BACKGROUND-IMAGE: =
url(/core/ext.ncbi/1/img/oldentrez/panel/left-right.gif)
}
.x-panel-mr {
	BACKGROUND-IMAGE: =
url(/core/ext.ncbi/1/img/oldentrez/panel/left-right.gif)
}
.x-tool {
	BACKGROUND-IMAGE: =
url(/core/ext.ncbi/1/img/oldentrez/panel/tool-sprites.gif)
}
.x-panel-ghost {
	BACKGROUND: #e0e0e0
}
.x-panel-ghost UL {
	BORDER-LEFT-COLOR: #b0b0b0; BORDER-BOTTOM-COLOR: #b0b0b0; =
BORDER-TOP-COLOR: #b0b0b0; BORDER-RIGHT-COLOR: #b0b0b0
}
.x-grid-panel .x-panel-mc .x-panel-body {
	BORDER-RIGHT: #d0d0d0 1px solid; BORDER-TOP: #d0d0d0 1px solid; =
BORDER-LEFT: #d0d0d0 1px solid; BORDER-BOTTOM: #d0d0d0 1px solid
}
.x-btn-left {
	BACKGROUND-IMAGE: =
url(/core/ext.ncbi/1/img/oldentrez/button/btn-sprite.gif)
}
.x-btn-right {
	BACKGROUND-IMAGE: =
url(/core/ext.ncbi/1/img/oldentrez/button/btn-sprite.gif)
}
.x-btn-center {
	BACKGROUND-IMAGE: =
url(/core/ext.ncbi/1/img/oldentrez/button/btn-sprite.gif)
}
.x-border-layout-ct {
	BACKGROUND: #f0f0f0
}
.x-accordion-hd {
	BACKGROUND-IMAGE: =
url(/core/ext.ncbi/1/img/oldentrez/panel/light-hd.gif)
}
.x-layout-collapsed {
	BORDER-LEFT-COLOR: #e0e0e0; BORDER-BOTTOM-COLOR: #e0e0e0; =
BORDER-TOP-COLOR: #e0e0e0; BACKGROUND-COLOR: #eee; BORDER-RIGHT-COLOR: =
#e0e0e0
}
.x-layout-collapsed-over {
	BACKGROUND-COLOR: #fbfbfb
}
.x-tip .x-tip-top {
	BACKGROUND-IMAGE: =
url(/core/ext.ncbi/1/img/oldentrez/qtip/tip-sprite.gif)
}
.x-tip .x-tip-top-left {
	BACKGROUND-IMAGE: =
url(/core/ext.ncbi/1/img/oldentrez/qtip/tip-sprite.gif)
}
.x-tip .x-tip-top-right {
	BACKGROUND-IMAGE: =
url(/core/ext.ncbi/1/img/oldentrez/qtip/tip-sprite.gif)
}
.x-tip .x-tip-ft {
	BACKGROUND-IMAGE: =
url(/core/ext.ncbi/1/img/oldentrez/qtip/tip-sprite.gif)
}
.x-tip .x-tip-ft-left {
	BACKGROUND-IMAGE: =
url(/core/ext.ncbi/1/img/oldentrez/qtip/tip-sprite.gif)
}
.x-tip .x-tip-ft-right {
	BACKGROUND-IMAGE: =
url(/core/ext.ncbi/1/img/oldentrez/qtip/tip-sprite.gif)
}
.x-tip .x-tip-bd-left {
	BACKGROUND-IMAGE: =
url(/core/ext.ncbi/1/img/oldentrez/qtip/tip-sprite.gif)
}
.x-tip .x-tip-bd-right {
	BACKGROUND-IMAGE: =
url(/core/ext.ncbi/1/img/oldentrez/qtip/tip-sprite.gif)
}
.x-toolbar {
	BORDER-LEFT-COLOR: #d0d0d0; BACKGROUND: =
url(/core/ext.ncbi/1/img/oldentrez/toolbar/bg.gif) #f0f4f5 repeat-x left =
top; BORDER-BOTTOM-COLOR: #d0d0d0; BORDER-TOP-COLOR: #d0d0d0; =
BORDER-RIGHT-COLOR: #d0d0d0
}
.x-toolbar BUTTON {
	COLOR: #444
}
.x-toolbar .x-btn-menu-arrow-wrap .x-btn-center BUTTON {
	BACKGROUND-IMAGE: =
url(/core/ext.ncbi/1/img/oldentrez/toolbar/btn-arrow.gif)
}
.x-toolbar .x-btn-text-icon .x-btn-menu-arrow-wrap .x-btn-center BUTTON =
{
	BACKGROUND-IMAGE: =
url(/core/ext.ncbi/1/img/oldentrez/toolbar/btn-arrow.gif)
}
.x-toolbar .x-btn-over .x-btn-left {
	BACKGROUND-IMAGE: =
url(/core/ext.ncbi/1/img/oldentrez/toolbar/tb-btn-sprite.gif)
}
.x-toolbar .x-btn-over .x-btn-right {
	BACKGROUND-IMAGE: =
url(/core/ext.ncbi/1/img/oldentrez/toolbar/tb-btn-sprite.gif)
}
.x-toolbar .x-btn-over .x-btn-center {
	BACKGROUND-IMAGE: =
url(/core/ext.ncbi/1/img/oldentrez/toolbar/tb-btn-sprite.gif)
}
.x-toolbar .x-btn-over BUTTON {
	COLOR: #111
}
.x-toolbar .x-btn-click .x-btn-left {
	BACKGROUND-IMAGE: =
url(/core/ext.ncbi/1/img/oldentrez/toolbar/tb-btn-sprite.gif)
}
.x-toolbar .x-btn-pressed .x-btn-left {
	BACKGROUND-IMAGE: =
url(/core/ext.ncbi/1/img/oldentrez/toolbar/tb-btn-sprite.gif)
}
.x-toolbar .x-btn-menu-active .x-btn-left {
	BACKGROUND-IMAGE: =
url(/core/ext.ncbi/1/img/oldentrez/toolbar/tb-btn-sprite.gif)
}
.x-toolbar .x-btn-click .x-btn-right {
	BACKGROUND-IMAGE: =
url(/core/ext.ncbi/1/img/oldentrez/toolbar/tb-btn-sprite.gif)
}
.x-toolbar .x-btn-pressed .x-btn-right {
	BACKGROUND-IMAGE: =
url(/core/ext.ncbi/1/img/oldentrez/toolbar/tb-btn-sprite.gif)
}
.x-toolbar .x-btn-menu-active .x-btn-right {
	BACKGROUND-IMAGE: =
url(/core/ext.ncbi/1/img/oldentrez/toolbar/tb-btn-sprite.gif)
}
.x-toolbar .x-btn-click .x-btn-center {
	BACKGROUND-IMAGE: =
url(/core/ext.ncbi/1/img/oldentrez/toolbar/tb-btn-sprite.gif)
}
.x-toolbar .x-btn-pressed .x-btn-center {
	BACKGROUND-IMAGE: =
url(/core/ext.ncbi/1/img/oldentrez/toolbar/tb-btn-sprite.gif)
}
.x-toolbar .x-btn-menu-active .x-btn-center {
	BACKGROUND-IMAGE: =
url(/core/ext.ncbi/1/img/oldentrez/toolbar/tb-btn-sprite.gif)
}
.x-toolbar .ytb-sep {
	BACKGROUND-IMAGE: =
url(/core/extjs/ext-2.1/resources/images/default/grid/grid-split.gif)
}
.x-tab-panel-header {
	BORDER-LEFT-COLOR: #d0d0d0; BACKGROUND: #eaeaea; BORDER-BOTTOM-COLOR: =
#d0d0d0; BORDER-TOP-COLOR: #d0d0d0; BORDER-RIGHT-COLOR: #d0d0d0
}
.x-tab-panel-footer {
	BORDER-LEFT-COLOR: #d0d0d0; BACKGROUND: #eaeaea; BORDER-BOTTOM-COLOR: =
#d0d0d0; BORDER-TOP-COLOR: #d0d0d0; BORDER-RIGHT-COLOR: #d0d0d0
}
.x-tab-panel-header {
	BORDER-LEFT-COLOR: #d0d0d0; BORDER-BOTTOM-COLOR: #d0d0d0; =
BORDER-TOP-COLOR: #d0d0d0; BORDER-RIGHT-COLOR: #d0d0d0
}
.x-tab-panel-footer {
	BORDER-LEFT-COLOR: #d0d0d0; BORDER-BOTTOM-COLOR: #d0d0d0; =
BORDER-TOP-COLOR: #d0d0d0; BORDER-RIGHT-COLOR: #d0d0d0
}
UL.x-tab-strip-top {
	BORDER-LEFT-COLOR: #d0d0d0; BACKGROUND: =
url(/core/ext.ncbi/1/img/oldentrez/tabs/tab-strip-bg.gif) #dbdbdb =
repeat-x left top; BORDER-BOTTOM-COLOR: #d0d0d0; BORDER-TOP-COLOR: =
#d0d0d0; PADDING-TOP: 2px; BORDER-RIGHT-COLOR: #d0d0d0
}
UL.x-tab-strip-bottom {
	BORDER-LEFT-COLOR: #d0d0d0; BACKGROUND-IMAGE: =
url(/core/ext.ncbi/1/img/oldentrez/tabs/tab-strip-btm-bg.gif); =
BORDER-BOTTOM-COLOR: #d0d0d0; BORDER-TOP-COLOR: #d0d0d0; =
BORDER-RIGHT-COLOR: #d0d0d0
}
.x-tab-strip SPAN.x-tab-strip-text {
	COLOR: #333
}
.x-tab-strip-over SPAN.x-tab-strip-text {
	COLOR: #111
}
.x-tab-strip-active SPAN.x-tab-strip-text {
	COLOR: #333
}
.x-tab-strip-disabled .x-tabs-text {
	COLOR: #aaaaaa
}
.x-tab-strip-top .x-tab-right {
	BACKGROUND-IMAGE: =
url(/core/ext.ncbi/1/img/oldentrez/tabs/tabs-sprite.gif)
}
.x-tab-strip-top .x-tab-left {
	BACKGROUND-IMAGE: =
url(/core/ext.ncbi/1/img/oldentrez/tabs/tabs-sprite.gif)
}
.x-tab-strip-top .x-tab-strip-inner {
	BACKGROUND-IMAGE: =
url(/core/ext.ncbi/1/img/oldentrez/tabs/tabs-sprite.gif)
}
.x-tab-strip-bottom .x-tab-right {
	BACKGROUND-IMAGE: =
url(/core/ext.ncbi/1/img/oldentrez/tabs/tab-btm-inactive-right-bg.gif)
}
.x-tab-strip-bottom .x-tab-left {
	BACKGROUND-IMAGE: =
url(/core/ext.ncbi/1/img/oldentrez/tabs/tab-btm-inactive-left-bg.gif)
}
.x-tab-strip-bottom .x-tab-strip-active .x-tab-right {
	BACKGROUND-IMAGE: =
url(/core/ext.ncbi/1/img/oldentrez/tabs/tab-btm-right-bg.gif)
}
.x-tab-strip-bottom .x-tab-strip-active .x-tab-left {
	BACKGROUND-IMAGE: =
url(/core/ext.ncbi/1/img/oldentrez/tabs/tab-btm-left-bg.gif)
}
.x-tab-strip .x-tab-strip-closable A.x-tab-strip-close {
	BACKGROUND-IMAGE: =
url(/core/ext.ncbi/1/img/oldentrez/tabs/tab-close.gif)
}
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url(/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/257370/img/29089) no-repeat left top; MARGIN: =
0.75em 0.2em 0px 0px; OVERFLOW: hidden; WIDTH: 100%; LINE-HEIGHT: 1.2em; =
ZOOM: 1; POSITION: relative
}
DIV.cited-ref LI.ovfl {
	DISPLAY: block; FONT-SIZE: 80%; BACKGROUND: =
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ZOOM: 1; POSITION: relative
}
DIV.pmlinks UL.links LI.ovfl A.pl {
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}
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}
DIV.pmlinks UL.links LI.ovfl A.pl:hover {
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}
DIV.cited-ref LI.ovfl A.pl:hover {
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}
DIV.pmlinks UL.links LI.ovfl SPAN.pub {
	PADDING-RIGHT: 0.5em; MARGIN-TOP: 0.2em; DISPLAY: block; PADDING-LEFT: =
0.5em; Z-INDEX: 4; RIGHT: 0px; PADDING-BOTTOM: 2px; OVERFLOW: hidden; =
COLOR: #666; BOTTOM: -0.2em; PADDING-TOP: 0px; ZOOM: 1; FONT-FAMILY: =
Verdana,Arial,Sans-Serif; WHITE-SPACE: nowrap; LETTER-SPACING: -1px; =
POSITION: absolute; BACKGROUND-COLOR: #f8f8f8
}
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0.5em; Z-INDEX: 4; RIGHT: 0px; PADDING-BOTTOM: 2px; OVERFLOW: hidden; =
COLOR: #666; BOTTOM: -0.2em; PADDING-TOP: 0px; ZOOM: 1; FONT-FAMILY: =
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}
DIV.pmlinks UL.links LI.ovfl SPAN.flag {
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FONT-WEIGHT: 500; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: middle; COLOR: =
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}
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@media Print   =20
{
HTML BODY.pmc-body {
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}
TD.sidebar-cell DIV.port {
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#ArticleRefDocsums {
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}
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TD.content-cell {
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}
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.mb {
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}
.mb UL {
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}
.mb A {
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underline; outline: none
}
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}
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}
UL.mb LI SPAN.delta {
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}
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}
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}
UL.mb LI.submenu-item UL {
	BORDER-RIGHT: red 1px solid; BORDER-TOP: red 1px solid; LEFT: -999em; =
BORDER-LEFT: red 1px solid; BORDER-BOTTOM: red 1px solid; POSITION: =
absolute
}
UL.mb LI.active-item UL {
	LEFT: 3px
}
UL.mb LI UL.opened {
	BORDER-RIGHT: #ffffff 1px solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 2px; BORDER-TOP: =
#ffffff 1px solid; MARGIN-TOP: 4px; PADDING-LEFT: 2px; LEFT: auto; =
PADDING-BOTTOM: 2px; BORDER-LEFT: #ffffff 1px solid; PADDING-TOP: 2px; =
BORDER-BOTTOM: #ffffff 1px solid; BACKGROUND-COLOR: #ffffff
}
UL.mb LI UL.opened LI {
	MARGIN-BOTTOM: 3px
}
UL.mb LI UL.opened LI.active-item {
	PADDING-RIGHT: 0px; PADDING-LEFT: 0px; BACKGROUND: #336699; =
PADDING-BOTTOM: 0px; PADDING-TOP: 0px
}
UL.opened LI.active-item A {
	COLOR: #ffffff
}
UL.mb LI UL A {
	PADDING-RIGHT: 0px; PADDING-LEFT: 0px; PADDING-BOTTOM: 2px; MARGIN: 0px =
3px; COLOR: #222222; PADDING-TOP: 2px; TEXT-DECORATION: none
}
DIV.messagearea {
	CLEAR: both; PADDING-RIGHT: 0px; PADDING-LEFT: 0px; PADDING-BOTTOM: =
0px; MARGIN: 0px; PADDING-TOP: 0px; BORDER-BOTTOM: #888 1px solid
}
.empty#messagearea {
	CLEAR: both; BORDER-TOP-STYLE: none; BORDER-RIGHT-STYLE: none; =
BORDER-LEFT-STYLE: none; BORDER-BOTTOM-STYLE: none
}
UL.messages {
	PADDING-RIGHT: 0px; PADDING-LEFT: 0px; LIST-STYLE-IMAGE: none; =
PADDING-BOTTOM: 0px; MARGIN: 0px; PADDING-TOP: 0px; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; =
LIST-STYLE-TYPE: none
}
UL.messages LI {
	PADDING-RIGHT: 0.25em; BACKGROUND-POSITION: 0.5em 0.3em; PADDING-LEFT: =
28px; FONT-SIZE: 1em; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0.25em; MARGIN: 0.22em 0px; =
PADDING-TOP: 0.25em; BACKGROUND-REPEAT: no-repeat; BACKGROUND-COLOR: =
transparent
}
UL.messages LI.success {
	BORDER-RIGHT: #8c8 1px solid; BORDER-TOP: #8c8 1px solid; =
BACKGROUND-IMAGE: url(/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/257370/img/24965); =
BORDER-LEFT: #8c8 1px solid; BORDER-BOTTOM: #8c8 1px solid; =
BACKGROUND-COLOR: #dfd
}
UL.messages LI.error {
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BACKGROUND-IMAGE: url(/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/257370/img/1724); =
BORDER-LEFT: #c88 1px solid; BORDER-BOTTOM: #c88 1px solid; =
BACKGROUND-COLOR: #fcc
}
UL.messages LI.warn {
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BACKGROUND-IMAGE: url(/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/257370/img/25968); =
BORDER-LEFT: #cc8 1px solid; BORDER-BOTTOM: #cc8 1px solid; =
BACKGROUND-COLOR: #ffc
}
UL.messages LI.info {
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}
UL.messages LI.suggest {
	BACKGROUND-IMAGE: url(/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/257370/img/26044)
}
UL.messages LI.hi_warn {
	FONT-WEIGHT: bold; BACKGROUND-IMAGE: =
url(/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/257370/img/25968); BORDER-TOP-STYLE: none; =
BORDER-RIGHT-STYLE: none; BORDER-LEFT-STYLE: none; BACKGROUND-COLOR: =
transparent; BORDER-BOTTOM-STYLE: none
}
DIV#messagearea UL.messages LI.hi_warn {
	MARGIN: 2.5em 0px
}
UL.messages LI.hi_warn EM.detail {
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}
TD.content-cell {
	MIN-WIDTH: 550px; WIDTH: 550px
}
#Table3 {
	TABLE-LAYOUT: fixed
}
.col-watermark {
	MIN-WIDTH: 20px; WIDTH: 20px
}
.col-content {
	MIN-WIDTH: 570px; WIDTH: 570px
}
.col-sidebar {
	MIN-WIDTH: 370px; WIDTH: 370px
}

------=_NextPart_000_0000_01CB7A14.0A304020
Content-Type: application/octet-stream
Content-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-printable
Content-Location: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/corehtml/pmc/js/jquery-1.3.2.min.js

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return =
res;},Dump:function(oObj,iDepth){if(iDepth=3D=3Dnull)iDepth=3D1;var =
s=3D'';if(typeof(oObj)=3D=3D"object"){s+=3Dtypeof(oObj)+" {\n";for(var k =
in oObj){for(var i=3D0;i<iDepth;i++)s+=3D"  ";s+=3Dk+": =
"+this.Dump(oObj[k],iDepth+1);}=0A=
for(var i=3D0;i<iDepth-1;i++)s+=3D"  =
";s+=3D"}\n"}else{s+=3D""+oObj+"\n";}=0A=
return s;},jsLoader:{load:function(aScripts){var =
oS=3Ddocument.getElementsByTagName("script");for(var =
j=3D0;j<oS.length;j++){if(oS[j].src=3D=3D"")continue;this.oLoaded.push(oS=
[j].src);}=0A=
var =
sHost=3Ddocument.location.protocol+"/"+"/"+document.location.host;var =
sPath=3Ddocument.location.pathname;sPath=3DsPath.substring(0,sPath.lastIn=
dexOf("/"))+"/";var =
oHead=3Ddocument.getElementsByTagName("head")[0];for(var =
i=3D0;i<aScripts.length;i++){var =
sNewSrc=3Dthis.sBase+aScripts[i];if(sNewSrc.indexOf(":/"+"/")=3D=3D-1){if=
(sNewSrc.indexOf("/")=3D=3D0){sNewSrc=3DsHost+sNewSrc;}else{sNewSrc=3DsHo=
st+sPath+sNewSrc;}}=0A=
var oS=3Ddocument.getElementsByTagName("script");var b=3Dtrue;for(var =
j=3D0;j<this.oLoaded.length;j++){if(sNewSrc=3D=3Dthis.oLoaded[j]){b=3Dfal=
se;}}=0A=
if(b){document.write("<script src=3D'"+sNewSrc+"' =
type=3D'text/javascript'></script>");this.oLoaded.push(sNewSrc);}}},sBase=
:"",oLoaded:[]},insertInHtml:function(text,obj){if(document.all){obj.inne=
rHTML+=3Dtext;}else{var =
range=3Ddocument.createRange();range.setStartAfter(obj);var =
docFrag=3Drange.createContextualFragment(text);obj.appendChild(docFrag);}=
},replaceInHtml:function(text,obj){if(document.all){obj.innerHTML=3Dtext;=
}else{while(obj.hasChildNodes())obj.removeChild(obj.firstChild);var =
range=3Ddocument.createRange();range.setStartAfter(obj);var =
docFrag=3Drange.createContextualFragment(text);obj.appendChild(docFrag);}=
},drawText:function(sText,sId,add){if(!sId)sId=3D"debug";var =
obj=3Ddocument.getElementById(sId);if(obj){if(add)=0A=
obj.innerHTML=3D"<br/>"+sText;else=0A=
obj.innerHTML+=3DsText;}},createNewId:function(){var =
newid=3Dnull;while(!newid||document.getElementById(newid)){newid=3D"XID"+=
Math.round(Math.random()*65536).toString(16);}=0A=
return newid;}};String.prototype.trimSpaces=3Dfunction(trimMode){var =
targetString=3Dthis;var =
iPos=3D0;if(!trimMode)trimMode=3D0;if(trimMode=3D=3D0||trimMode=3D=3D1){i=
f(targetString.charAt(iPos)=3D=3D" =
"){while(targetString.charAt(iPos)=3D=3D" =
")iPos++;targetString=3DtargetString.substr(iPos);}}=0A=
iPos=3DtargetString.length-1;if(trimMode=3D=3D0||trimMode=3D=3D2){if(targ=
etString.charAt(iPos)=3D=3D" "){while(targetString.charAt(iPos)=3D=3D" =
")iPos--;targetString=3DtargetString.substr(0,iPos+1);}}=0A=
return targetString;}=0A=
function $(){var elements=3Dnew Array();for(var =
i=3D0;i<arguments.length;i++){var element=3Darguments[i];if(typeof =
element=3D=3D'string')=0A=
element=3Ddocument.getElementById(element);if(arguments.length=3D=3D1)=0A=
return element;elements.push(element);}=0A=
return elements;}=0A=
function $C(attrValue,attrName,node,tag){if("*"=3D=3DattrValue){return =
$AN(attrName,node,tag);}=0A=
var oElements=3Dnew =
Array();if(!node)node=3Ddocument;if(!tag)tag=3D'*';if(!attrName)attrName=3D=
'class';var els=3Dnode.getElementsByTagName(tag);var =
elsLen=3Dels.length;var pattern=3Dnew =
RegExp("(^|\\s)"+attrValue+"(\\s|$)");var =
j=3D0;for(i=3D0;i<elsLen;i++){if(attrName=3D=3D"class"&&pattern.test(els[=
i].className)){oElements[j++]=3Dels[i];}else =
if(pattern.test(els[i].getAttribute(attrName))){oElements[j++]=3Dels[i];}=
}=0A=
return oElements;}=0A=
function $AN(attrName,node,tag){var oElements=3Dnew =
Array();if(node=3D=3Dnull)node=3Ddocument;if(tag=3D=3Dnull)tag=3D'*';var =
els=3Dnode.getElementsByTagName(tag);for(i=3D0;i<els.length;i++){if(els[i=
].getAttribute(attrName)>""){oElements[oElements.length]=3Dels[i];}}=0A=
return oElements;}=0A=
function $N(name,node){var =
oElements=3D[];if(node=3D=3Dnull)node=3Ddocument;var =
els=3Dnode.getElementsByName(name);for(i=3D0;i<els.length;i++){oElements[=
oElements.length]=3Dels[i];}=0A=
return oElements;}=0A=
debug=3Dfunction(){};debug.prototype=3D{constructor:function(){},enable:f=
unction(){},disable:function(){}};function Notifier(){this.oQuee=3D{};}=0A=
Notifier.prototype.setListener=3Dfunction(oListener,sMessage,fFunction,oN=
otifier){function =
x_setListener(oListener,sMessage,fFunction,oNotifier){for(var j in =
oThis.oQuee[sMessage]){if(oThis.oQuee[sMessage][j]=3D=3D=3DoListener){ret=
urn false;}}=0A=
if(!oThis.oQuee[sMessage]){oThis.oQuee[sMessage]=3D[];}=0A=
j=3DoThis.oQuee[sMessage].length;oThis.oQuee[sMessage][j++]=3D({obj:oList=
ener,fun:fFunction,ntf:oNotifier});return true;}=0A=
var oThis=3Dthis;if(utils.isArray(oListener)){for(var i in =
oListener){x_setListener(oListener[i],sMessage,fFunction,oNotifier);}}els=
e{return =
x_setListener(oListener,sMessage,fFunction,oNotifier);}};Notifier.prototy=
pe.Notify=3Dfunction(oNotifier,sMessage,oComment,oListener){var =
sAnyMessage=3D"*";for(var i in =
this.oQuee[sAnyMessage]){if(null=3D=3DoListener||this.oQuee[sAnyMessage][=
i].obj=3D=3DoListener){if(this.oQuee[sAnyMessage][i].ntf=3D=3Dnull||this.=
oQuee[sAnyMessage][i].ntf=3D=3D=3DoNotifier){if("function"=3D=3Dtypeof =
this.oQuee[sAnyMessage][i].fun){var =
fun=3Dthis.oQuee[sAnyMessage][i].fun;fun(this.oQuee[sAnyMessage][i].obj,o=
Comment,sMessage,oNotifier);}}}}=0A=
for(i in =
this.oQuee[sMessage]){if(null=3D=3DoListener||this.oQuee[sMessage][i].obj=
=3D=3DoListener){if(this.oQuee[sMessage][i].ntf=3D=3Dnull||this.oQuee[sMe=
ssage][i].ntf=3D=3D=3DoNotifier){if("function"=3D=3Dtypeof =
this.oQuee[sMessage][i].fun){if(this.oQuee[sMessage][i].fun(this.oQuee[sM=
essage][i].obj,oComment,sMessage,oNotifier)){return;}}}}}};Notifier.getIn=
stance=3Dfunction(){if(!Notifier.instance){Notifier.instance=3Dnew =
Notifier();}=0A=
return =
Notifier.instance;};Dispatcher=3DBase.extend({constructor:function(oRules=
,oHierarchy){this.init();},init:function(){this.oNotifier=3Dnew =
Notifier();this.submitOK=3Dtrue;this.submitter=3Dfalse;this.submitRequest=
ed=3Dfalse;this.submitChecking=3Dfalse;this._rules=3D{};},initDataExchang=
e:function(oRules){var oThis=3Dthis;var activenames=3DActiveNames;var =
i,j;var =
rulehash=3D{};activenames=3DActiveNames;this.submitOK=3Dtrue;this.submitR=
equested=3Dfalse;this.submitter=3Dnull;this.oRules=3DoRules;for(i=3D0;i<o=
Rules.length;i++){var =
name=3DoRules[i].ename;rulehash[name]=3D(rulehash[name]||[]);rulehash[nam=
e][rulehash[name].length]=3DoRules[i];}=0A=
var =
links=3Ddocument.links;for(i=3D0;i<links.length;i++){initializeControl(li=
nks[i]);}=0A=
for(name in ActiveNames){var ctrl;var =
elems=3Ddocument.getElementsByName(name);for(i=3D0;i<elems.length;i++){in=
itializeControl(elems[i]);}}=0A=
for(var fname in =
this.dataExchangeFunctions){this.setListener(this,fname,this.dataExchange=
Functions[fname],null);}=0A=
function initializeControl(domCtrl){var thisName=3DdomCtrl.name;var =
j,oRule;if(!(thisName&&typeof =
activenames[thisName]!=3D=3D'undefined')){return;}=0A=
try{var =
sActionEvent=3DoThis.actionEventName(domCtrl);if(sActionEvent>""){if(rule=
hash[thisName]){oThis.addRule(oThis,sActionEvent,thisName,oThis.doDataExc=
hange,rulehash[thisName]);}=0A=
if(activenames[thisName]){oThis.addRule(oThis,sActionEvent,thisName,oThis=
.doSubmitAttribute,null);}=0A=
oThis.listenForEvents(domCtrl,sActionEvent);}}finally{}};},addRule:functi=
on(oThis,sEvent,sName,fFunc,oArg){var rules=3Dthis._rules;var =
ename=3DsName+"$"+sEvent;var =
i;if(typeof(rules[ename])!=3D'undefined'){for(i=3D0;i<rules[ename].length=
;i++){if(rules[ename][i].func=3D=3DfFunc){return;}}}else{rules[ename]=3D[=
];}=0A=
rules[ename][rules[ename].length]=3D{'thisptr':oThis,'func':fFunc,'arg':o=
Arg};},getRulesFor:function(sName,sEvent){return =
this._rules[sName+"$"+sEvent];},listenForEvents:function(domCtrl,sEventNa=
me){domCtrl._i_=3D(domCtrl._i_||[]);if(!domCtrl._i_[sEventName]){domCtrl.=
_i_[sEventName]=3D1;utils.addEvent(domCtrl,sEventName,this.handleAction);=
}},doDataExchange:function(eEvent,domTarget,oArg){var =
d=3DDispatcher.getInstance();var rules=3DoArg;if(!rules){return;}=0A=
for(var =
k=3D0;k<rules.length;k++){d.notify(domTarget,rules[k].m,rules[k]);}},doSu=
bmitAttribute:function(eEvent,domTarget,oArg){eEvent.preventDefault();eEv=
ent.stopPropagation();console&&console.info("Submitting request because =
submit attribute set");var =
realname=3DdomTarget.getAttributeNode("realname");realname=3Drealname?rea=
lname.value:null;if(domTarget.name||realname){this.setSubmitSource(realna=
me||domTarget.name);}=0A=
if(domTarget.name=3D=3D"p$ExL"){el=3Ddocument.getElementsByName('p$el');i=
f((typeof(el)!=3D'undefined')&&(el.length>0)){el[0].value=3DdomTarget.get=
Attribute("href");}}=0A=
Dispatcher.getInstance().requestSubmit();},handleAction:function(e){var =
d=3DDispatcher.getInstance();var t=3Dthis;var =
i;if(t.tagName&&t.tagName.toLowerCase()=3D=3D'a'){e.preventDefault();e.st=
opPropagation();}=0A=
var =
realname=3Dthis.getAttributeNode("realname");realname=3Drealname?realname=
.value:null;if(this.name||realname){d.setSubmitSource(realname||this.name=
);}=0A=
d.submitCheckBegin();try{console&&console.info("Executing rule =
"+t.name+"."+e.type);var =
rules=3Dd.getRulesFor(t.name,e.type);for(i=3D0;rules&&(i<rules.length);i+=
+){var =
rule=3Drules[i];try{rule.func.call(rule.thisptr,e,t,rule.arg);}catch(err)=
{console&&console.error("Dispatcher.handleAction: rule failed: =
"+t.name+"$"+e.type+": =
"+err);}}}catch(err){console&&console.error("Error: handleAction: =
"+err);}finally{d.submitCheckEnd();}},actionEventName:function(t){var =
ttype=3D(t.getAttribute("type")||'').toLowerCase();switch(t.tagName.toLow=
erCase()){case'select':case'textarea':return'change';case'form':return'';=
case'input':if(ttype=3D=3D'text'){return'change';}}=0A=
return'click';},initHierarchy:function(oTree){if(!oTree||!oTree.name){ret=
urn;}=0A=
var =
sname=3DoTree.shortname||oTree.name.substring(1+oTree.name.lastIndexOf(".=
"));try{var =
c=3DPortal.Component.create(oTree.type,oTree.name,sname,this.oNotifier);c=
.realname=3DoTree.realname;}catch(e){console&&console.group&&console.grou=
p("Exception creating portlet =
"+oTree.name);console&&console.info("Message: =
"+e.toString());if(typeof(e)!=3D'string'){console&&console.group&&console=
.group("Details");console&&console.dir&&console.dir(e);console&&console.g=
roupEnd&&console.groupEnd();}=0A=
console&&console.group&&console.group("Trace")=0A=
console&&console.trace&&console.trace();console&&console.groupEnd&&consol=
e.groupEnd();console&&console.groupEnd&&console.groupEnd();}=0A=
if(oTree.children){for(var =
i=3D0;i<oTree.children.length;i++){this.initHierarchy(oTree.children[i]);=
}}},submit:function(){if(this.submitCheck()){if(xmlHttpCall&&xmlHttpCall.=
abortCalls){xmlHttpCall.abortCalls();}=0A=
document.forms[0]._submit();}},submitCheck:function(){var =
oThis=3Dthis;var =
thisForm=3Ddocument.forms[0];this.submitOK=3Dtrue;this.vetoWhy=3Dnull;thi=
s.notify(this,"portal$beforesubmit",{form:thisForm},null);return =
this.submitOK;},veto:function(whydata){this.submitOK=3Dfalse;this.vetoWhy=
=3Dwhydata;},isVetoed:function(){return!this.submitOK;},setSubmitSource:f=
unction(sourceName){var =
el=3Ddocument.getElementsByName('p$a');if((typeof(el)!=3D'undefined')&&(e=
l.length>0)){if(typeof(sourceName)=3D=3D'undefined'){console&&console.war=
n("Warning: Can't identify submitter: using =
p$a=3D''");}else{el[0].value=3DsourceName;}}},getSrcDst:function(oRule,oN=
otifierObj){function x_FindObj(name,sid){var oResult=3D[];var =
oControls=3D$N(name);for(var =
i=3D0;i<oControls.length;i++){if("*"=3D=3Dsid||oControls[i].getAttribute(=
"sid")=3D=3Dsid){oResult[oResult.length]=3DoControls[i];}}=0A=
return oResult;}=0A=
var oThis=3Dthis;var name=3DoRule.sname;var =
sid=3DoRule.ssid;if("#"=3D=3Dname){name=3DoRule.ename;}=0A=
if("#"=3D=3Dsid){sid=3DoRule.esid;sid=3DoNotifierObj.getAttribute("sid");=
}=0A=
var =
oSrc=3Dx_FindObj(name,sid);name=3DoRule.dname;sid=3DoRule.dsid;if("#"=3D=3D=
name){name=3DoRule.ename;}=0A=
if("#"=3D=3Dsid){sid=3DoRule.esid;sid=3DoNotifierObj.getAttribute("sid");=
}=0A=
var =
oDst=3Dx_FindObj(name,sid);return{src:oSrc,dst:oDst};},setListener:functi=
on(oListener,sMessage,fFunction,oNotifier){return =
this.oNotifier.setListener(oListener,sMessage,fFunction,oNotifier);},noti=
fy:function(oNotifier,sMessage,oComment,oListener){return =
this.oNotifier.Notify(oNotifier,sMessage,oComment,oListener);},dataExchan=
geFunctions:{CopyValue:function(oListener,oRule,sMessage,oNotifierObj){va=
r dispatcher=3DoListener;var =
oSrcDst=3Ddispatcher.getSrcDst(oRule,oNotifierObj);for(var =
j=3D0;j<oSrcDst.dst.length;j++){for(var =
i=3D0;i<oSrcDst.src.length;i++){oSrcDst.dst[j].value=3DoSrcDst.src[i].val=
ue;}}},AddValue:function(oListener,oRule,sMessage,oNotifierObj){var =
dispatcher=3DoListener;var =
oSrcDst=3Ddispatcher.getSrcDst(oRule,oNotifierObj);for(var =
j=3D0;j<oSrcDst.dst.length;j++){for(var =
i=3D0;i<oSrcDst.src.length;i++){oSrcDst.dst[j].value+=3D(oSrcDst.dst[j].v=
alue>""?", =
":"")+oSrcDst.src[i].value;}}},SetValue:function(oListener,oRule,sMessage=
,oNotifierObj){var dispatcher=3DoListener;var =
oSrcDst=3Ddispatcher.getSrcDst(oRule,oNotifierObj);for(var =
j=3D0;j<oSrcDst.dst.length;j++){var =
dst=3DoSrcDst.dst[j];if(Dispatcher.isCheckable(dst)){dst.checked=3DoRule.=
p[0];}else{dst.value=3DoRule.p[0];}}},ItemToList:function(oListener,oRule=
,sMessage,oNotifierObj){var dispatcher=3DoListener;var =
oSrcDst=3Ddispatcher.getSrcDst(oRule,oNotifierObj);for(var =
j=3D0;j<oSrcDst.dst.length;j++){var dst=3DoSrcDst.dst[j];var =
dstval=3Ddst.value.replace(/^\s+/,"").replace(/\s+$/,"");var =
dstItems=3Ddstval.split(/\s*,\s*/).filter(function(s){return =
s!=3D=3D"";});for(var i=3D0;i<oSrcDst.src.length;i++){var =
src=3DoSrcDst.src[i];var sc=3DDispatcher.isCheckable(src);var =
checked=3D(sc?src.checked:(src.value!=3D=3D""));var =
position=3DdstItems.indexOf(src.value);if(checked&&position<0){dstItems[d=
stItems.length]=3Dsrc.value;}=0A=
if(!checked&&position>=3D0){dstItems.splice(position,1);}}=0A=
dst.value=3DdstItems.join(", =
");}},PropertyToValue:function(oListener,oRule,sMessage,oNotifierObj){var=
 dispatcher=3DoListener;var =
oSrcDst=3Ddispatcher.getSrcDst(oRule,oNotifierObj);for(var =
j=3D0;j<oSrcDst.dst.length;j++){for(var =
i=3D0;i<oSrcDst.src.length;i++){oSrcDst.dst[j].value=3DoSrcDst.src[i].get=
Attribute(oRule.p[0]);}}},PropertyToList:function(oListener,oRule,sMessag=
e,oNotifierObj){var dispatcher=3DoListener;var =
oSrcDst=3Ddispatcher.getSrcDst(oRule,oNotifierObj);for(var =
j=3D0;j<oSrcDst.dst.length;j++){var dst=3DoSrcDst.dst[j];var o=3D{};var =
values=3D[];var propname=3DoRule.p[0];for(var =
i=3D0;i<oSrcDst.src.length;i++){var src=3DoSrcDst.src[i];var =
prop=3Dsrc.getAttribute(propname);if(!prop){continue;}=0A=
var =
sc=3DDispatcher.isCheckable(src);if(sc?src.checked:(prop&&prop!=3D=3D""))=
{if(!o[prop]){values[values.length]=3Dprop;}=0A=
o[prop]=3D1;}}=0A=
dst.value=3Dvalues.join(", =
");}}},requestSubmit:function(src){console&&console.info("Request =
submitted");this.submitter=3Dsrc;this.submitRequested=3Dtrue;},submitChec=
kBegin:function(){if(this.submitChecking){throw"ERRINTERNAL: recursive =
submit check";}=0A=
this.submitChecking=3Dtrue;this.submitter=3Dnull;this.submitRequested=3Df=
alse;},submitCheckEnd:function(){if(this.submitRequested){this.submit();}=0A=
this.submitChecking=3Dfalse;this.submitter=3Dnull;this.submitRequested=3D=
false;}},{_instance:null,getInstance:function(){return =
Dispatcher._instance||(Dispatcher._instance=3Dnew =
Dispatcher());},onload:function(){var sc=3D"Create components";var =
si=3D"Initialize components";var =
d=3DDispatcher.getInstance();d.initHierarchy(objHierarchy);d.initDataExch=
ange(ObjectLinks);d.setListener(d,'portal$vetosubmit',function(dst,data,m=
essage,src){d.veto(data);},null);var =
theForm=3Ddocument.forms[0];if(theForm&&!theForm._submit){theForm._submit=
=3DtheForm.submit;theForm.submit=3Dfunction(){Dispatcher.getInstance().re=
questSubmit();};}},isCheckbox:function(node){var =
t=3Dnode.getAttribute("type");return =
t&&(t.toLowerCase()=3D=3D"checkbox");},isRadio:function(node){var =
t=3Dnode.getAttribute("type");return =
t&&(t.toLowerCase()=3D=3D"radio");},isCheckable:function(node){return =
this.isRadio(node)||this.isCheckbox(node);}});utils.addEvent(window,"load=
",Dispatcher.onload,false);Portal=3DBase.extend({constructor:function(){t=
his.init();},init:function(){}},{_instance:null,getInstance:function(){re=
turn Portal._instance||(Portal._instance=3Dnew =
Portal());},requestSubmit:function(){Dispatcher.getInstance().requestSubm=
it();},$send:function(sMessage,oData,oDst){var =
d=3DDispatcher.getInstance();d.submitCheckBegin();d.notify(null,sMessage,=
oData,oDst);d.submitCheckEnd();}});Portal.Component=3DBase.extend({constr=
uctor:function(path,name,notifier){this.init(path,name,notifier);},init:f=
unction(path,name,notifier){this.name=3Dname;this.path=3Dpath;this.notifi=
er=3Dnotifier;if(this.listen){var msg;var isEvent=3Dnew =
RegExp(/^([^<]+)<([^>]+)>/);var m;var =
d=3DDispatcher.getInstance();for(msg in =
this.listen){m=3DisEvent.exec(msg);if(m){this.addEvent(m[1],m[2],this.lis=
ten[msg],false);}else{this._listen(msg,this.listen[msg],null);}}}=0A=
if(this.send){for(msg in =
this.send){if(this.send[msg]=3D=3Dnull){this.send[msg]=3Dthis.makeSender(=
this,msg);}}}},makeSender:function(sender,msg){return =
function(obj){return =
sender._send(msg,obj,null);};},getValue:function(attr){var =
prop=3Dnull;var ix;if(typeof =
attr=3D=3D=3D"object"){prop=3Dattr.prop;attr=3Dattr.attr;}=0A=
else =
if((ix=3Dattr.indexOf(":"))>=3D0){prop=3Dattr.substring(ix+1);attr=3Dattr=
.substring(0,ix);}=0A=
var inp=3Dthis.getInputs(attr);if(!inp){return null;}=0A=
if(inp.length=3D=3D1){inp=3Dinp[0];return(prop&&prop.toLowerCase()!=3D=3D=
"value")?inp.getAttribute(prop):htmlutils.getValue(inp);}=0A=
var result=3D[];for(var =
i=3D0;i<inp.length;i++){if(prop&&prop.toLowerCase()!=3D=3D"value"){if(typ=
eof(inp[i][prop])!=3D'undefined'){result[result.length]=3Dinp[i][prop];}e=
lse{result[result.length]=3Dinp[i].getAttribute(prop);}}else{result[resul=
t.length]=3Dhtmlutils.getValue(inp[i]);}}=0A=
return result;},getList:function(attr){var ix;var =
prop=3Dnull;if((ix=3Dattr.indexOf(":"))>=3D0){prop=3Dattr.substring(ix+1)=
;attr=3Dattr.substring(0,ix);}=0A=
if(prop){throw"UNIMPLEMENTED: Component.getList: Getting list by =
property";}=0A=
var inp=3Dthis.getInputs(attr);if(!inp){return null;}=0A=
if(inp.length=3D=3D1){inp=3Dinp[0];return htmlutils.getList(inp);}=0A=
var result=3D[];for(var =
i=3D0;i<inp.length;i++){result[result.length]=3Dhtmlutils.getList(inp[i])=
;}=0A=
return result;},setValue:function(attr,value){var prop=3Dnull;var =
ix;if((ix=3Dattr.indexOf(":"))>=3D0){prop=3Dattr.substring(ix+1);attr=3Da=
ttr.substring(0,ix);}=0A=
var =
inp=3Dthis.getInputs(attr);if(inp.length=3D=3D1){inp=3Dinp[0];if(prop){if=
(typeof(inp[prop])!=3D'undefined'){inp[prop]=3Dvalue;}else{inp.setAttribu=
te(prop,value);}}else{inp.value=3Dvalue;}}else{throw"UNIMPLEMENTED: =
Cannot (yet) set vector values from =
scalar";}},getInputs:function(name){var =
inp=3Ddocument.getElementsByName(this.path+"."+name);if(!inp||inp.length=3D=
=3D=3D0){inp=3Dnull;}=0A=
return inp;},getInput:function(name){var =
inp=3Dthis.getInputs(name);return((inp&&inp.length>0)?inp[0]:null);},has:=
function(attrname){var =
inp=3Ddocument.getElementsByName(this.path+"."+attrname);return(inp&&(inp=
.length>0));},addEvent:function(inputName,eventName,f,flag){var =
inputs;var =
oThis=3Dthis;if(typeof(inputName)=3D=3D'string'){inputs=3Dthis.getInputs(=
inputName);}else =
if(utils.isArray(inputName)){inputs=3DinputName;}else{inputs=3D[inputName=
];}=0A=
if(!inputs){console&&console.warn("Can't find: "+inputName);return;}=0A=
var =
d=3DDispatcher.getInstance();for(i=3D0;i<inputs.length;i++){d.addRule(oTh=
is,eventName,inputs[i].name,f,null);d.listenForEvents(inputs[i],eventName=
);}=0A=
return;},removeEvent:function(inputName,eventName,f,flag){var =
inputs=3Dthis.getInputs(inputName);for(var =
i=3D0;inputs&&(i<inputs.length);i++){utils.removeEvent(inputs[i],eventNam=
e,f,flag);}},iListen:0,iNextListen:function(){return"L$"+this.iListen++;}=
,_listen:function(sMessage,fFunction,sSource){var oThis=3Dthis;var =
fName=3Dthis.iNextListen()+"$"+sMessage;this[fName]=3DfFunction;var =
d=3DDispatcher.getInstance();d.setListener(oThis,sMessage,function(dst,da=
ta,message,src){oThis[fName](message,data,src);},sSource);},_send:functio=
n(sMessage,oData,oDst){var =
d=3DDispatcher.getInstance();d.notify(this,sMessage,oData,oDst);},getMeta=
Data:function(){var =
result=3D{};result.listensFor=3D[];if(this.listen){for(var msg in =
this.listen){result.listensFor[result.listensFor.length]=3Dmsg;}}=0A=
result.sends=3D[];if(this.send){for(msg in =
this.send){result.sends[result.sends.length]=3Dmsg;}}=0A=
result.attributes=3D[];for(var attr in =
this.getAttributes()){result.attributes[result.attributes.length]=3Dattr;=
}=0A=
return =
result;}},{$i:{},$$i:{},create:function(type,path,cname,notifier){var =
p=3DPortal.Component.$i;var pelem=3Dpath.split(".");for(var =
i=3D0;i<pelem.length-1;i++){p=3Dp[pelem[i]];}=0A=
var =
sname=3Dpath.substring(1+path.lastIndexOf("."));if(typeof(Portal[type])=3D=
=3D'undefined'){throw("No such portlet type: "+type);}=0A=
if(typeof(Portal[type][sname])=3D=3D'undefined'){p[sname]=3Dnew =
Portal[type](path,cname,notifier);}else{try{p[sname]=3Dnew =
Portal[type][sname](path,cname,notifier);}catch(e){console&&console.error=
("Creating Portlet."+type+"."+sname+": "+e.message);throw e;}}=0A=
var =
l;if(!(l=3DPortal.Component.$$i[sname])){l=3DPortal.Component.$$i[sname]=3D=
[];}=0A=
l[l.length]=3Dp[cname];if(p[cname].beforesubmit){var =
d=3DDispatcher.getInstance();var =
oThis=3Dthis;d.setListener(oThis,"portal$beforesubmit",function(dst,data,=
message,src){var =
whydata=3Dp[cname].beforesubmit();if(typeof(whydata)=3D=3D'boolean'){retu=
rn whydata;}else =
if(typeof(whydata)=3D=3D'object'){d.notify(this,'portal$vetosubmit',whyda=
ta,null);return true;}=0A=
throw cname+".beforesubmit: returned "+typeof(whydata);},null);}=0A=
return p[cname];},get:function(path){return =
eval("Portal.Component.$i."+path);},getByShortName:function(name){return =
eval("Portal.Component.$$i."+name);},classExists:function(name){return(ty=
peof(Portal.Component[name])!=3D"undefined");},instanceExists:function(pa=
th){try{eval("Portal.Component.$i"+path);return true;}catch(e){}=0A=
return =
false;}});Portal.Layout=3DPortal.Component.extend({constructor:function(p=
ath,name,notifier){this.base(path,name,notifier);}});Portal.Cluster=3DPor=
tal.Component.extend({constructor:function(path,name,notifier){this.base(=
path,name,notifier);}});Portal.Portlet=3DPortal.Component.extend({getAttr=
ibutes:function(){var t=3Ddocument.getElementsByTagName("input");var =
result=3D{};var pathlen=3Dthis.path.length;for(var =
i=3D0;i<t.length;i++){var it=3Dt[i];var =
itn=3Dit.getAttribute("name");if(!itn){continue;}=0A=
var prefixlen=3Ditn.lastIndexOf(".");var =
samePrefix=3D(itn.substring(0,this.path.length)=3D=3Dthis.path);if((prefi=
xlen=3D=3Dpathlen)&&samePrefix){result[itn.substring(1+prefixlen)]=3Dit.v=
alue;}}=0A=
return result;}});$PI=3Dfunction(path){return =
Portal.Component.get(path);};$PN=3Dfunction(name){var =
c=3DPortal.Component.getByShortName(name);if(typeof(c)=3D=3D"undefined"){=
return null;}=0A=
return(c.length=3D=3D1)?c[0]:c;};htmlutils=3D{accessors:{select:{getValue=
:function(node){return this.getList(node).join(", =
");},getList:function(node){var opts=3Dnode.options;var r=3D[];for(var =
i=3D0;i<opts.length;i++){if(opts[i].selected){r[r.length]=3Dopts[i].value=
;}}=0A=
return r;}},button:{getValue:function(node){var =
attrNode=3Dnode.getAttributeNode('value');return(attrNode!=3D=3Dnull)?att=
rNode.nodeValue:null;}}},getValue:function(elem){var =
v=3Dthis.accessors[elem.tagName.toLowerCase()];return =
v&&v.getValue?v.getValue(elem):elem.value;},getList:function(elem){var =
v=3Dthis.accessors[elem.tagName.toLowerCase()];return =
v&&v.getList?v.getList(elem):(elem.value?[elem.value]:[]);}};utils.addEve=
nt(window,"load",function(){Portal.getInstance();},false);
------=_NextPart_000_0000_01CB7A14.0A304020
Content-Type: application/octet-stream
Content-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-printable
Content-Location: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/257370/js/14476/13745/719/33485/2661/8226/2166/3923/15864/20121/15841/33463.js

//=0A=
//		 PAFAppResources: Initialize client side of Portlet Application =
Framework=0A=
//=0A=
=0A=
Portal.Portlet.PAFAppResources =3D Portal.Portlet.extend({=0A=
=0A=
   // In PAF, the form always posts to itself. It should update and =
interpret data, and=0A=
   // then *redirect* to another page if necessary.=0A=
   =0A=
   // This code fixes up the EntrezForm in PAF templates to =
automatically post=0A=
   // to the current window pathname.=0A=
   =0A=
   // If the programmer specifies a hidden input with =
id=3D"entrez-action",=0A=
   // that action (instead of POST) is used for the form.=0A=
   =0A=
   // If the programmer specifies a hidden input with =
id=3D"entrez-method",=0A=
   // that method is used for the form. =0A=
       =0A=
   // FIXME: This is a hack. EntrezForm should default to posting to =
same page,=0A=
   // and there should be some way of indicating how to post (or get) =
elsewhere.=0A=
   // The problem here is that we've mixed Entrez into PAF. This should =
be refactored.=0A=
   =0A=
   init: function(path, name, notifier) {=0A=
      var oThis =3D this;  // Use <oThis> instead of <this> for =
registering callbacks=0A=
      this.base(path, name, notifier);  // Call superclass constructor=0A=
      =0A=
      if (!document.forms[0]) return; // Do nothing if no form.=0A=
      =0A=
      var getNodeValue =3D function(id, dfl) {=0A=
         var node =3D $(id);=0A=
         return node ? node.value : dfl;=0A=
      };=0A=
      =0A=
      var entrezAction =3D getNodeValue('entrez-action', =
window.location.pathname);=0A=
      var entrezMethod =3D getNodeValue('entrez-method', null);=0A=
      var entrezSubmit =3D getNodeValue('entrez-submit', false);=0A=
      =0A=
      document.forms[0].action =3D entrezAction;=0A=
      =0A=
      // FIXME: We need to include query string here, too, I think... At =
least for POST...      =0A=
      if (entrezMethod) {=0A=
         document.forms[0].method =3D entrezMethod;=0A=
      }=0A=
=0A=
      // By default, entrez form ignores submits. Setting "entrezSubmit" =
to "true" means let Entrez form=0A=
      // actually process the submit. This probably will only work =
correctly for action=3D"get"       =0A=
      if (entrezSubmit) {=0A=
         document.forms[0].onsubmit=3D"return true;"=0A=
      }=0A=
   }=0A=
});=0A=
=0A=
// makes an ext js looking portlet w/o using extjs
if (typeof(noext) =3D=3D 'undefined') {
    noext =3D {};
}
noext.parseConfig =3D function(n) {
    var configStr =3D n.getAttribute('config') || '';
    try {
        var jsonObj =3D eval('({' + configStr + '})');
    }
    catch(e) {
        if (window.console) {
            console.error(e.message + ' in local config object in =
noext.Portlet: file: ' + e.fileName + ', line ' + e.lineNumber + '.' );
        }
    }
    return jsonObj;
};
noext.getClassArray =3D function(n) {
    var classNameStr =3D n.className;
    return classNameStr.split(' ');
};
noext.getFirstHeader =3D function(n) {
    var fc =3D utils.getFirstChild(n);
    if(fc.tagName.search(/^h\d/i) !=3D -1) {
        return fc;
    }
};
noext.Portlet =3D function(n, beenClassed) {
    this.n =3D n;=0A=
    this.beenClassed =3D beenClassed;=0A=
    if (!beenClassed) {
        this.headerNode =3D noext.getFirstHeader(this.n);
        this.headerDiv =3D document.createElement('div');
        this.bodyDiv =3D document.createElement('div');
        utils.addClass(this.bodyDiv, 'x-panel-body');=0A=
    }=0A=
    else {=0A=
        var divNodes =3D n.getElementsByTagName("div");=0A=
        for (var i =3D 0; i < divNodes.length; ++i) {=0A=
            var divNode=3D divNodes[i];=0A=
            if (utils.hasClass(divNode, 'x-panel-header')) {=0A=
                this.headerDiv =3D divNode;=0A=
            }=0A=
            else if (utils.hasClass(divNode, 'x-panel-body')) {=0A=
                this.bodyDiv =3D divNode;=0A=
            }=0A=
        }=0A=
    }
    var configObj =3D noext.parseConfig(this.n);
    this.collapsible =3D configObj.collapsible =3D=3D false ? false : =
true;=20
    this.closeable =3D configObj.closeable =3D=3D false ? false : true;=20
    this.collapsed =3D configObj.collapsed =3D=3D true ? true : false;
    if (this.collapsed =3D=3D true) {
        utils.addClass(this.n, 'x-panel-collapsed');
        this.bodyDiv.style.display =3D 'none';
    }
    this.make();
};

noext.Portlet.instances =3D [];
noext.Portlet.ready =3D function() {
    var nodes =3D $C('port', 'class', document, 'div');
    for (var i =3D 0; i < nodes.length; i++) {
        var n =3D nodes[i];
        if (utils.hasClass(n, 'norender')) {
            continue;
        }=0A=
        // CFM:  If the top-level div already has the 'x-panel' class, =
then =0A=
        // assume that it has been completely "classed up".=0A=
        var beenClassed =3D utils.hasClass(n, 'x-panel');
        portlet =3D new noext.Portlet(n, beenClassed);
    }
}
noext.Portlet.prototype =3D {
    make: function() {=0A=
        var beenClassed =3D this.beenClassed;=0A=
        =0A=
        var toolCloseA, toggleA;=0A=
        if (!beenClassed) {
            // put a parent around body content
            //var innerContainingDiv =3D document.createElement('div');
            utils.addClass(this.n, 'x-panel');
            //this.n.style.width =3D 'auto';
            utils.addClass(this.headerDiv, 'x-panel-header');
            utils.addClass(this.headerDiv, 'x-unselectable');
            if (this.headerNode) {=20
                this.n.insertBefore(this.headerDiv, this.headerNode);
                var header =3D this.n.removeChild(this.headerNode);
            }
            toolCloseA =3D document.createElement('a');
            toolCloseA.setAttribute('href', '#');
            utils.addClass(toolCloseA, 'x-tool');
            utils.addClass(toolCloseA, 'x-tool-close');
            toggleA =3D document.createElement('a');
            toggleA.setAttribute('href', '#');
            utils.addClass(toggleA, 'x-tool');
            utils.addClass(toggleA, 'x-tool-toggle');
            if (this.closeable =3D=3D true) {
                this.headerDiv.appendChild(toolCloseA);
            }
            if (this.collapsible) {
                this.headerDiv.appendChild(toggleA);
            }
            if (this.headerNode) {
                this.headerDiv.appendChild(header);
                utils.addClass(this.headerNode, 'x-panel-header-text');
            }=0A=
        }=0A=
        else {=0A=
            // Find the close and toggle <a> elements, if they exist.  =
To do this, we=0A=
            // iterate through all the <a> children, looking for the =
right classes.=0A=
            var aKids =3D this.n.getElementsByTagName("a");=0A=
            for (var i =3D 0; i < aKids.length; ++i) {=0A=
                var aKid =3D aKids[i];=0A=
                if (utils.hasClass(aKid, 'x-tool-close')) {=0A=
                    toolCloseA =3D aKid;=0A=
                }=0A=
                else if (utils.hasClass(aKid, 'x-tool-toggle')) {=0A=
                    toggleA =3D aKid;=0A=
                }=0A=
            }=0A=
        }=0A=
        this.toolCloseA =3D toolCloseA;
        this.toggleA =3D toggleA;=0A=
        if (!beenClassed) {
            this.reParent();=0A=
        }
        this.setEvents();
    },=20
    reParent: function() {
        var bodyElems =3D [];
        utils.insertAfter(this.n, this.bodyDiv, this.headerDiv);
        for (var i =3D this.n.childNodes.length -1; i >=3D 0; i--) {
            var fc =3D this.n.childNodes[i];
            if (fc !=3D this.headerDiv && fc !=3D this.bodyDiv) {=20
                bodyElems.push(this.n.removeChild(fc));
            }
            for (var j =3D 0; j < bodyElems.length; j++) {
                this.bodyDiv.appendChild(bodyElems[j]);
            }
        }
    },
    setEvents: function(toggleA) {
        var that =3D this;=0A=
        if (this.toggleA) {
            utils.addEvent(this.toggleA, 'click', function(e) { =
that.toggle(e)});=0A=
        }=0A=
        if (this.toolCloseA) {
            utils.addEvent(this.toolCloseA, 'click', function(e) { =
that.close(e)});=0A=
        }
    },=20
    toggle: function(e) {
        utils.preventDefault(e);
        if (utils.hasClass(this.n, 'x-panel-collapsed')) {
            utils.removeClass(this.n, 'x-panel-collapsed')
            this.bodyDiv.style.display =3D 'block';
        } else {
            utils.addClass(this.n, 'x-panel-collapsed');
            this.bodyDiv.style.display =3D 'none';
        }
    },
    close: function(e) {
        utils.preventDefault(e);=20
        this.n.parentNode.removeChild(this.n);
    }
};

utils.addEvent(window, 'load', noext.Portlet.ready);
=0A=
// This 2.x branch of this file was to add a brief delay to the pop-up, =
but it=0A=
// was decided not to merge this change into the main trunk.  I.e. this =
branch=0A=
// is PMC specific.  See PP-207.=0A=
=0A=
Portal.Portlet.BriefLinkPageSection =3D Portal.Portlet.extend({

	init: function(path, name, notifier) {=0A=
	    console.info("Created BriefLinkPageSection");
		this.base(path, name, notifier);
        =0A=
        this.SetPortletName();=0A=
        if (Portal.Portlet.BriefLinkPageSection.portletname !=3D ''){=0A=
            Portal.Portlet.BriefLinkPageSection.portletname =3D "." + =
Portal.Portlet.BriefLinkPageSection.portletname;=0A=
        }=0A=
        =0A=
        this.CreatePopNodes();=0A=
       =20
	},=0A=
	=0A=
	SetPortletName: function(){=0A=
	    // derived portlet should override and provide portlet name;=0A=
	},=0A=
	=0A=
    popNodeDelay: 0,
=0A=
    CreatePopNodes: function(){=0A=
        var pop =3D cssQuery("div.brieflink div" + =
Portal.Portlet.BriefLinkPageSection.portletname + " ul");
        var poptype =3D pop[0].className;
       =20
        // when value is pop0
        if (poptype.match(/pop0/)){
            // no popnodes need to be created
        }
        // for all other cases try to create popnode
        else{
            // Create ElementPopper for each li.item
    		var elemid =3D "div.brieflink div" + =
Portal.Portlet.BriefLinkPageSection.portletname + " li.item";
    		var elements =3D cssQuery(elemid);=20
    	=09
    		// go through the list of elements
    		for (var i =3D 0; i < elements.length; i++) {
                var elem =3D elements[i];
                var content =3D "";=20
               =20
                // when value is pop1
                if (poptype.match(/pop1/)){
                    // create pop with title + desc
                    var linktext =3D cssQuery("a", elem);
                    if (linktext && linktext.length > 0){
                        content +=3D linktext[0].innerHTML + "<br/>";
                    }
                }
                // default case - when value is pop2 or anything else =
but pop3
                else if (!poptype || !poptype.match(/pop3/)){
                    // if visible content length is larger than 105, =
then show the entire text in popup,
                    // followed by any included link description.
                    var linktext =3D cssQuery("a", elem);
                    var note =3D cssQuery("p.note", elem);
                    var content =3D "";=20
                    var linklength =3D 0;
                    if (linktext && linktext.length > 0){
                       linklength +=3D linktext[0].innerHTML.length;
                    }
                    if (note && note.length > 0){
                       linklength +=3D note[0].innerHTML.length;
                    }
                    if (linklength > 100){
                       content +=3D linktext[0].innerHTML + "<br/>";
                    }
                } // end default case
	          =20
	          =20
                // add Description to pop node when it exists for all =
popnode cases	          =20
	            var desc =3D cssQuery("p.desc", elem);
                if (desc && desc.length > 0){
                   content +=3D desc[0].innerHTML;
                }
               =20
                // create popnode when content is present
                if (content && content.length > 0) {
                  var elemclass =3D elem.className;
                  if (!elemclass.match(/popnode/)){
                      elem.className =3D elemclass + " popnode";
                  }
                  //new ElementPopper(elem, content);
                  new ElementPopper(elem, {=20
                      content: content,
                      delay: this.popNodeDelay=20
                  });
                }
               =20
            } // end for=20
        } // end else=0A=
	} // end CreatePopNodes function
},=0A=
{=0A=
portletname: '' =0A=
=0A=
});=0A=
//=0A=
// Java Module PopDiv_JS=0A=
//=0A=
=0A=
//=0A=
// Shows and hides a div at a specific location, either (x,y), or =
relative to=0A=
// an element in a specific direction.=0A=
//=0A=
// Limitations:=0A=
//  - height or width must be set on the popper div, or it may not =
position correctly.=0A=
//=0A=
// You're probably better off using ElementPopper instead of PopDiv for =
hover pops. Popper handles mouse events=0A=
// correctly.=0A=
//=0A=
// Arguments:=0A=
//   divId: the id of the div to use for the popper. You can also pass a =
DOM node, and PopDiv will use that node.=0A=
//       The default is "popperDiv".=0A=
//   className: Add this className to the popper div. Optional--no =
default. This is useful for setting up default state.=0A=
//=0A=
// It's preferable to use a single PopDiv to render popups all over=0A=
// a single page. You only need as many PopDivs as the maximum number of =
popups you may=0A=
// ever have open at once. See ElementPopper for details.=0A=
=0A=
var PopDiv =3D function(divId, className) {=0A=
=0A=
   var innerdiv =3D null;=0A=
   =0A=
   // default is a string=0A=
   if (typeof(divId) =3D=3D 'undefined') {=0A=
      divId =3D "popperDiv";=0A=
   }=0A=
   =0A=
   // Find or make popper div=0A=
   if ((this.div =3D document.getElementById(divId)) =3D=3D null) {=0A=
   =0A=
      this.div =3D document.createElement("div");=0A=
      this.div.id =3D divId;=0A=
      this.div.className =3D "popper";=0A=
      if (className) {=0A=
         this.div.className +=3D " " + className;=0A=
      }=0A=
      document.body.appendChild(this.div);=0A=
      this.div.innerHTML =3D "<div class=3D'popperInnerDiv'/>";=0A=
   } else {=0A=
      utils.addClass(this.div, "popper"); // Be sure it has this=0A=
   }=0A=
=0A=
   // this.innerdiv is first element of this.div=0A=
   for (this.innerdiv =3D this.div.firstChild;=0A=
      this.innerdiv && this.innerdiv.nodeType !=3D 1;=0A=
      this.innerdiv =3D this.innerdiv.nextSibling) {=0A=
   }=0A=
   =0A=
   // If caller provided a div with no inner divs, add one.=0A=
   if (!this.innerdiv) {=0A=
       this.innerdiv =3D document.createElement("div");=0A=
       this.innerdiv.className =3D "popperInnerDiv";=0A=
       this.div.appendChild(this.innerdiv);=0A=
   }=0A=
}=0A=
=0A=
PopDiv.POP_ABOVE =3D 0;=0A=
PopDiv.POP_RIGHT =3D 1;=0A=
PopDiv.POP_BELOW =3D 2;=0A=
PopDiv.POP_LEFT =3D 3;=0A=
PopDiv.POP_CLASSES =3D ['pop-above', 'pop-right', 'pop-below', =
'pop-left'];=0A=
=0A=
PopDiv.POPPED =3D 'popped';=0A=
PopDiv.POP_GETXY =3D 'pop-getxy';=0A=
=0A=
PopDiv.prototype =3D {=0A=
   // Show it at x, y=0A=
   showAt: function(html, x, y) {=0A=
=0A=
    //console.info("POP @ (" + x + ", " + y + ")");=0A=
    //console.info("----");=0A=
    =0A=
      // Set content if provided=0A=
      if (html) {=0A=
         this.innerdiv.innerHTML =3D html;=0A=
      }=0A=
=0A=
      this.div.style.left =3D x + "px";=0A=
      this.div.style.top =3D y + "px";=0A=
=0A=
      // Pop it=0A=
      utils.addClass(this.div, PopDiv.POPPED);=0A=
=0A=
   },=0A=
=0A=
   // Show it near element ("dir" indications direction)=0A=
   // Dimensions don't exist if element isn't shown.=0A=
   getXY: function() {=0A=
      var popped =3D utils.hasClass(this.div, PopDiv.POPPED);=0A=
=0A=
      if (!popped) {=0A=
         utils.addClass(this.div, PopDiv.POPPED);=0A=
      }=0A=
      var dim =3D utils.getXY(this.div);=0A=
      if (!popped) {=0A=
         utils.removeClass(this.div, PopDiv.POPPED);=0A=
      }=0A=
=0A=
      return dim;=0A=
   },=0A=
=0A=
   hide: function() {=0A=
      utils.removeClass(this.div, PopDiv.POPPED);=0A=
      if (this.popClass) {=0A=
         utils.removeClass(this.div, this.popClass);=0A=
         this.popClass =3D null;=0A=
         this.popnode =3D null;=0A=
      }=0A=
   },=0A=
=0A=
   // showBy shows a popper adjacent to another item.=0A=
   showBy: function(html, elem, dir) {=0A=
      var dx =3D 0;=0A=
      var dy =3D 0;=0A=
=0A=
      // Already popped over a particular popnode=0A=
      if (this.popnode && (this.popnode =3D=3D elem)) {=0A=
         return;=0A=
      }=0A=
      this.popnode =3D elem;=0A=
=0A=
      // Default direction=0A=
      if (typeof(dir) !=3D "number") {=0A=
         dir =3D PopDiv.POP_LEFT;=0A=
      }=0A=
=0A=
      // Set class "pop-<direction>": this determines margin=0A=
      this.popClass =3D PopDiv.POP_CLASSES[dir];=0A=
      //console.info("dir =3D " + dir +", popclass =3D " + =
this.popClass);=0A=
      utils.addClass(this.div, this.popClass);=0A=
=0A=
      // Set text so that sizing is correct=0A=
      this.innerdiv.innerHTML =3D html;=0A=
=0A=
      // Get geometries of target and popper=0A=
      var thatdim =3D utils.getXY(elem);=0A=
=0A=
      // PMC-7454 - work around a bug in utils.js.  When the element is =
a bit=0A=
      // of text that begins near the end of one line and wraps to the =
next=0A=
      // line, getXY() returns an X value which marks the x-coordinate =
of the=0A=
      // start of the text, rather than the left margin, which it should.=0A=
      // This only applies to the popups over references inside the =
article=0A=
      // body (POP_RIGHT) not the the cited-reference blocks in the =
discovery=0A=
      // column (which are POP_LEFT).=0A=
      if (dir =3D=3D PopDiv.POP_RIGHT) {=0A=
          thatdim.x =3D jQuery(elem).position().left;=0A=
      }=0A=
=0A=
      var popdim =3D this.getXY(this.div);=0A=
      //console.info("that =3D");=0A=
      //console.info(thatdim);=0A=
      //console.info("pop =3D ");=0A=
      //console.info(popdim);=0A=
=0A=
      // Calculate position=0A=
      switch (dir) {=0A=
      case PopDiv.POP_ABOVE: dy =3D -1*popdim.h;  break;=0A=
      case PopDiv.POP_LEFT:  dx =3D -1*popdim.w;  break;=0A=
      case PopDiv.POP_BELOW: dy =3D    thatdim.h; break;=0A=
      case PopDiv.POP_RIGHT: dx =3D    thatdim.w; break;=0A=
      default:=0A=
        throw "PopDiv: Invalid direction: " + dir;=0A=
      }=0A=
      //console.info("Popping at: [x=3D" + (thatdim.x + dx) + ", =
y=3D"+(thatdim.y + dy)+"]");=0A=
=0A=
      this.showAt(null, thatdim.x + dx + 5, thatdim.y + dy);=0A=
   }=0A=
};=0A=
=0A=
=0A=
=0A=
// An ElementPopper shows a popup adjacent to a target element when the =
user mouses over the target.=0A=
// It handles browser events and manipulates a popper to show and hide =
detail data.=0A=
//=0A=
// When the mouse cursor enters the target, the content appears in the =
popper nearby.=0A=
//  When the mouse cursor leaves the target, the popper is hidden.=0A=
//=0A=
// This rather intense event handling code is necessary because =
mouseover and mouseout doesn't work=0A=
// as expected--mouseouts occur when moving over child nodes. The =
"relatedTarget" trick described=0A=
// by PPK (quirksmode.org) doesn't work either, because browsers =
sometimes drop events=0A=
// with related targets. So the only option is to capture =
document.onmousemove, and detect when=0A=
// the mouse either exits document.body, or moves over something that is =
neither the target nor=0A=
// one of its children.=0A=
//=0A=
// "popnode" is the target node=0A=
// "content" is either a string (the content to show), a DOM node (show =
its innerHTML), or a function.=0A=
// "config" is configuration; if it's just a number, then it's =
"direction" (PopDiv.POP_*); otherwise, it's a JS object with =0A=
//     attribute/value pairs=0A=
// "popperId" is the ID to assign to the popper; default is to make one =
up.=0A=
//=0A=
// When used with Ext.Ncbi, the popper should initialize itself on the =
page a few hundred=0A=
// ms after the page loads. IE apparently creates a race condition where =
popper and Ext.Ncbi initialization=0A=
// throw away the event handlers on which ElementPopper depends.=0A=
//=0A=
// So in that case, instead of new ElementPopper(a,b), you want to do:=0A=
//     setTimeout(function() {new ElementPopper(a,b);}), 500);=0A=
=0A=
//=0A=
var ElementPopper =3D function(popnode, content, config, popperId) {=0A=
=0A=
    var that =3D this;=0A=
=0A=
    // Inner functions=0A=
    // If target is popnode or one of its children, returns popnode; =
otherwise, null=0A=
    function getPopTarget(target) {=0A=
       while (target && !utils.hasClass(target, "popnode")) {=0A=
          target =3D target.parentNode;=0A=
       }=0A=
       return target;=0A=
    };=0A=
=0A=
    // Use inner functions here because removeEvent requires a reference =
to the=0A=
    // function object passed to addEvent, and we need to use closure to =
maintain scope.=0A=
=0A=
    // Show popper and start tracking mouse motions=0A=
    var handlePop =3D function(e) {=0A=
       var target =3D getPopTarget(utils.getTargetObj(e));=0A=
       =0A=
       if (target) {=0A=
	       // If Ajax URL is supplied, then fetch URL.=0A=
	       //   If AJAX URL is a function, the URL is the return value of =
the function=0A=
	       //   Otherwise AJAX URL must be a string=0A=
	       // When AJAX call succeeds, pop up the content. If there's a =
contentFunction, the content is=0A=
	       // the result of applying the contentFunction to the AJAX return =
data; otherwise, it's just=0A=
	       // the AJAX return data itself.=0A=
	       //=0A=
	       if (that.url) {=0A=
	          var url =3D (typeof(that.url) =3D=3D 'function') ? =
that.url(target) : that.url;=0A=
	=0A=
	          jQuery.ajax({=0A=
	             cache: false,=0A=
	             'url': url,=0A=
	             success: function(data, textStatus) {=0A=
	                doPop(target, data, textStatus);=0A=
	             }=0A=
	          });=0A=
	       } else {=0A=
	          doPop(target);=0A=
	       }=0A=
	       =0A=
	       // Set up to listen for mouse out=0A=
	       // This is the node currently being handled; it's cleared when=0A=
	       // the user mouses out.=0A=
	       that.handlingNode =3D target;=0A=
	    =0A=
           utils.removeEvent(target, "mousemove", handlePop);=0A=
           utils.addEvent(document.body, "mousemove", trackMouse);=0A=
           utils.addEvent(document.body, "mouseout", trackMouse);=0A=
       }=0A=
    }=0A=
    =0A=
    var doPop =3D function(target, data, status) {=0A=
       =0A=
       // Pop, shift listener to document body=0A=
       if (target) {=0A=
          that.timer =3D setTimeout(function() {=0A=
             // If we're still waiting for a pop, do the pop.=0A=
             // We're only waiting for a pop when handlingNode is set.=0A=
             if (target =3D=3D that.handlingNode) {=0A=
                that.thePopper.showBy(that.contentFunction(target, data, =
status), target, that.direction);=0A=
             } else {=0A=
               // Ignore the pop request, because we're no longer =
interested in this pop.=0A=
             }=0A=
             that.timer =3D null;             =0A=
          }, that.delay);=0A=
=0A=
       }=0A=
    };=0A=
=0A=
    // Unpop, shift listener back to popnode=0A=
    var trackMouse =3D function(e) {=0A=
       var target =3D getPopTarget(utils.getTargetObj(e));=0A=
=0A=
       // If mouse left document.body, or the target's not over the =
popnode, hide.=0A=
       if (e.type =3D=3D "mouseout" || target =3D=3D null) {=0A=
          // Clear pop timer if it hasn't popped=0A=
          if (that.timer) {=0A=
             window.clearTimeout(that.timer);=0A=
             that.timer =3D null;=0A=
          }=0A=
          that.thePopper.hide();=0A=
          that.handlingNode =3D null;=0A=
          =0A=
          utils.removeEvent(document.body, "mousemove", trackMouse);=0A=
          utils.removeEvent(document.body, "mouseout", trackMouse);=0A=
          utils.addEvent(popnode, "mousemove", handlePop);=0A=
       }=0A=
    };=0A=
=0A=
    // END inner functions=0A=
=0A=
    //=0A=
    // ctor main=0A=
    //=0A=
     =0A=
    // Support new signature ElementPopper(element, {config...}); in =
that case, "content" is a config object,=0A=
    // all other arguments are ignored, and config.content must be set =0A=
    if (typeof(content) =3D=3D 'object') {=0A=
       config =3D content;=0A=
       content =3D config.content;=0A=
    }=0A=
    =0A=
    // If a content URL is defined (AJAX URL string or function that =
returns URL), remember it=0A=
    if (config && config.url) {=0A=
       this.url =3D config.url;=0A=
    }=0A=
    =0A=
    // If content is a string, make it a function that returns the =
string.=0A=
    // If it's a dom node, make it a function that returns the dom =
node's innerHTML=0A=
    // If content is undefined, then assume data is coming from AJAX =
callback=0A=
    if (typeof(content) =3D=3D 'undefined') {=0A=
       this.contentFunction =3D function(target, data, status) { return =
data };=0A=
    } else if (typeof(content) =3D=3D 'string') {=0A=
       this.contentFunction =3D function() { return content; }=0A=
    } else if (content.innerHTML) {=0A=
       this.contentFunction =3D function() { return content.innerHTML; }=0A=
    } else if (typeof(content) =3D=3D 'function') {=0A=
       this.contentFunction =3D content; // Better be a function...=0A=
    }=0A=
    =0A=
    // Backward compatibility: "config" arg used to be "direction", so=0A=
    // interpret it as "direction" if config is a number.=0A=
    // Otherwise parse out config info=0A=
    if (typeof(config) =3D=3D=3D 'undefined') {=0A=
       config =3D {=0A=
          direction: PopDiv.POP_LEFT,=0A=
          delay: 0=0A=
       }=0A=
    }=0A=
    =0A=
    if (typeof(config) =3D=3D 'number') {=0A=
       this.direction =3D config;=0A=
    } else {=0A=
       this.direction =3D (typeof(config.direction) !=3D 'undefined') ? =
config.direction : PopDiv.POP_LEFT;=0A=
       this.delay =3D config.delay || 0;=0A=
    }=0A=
    this.popperId =3D config.popperId || popperId || ("popper" + =
(ElementPopper.popIndex++)); =0A=
=0A=
    // Create the popper=0A=
    this.thePopper =3D new PopDiv(this.popperId);=0A=
    var popdiv =3D $(this.popperId);=0A=
    =0A=
    // FIXME: Is this necessary? I think it's maybe wrong!=0A=
    if (popdiv) {=0A=
       utils.addClass(popdiv, "popnode");=0A=
    }=0A=
=0A=
    // Get popnode if it's an id string=0A=
    if (typeof(popnode) =3D=3D 'string') {=0A=
        popnode =3D $(popnode);=0A=
        if (!popnode) {=0A=
           throw "ElementPopper: id not found";=0A=
        }=0A=
    }=0A=
    this.popnode =3D popnode;=0A=
    this.timer =3D null; // Only exists when waiting for a pop=0A=
    =0A=
    // When the user mouses over target, pop it up=0A=
    utils.addEvent(popnode, "mousemove", handlePop);=0A=
}=0A=
=0A=
ElementPopper.popIndex =3D 0;=0A=
=0A=
ElementPopper.prototype =3D {=0A=
   setDelay: function(delay) {=0A=
      this.delay =3D delay;=0A=
   },=0A=
   getDelay: function() {=0A=
      return delay;=0A=
   }=0A=
};=0A=
=0A=
=0A=
=0A=
 utils.addEvent(window, "load", function(){     =0A=
     theDEP =3D new DeferredElementPopper("rapopper", { =0A=
          content: function(node) { =0A=
               var c =3D cssQuery(".hidden", node);               =0A=
               if (c && c.length > 0) {=0A=
                  var label =3D (c[0].textContent || c[0].innerText); =0A=
                  var cit =3D getCitation(node);=0A=
                  label =3D "<p id=3D'htbpoptext'>" + label + "</p>";=0A=
                  if (cit && cit > ""){ // avoid "undefined" value=0A=
                      label =3D label + "<p id=3D'htbpcit'>" + cit + =
"</p>";=0A=
                  } =0A=
                  return label;=0A=
               }                =0A=
          }, =0A=
          direction: PopDiv.POP_LEFT, =0A=
          popperId: "ppPopper", =0A=
          delay: 0 =0A=
     }); =0A=
});=0A=
=0A=
Portal.Portlet.HistoryDisplay =3D Portal.Portlet.extend({

	init: function(path, name, notifier) {
		console.info("Created History Ad...");
		this.base(path, name, notifier);   =20
	},
=09
	send: {
      'Cmd': null
      //'Recording': null
    },  =20
   =20
    receive: function(responseObject, userArgs) {  =0A=
         var cmd =3D userArgs.cmd;
         var rootNode =3D document.getElementById('HTDisplay'); =0A=
         var ul =3D document.getElementById('activity');=0A=
         var resp =3D responseObject.responseText;=0A=
             =0A=
         if (cmd =3D=3D 'HTOn') { =0A=
            rootNode.className =3D '';    // hide all msg and the turnOn =
link=0A=
            try {=0A=
                // Handle timeouts=0A=
                if (responseObject.status =3D=3D 408) { =0A=
                    rootNode.className =3D 'HTOn'; // so that the =
following msg will show up=0A=
                    rootNode.innerHTML =3D "<p class=3D'HTOn'>Your =
browsing activity is temporarily unavailable.</p>";=0A=
                    return;=0A=
                }=0A=
                   =0A=
                 // Looks like we got something...=0A=
                 resp =3D '(' + resp + ')';=0A=
                 var JSONobj =3D eval(resp);=0A=
                 =0A=
                 // Build new content (ul)=0A=
                 var newHTML =3D JSONobj.Activity;=0A=
                 var newContent =3D document.createElement('div');=0A=
                 newContent.innerHTML =3D newHTML;=0A=
                 var newUL =3D newContent.getElementsByTagName('ul')[0];=0A=
                 //alert(newHTML);=0A=
                 //alert(newContent.innerHTML);=0A=
                 //alert(newUL.innerHTML);=0A=
                 // Update content=0A=
                 rootNode.replaceChild(newUL, ul);=0A=
                 //XHR returns no activity (empty ul), e.g. activity =
cleared=0A=
                 if (newUL.className =3D=3D 'hide')                    =20
                     rootNode.className =3D 'HTOn';  // show "Your =
browsing activity is empty." message=0A=
                 =0A=
            }         =0A=
            catch (e) {=0A=
                //alert('error');=0A=
                rootNode.className =3D 'HTOn'; // so that the following =
msg will show up=0A=
                rootNode.innerHTML =3D "<p class=3D'HTOn'>Your browsing =
activity is temporarily unavailable.</p>";=0A=
           }=0A=
         }=0A=
         else if (cmd =3D=3D 'HTOff') {                         =0A=
             if (ul !=3D null) { =0A=
                 ul.className=3D'hide'; =0A=
                 ul.innerHTML =3D ''; // clear activity=0A=
             }=0A=
             rootNode.className =3D 'HTOff';    // make "Activity =
recording is turned off." and the turnOn link show up             =0A=
         }=0A=
         else if (cmd =3D=3D 'ClearHT') {     =0A=
             if ( rootNode.className =3D=3D '') { //                 =0A=
                 rootNode.className =3D 'HTOn';  // show "Your browsing =
activity is empty." message                                  =0A=
                 if (ul !=3D null) {=0A=
                     ul.className=3D'hide'; =0A=
                     ul.innerHTML =3D '';=0A=
                 }=0A=
             }            =0A=
         } =0A=
        =20
    },
   =20
	listen: {
	  'Cmd' : function(sMessage, oData, sSrc){
			console.info("Inside Cmd in HistoryDisplay: " + oData.cmd);
			this.setValue("Cmd", oData.cmd);
	  },	 =20
	=09
      "HistoryToggle<click>" : function(e, target, name){
         //alert(target.getAttribute("cmd"));
         this.send.Cmd({'cmd': target.getAttribute("cmd")});        =20
         console.info("Inside HistoryToggle in HistoryDisplay: " + =
target.getAttribute("cmd"));
        =20
         var site =3D document.forms[0]['p$st'].value;
         var cmd =3D  target.getAttribute("cmd");    =20
              =20
         // Issue asynchronous call to XHR service, callback is to =
update the portlet output
	     var resp =3D xmlHttpCall(site, this.path, cmd, {}, this.receive, =
{'cmd': target.getAttribute("cmd")}, this);
      },=20
     =20
      "HistoryOn<click>" : function(e, target, name){
         this.send.Cmd({'cmd': target.getAttribute("cmd")});
         =
//$PN('Pubmed_ResultsSearchController').getInput('RecordingHistory').valu=
e =3D 'yes';		=20
         console.info("Inside HistoryOn in HistoryDisplay: " + =
target.getAttribute("cmd"));
               =20
         var site =3D document.forms[0]['p$st'].value;  =20
	     var resp =3D xmlHttpCall(site, this.path, "HTOn", {}, =
this.receive, {'cmd': target.getAttribute("cmd")}, this);
	     //Portal.requestSubmit();
      },
     =20
      "ClearHistory<click>" : function(e, target, name){
         this.send.Cmd({'cmd': target.getAttribute("cmd")});=09
         var site =3D document.forms[0]['p$st'].value;  =20
	     var resp =3D xmlHttpCall(site, this.path, "ClearHT", {}, =
this.receive, {'cmd': target.getAttribute("cmd")}, this);	=20
      }
    }
});

function getCitation(node) {
   // var withHistorys =3D cssQuery("*[title]", node); does not work!!!  =
=20
   var withTitles =3D $AN('title', node, '*');
   //alert(withTitles.length + " " + withTitles[0].tagName + " " + =
withTitles[withTitles.length-1].tagName);
   //alert(withTitles[1].getAttribute('title'));
   if (withTitles.length > 0) {     =20
      var p =3D withTitles[0];
      var s =3D p.getAttribute("title");
      if (s && s > "") {=20
          //alert(s);
          p.setAttribute("title", "");
          node._title =3D s;
          for (var i =3D 0; i < withTitles.length; i++) {
              withTitles[i].removeAttribute("title");   =20
          }
      }
      /*else { //fixed in utils.js        =20
          s =3D node._title; // required for IE b/c of the bug in $AN
      }*/
   } else {
      s =3D node._title;
      //alert("old s "+ s);
   }
   return s;
}=0A=
// Requires: ElementPopper_JS, EventDispatcher_JS=0A=
=0A=
//=0A=
// A DeferredElementPopper creates an ElementPopper on any node with a =
given className the first time the=0A=
// node receives a mouseover event. It collects all of the poppers it =
creates (in an array), and=0A=
// remembers the dispatcher rule that invokes the initialization.=0A=
//=0A=
// "content" is the same as "content" for ElementPopper (see which)=0A=
//=0A=
DeferredElementPopper =3D function(className, config) {=0A=
   var that =3D this;=0A=
   this.config =3D config;=0A=
   this.poppers =3D [];=0A=
   this.dispatcher =3D new EventDispatcher("mouseover", className, =
function(event, udata, dispatcher) {=0A=
         if (!this._popup_init) {=0A=
            this._popup_init =3D 1;=0A=
            that.poppers[that.poppers.length] =3D new =
ElementPopper(this, that.config.content, that.config);=0A=
         }=0A=
    });=0A=
    =0A=
}=0A=
DeferredElementPopper.prototype =3D {=0A=
   debug: function() {=0A=
     var s =3D "";=0A=
     for (var i =3D 0; i < this.poppers.length; i++) {=0A=
        var z =3D this.poppers[i];=0A=
        s +=3D i + ": ";=0A=
        s +=3D z.popnode.innerText + "(" + =
z.popnode.getAttribute("title") +"); ";=0A=
     }=0A=
     alert(s);=0A=
   }=0A=
};=0A=
=0A=
=0A=
//=0A=
// A EventDispatcher does a popup on demand based on a classname on an =
element.=0A=
// Every mouse motion on the page notifies EventDispatcher that an event =
occurred.=0A=
// Any time an event occurs that has one of EventDispatcher's classnames =
on it,=0A=
// the handlers associated with that className are executed.=0A=
//=0A=
// EventDispatcher is designed for popups, but can be used for anything; =
the handler=0A=
// is a generic function:=0A=
//    handler(event, udata, dispatchrule)=0A=
// <event> is the platform event object; use utils.getTargetObj() to get =
its target=0A=
// <udata> is the udata that was passed when that handler was set up.=0A=
// <dispatchrule> is the EventDispatcher object; it is the dictionary=0A=
// {eventType, className, handler, udata} describing the popper behavior.=0A=
//=0A=
// dispatchrule.remove() [TBD] removes the rule from the event dispatcher=0A=
//=0A=
// When the callback occurs, <this> is the target element. =0A=
=0A=
EventDispatcher =3D function(eventType, className, handler, udata) {=0A=
=0A=
   // Start PP listening for this event=0A=
   if (!EventDispatcher.events) {=0A=
      EventDispatcher.events =3D {};=0A=
   }=0A=
=0A=
    // If first definition for this event type, listen for it=0A=
   if (!EventDispatcher.events[eventType]) {=0A=
      EventDispatcher.events[eventType] =3D {};=0A=
      utils.addEvent(document.body, eventType, =
EventDispatcher.handleEvent);=0A=
   }=0A=
   =0A=
   // Index of all class names managed by PP=0A=
   if (!EventDispatcher.classNames[className]) {=0A=
      EventDispatcher.classNames[className] =3D 1;=0A=
   }=0A=
=0A=
   // ev.classNames are the classes that listen for this event=0A=
   var ev =3D EventDispatcher.events[eventType];=0A=
   if (!ev.classNames) {=0A=
      ev.classNames =3D {};=0A=
   }=0A=
   =0A=
   // Add handler for this class=0A=
   if (!ev.classNames[className]) {=0A=
      ev.classNames[className] =3D [];=0A=
   }=0A=
   =0A=
   this.eventType =3D eventType;=0A=
   this.className =3D className;=0A=
   this.handler =3D handler;=0A=
   this.udata =3D udata || null;=0A=
   =0A=
   var c =3D ev.classNames[className];=0A=
   c[c.length] =3D this;=0A=
}=0A=
=0A=
EventDispatcher.events =3D {}=0A=
EventDispatcher.classNames =3D {}=0A=
=0A=
EventDispatcher.handleEvent =3D function(e) {=0A=
=0A=
   if (!EventDispatcher.events[e.type]) { return; } // TODO: Remove =
event listener here=0A=
   =0A=
   var t =3D utils.getTargetObj(e);=0A=
   if (t.className) {=0A=
      var theClasses =3D t.className.split(/\s+/);=0A=
      for (var c in theClasses) {=0A=
         if (EventDispatcher.classNames[theClasses[c]]) {=0A=
            EventDispatcher.dispatch(e, t, theClasses[c]);=0A=
         }=0A=
      }=0A=
   }=0A=
}=0A=
=0A=
EventDispatcher.dispatch =3D function(e, t, className) {=0A=
   if (!EventDispatcher.events[e.type]) return;=0A=
   var ev =3D EventDispatcher.events[e.type];=0A=
   if (!ev.classNames || !ev.classNames[className]) return;=0A=
   var poppers =3D ev.classNames[className];=0A=
   for (var i =3D 0; i < poppers.length; i++) {=0A=
      poppers[i].handleEvent(t, e);=0A=
   }=0A=
}=0A=
=0A=
EventDispatcher.prototype =3D {=0A=
   handleEvent: function(target, event) {=0A=
      this.handler.call(target, event, this.udata, this);=0A=
   }=0A=
}=0A=
=0A=
=0A=
=0A=
// PPMCRecentActivity=0A=
//=20
=0A=
Portal.Portlet.PPMCRecentActivity =3D =
Portal.Portlet.HistoryDisplay.extend({

    init: function(path, name, notifier) {
        console.info("Created PPMCRecentActivity");
        this.base(path, name, notifier);
    }
});=0A=
=0A=
=0A=
Portal.Portlet.Pubmed_Discovery_RA =3D =
Portal.Portlet.BriefLinkPageSection.extend({
   =20
    init: function(path, name, notifier) {
        console.info("Created Pubmed_Discovery_RA");
		this.base(path, name, notifier);
	},
=09
	SetPortletName: function(){
	    Portal.Portlet.BriefLinkPageSection.portletname =3D =
'Pubmed_Discovery_RA';
	}
});=0A=
Portal.Portlet.PPMCPubmedRA =3D =
Portal.Portlet.BriefLinkPageSection.extend({

    init: function(path, name, notifier) {=0A=
        console.info("Created PPMCPubmedRA");=0A=
        this.base(path, name, notifier);=0A=
    },=0A=
=0A=
    SetPortletName: function(){=0A=
        Portal.Portlet.BriefLinkPageSection.portletname =3D =
'PPMCPubmedRA';=0A=
    },=0A=
=0A=
    popNodeDelay: 500=0A=
});=0A=
// PPMCArticlePageJS=0A=
// This script does the following:=0A=
// - Positions reference portlets in the discovery column to the top of =
each paragraph;=0A=
// - Calculates how many references will fit;=0A=
// - Calculates whether it needs a "see all" link;=0A=
// - Adds mouseovers to links in paragraphs and reference portlet links=0A=
=0A=
// We use a self executing anonymous function in order to protect the =
global namespace from=0A=
// two top-level vars: '$j', and 'main'.=0A=
=0A=
( function() {=0A=
    var $j =3D jQuery;=0A=
=0A=
    // This main function runs when the DOM is ready to be queried; it =
gets attached to=0A=
    // the event down at the bottom of this module.=0A=
    var main =3D function() {=0A=
        //var start =3D new Date().getTime();=0A=
        var POPPER_DELAY =3D 500;=0A=
=0A=
        =
//////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////=0A=
        // Helper functions=0A=
=0A=
        =
//-------------------------------------------------------------------=0A=
        // This function determines if two rectangles intersect.=0A=
        // Two rectangles intersect if any point along their lines share =
a =0A=
        // point in space.  Because these portlets will be lined up =
vertically, =0A=
        // we only worry about one dimension.  The 'dims' parameter is =
an =0A=
        // object that contains top and bottom dimensions of the two =
rectangles.=0A=
=0A=
        var rectIntersect =3D function(dims) {=0A=
            // L1t is 'Line'1'Top' etc.=0A=
            var L1t =3D dims.L1t;=0A=
            var L1b =3D dims.L1b;=0A=
            var L2t =3D dims.L2t;=0A=
            var L2b =3D dims.L2b;=0A=
            return (=0A=
                (L2b > L1t && L2b < L1b) ||=0A=
                (L2t < L1b && L2t > L1t) ||=0A=
                (L2t > L1t && L2t < L1b) ||=0A=
                (L2t < L1t && L2b > L1b)=0A=
            );=0A=
        };=0A=
=0A=
        =
//-------------------------------------------------------------------=0A=
        // This function adds a popup to the links within the main =
article body.=0A=
        // It adds the popup to one element, and then queues itself up =
to add the=0A=
        // popup to the next element after a short delay.=0A=
=0A=
        var addPopper =3D function(elems, curr) {=0A=
            var currElem =3D elems[curr];=0A=
            var jqCurrElem =3D jQuery(currElem);=0A=
=0A=
            var rid =3D jqCurrElem.attr('rid');=0A=
            //console.info("rid is '" + rid + "'");=0A=
=0A=
            if (rid) {=0A=
                // Find the text for this popup from the element pointed =
to by =0A=
                // @rid.  This will be in the reference section of the =
article.=0A=
                // Some id's from the backend have special characters, =
so we=0A=
                // need to escape them, see PMC-6384 and =
http://tinyurl.com/2qfqgc=0A=
=0A=
                var ridEscaped =3D rid.replace(/:/g, "\\:")=0A=
                                    .replace(/\./g, "\\.")=0A=
                                    .replace(/=C2=B7/g, "\\=C2=B7");=0A=
                var refElem =3D jQuery('#' + ridEscaped);=0A=
                =0A=
                // Check to make sure that we found something=0A=
                if (refElem.length > 0) {=0A=
=0A=
                    var citeText =3D refElem.text();=0A=
                    //console.info("citeText is '" + citeText + "'");=0A=
=0A=
                    var popText =3D jQuery.trim(citeText);=0A=
                    //console.info("popText is '" + popText + "'");=0A=
    =0A=
                    // If the @href element of the current <a> tag =
(currElem)=0A=
                    // has a '#' portion, meaning that it is a link to =
the=0A=
                    // reference list in this same article, then =
indicate =0A=
                    // that in the popup text.=0A=
                    if (currElem.hash) {=0A=
                        popText +=3D ' [Reference List]';=0A=
                    }=0A=
    =0A=
                    new ElementPopper(currElem,=0A=
                        { content: popText, =0A=
                          direction: PopDiv.POP_RIGHT, =0A=
                          popperId: 'popper-para-links', =0A=
                          delay: POPPER_DELAY });=0A=
                }=0A=
            }=0A=
=0A=
            // Now arrange to have ourselves called for the next element =
that needs a popup,=0A=
            // after one millisecond.=0A=
            curr++;=0A=
            if (curr < elems.length) {=0A=
                var fnc =3D function(){=0A=
                    addPopper(elems, curr);=0A=
                }=0A=
                window.setTimeout(fnc, 1);=0A=
            }=0A=
        }; // end addPopper function=0A=
=0A=
        =
//-------------------------------------------------------------------=0A=
        // This function adds a popup to the links in the =
cited-reference blocks.=0A=
=0A=
        var addPopper2 =3D function(elems, curr) {=0A=
            var aDomElement =3D elems[curr];=0A=
            var aKids =3D aDomElement.childNodes;=0A=
            var aNumKids =3D aKids.length;=0A=
            //console.info("aDomElement is a " + aDomElement.toString() =
+ "; num kids is " + aNumKids);=0A=
=0A=
            // Generate the text that will go in the popup.=0A=
            // Get the text children of the <a> element.  This loop =
drops any element nodes;=0A=
            // in particular, the <span class=3D'flag'>Review</span> =
element, if present.=0A=
            var txt =3D "";=0A=
            for (var i =3D 0; i < aNumKids; ++i) {=0A=
                var kid =3D aKids[i];=0A=
                if (kid.nodeType !=3D 1) {=0A=
                    txt +=3D kid.nodeValue;=0A=
                }=0A=
            }=0A=
=0A=
            var l =3D jQuery(elems[curr]);=0A=
            txt +=3D "<br/>" + l.next('p')[0].innerHTML;=0A=
            new ElementPopper(l[0],=0A=
                { content: txt, direction: PopDiv.POP_LEFT, popperId: =
'popper-port-links', delay: POPPER_DELAY });=0A=
=0A=
            // Now arrange to have ourselves called for the next element =
that needs a popup,=0A=
            // after one millisecond.=0A=
            curr++;=0A=
            if (curr < elems.length) {=0A=
                var fnc =3D function(){=0A=
                    addPopper2(elems, curr);=0A=
                }=0A=
                window.setTimeout(fnc, 1);=0A=
            }=0A=
        }; // end addPopper2 function=0A=
=0A=
        // end helper function(s)=0A=
=0A=
        =
//////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////=0A=
        // In this space, we define and set variables that only need to =
be set once, not per paragraph.=0A=
=0A=
        // See if there any reference portlets in the page, by getting =
at least two reference=0A=
        // portlets. Later we will use these two portlets to make sure =
they do not interfere with=0A=
        // existing portlets in the column. It is unlikely that a third =
portlet would interfere=0A=
        // with anything, so let's make this as efficient as possible=0A=
        var portNodes =3D =
$j('#ArticleRefDocsums').find('div.cited-ref:lt(2)');=0A=
=0A=
        // If there is at least one portlet in the page, we need to get =
some initial information,=0A=
        // like sample portlet elements' sizes, information about =
existing portlet in page etc.=0A=
        var portsInPage =3D false;=0A=
        if (portNodes.length > 0) { // if the page has ANY reference =
portlets=0A=
            // remember that there is something to do=0A=
            var portsInPage =3D true;=0A=
            var firstPortN =3D $j(portNodes[0]);=0A=
=0A=
            // Max shown per page is already decided by xslt that =
generates portlet server-side,=0A=
            // and should be the number of <li>s per portlet=0A=
            var MAXREFS =3D 5;=0A=
=0A=
            // get dimensions of elements inside sample portlet, account =
for padding by using outerHeight=0A=
            var lis =3D firstPortN.find('li.ovfl');=0A=
            var firstRefH =3D $j(lis[0]).outerHeight(true);=0A=
            var firstSeeAllH =3D =
firstPortN.find('a.all-articles').outerHeight(true);=0A=
            var firstUl =3D firstPortN.find('ul');=0A=
            // the ul might have padding or margins applied=0A=
            var ulPaddingMargin =3D parseInt(firstUl.css('padding-top')) =
+=0A=
                                  =
parseInt(firstUl.css('padding-bottom')) +=0A=
                                  parseInt(firstUl.css('margin-top')) +=0A=
                                  parseInt(firstUl.css('margin-bottom'));=0A=
            // same goes for the actual portlet div=0A=
            var portNPadding =3D parseInt(firstPortN.css('padding-top')) =
+=0A=
                               =
parseInt(firstPortN.css('padding-bottom'));=0A=
=0A=
            // The horizontal position of all cited ref blocks should =
line up with recent history=0A=
            // portlet, which should be above any reference portlets=0A=
            var leftPos =3D $j('#recent-activity').position().left;=0A=
            //console.info('Got leftPos of all portlets: ' + leftPos);=0A=
=0A=
            // Get positions of any existing portlets in side column, so =
we can later hide any=0A=
            // reference portlets that take up same space=0A=
            var sideBarCell =3D $j('td.sidebar-cell')[0];=0A=
            var portRanges =3D {};=0A=
            var ports =3D jQuery('div.port', sideBarCell);=0A=
            for (var i =3D 0; i < ports.length; i++) {=0A=
                var p =3D jQuery(ports[i]);=0A=
                var pos =3D p.position();=0A=
                var t =3D pos.top;=0A=
                portRanges[i] =3D {=0A=
                    't': t,=0A=
                    'b': t + p.height() // bottom is top + height of =
portlet=0A=
                };=0A=
            }=0A=
=0A=
        } // end if portNodes in doc=0A=
=0A=
        // Now, for each paragraph, get associated portlet and position =
appropriately, we still need=0A=
        // to iterate through each paragraph even if there are no =
reference links in entire document.=0A=
        // We are doing some weird stuff here.  We have to do iterate =
through each paragraph, but=0A=
        // for performance reasons, on large pages we need to pause a ms =
between iterations. So:=0A=
        // 1) we get all "paragraph" elements=0A=
        // 2) we execute the "loopdloop" function, which every ms passes =
all the paras to paraLoop=0A=
        // 3) paraLoop does all the positioning of the reference portlets=0A=
        // 4) When loopdloop is done, it calls hideInterfering, which =
hides any portlets =0A=
        //    that overlap existing ones=0A=
=0A=
        // First make a hash of all of the CRBs indexed by their @rid =
attributes.=0A=
        var crbs =3D $j('div.cited-ref');=0A=
        var numCrbs =3D crbs.length;=0A=
        //console.info("Number of crbs is " + numCrbs);=0A=
=0A=
        var crbsByRid =3D {};=0A=
        for (var i =3D 0; i < numCrbs; ++i) {=0A=
            var crb =3D crbs[i];=0A=
            //console.info("crb is " + crb.toString());=0A=
            var jcrb =3D $j(crb);=0A=
            //console.info("jcrb is " + jcrb.toString());=0A=
            var rid =3D jcrb.attr('rid');=0A=
            //console.info("@rid is '" + rid + "'");=0A=
            crbsByRid[rid] =3D jcrb;=0A=
        }=0A=
=0A=
        //var paraLoop =3D function(crb) {=0A=
        //    var jcrb =3D $j(crb);=0A=
        //    var paraRid =3D jcrb.attr('rid');=0A=
        //    var p =3D $j('#' + paraRid);=0A=
        var paraLoop =3D function(para) {=0A=
            //console.group('para');=0A=
            var p =3D $j(para);=0A=
            //console.info(p[0]);=0A=
=0A=
            // Get the @id attribute, and from that, look up the CRB.=0A=
            var paraId =3D p.attr('id');=0A=
            //console.info("paragraph @id is " + paraId);=0A=
            var jcrb =3D crbsByRid[paraId];=0A=
=0A=
            if (jcrb) {=0A=
                //console.info("jcrb is " + jcrb.toString());=0A=
=0A=
                // if a 'paragraph' has an associated portlet, it will =
have a 'cite' attribute on it=0A=
                // CFM:  taking this check out, the @cite attribute is =
going away, see PMC-5595:=0A=
                //var citeAttr =3D p.attr('cite');=0A=
                //if (citeAttr) {=0A=
=0A=
                // Get the number of unique references per paragraph.  =
This could be more than the=0A=
                // max shown in portlet.=0A=
                // CFM:  Now, getting this info from the crb, not the =
paragraph, because the @pmids=0A=
                // attribute will be going away from the paragraph, see =
PMC-5595.=0A=
//              var numRefs =3D p.attr('pmids').split(' ').length;=0A=
                var numRefs =3D jcrb.attr('pmids').split(' ').length;=0A=
                //console.info("numRefs is " + numRefs);=0A=
=0A=
                // get paragraph dims. We need these to position portlet =
to paragraph=0A=
                var pPos =3D p.position();=0A=
                var pPosX =3D pPos.left;=0A=
=0A=
                 // needs to be a number because we will add/subtract =
margin=0A=
                var pPosY =3D parseInt(pPos.top);=0A=
                var pPosH =3D p.height();=0A=
=0A=
                // Get paragraph top and bottom margins.  We need to =
account for these when calculating =0A=
                // reference portlet placement. Margin is not accounted =
for when getting an element's =0A=
                // height, but it does affect appearance of element's =
dimensions when there is no border.=0A=
                var pMarT =3D parseInt(p.css('marginTop'));=0A=
                var pMarB =3D parseInt(p.css('marginBottom'));=0A=
=0A=
                // Get associated portlet from 'cited' attribute, we can =
now safely overwrite portN =0A=
                // variable from beginning of script.=0A=
                // CFM:  change from using 'portN' to using the variable =
'jcrb', from above.=0A=
                //var portN =3D $j('#' + citeAttr);=0A=
                //var refNodes =3D portN.find('li');=0A=
                var refNodes =3D jcrb.find('li');=0A=
                var numRefsInP =3D refNodes.length;=0A=
                //console.info("numRefsInP is " + numRefsInP);=0A=
=0A=
                // Set styles on portlet node to align to paragraph=0A=
                // We set portlet node to position: absolute in the css =
file, because that is more=0A=
                // efficient than setting it in JavaScript, and that =
property does not change.=0A=
//              portN.css( {=0A=
                jcrb.css( {=0A=
                    'top': pPosY + pMarT + 2 + 'px', // Add an xtra 2px, =
otherwise it appears too low=0A=
                    'left': leftPos + 'px'=0A=
                });=0A=
=0A=
                // Calculate how many refs will fit per paragraph and if =
we need the =0A=
                // 'See more articles cited in this paragraph' link. =0A=
                var refsFit =3D null;=0A=
                var needAllLink =3D false;=0A=
                if (numRefs > MAXREFS || numRefs * firstRefH >=3D pPosH =
- pMarB) {=0A=
                    //console.info('more links than allowed, OR links =
allowed are higher than paragraph height');=0A=
                    refsFit =3D Math.floor( pPosH / (firstRefH + =
firstSeeAllH) );=0A=
                    needAllLink =3D true;=0A=
                    if (refsFit > MAXREFS) {=0A=
                        refsFit =3D MAXREFS;=0A=
                    }=0A=
                    //console.info('refsFit: ' + refsFit);=0A=
                } else {=0A=
                    //console.info('all refs in para fit');=0A=
                    refsFit =3D numRefs;=0A=
                    //console.info('refsFit: ' + refsFit);=0A=
                }=0A=
=0A=
                var aSeeArticles =3D jcrb.find('a.all-articles');=0A=
                if (!needAllLink) {=0A=
                    aSeeArticles.hide();=0A=
                }=0A=
                else if (refsFit =3D=3D 0) {=0A=
                    // If the visible number of links is zero, then =
change the text from=0A=
                    // "See more articles ..." to just "See articles =
...".=0A=
                    // See PMC-6076.=0A=
                    var seeMoreT =3D aSeeArticles.text();=0A=
                    aSeeArticles.text( seeMoreT.replace(/more /, "") );=0A=
                    // After all, we decided that we'd rather just not =
see it:=0A=
                    jcrb.hide();=0A=
                }=0A=
=0A=
                //console.info('need to take off refs:');=0A=
                // how many references (lis) from the portlet do we need =
to hide?=0A=
                var takeOff =3D numRefsInP - refsFit;=0A=
                //console.info(takeOff);=0A=
=0A=
                if ( takeOff > 0 ) {=0A=
                    // we need to take off some nodes, loop through li =
nodes in reverse order and hide them=0A=
                    for (var i =3D numRefsInP - 1; i >=3D refsFit; i--) {=0A=
                        $j(refNodes[i]).hide();=0A=
                    }=0A=
                } // end if we need to take off nodes=0A=
=0A=
                // we now need to add mouseovers on reference links that =
are not hidden. We get the text=0A=
                // from the title attribute of the link=0A=
                //var elems2 =3D portN.find('a.popnode:visible');=0A=
                var elems2 =3D jcrb.find('a.popnode:visible');=0A=
                //console.info(elems2);=0A=
=0A=
                if (elems2.length > 0) {=0A=
                    addPopper2(elems2, 0);=0A=
                }=0A=
=0A=
            } // end if jcrb=0A=
=0A=
            // Now, we are back touching on each paragraph, regardless =
whether there =0A=
            // are links with pmids or not we need to get all the =
reference links per =0A=
            // paragraph and do the mouseover which links to reference =
section at the=0A=
            // bottom of the page.  This is a little Eric trick for =
performance. We get =0A=
            // the links in the paragraph and create our own custom loop =
and setTimeout =0A=
            // for each link.  This allows "multithreading" and doesn't =
lock up the =0A=
            // browser.=0A=
            var elems =3D p.find('a.cite-reflink');=0A=
            if (elems.length > 0) {=0A=
                addPopper(elems, 0);=0A=
            }=0A=
=0A=
            //console.groupEnd('para');=0A=
        }; // end paraloop function=0A=
=0A=
        var hideInterfering =3D function(){=0A=
            // At this point all reference divs are positioned in =
document. We now check that =0A=
            // the first two reference portlets (which were already =
queried for in beginning =0A=
            // of the script don't interfere with any other portlets =
that may be at the top of =0A=
            // column.  Loop thru them and compare them against what =
exists in portRanges=0A=
            if (portsInPage =3D=3D=3D true) {=0A=
                portNodes.each( function() {=0A=
                    var citedRefJ =3D $j(this);=0A=
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pply(elem,argsAdj);}if(method=3D=3D=3D"click"&&typeof =
elem.onclick_=3D=3D=3D"function"){runDefault("onclick_");}else =
if(method=3D=3D=3D"contextmenu"&&typeof =
elem.oncontextmenu_=3D=3D=3D"function"){runDefault("oncontextmenu_");}if(=
returnData!=3D=3Dnull||returnData!=3D=3Dundefined){return =
returnData;}}for(var i=3D0;i<10&&linkCurr<linkLen;i++){var =
elem=3Dlinks[linkCurr];if(elem&&!elem._sg){elem._sg=3Dtrue;reassignOnclic=
k(elem);elem.onclick=3Dfunction(e){var evt=3De||window.event;var =
returnData=3Dnull;returnData=3D_clicky(evt,this,arguments,"click");if(ret=
urnData!=3D=3Dnull||returnData!=3D=3Dundefined){return =
returnData;}};elem.oncontextmenu=3Dfunction(e){var =
evt=3De||window.event;var =
returnData=3Dnull;returnData=3D_clicky(evt,this,arguments,"contextmenu");=
if(returnData!=3D=3Dnull||returnData!=3D=3Dundefined){return =
returnData;}};}linkCurr++;}if(linkCurr<linkLen){var =
nFnc=3Dfunction(){linkLoop(links,linkCurr,linkLen);};var =
t=3Dwindow.setTimeout(nFnc,0);}}if(typeof =
ncbi.sg.isClickEnabled=3D=3D=3D"undefined"){var =
metas=3Ddocument.getElementsByTagName("meta");var i=3Dmetas.length-1;var =
isClickEnabled=3Dtrue;while(i>=3D0){if(metas[i].name.toLowerCase()=3D=3D=3D=
"ncbi_clickdisabled"){isClickEnabled=3Dmetas[i].content.toLowerCase()=3D=3D=
=3D"false";break;}i--;}ncbi.sg.isClickEnabled=3DisClickEnabled;}function =
scanLinks(){if(ncbi.sg.isClickEnabled){var =
lnks=3Ddocument.links;linkLoop(lnks,0,lnks.length);var =
btns=3Ddocument.getElementsByTagName("button");linkLoop(btns,0,btns.lengt=
h);var btns2=3D[];if(typeof =
jQuery!=3D=3D"undefined"){btns2=3DjQuery("input[type=3Dbutton], =
input[type=3Dsubmit], input[type=3Dreset]").get();}else{var =
fInputs=3Ddocument.getElementsByTagName("input");btns2=3D[];var =
i=3DfInputs.length-1;while(i>=3D0){var inp=3DfInputs[i];var =
typ=3Dinp.type;if(typ=3D=3D=3D"button"||typ=3D=3D=3D"submit"||typ=3D=3D=3D=
"reset"){btns2.push(inp);}i--;}}if(btns2.length>0){linkLoop(btns2,0,btns2=
.length);}}}scanLinks();ncbi.sg.scanLinks=3Dfunction(linkObjs){if(linkObj=
s){if(typeof linkObjs=3D=3D=3D"object"&&!(linkObjs instanceof =
Array)){linkObjs=3D[linkObjs];}linkLoop(linkObjs,0,linkObjs.length);}else=
{scanLinks();}};ncbi.sg.ping=3Dfunction(obj,isAsync){if(typeof =
obj=3D=3D=3D"undefined"||obj=3D=3D=3Dnull){return;}if(typeof =
isAsync=3D=3D=3D"undefined"){isAsync=3Dtrue;}var data=3D[];if(typeof =
obj=3D=3D=3D"object"&&!(obj instanceof Array)){for(var prop in =
obj){data.push(prop+"=3D"+encodeURIComponent(obj[prop]));}}else =
if(typeof obj=3D=3D=3D"string"){data.push(obj);}else{data=3Dobj;}var =
phid=3Dncbi.sg.getInstance().currentPageHitId||"";if(phid.length>0){data.=
push("ncbi_phid=3D"+encodeURIComponent(phid));}if(typeof =
ncbi.sg.loadTime!=3D=3D"undefined"){data.push("ncbi_timesinceload=3D"+(ne=
w =
Date()-ncbi.sg.loadTime));}ncbi.sg.getInstance().sendAl(data.join("&"),nu=
ll,isAsync);};ncbi.sg.loadTime=3Dnew =
Date();})();if(!Array.prototype.indexOf){Array.prototype.indexOf=3Dfuncti=
on(elt){var len=3Dthis.length>>>0;var =
from=3DNumber(arguments[1])||0;from=3D(from<0)?Math.ceil(from):Math.floor=
(from);if(from<0){from+=3Dlen;}for(;from<len;from++){if(from in =
this&&this[from]=3D=3D=3Delt){return from;}}return-1;};}=0A=
// This code creates window.console if it doesn't exist.
// It also creates stub functions for those functions that are missing =
in window.console.
// (Safari implements some but not all of the firebug window.console =
methods--this implements the rest.)
(function() {
    var names =3D [ "log", "debug", "info", "warn", "error", "assert", =
"dir", "dirxml", "group",
                  "groupEnd", "time", "timeEnd", "count", "trace", =
"profile", "profileEnd" ];

    if (typeof(console) =3D=3D=3D 'undefined' || typeof console =
=3D=3D=3D "function" ) {
      //"typeof function" is needed see PP-769=20
      console =3D {};
    }

    for (var i =3D 0; i < names.length; ++i) {
       if (typeof(console[names[i]]) =3D=3D=3D 'undefined') {
          console[names[i]] =3D function() { return false; };
       }
    }
    ncbi.sg.getInstance().init();                         =20
})();

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