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          <TD>
            <DIV class=3Dfm-citation>
            <DIV><SPAN class=3Dcitation-abbreviation>Int J Med Sci. =
</SPAN><SPAN=20
            class=3Dcitation-publication-date>2008; </SPAN><SPAN=20
            class=3Dcitation-volume>5</SPAN><SPAN=20
            class=3Dcitation-issue>(5)</SPAN><SPAN =
class=3Dcitation-flpages>:=20
            273=E2=80=93284. </SPAN></DIV>
            <DIV><SPAN class=3Dfm-vol-iss-date>Published online 2008 =
September 15.=20
            </SPAN><SPAN =
class=3Dfm-vol-iss-date></SPAN></DIV></DIV></TD>
          <TD class=3Dfm-citation-ids>
            <DIV class=3Dfm-citation-pmcid><SPAN=20
            class=3Dfm-citation-ids-label>PMCID:=20
        </SPAN>PMC2536715</DIV></TD></TR></TBODY></TABLE>
      <DIV class=3Dfm-copyright><A class=3Dint-reflink=20
      =
href=3D"http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/about/copyright.html">Copyright<=
/A>=20
      =C2=A9 Ivyspring International Publisher. This is an open-access =
article=20
      distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons License=20
      (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/). Reproduction =
is=20
      permitted for personal, noncommercial use, provided that the =
article is in=20
      whole, unmodified, and properly cited.</DIV>
      <DIV class=3Dfm-title>TMZ-BioShuttle =E2=80=93 a reformulated =
Temozolomide</DIV>
      <DIV class=3D"fm-author contrib-group">Waldemar =
Waldeck,<SUP>1</SUP> Manfred=20
      Wiessler,<SUP>2</SUP> Volker Ehemann,<SUP>3</SUP> Ruediger=20
      Pipkorn,<SUP>4</SUP> Herbert Spring,<SUP>5</SUP> Juergen=20
      Debus,<SUP>6</SUP> Bernd Didinger,<SUP>6</SUP> Gabriele=20
      Mueller,<SUP>1</SUP> Joerg Langowski,<SUP>1</SUP> and Klaus=20
      Braun<SUP>2</SUP><SUP><IMG alt=3D[env]=20
      =
src=3D"http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/corehtml/pmc/pmcents/x2709.gif"=20
      border=3D0></SUP>
      <DIV class=3Dfm-affl>1. German Cancer Research Center, Division of =

      Biophysics of Macromolecules, INF 580, D-69120 Heidelberg, =
Germany</DIV>
      <DIV class=3Dfm-affl>2. German Cancer Research Center, Dept. of =
Molecular=20
      Toxicology, INF 280, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany</DIV>
      <DIV class=3Dfm-affl>3. University of Heidelberg, Institute of =
Pathology,=20
      INF 220, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany</DIV>
      <DIV class=3Dfm-affl>4. German Cancer Research Center, Central =
Peptide=20
      Synthesis Unit, INF 580, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany</DIV>
      <DIV class=3Dfm-affl>5. German Cancer Research Center, Dept. of =
Structural=20
      Analysis of Gene Structure and Function, INF 280, D-69120 =
Heidelberg,=20
      Germany</DIV>
      <DIV class=3Dfm-affl>6. University of Heidelberg, Dept. of =
Radiation=20
      Oncology, INF 400, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany</DIV></DIV>
      <DIV class=3Dfm-footnote></DIV>
      <DIV class=3Dfm-footnote id=3DFNA_envelop><IMG alt=3D[env]=20
      =
src=3D"http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/corehtml/pmc/pmcents/x2709.gif"=20
      border=3D0> Correspondence to: Dr. Klaus Braun, German Cancer =
Research=20
      Center (DKFZ), Dept. Molecular Toxicology, Im Neuenheimer Feld =
280,=20
      D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany. Phone: +49 6221-42 2495; Fax: +49 =
6221-42=20
      3375; e-mail: <SPAN class=3De_id295906>k.braun/at/dkfz.de</SPAN>
      <SCRIPT language=3DJavaScript type=3Dtext/javascript><!--=0A=
                                    try{initUnObscureEmail =
("e_id295906", '<a class=3D"ext-reflink" href=3D"' + =
reverseAndReplaceString('ed.zfkd/ta/nuarb.k:otliam', '/at/', '@') + '">' =
+ reverseAndReplaceString('ed.zfkd/ta/nuarb.k', '/at/','@') + =
'</a>')}catch(e){}=0A=
                                //--></SCRIPT>
      </DIV>
      <DIV class=3Dfm-footnote>Conflict of Interest: We declare no =
conflicts of=20
      interest.</DIV>
      <DIV class=3Dfm-pubdate>Received August 18, 2008; Accepted =
September 12,=20
      2008.</DIV></DIV></TD></TR>
  <TR vAlign=3Dtop>
    <TD class=3Dsidebar-cell width=3D145>
      <DIV class=3Dside-section-group><SPAN style=3D"TEXT-TRANSFORM: =
uppercase">
      <DIV class=3Dsidefm-pmclink-item><A class=3Dsidefm-pmclink=20
      style=3D"TEXT-TRANSFORM: uppercase"=20
      =
href=3D"http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=3Dpubmed=
&amp;pubmedid=3D18797509#top">Top</A></DIV></SPAN>
      <DIV class=3Dsidefm-pmccurrent-item><A class=3Dsidefm-pmclink=20
      style=3D"TEXT-TRANSFORM: uppercase" =
href=3D"javascript:return(false);"><SPAN=20
      class=3Dsidebar-menu-square-image-holder><IMG alt=3D">"=20
      =
src=3D"http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/corehtml/pmc/pmcgifs/square.gif" =

      border=3D0></SPAN>Abstract</A></DIV><SPAN style=3D"TEXT-TRANSFORM: =
uppercase">
      <DIV class=3Dsidefm-pmclink-item><A class=3Dsidefm-pmclink=20
      style=3D"TEXT-TRANSFORM: uppercase"=20
      =
href=3D"http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=3Dpubmed=
&amp;pubmedid=3D18797509#id122931">Introduction</A></DIV></SPAN><SPAN=20
      style=3D"TEXT-TRANSFORM: uppercase">
      <DIV class=3Dsidefm-pmclink-item><A class=3Dsidefm-pmclink=20
      style=3D"TEXT-TRANSFORM: uppercase"=20
      =
href=3D"http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=3Dpubmed=
&amp;pubmedid=3D18797509#id123178">Materials=20
      and Methods</A></DIV></SPAN><SPAN style=3D"TEXT-TRANSFORM: =
uppercase">
      <DIV class=3Dsidefm-pmclink-item><A class=3Dsidefm-pmclink=20
      style=3D"TEXT-TRANSFORM: uppercase"=20
      =
href=3D"http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=3Dpubmed=
&amp;pubmedid=3D18797509#id123399">Results</A></DIV></SPAN><SPAN=20
      style=3D"TEXT-TRANSFORM: uppercase">
      <DIV class=3Dsidefm-pmclink-item><A class=3Dsidefm-pmclink=20
      style=3D"TEXT-TRANSFORM: uppercase"=20
      =
href=3D"http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=3Dpubmed=
&amp;pubmedid=3D18797509#id123768">Discussion</A></DIV></SPAN><SPAN=20
      style=3D"TEXT-TRANSFORM: uppercase">
      <DIV class=3Dsidefm-pmclink-item><A class=3Dsidefm-pmclink=20
      style=3D"TEXT-TRANSFORM: uppercase"=20
      =
href=3D"http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=3Dpubmed=
&amp;pubmedid=3D18797509#id124262">References</A></DIV></SPAN></DIV></TD>=

    <TD class=3Dcontent-cell>
      <DIV class=3D"head1 section-title" id=3Did122894=20
      style=3D"TEXT-TRANSFORM: uppercase">Abstract</DIV>
      <DIV class=3Dsection-content><!--article-meta-->There is a large =
number of=20
      effective cytotoxic drugs whose side effect profile, efficacy, and =

      long-term use in man are well understood and documented over =
decades of=20
      use in clinical routine e.g. in the treatment of recurrent =
glioblastoma=20
      multiforme (GBM) and the hormone-refractory prostate cancer =
(HRPC). Both=20
      cancers are insensitive against most chemotherapeutic =
interventions; they=20
      have low response rates and poor prognoses. Some cytotoxic agents =
can be=20
      significantly improved by using modern technology of drug delivery =
or=20
      formulation. We succeeded to enhance the pharmacologic potency =
with=20
      simultaneous reduction of unwanted adverse reactions of the highly =

      efficient chemotherapeutic temozolomide (TMZ) as an example. The =
TMZ=20
      connection to transporter molecules (TMZ-BioShuttle) resulted in a =
much=20
      higher pharmacological effect in glioma cell lines while using =
reduced=20
      doses. This permits the conclusion that a suitable chemistry could =
realize=20
      the ligation of pharmacologically active, but sensitive and highly =

      unstable pharmaceutical ingredients without functional =
deprivation. The=20
      re-formulation of TMZ to TMZ-BioShuttle achieved a nearly 10-fold=20
      potential of the established pharmaceutic TMZ far beyond the =
treatment of=20
      brain tumors cells and results in an attractive reformulated drug =
with=20
      enhanced therapeutic index.
      <DIV class=3Dp><SPAN class=3Dkwd-label>Keywords: </SPAN><SPAN=20
      class=3Dkwd-text>BioShuttle, Carrier Molecules, Drug Delivery, =
facilitated=20
      Transport, Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM), Reformulation, =
Temozolomide=20
      (TMZ)</SPAN></DIV></DIV></TD></TR>
  <TR vAlign=3Dtop>
    <TD class=3Dsidebar-cell width=3D145>
      <DIV class=3Dside-section-group><SPAN style=3D"TEXT-TRANSFORM: =
uppercase">
      <DIV class=3Dsidefm-pmclink-item><A class=3Dsidefm-pmclink=20
      style=3D"TEXT-TRANSFORM: uppercase"=20
      =
href=3D"http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=3Dpubmed=
&amp;pubmedid=3D18797509#top">Top</A></DIV></SPAN><SPAN=20
      style=3D"TEXT-TRANSFORM: uppercase">
      <DIV class=3Dsidefm-pmclink-item><A class=3Dsidefm-pmclink=20
      style=3D"TEXT-TRANSFORM: uppercase"=20
      =
href=3D"http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=3Dpubmed=
&amp;pubmedid=3D18797509#id122894">Abstract</A></DIV></SPAN>
      <DIV class=3Dsidefm-pmccurrent-item><A class=3Dsidefm-pmclink=20
      style=3D"TEXT-TRANSFORM: uppercase" =
href=3D"javascript:return(false);"><SPAN=20
      class=3Dsidebar-menu-square-image-holder><IMG alt=3D">"=20
      =
src=3D"http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/corehtml/pmc/pmcgifs/square.gif" =

      border=3D0></SPAN>Introduction</A></DIV><SPAN=20
      style=3D"TEXT-TRANSFORM: uppercase">
      <DIV class=3Dsidefm-pmclink-item><A class=3Dsidefm-pmclink=20
      style=3D"TEXT-TRANSFORM: uppercase"=20
      =
href=3D"http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=3Dpubmed=
&amp;pubmedid=3D18797509#id123178">Materials=20
      and Methods</A></DIV></SPAN><SPAN style=3D"TEXT-TRANSFORM: =
uppercase">
      <DIV class=3Dsidefm-pmclink-item><A class=3Dsidefm-pmclink=20
      style=3D"TEXT-TRANSFORM: uppercase"=20
      =
href=3D"http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=3Dpubmed=
&amp;pubmedid=3D18797509#id123399">Results</A></DIV></SPAN><SPAN=20
      style=3D"TEXT-TRANSFORM: uppercase">
      <DIV class=3Dsidefm-pmclink-item><A class=3Dsidefm-pmclink=20
      style=3D"TEXT-TRANSFORM: uppercase"=20
      =
href=3D"http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=3Dpubmed=
&amp;pubmedid=3D18797509#id123768">Discussion</A></DIV></SPAN><SPAN=20
      style=3D"TEXT-TRANSFORM: uppercase">
      <DIV class=3Dsidefm-pmclink-item><A class=3Dsidefm-pmclink=20
      style=3D"TEXT-TRANSFORM: uppercase"=20
      =
href=3D"http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=3Dpubmed=
&amp;pubmedid=3D18797509#id124262">References</A></DIV></SPAN></DIV></TD>=

    <TD class=3Dcontent-cell>
      <DIV class=3D"head1 section-title" id=3Did122931=20
      style=3D"TEXT-TRANSFORM: uppercase">Introduction</DIV>
      <DIV class=3Dsection-content>
      <P>The medicinal treasures in the pharmacopoeia worldwide, =
harboring=20
      multi-faced monographs, whose pharmacologic potential albeit their =

      therapeutic limits are well known. New formulations of =
conventional=20
      cytotoxic drugs may open a door to a new quality of the =
pharmaceutical=20
      research. This redesign of =E2=80=9Cold fashioned=E2=80=9D =
molecules to highly active=20
      pharmaceutical ingredients (API) could be a suitable practice =
capable of=20
      improve the therapeutic index <SUP><A class=3Dcite-reflink=20
      =
href=3D"http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=3Dpubmed=
&amp;pubmedid=3D18797509#B1">1</A></SUP><SUP>-</SUP><SUP><A=20
      class=3Dcite-reflink=20
      =
href=3D"http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=3Dpubmed=
&amp;pubmedid=3D18797509#B4">4</A></SUP>.=20
      In case of malignant brain tumors especially in the chemotherapy =
of=20
      glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) the anti cancer drug temozolomide =
(TMZ)=20
      (8-carbamoyl-3-methylimidazo =
[5,1-d]-1,2,3,5-tetrazin-4(3<EM>H</EM>)-one)=20
      has been well studied <SUP><A class=3Dcite-reflink=20
      =
href=3D"http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=3Dpubmed=
&amp;pubmedid=3D18797509#B5">5</A></SUP><SUP>,=20
      </SUP><SUP><A class=3Dcite-reflink=20
      =
href=3D"http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=3Dpubmed=
&amp;pubmedid=3D18797509#B6">6</A></SUP>.=20
      It has been shown in recent phase III study, that a simultaneous =
therapy=20
      with TMZ improves survival rates for patients with GBM treated =
with=20
      radiotherapy <SUP><A class=3Dcite-reflink=20
      =
href=3D"http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=3Dpubmed=
&amp;pubmedid=3D18797509#B7">7</A></SUP>.=20
      Encouraging data <SUP><A class=3Dcite-reflink=20
      =
href=3D"http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=3Dpubmed=
&amp;pubmedid=3D18797509#B8">8</A></SUP>=20
      give reason to expand the intervention with TMZ to difficult tumor =
types=20
      like prostate cancer. Under clinical conditions TMZ was absorbed =
rapidly=20
      into the blood, and spontaneously decomposed at physiological pH =
to the=20
      cytotoxic methylating agent =
5-(3-methyltriazeno)-imidazole-4-carboxamide=20
      (MTIC). Its half-life and apparent oral systemic clearance values =
were 1.8=20
      hours and 97 ml/minute/m<SUP>2</SUP>, however neutropenia and=20
      thrombocytopenia limited the tolerable application doses to 1000=20
      mg/m<SUP>2</SUP>. The cytotoxicity of TMZ appears to be elicited =
through=20
      adduction of methyl groups to O<SUP>6</SUP> positions of guanine=20
      (O<SUP>6</SUP>mG) in genomic DNA <SUP><A class=3Dcite-reflink=20
      =
href=3D"http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=3Dpubmed=
&amp;pubmedid=3D18797509#B9">9</A></SUP>=20
      followed by recognition of this adduct by the mismatch repair =
system=20
      (MMR), which can mispair with thymine during the next cycle of DNA =

      replication <SUP><A class=3Dcite-reflink=20
      =
href=3D"http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=3Dpubmed=
&amp;pubmedid=3D18797509#B10">10</A></SUP><SUP>,=20
      </SUP><SUP><A class=3Dcite-reflink=20
      =
href=3D"http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=3Dpubmed=
&amp;pubmedid=3D18797509#B11">11</A></SUP>.</P>
      <P>The half-life of TMZ <SUP><A class=3Dcite-reflink=20
      =
href=3D"http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=3Dpubmed=
&amp;pubmedid=3D18797509#B12">12</A></SUP>=20
      in plasma and the non-target-gene-specific alkylating mode of =
action can=20
      lead to undesired adverse reactions, which could result in =
discontinuation=20
      or interruption of therapy. TMZ therefore seems to be a good =
candidate for=20
      reformulation, since our new TMZ derivatives could circumvent =
these=20
      problems by retaining the high efficiency but not the adverse =
effects of=20
      TMZ.</P>
      <P>The coupling of a peptide-based nuclear localization sequence =
(NLS)=20
      leads to an active nuclear targeting minimizing the above =
described=20
      handicaps (Drug Design, Development and Therapy, in press). But =
due to=20
      their higher molecular mass and their physico-chemical =
characteristics the=20
      transport of TMZ-NLS peptide conjugates alone across the cellular =
membrane=20
      is poor. Therefore a transport molecule is needed so that a =
sufficient=20
      concentration of pharmacologically active molecules can reach =
their target=20
      side inside the nucleus.</P>
      <P>Our efforts resulted in suitable ligation modes of TMZ with a =
nuclear=20
      address peptide which in turn is connected to carrier molecules. =
For a=20
      better understanding a definition for =E2=80=9Cligation=E2=80=9D =
is given in chemistry the=20
      meaning of =E2=80=9Cligation reaction=E2=80=9D is the basis of the =
Diels-Alder chemistry,=20
      which we focus on here.</P>
      <P>Such a ligation reaction should meet the following criteria: =
(1) rapid=20
      course of the reaction, (2) independent from solvent properties, =
(3) no=20
      side reaction with other functional groups present in the =
molecules, (4)=20
      without additional coupling-reagents, (5) irreversible chemical =
reaction=20
      characteristics, and (6) an economical procedure.</P>
      <P>Our concept is based on the 'Click Chemistry'. It's =
applications are=20
      increasingly found in all aspects of drug discovery, ranging from =
clue=20
      finding through combinatorial chemistry and target-templated =
<EM>in=20
      situ</EM> chemistry, to proteomics and DNA research, using =
Staudinger and=20
      Sharpless conjugation reactions <SUP><A class=3Dcite-reflink=20
      =
href=3D"http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=3Dpubmed=
&amp;pubmedid=3D18797509#B13">13</A></SUP><SUP>-</SUP><SUP><A=20
      class=3Dcite-reflink=20
      =
href=3D"http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=3Dpubmed=
&amp;pubmedid=3D18797509#B16">16</A></SUP>.=20
      In this regard the 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition developed by Huisgen =
has to=20
      be considered as a 'cream of the crop' <SUP><A =
class=3Dcite-reflink=20
      =
href=3D"http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=3Dpubmed=
&amp;pubmedid=3D18797509#B17">17</A></SUP>.</P>
      <P>Our ligation approach is based on cycloaddition reactions via =
the=20
      pericyclic Diels Alder Reaction (DAR) with =
'inverse-electron-demand'=20
      (DAR<SUB>inv</SUB>), which is a modification of =
=CF=80-electron-deficient=20
      N-heteroaromatics with electron-rich dienophils <SUP><A =
class=3Dcite-reflink=20
      =
href=3D"http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=3Dpubmed=
&amp;pubmedid=3D18797509#B18">18</A></SUP>.=20
      The DAR<SUB>inv</SUB> is, in contrast to DAR, irreversible with =
the=20
      compounds we used. In this way the pharmaceutic TMZ was coupled to =
the=20
      modularly structured carrier. We called it TMZ-BioShuttle. During=20
      biological tests we reached a dramatically increased efficiency in =
two=20
      different tumor cell lines in the glioblastoma cell line TP 366 =
and in the=20
      human prostate cancer cell line DU 145.</P>
      <P>The analyses of dilution series indicated for the application =
of the=20
      TMZ-BioShuttle that the spectra of the treatable tumor types could =
be=20
      extended.</P></DIV></TD></TR>
  <TR vAlign=3Dtop>
    <TD class=3Dsidebar-cell width=3D145>
      <DIV class=3Dside-section-group><SPAN style=3D"TEXT-TRANSFORM: =
uppercase">
      <DIV class=3Dsidefm-pmclink-item><A class=3Dsidefm-pmclink=20
      style=3D"TEXT-TRANSFORM: uppercase"=20
      =
href=3D"http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=3Dpubmed=
&amp;pubmedid=3D18797509#top">Top</A></DIV></SPAN><SPAN=20
      style=3D"TEXT-TRANSFORM: uppercase">
      <DIV class=3Dsidefm-pmclink-item><A class=3Dsidefm-pmclink=20
      style=3D"TEXT-TRANSFORM: uppercase"=20
      =
href=3D"http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=3Dpubmed=
&amp;pubmedid=3D18797509#id122894">Abstract</A></DIV></SPAN><SPAN=20
      style=3D"TEXT-TRANSFORM: uppercase">
      <DIV class=3Dsidefm-pmclink-item><A class=3Dsidefm-pmclink=20
      style=3D"TEXT-TRANSFORM: uppercase"=20
      =
href=3D"http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=3Dpubmed=
&amp;pubmedid=3D18797509#id122931">Introduction</A></DIV></SPAN>
      <DIV class=3Dsidefm-pmccurrent-item><A class=3Dsidefm-pmclink=20
      style=3D"TEXT-TRANSFORM: uppercase" =
href=3D"javascript:return(false);"><SPAN=20
      class=3Dsidebar-menu-square-image-holder><IMG alt=3D">"=20
      =
src=3D"http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/corehtml/pmc/pmcgifs/square.gif" =

      border=3D0></SPAN>Materials and Methods</A></DIV><SPAN=20
      style=3D"TEXT-TRANSFORM: uppercase">
      <DIV class=3Dsidefm-pmclink-item><A class=3Dsidefm-pmclink=20
      style=3D"TEXT-TRANSFORM: uppercase"=20
      =
href=3D"http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=3Dpubmed=
&amp;pubmedid=3D18797509#id123399">Results</A></DIV></SPAN><SPAN=20
      style=3D"TEXT-TRANSFORM: uppercase">
      <DIV class=3Dsidefm-pmclink-item><A class=3Dsidefm-pmclink=20
      style=3D"TEXT-TRANSFORM: uppercase"=20
      =
href=3D"http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=3Dpubmed=
&amp;pubmedid=3D18797509#id123768">Discussion</A></DIV></SPAN><SPAN=20
      style=3D"TEXT-TRANSFORM: uppercase">
      <DIV class=3Dsidefm-pmclink-item><A class=3Dsidefm-pmclink=20
      style=3D"TEXT-TRANSFORM: uppercase"=20
      =
href=3D"http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=3Dpubmed=
&amp;pubmedid=3D18797509#id124262">References</A></DIV></SPAN></DIV></TD>=

    <TD class=3Dcontent-cell>
      <DIV class=3D"head1 section-title" id=3Did123178=20
      style=3D"TEXT-TRANSFORM: uppercase">Materials and Methods</DIV>
      <DIV class=3Dsection-content>
      <P>
      <DIV class=3D"head2 head-separate">Synthesis of the =
TMZ-derivative</DIV>A=20
      0.2 mol preparation with 42.7 mg=20
      =
4-methyl-5-oxo-2,3,4,6,8-pentazabicyclo[4.3.0]nona-2,7,9-trien-9-carboxyl=
ic=20
      acid chloride and 67.4 mg modified tetrazine as well as 28 =C2=B5l =

      triethylamine were dissolved in chloroform. The reaction process =
runs=20
      undisturbed and provides a defined product with the molecular =
weight (MW)=20
      m/e 513.
      <P></P>
      <P>
      <DIV class=3D"head2 head-separate">Synthesis of the =
Boc-Lys(TCT)-OH</DIV>42=20
      mg cyclooctotetraen and 44 mg maleic acid anhydride were resolved =
in=20
      chloroform and methanol 1 %. The chemical reaction is described by =
Reppe=20
      <SUP><A class=3Dcite-reflink=20
      =
href=3D"http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=3Dpubmed=
&amp;pubmedid=3D18797509#B19">19</A></SUP>.
      <P></P>
      <P>
      <DIV class=3D"head2 head-separate">Solid phase peptide synthesis =
of the=20
      BioShuttle transporter</DIV>For solid phase synthesis of the=20
      K(TCT)-NLS-S=E2=88=A9S-transmembrane transport peptide the =
Fmoc-strategy was=20
      employed in a fully automated multiple synthesizer (Syro II) =
<SUP><A=20
      class=3Dcite-reflink=20
      =
href=3D"http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=3Dpubmed=
&amp;pubmedid=3D18797509#B20">20</A></SUP>.=20
      The synthesis was carried out on a 0.05mmol =
Fmoc-Lys(Boc)-polystyrene=20
      resin 1% crosslinked and on a 0.053 mmol Fmoc-Cys(Trt)-polystyrene =
resin=20
      (1% crosslinked). As coupling agent=20
      2-(1H-Benzotriazole-1-yl)-1,1,3,3-tetramethyluronium =
hexafluorophosphate=20
      (HBTU) was used. The last amino acid of the NLS-peptide was =
incorporated=20
      as Boc-Lys(TCT)-OH. Cleavage and deprotection of the peptide resin =
were=20
      affected by treatment with 90% trifluoroacetic acid, 5% =
ethanedithiol,=20
      2.5% thioanisole, 2.5% phenol (v/v/v/v) for 2.5 h at room =
temperature. The=20
      products were precipitated in ether. The crude material was =
purified by=20
      preparative HPLC on an Kromasil 300-5C18 reverse phase column (20 =
=C3=97 150=20
      mm) using an eluent of 0.1% trifluoroacetic acid in water (A) and =
60%=20
      acetonitrile in water (B). The peptides were eluted with a =
successive=20
      linear gradient of 25% B to 60% B in 40 min at a flow rate of 20 =
ml/min.=20
      The fractions corresponding to the purified protein were =
lyophilized.
      <P></P>
      <P>
      <DIV class=3D"head2 head-separate">Coupling of the transmembrane =
carrier -=20
      and the K(TCT)-NLS-Cys-module</DIV>The K(TCT)-NLS-C and the =
transport=20
      peptide were oxidized in an aqueous solution of 2mg/ml in 20% =
DMSO. After=20
      five hours the reaction was complete. The oxidation progress was =
monitored=20
      by analytical C18 reversed-phase HPLC, and then the peptide was =
purified=20
      as described above. The purified material was characterized with=20
      analytical HPLC and laser desorption mass spectrometry in a Bruker =
Reflex=20
      II.
      <P></P>
      <P>
      <DIV class=3D"head2 head-separate">Reagents and cell =
culture</DIV>Human=20
      glioblastoma (GBM) primary cells (TP 366) <SUP><A =
class=3Dcite-reflink=20
      =
href=3D"http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=3Dpubmed=
&amp;pubmedid=3D18797509#B21">21</A></SUP>=20
      and human prostate cancer cells (DU 145) <SUP><A =
class=3Dcite-reflink=20
      =
href=3D"http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=3Dpubmed=
&amp;pubmedid=3D18797509#B22">22</A></SUP>=20
      were provided by the DKFZ division of Biophysics of =
Macromolecules. All=20
      cell lines were cultured in DMEM (Gibco Cat. No. 12800) =
supplemented with=20
      10% FCS and maintained in culture at 37=C2=B0C with 5% =
CO<SUB>2</SUB>=20
      atmosphere and 95% humidity.
      <P></P>
      <P>
      <DIV class=3D"head2 head-separate">Chemotherapy =
treatment</DIV>Pure=20
      temozolomide (TMZ) was purchased from Sigma-Aldrich, Germany (Cat. =
No.=20
      76899) and the material was subdivided into two parts for =
subsequent=20
      processing. One part was followed up and coupled to the =
transporter=20
      molecules. As a control, the second part was dissolved in =
acetonitrile 10%=20
      (Sigma-Aldrich, Germany) with a final concentration of 0.2% =
acetonitrile.
      <P>DU 145 and TP 366 cells were seeded (1 =C3=97 10<SUP>5</SUP> =
cells/ml) in=20
      DMEM (control) and in DMEM containing a dilution series of TMZ and =
of=20
      TMZ-BioShuttle from 50 to 6.25 =C2=B5M respectively. The behavior =
of the cells=20
      was up to 6 days.</P>
      <P></P>
      <P>
      <DIV class=3D"head2 head-separate">Cell Cycle Analysis</DIV>The =
effects on=20
      the cell cycle distribution were determined by DNA flow cytometry. =
Flow=20
      cytometric analyses were performed using a PAS II flow cytometer =
(Partec,=20
      Muenster, Germany) equipped with a mercury vapor lamp (100 W) and =
a filter=20
      combination for 2,4-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI) stained single =
cells.=20
      From native probes the cells were isolated with 2.1% citric acid/ =
0.5%=20
      Tween 20 according to the method for high resolution DNA and cell =
cycle=20
      analyses <SUP><A class=3Dcite-reflink=20
      =
href=3D"http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=3Dpubmed=
&amp;pubmedid=3D18797509#B23">23</A></SUP>=20
      at room temperature. Phosphate buffer (7.2g =
Na<SUB>2</SUB>HPO<SUB>4=20
      </SUB>=C3=97 2H<SUB>2</SUB>O in 100ml H<SUB>2</SUB>O dest.) pH 8.0 =
containing=20
      DAPI for staining the cell suspension was performed. Each =
histogram=20
      represents 30.000 cells for measuring DNA-index and cell cycle. =
For=20
      histogram analysis, we used the Multicycle program (Phoenix Flow =
Systems,=20
      San Diego, CA).
      <P></P>
      <P>
      <DIV class=3D"head2 head-separate">Cell viability</DIV>For =
detection of=20
      apoptotic cells and viability, a FACS Calibur flow cytometer =
(Becton=20
      Dickinson Cytometry Systems, San Jose, CA) was used with filter=20
      combinations for propidium iodide. For analyses and calculations, =
the=20
      Cellquest program (Becton Dickinson Cytometry Systems, San Jose, =
CA) was=20
      carried out. Each histogram and dot plot represents 10.000 cells. =
After=20
      preparation according to Nicoletti <SUP><A class=3Dcite-reflink=20
      =
href=3D"http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=3Dpubmed=
&amp;pubmedid=3D18797509#B24">24</A></SUP>=20
      with modifications <SUP><A class=3Dcite-reflink=20
      =
href=3D"http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=3Dpubmed=
&amp;pubmedid=3D18797509#B25">25</A></SUP><SUP>,=20
      </SUP><SUP><A class=3Dcite-reflink=20
      =
href=3D"http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=3Dpubmed=
&amp;pubmedid=3D18797509#B26">26</A></SUP>,=20
      measurements were acquired in the logarithmic mode in Fl-3 and =
calculated=20
      by setting gates over the first three decades to detect apoptotic =
cells.=20
      Dead cells are positive for propidium iodide and stained red, =
living cells=20
      remain unstained. In the logarithmic histogram the positions of =
unstained=20
      living cells in a are in the first 2 decades the 3<SUP>th</SUP> =
decade=20
      contains cells with membrane damage, dead cells are placed in the=20
      4<SUP>th</SUP> decade.
      <P></P></DIV></TD></TR>
  <TR vAlign=3Dtop>
    <TD class=3Dsidebar-cell width=3D145>
      <DIV class=3Dside-section-group><SPAN style=3D"TEXT-TRANSFORM: =
uppercase">
      <DIV class=3Dsidefm-pmclink-item><A class=3Dsidefm-pmclink=20
      style=3D"TEXT-TRANSFORM: uppercase"=20
      =
href=3D"http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=3Dpubmed=
&amp;pubmedid=3D18797509#top">Top</A></DIV></SPAN><SPAN=20
      style=3D"TEXT-TRANSFORM: uppercase">
      <DIV class=3Dsidefm-pmclink-item><A class=3Dsidefm-pmclink=20
      style=3D"TEXT-TRANSFORM: uppercase"=20
      =
href=3D"http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=3Dpubmed=
&amp;pubmedid=3D18797509#id122894">Abstract</A></DIV></SPAN><SPAN=20
      style=3D"TEXT-TRANSFORM: uppercase">
      <DIV class=3Dsidefm-pmclink-item><A class=3Dsidefm-pmclink=20
      style=3D"TEXT-TRANSFORM: uppercase"=20
      =
href=3D"http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=3Dpubmed=
&amp;pubmedid=3D18797509#id122931">Introduction</A></DIV></SPAN><SPAN=20
      style=3D"TEXT-TRANSFORM: uppercase">
      <DIV class=3Dsidefm-pmclink-item><A class=3Dsidefm-pmclink=20
      style=3D"TEXT-TRANSFORM: uppercase"=20
      =
href=3D"http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=3Dpubmed=
&amp;pubmedid=3D18797509#id123178">Materials=20
      and Methods</A></DIV></SPAN>
      <DIV class=3Dsidefm-pmccurrent-item><A class=3Dsidefm-pmclink=20
      style=3D"TEXT-TRANSFORM: uppercase" =
href=3D"javascript:return(false);"><SPAN=20
      class=3Dsidebar-menu-square-image-holder><IMG alt=3D">"=20
      =
src=3D"http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/corehtml/pmc/pmcgifs/square.gif" =

      border=3D0></SPAN>Results</A></DIV><SPAN style=3D"TEXT-TRANSFORM: =
uppercase">
      <DIV class=3Dsidefm-pmclink-item><A class=3Dsidefm-pmclink=20
      style=3D"TEXT-TRANSFORM: uppercase"=20
      =
href=3D"http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=3Dpubmed=
&amp;pubmedid=3D18797509#id123768">Discussion</A></DIV></SPAN><SPAN=20
      style=3D"TEXT-TRANSFORM: uppercase">
      <DIV class=3Dsidefm-pmclink-item><A class=3Dsidefm-pmclink=20
      style=3D"TEXT-TRANSFORM: uppercase"=20
      =
href=3D"http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=3Dpubmed=
&amp;pubmedid=3D18797509#id124262">References</A></DIV></SPAN></DIV></TD>=

    <TD class=3Dcontent-cell>
      <DIV class=3D"head1 section-title" id=3Did123399=20
      style=3D"TEXT-TRANSFORM: uppercase">Results</DIV>
      <DIV class=3Dsection-content>
      <P>
      <DIV class=3D"head2 head-separate">Time-Course of Cell Growth and =
comet=20
      formation in DU 145 prostate cancer and TP 366 glioblastoma cells =
provoked=20
      by TMZ and TMZ-BioShuttle dilution series</DIV>Two different cell =
lines=20
      originating from different tumor entities like the metastatic =
human=20
      prostate epithelium adenocarcinoma, herein referred as DU 145 =
(Figures <A=20
      class=3Dfig-table-link onclick=3D"startTarget(this, 'figure', =
1024, 800)"=20
      =
href=3D"http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=3D25367=
15&amp;rendertype=3Dfigure&amp;id=3DF1">1</A>-<A=20
      class=3Dfig-table-link onclick=3D"startTarget(this, 'figure', =
1024, 800)"=20
      =
href=3D"http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=3D25367=
15&amp;rendertype=3Dfigure&amp;id=3DF2">2</A>)=20
      and TP 366 cells derived from human glioblastoma (Figures <A=20
      class=3Dfig-table-link onclick=3D"startTarget(this, 'figure', =
1024, 800)"=20
      =
href=3D"http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=3D25367=
15&amp;rendertype=3Dfigure&amp;id=3DF3">3</A>-<A=20
      class=3Dfig-table-link onclick=3D"startTarget(this, 'figure', =
1024, 800)"=20
      =
href=3D"http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=3D25367=
15&amp;rendertype=3Dfigure&amp;id=3DF4">4</A>)=20
      were used to investigate the pharmacological effect of TMZ and=20
      TMZ-BioShuttle.
      <DIV=20
      style=3D"BORDER-RIGHT: #999999 1px solid; BORDER-TOP: #999999 1px =
solid; MARGIN: 1em 2em 1em 1em; BORDER-LEFT: #aaaaaa 1px solid; =
BORDER-BOTTOM: #aaaaaa 1px solid">
      <DIV=20
      style=3D"BORDER-RIGHT: #f0f0f0 3px solid; BORDER-TOP: #f0f0f0 3px =
solid; BORDER-LEFT: #f8f8f8 1px solid; BORDER-BOTTOM: #f8f8f8 1px =
solid"><A=20
      id=3DF1 name=3DF1></A>
      <TABLE style=3D"CLEAR: both; WIDTH: 100%" cellSpacing=3D5 =
cellPadding=3D5=20
      border=3D0>
        <TBODY>
        <TR vAlign=3Dtop align=3Dleft>
          <TD align=3Dmiddle width=3D100><A class=3Dicon-reflink=20
            onclick=3D"startTarget(this, 'figure', 1024, 800)"=20
            =
href=3D"http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=3D25367=
15&amp;rendertype=3Dfigure&amp;id=3DF1"><IMG=20
            class=3Dicon-reflink title=3D"Figure 1" alt=3D"Figure 1"=20
            =
src=3D"http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/picrender.fcgi?artid=3D2536715&am=
p;blobname=3Dijmsv05p0273g01.gif"=20
            border=3D1></A></TD>
          <TD><A class=3Dside-caption=20
            onclick=3D"startTarget(this, 'figure', 1024, 800)"=20
            =
href=3D"http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=3D25367=
15&amp;rendertype=3Dfigure&amp;id=3DF1"><STRONG>Figure=20
            1</STRONG></A>
            <DIV =
class=3Dfigure-table-caption-in-article><SPAN>Microscopical=20
            monitoring of the human prostate cancer DU 145 cells 2 days =
after=20
            treatment with TMZ. In the comet column the scale bar =
represents 20=20
            =C2=B5m. The microscopic pictures were taken in =
phase-contrast,=20
            enlargement 200=C3=97.</SPAN><A class=3Dside-caption=20
            style=3D"FONT-SIZE: 100%"=20
            onclick=3D"startTarget(this, 'figure', 1024, 800)"=20
            =
href=3D"http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=3D25367=
15&amp;rendertype=3Dfigure&amp;id=3DF1">=20
            (more ...)</A></DIV></TD></TR></TBODY></TABLE></DIV></DIV>
      <DIV style=3D"CLEAR: both"></DIV>
      <DIV=20
      style=3D"BORDER-RIGHT: #999999 1px solid; BORDER-TOP: #999999 1px =
solid; MARGIN: 1em 2em 1em 1em; BORDER-LEFT: #aaaaaa 1px solid; =
BORDER-BOTTOM: #aaaaaa 1px solid">
      <DIV=20
      style=3D"BORDER-RIGHT: #f0f0f0 3px solid; BORDER-TOP: #f0f0f0 3px =
solid; BORDER-LEFT: #f8f8f8 1px solid; BORDER-BOTTOM: #f8f8f8 1px =
solid"><A=20
      id=3DF2 name=3DF2></A>
      <TABLE style=3D"CLEAR: both; WIDTH: 100%" cellSpacing=3D5 =
cellPadding=3D5=20
      border=3D0>
        <TBODY>
        <TR vAlign=3Dtop align=3Dleft>
          <TD align=3Dmiddle width=3D100><A class=3Dicon-reflink=20
            onclick=3D"startTarget(this, 'figure', 1024, 800)"=20
            =
href=3D"http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=3D25367=
15&amp;rendertype=3Dfigure&amp;id=3DF2"><IMG=20
            class=3Dicon-reflink title=3D"Figure 2" alt=3D"Figure 2"=20
            =
src=3D"http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/picrender.fcgi?artid=3D2536715&am=
p;blobname=3Dijmsv05p0273g02.gif"=20
            border=3D1></A></TD>
          <TD><A class=3Dside-caption=20
            onclick=3D"startTarget(this, 'figure', 1024, 800)"=20
            =
href=3D"http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=3D25367=
15&amp;rendertype=3Dfigure&amp;id=3DF2"><STRONG>Figure=20
            2</STRONG></A>
            <DIV =
class=3Dfigure-table-caption-in-article><SPAN>Microscopical=20
            monitoring of the human prostate cancer DU 145 cells 2 days =
after=20
            treatment with TMZ-BioShuttle. In the comet column, the =
scale bars=20
            in the maps represent 20 =C2=B5m. The microscopic pictures =
were taken in=20
            phase-contrast,</SPAN><A class=3Dside-caption =
style=3D"FONT-SIZE: 100%"=20
            onclick=3D"startTarget(this, 'figure', 1024, 800)"=20
            =
href=3D"http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=3D25367=
15&amp;rendertype=3Dfigure&amp;id=3DF2">=20
            (more ...)</A></DIV></TD></TR></TBODY></TABLE></DIV></DIV>
      <DIV style=3D"CLEAR: both"></DIV>
      <DIV=20
      style=3D"BORDER-RIGHT: #999999 1px solid; BORDER-TOP: #999999 1px =
solid; MARGIN: 1em 2em 1em 1em; BORDER-LEFT: #aaaaaa 1px solid; =
BORDER-BOTTOM: #aaaaaa 1px solid">
      <DIV=20
      style=3D"BORDER-RIGHT: #f0f0f0 3px solid; BORDER-TOP: #f0f0f0 3px =
solid; BORDER-LEFT: #f8f8f8 1px solid; BORDER-BOTTOM: #f8f8f8 1px =
solid"><A=20
      id=3DF3 name=3DF3></A>
      <TABLE style=3D"CLEAR: both; WIDTH: 100%" cellSpacing=3D5 =
cellPadding=3D5=20
      border=3D0>
        <TBODY>
        <TR vAlign=3Dtop align=3Dleft>
          <TD align=3Dmiddle width=3D100><A class=3Dicon-reflink=20
            onclick=3D"startTarget(this, 'figure', 1024, 800)"=20
            =
href=3D"http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=3D25367=
15&amp;rendertype=3Dfigure&amp;id=3DF3"><IMG=20
            class=3Dicon-reflink title=3D"Figure 3" alt=3D"Figure 3"=20
            =
src=3D"http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/picrender.fcgi?artid=3D2536715&am=
p;blobname=3Dijmsv05p0273g03.gif"=20
            border=3D1></A></TD>
          <TD><A class=3Dside-caption=20
            onclick=3D"startTarget(this, 'figure', 1024, 800)"=20
            =
href=3D"http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=3D25367=
15&amp;rendertype=3Dfigure&amp;id=3DF3"><STRONG>Figure=20
            3</STRONG></A>
            <DIV =
class=3Dfigure-table-caption-in-article><SPAN>Microscopic and=20
            comet assay studies of untreated TP 366 cells and treated =
with=20
            various concentrations of TMZ; the scale bar represents=20
            =
20=C2=B5m.</SPAN></DIV></TD></TR></TBODY></TABLE></DIV></DIV>
      <DIV style=3D"CLEAR: both"></DIV>
      <DIV=20
      style=3D"BORDER-RIGHT: #999999 1px solid; BORDER-TOP: #999999 1px =
solid; MARGIN: 1em 2em 1em 1em; BORDER-LEFT: #aaaaaa 1px solid; =
BORDER-BOTTOM: #aaaaaa 1px solid">
      <DIV=20
      style=3D"BORDER-RIGHT: #f0f0f0 3px solid; BORDER-TOP: #f0f0f0 3px =
solid; BORDER-LEFT: #f8f8f8 1px solid; BORDER-BOTTOM: #f8f8f8 1px =
solid"><A=20
      id=3DF4 name=3DF4></A>
      <TABLE style=3D"CLEAR: both; WIDTH: 100%" cellSpacing=3D5 =
cellPadding=3D5=20
      border=3D0>
        <TBODY>
        <TR vAlign=3Dtop align=3Dleft>
          <TD align=3Dmiddle width=3D100><A class=3Dicon-reflink=20
            onclick=3D"startTarget(this, 'figure', 1024, 800)"=20
            =
href=3D"http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=3D25367=
15&amp;rendertype=3Dfigure&amp;id=3DF4"><IMG=20
            class=3Dicon-reflink title=3D"Figure 4" alt=3D"Figure 4"=20
            =
src=3D"http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/picrender.fcgi?artid=3D2536715&am=
p;blobname=3Dijmsv05p0273g04.gif"=20
            border=3D1></A></TD>
          <TD><A class=3Dside-caption=20
            onclick=3D"startTarget(this, 'figure', 1024, 800)"=20
            =
href=3D"http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=3D25367=
15&amp;rendertype=3Dfigure&amp;id=3DF4"><STRONG>Figure=20
            4</STRONG></A>
            <DIV =
class=3Dfigure-table-caption-in-article><SPAN>Microscopic and=20
            comet assay of untreated TP 366 glioblastoma cells, and 6 =
days after=20
            treatment with TMZ-BioShuttle; the scale bar represents =
20=C2=B5m.=20
            Microscopic magnification is 200-fold in the phase contrast=20
            =
microscope.</SPAN></DIV></TD></TR></TBODY></TABLE></DIV></DIV>
      <DIV style=3D"CLEAR: both"></DIV>
      <P>To learn more about the DNA damage and cell death in the two =
different=20
      cell lines after treatment with TMZ as well as with TMZ-BioShuttle =
using=20
      the identical dilution series, we carried out comet assays in =
parallel=20
      probes (right columns of the figure <A class=3Dfig-table-link=20
      onclick=3D"startTarget(this, 'figure', 1024, 800)"=20
      =
href=3D"http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=3D25367=
15&amp;rendertype=3Dfigure&amp;id=3DF1">1</A>=20
      and <A class=3Dfig-table-link=20
      onclick=3D"startTarget(this, 'figure', 1024, 800)"=20
      =
href=3D"http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=3D25367=
15&amp;rendertype=3Dfigure&amp;id=3DF2">2</A>).=20
      Basically the untreated cultures of DU 145 prostate cancer cells =
and TP=20
      366 cells did not exhibit fragmented DNA.</P>
      <P></P>
      <P>
      <DIV class=3D"head2 head-separate">DU 145 Prostate cancer =
cells</DIV>In=20
      order to determine the sensitivity of these cells we used a =
dilution=20
      series in a range from 50 to 6.25 =C2=B5M of TMZ and =
TMZ-BioShuttle=20
      respectively.
      <P>Two days after treatment with the TMZ final concentrations =
6.25, 12.5=20
      and 25 =C2=B5M, the DU 145 cells seemed to be unfazed and no =
visual change in=20
      the phenotype could be observed under the light microscope. =
Counting the=20
      corresponding cell numbers offered a hardly detectable decrease of =
the=20
      cell number (from 1.15 to 1.05 =C3=97 10<SUP>6</SUP> cells) if =
anything=20
      compared to the untreated control with 1.12 =C3=97 10<SUP>6</SUP> =
cells. Only=20
      the probe treated with 25 =C2=B5M TMZ revealed a decrease to 0.844 =
=C3=97=20
      10<SUP>6</SUP> cells (Figure <A class=3Dfig-table-link=20
      onclick=3D"startTarget(this, 'figure', 1024, 800)"=20
      =
href=3D"http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=3D25367=
15&amp;rendertype=3Dfigure&amp;id=3DF1">1</A>).=20
      The comet assay study indicated a higher sensitivity and exhibits=20
      fragmented DNA in the probes which were treated with 12.5, 25 and =
50 =C2=B5M=20
      TMZ. The samples treated with 50 =C2=B5M TMZ displayed a decrease =
of the cell=20
      number to 0.628 =C3=97 10<SUP>6</SUP>. Additionally in the cell =
culture medium=20
      an increasing number of dead, clumped DU 145 cells could be =
observed.</P>
      <P></P>
      <P>
      <DIV class=3D"head2 head-separate">TP 366 glioblastoma =
cells</DIV>Light=20
      microscopical studies showed a reduced cell population after =
treatment=20
      with 6.25 =C2=B5M TMZ for 6 days which was increased further =
diminished under=20
      two fold application doses (12.5; 25 =C2=B5M) from 6.2 =C3=97 =
10<SUP>5 </SUP>cells=20
      (untreated control) to 5.3; 4.8, and 2.1 =C3=97 10<SUP>5 =
</SUP>cells. In the TP=20
      366 cells the TMZ probe treated with 50 =C2=B5M, however, the cell =
population=20
      remained at the level of the 25 =C2=B5M treated cells (2.1 =C3=97 =
10<SUP>5=20
      </SUP>cells) and may reach a saturation level.
      <P>After 6 days treatment with 6.25 =C2=B5M TMZ (figure <A =
class=3Dfig-table-link=20
      onclick=3D"startTarget(this, 'figure', 1024, 800)"=20
      =
href=3D"http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=3D25367=
15&amp;rendertype=3Dfigure&amp;id=3DF1">1</A>=20
      and <A class=3Dfig-table-link=20
      onclick=3D"startTarget(this, 'figure', 1024, 800)"=20
      =
href=3D"http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=3D25367=
15&amp;rendertype=3Dfigure&amp;id=3DF2">2</A>)=20
      the TP 366 cells showed differently sized and fragmented dead =
cells,=20
      sporadic comet structures and shrunken nuclei. In relation to the=20
      increased application doses an increase of fractionated DNA and =
shrunk=20
      nuclei could be observed. The TP 366 probe treated with 50 =C2=B5M =
TMZ=20
      exhibited sporadic comets and almost condensed nuclei. The probes =
treated=20
      with TMZ-BioShuttle displayed a deviant behavior. The 6.25 =C2=B5M =

      TMZ-BioShuttle treated cells offer no DNA fragmentation, but their =
nuclei=20
      seemed to be partly swollen and diminished (figure <A =
class=3Dfig-table-link=20
      onclick=3D"startTarget(this, 'figure', 1024, 800)"=20
      =
href=3D"http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=3D25367=
15&amp;rendertype=3Dfigure&amp;id=3DF2">2</A>).=20
      The latter fraction was increasing in accordance to the increased=20
      application doses. In addition the total cell count of the TMZ =
treated=20
      samples was lower, compared to the cell number in the control and =
cells=20
      treated with TMZ-BioShuttle.</P>
      <P>The comet assay study detected no DNA fragmentation in the =
untreated=20
      control TP 366 cells until 144 hours. After application of =
TMZ-BioShuttle=20
      (6.25 =C2=B5M) and more, much more DNA-fragments could be observed =
(figure <A=20
      class=3Dfig-table-link onclick=3D"startTarget(this, 'figure', =
1024, 800)"=20
      =
href=3D"http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=3D25367=
15&amp;rendertype=3Dfigure&amp;id=3DF4">4</A>).=20
      Indeed the use of higher application doses enhanced DNA =
fragmentations and=20
      the ratios of shrunk nuclei of TP 366 (figure <A =
class=3Dfig-table-link=20
      onclick=3D"startTarget(this, 'figure', 1024, 800)"=20
      =
href=3D"http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=3D25367=
15&amp;rendertype=3Dfigure&amp;id=3DF4">4</A>=20
      right column).</P>
      <P></P>
      <P>
      <DIV class=3D"head2 head-separate">Cell Cycle Studies</DIV>Here we =
present=20
      measurements of the cell activities like the cell cycle analysis =
using the=20
      flow cytometric method and a calculation of the percentage of =
cells in=20
      different phases of the cell cycle. These data were obtained after =

      treatment with TMZ and the TMZ-BioShuttle in depency on the =
application=20
      dose. We determined the cell cycle behaviour of TP 366 glioma =
cells and DU=20
      145 prostate cancer cells. To investigate the influence of TMZ =
with and=20
      without BioShuttle transporter we performed a dose-response =
analysis of=20
      the cell cycle shown in Figures <A class=3Dfig-table-link=20
      onclick=3D"startTarget(this, 'figure', 1024, 800)"=20
      =
href=3D"http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=3D25367=
15&amp;rendertype=3Dfigure&amp;id=3DF5">5</A>=20
      and <A class=3Dfig-table-link=20
      onclick=3D"startTarget(this, 'figure', 1024, 800)"=20
      =
href=3D"http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=3D25367=
15&amp;rendertype=3Dfigure&amp;id=3DF6">6</A>.
      <DIV=20
      style=3D"BORDER-RIGHT: #999999 1px solid; BORDER-TOP: #999999 1px =
solid; MARGIN: 1em 2em 1em 1em; BORDER-LEFT: #aaaaaa 1px solid; =
BORDER-BOTTOM: #aaaaaa 1px solid">
      <DIV=20
      style=3D"BORDER-RIGHT: #f0f0f0 3px solid; BORDER-TOP: #f0f0f0 3px =
solid; BORDER-LEFT: #f8f8f8 1px solid; BORDER-BOTTOM: #f8f8f8 1px =
solid"><A=20
      id=3DF5 name=3DF5></A>
      <TABLE style=3D"CLEAR: both; WIDTH: 100%" cellSpacing=3D5 =
cellPadding=3D5=20
      border=3D0>
        <TBODY>
        <TR vAlign=3Dtop align=3Dleft>
          <TD align=3Dmiddle width=3D100><A class=3Dicon-reflink=20
            onclick=3D"startTarget(this, 'figure', 1024, 800)"=20
            =
href=3D"http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=3D25367=
15&amp;rendertype=3Dfigure&amp;id=3DF5"><IMG=20
            class=3Dicon-reflink title=3D"Figure 5" alt=3D"Figure 5"=20
            =
src=3D"http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/picrender.fcgi?artid=3D2536715&am=
p;blobname=3Dijmsv05p0273g05.gif"=20
            border=3D1></A></TD>
          <TD><A class=3Dside-caption=20
            onclick=3D"startTarget(this, 'figure', 1024, 800)"=20
            =
href=3D"http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=3D25367=
15&amp;rendertype=3Dfigure&amp;id=3DF5"><STRONG>Figure=20
            5</STRONG></A>
            <DIV class=3Dfigure-table-caption-in-article><SPAN>The cell =
cycle=20
            distribution in TP 366 glioblastoma cells dependent on the =
applied=20
            concentration of TMZ (right column) and TMZ-BioShuttle (left =
column)=20
            6 days after treatment. The axes of coordinates represent =
the cell=20
            number; the abscissae</SPAN><A class=3Dside-caption=20
            style=3D"FONT-SIZE: 100%"=20
            onclick=3D"startTarget(this, 'figure', 1024, 800)"=20
            =
href=3D"http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=3D25367=
15&amp;rendertype=3Dfigure&amp;id=3DF5">=20
            (more ...)</A></DIV></TD></TR></TBODY></TABLE></DIV></DIV>
      <DIV style=3D"CLEAR: both"></DIV>
      <DIV=20
      style=3D"BORDER-RIGHT: #999999 1px solid; BORDER-TOP: #999999 1px =
solid; MARGIN: 1em 2em 1em 1em; BORDER-LEFT: #aaaaaa 1px solid; =
BORDER-BOTTOM: #aaaaaa 1px solid">
      <DIV=20
      style=3D"BORDER-RIGHT: #f0f0f0 3px solid; BORDER-TOP: #f0f0f0 3px =
solid; BORDER-LEFT: #f8f8f8 1px solid; BORDER-BOTTOM: #f8f8f8 1px =
solid"><A=20
      id=3DF6 name=3DF6></A>
      <TABLE style=3D"CLEAR: both; WIDTH: 100%" cellSpacing=3D5 =
cellPadding=3D5=20
      border=3D0>
        <TBODY>
        <TR vAlign=3Dtop align=3Dleft>
          <TD align=3Dmiddle width=3D100><A class=3Dicon-reflink=20
            onclick=3D"startTarget(this, 'figure', 1024, 800)"=20
            =
href=3D"http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=3D25367=
15&amp;rendertype=3Dfigure&amp;id=3DF6"><IMG=20
            class=3Dicon-reflink title=3D"Figure 6" alt=3D"Figure 6"=20
            =
src=3D"http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/picrender.fcgi?artid=3D2536715&am=
p;blobname=3Dijmsv05p0273g06.gif"=20
            border=3D1></A></TD>
          <TD><A class=3Dside-caption=20
            onclick=3D"startTarget(this, 'figure', 1024, 800)"=20
            =
href=3D"http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=3D25367=
15&amp;rendertype=3Dfigure&amp;id=3DF6"><STRONG>Figure=20
            6</STRONG></A>
            <DIV class=3Dfigure-table-caption-in-article><SPAN>The cell =
cycle=20
            ratio of DU 145 prostate cancer cells dependent on the =
applied=20
            concentration of TMZ (right column) and TMZ-BioShuttle (left =
column)=20
            2 days after treatment. The axes of coordinates represent =
the cell=20
            number; the abscissae represent</SPAN><A =
class=3Dside-caption=20
            style=3D"FONT-SIZE: 100%"=20
            onclick=3D"startTarget(this, 'figure', 1024, 800)"=20
            =
href=3D"http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=3D25367=
15&amp;rendertype=3Dfigure&amp;id=3DF6">=20
            (more ...)</A></DIV></TD></TR></TBODY></TABLE></DIV></DIV>
      <DIV style=3D"CLEAR: both"></DIV>
      <P></P>
      <P>
      <DIV class=3D"head2 head-separate">TP 366 glioblastoma cells =
treated by TMZ=20
      and TMZ-BioShuttle dilution series</DIV>Figure <A =
class=3Dfig-table-link=20
      onclick=3D"startTarget(this, 'figure', 1024, 800)"=20
      =
href=3D"http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=3D25367=
15&amp;rendertype=3Dfigure&amp;id=3DF5">5</A>=20
      exhibits the cell cycle distribution of TP 366 cells 6 days after=20
      treatment with increasing concentrations of TMZ and TMZ-BioShuttle =
is=20
      shown in figure <A class=3Dfig-table-link=20
      onclick=3D"startTarget(this, 'figure', 1024, 800)"=20
      =
href=3D"http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=3D25367=
15&amp;rendertype=3Dfigure&amp;id=3DF5">5</A>.=20
      The cell cycle distribution is signed as G1 phase, S phase and the =
G2/M=20
      phase. These cells show a diploid cycle (red coloured). The plot =
of the=20
      untreated control is demonstrated (figure <A =
class=3Dfig-table-link=20
      onclick=3D"startTarget(this, 'figure', 1024, 800)"=20
      =
href=3D"http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=3D25367=
15&amp;rendertype=3Dfigure&amp;id=3DF2">2</A>,=20
      line 1) and exhibits a G1 cell fraction of 86.4 % and a G2 cell =
fraction=20
      5.7 %. Looking the TMZ treated cells the contingent of cells in =
the S=20
      phase amounts to 7.8 %. In comparison to the S phase fraction of =
untreated=20
      control the percentage of S phase cells treated with 6.25 =C2=B5M =
TMZ is=20
      increased to 11.1 %. The doubling of the TMZ dose to 12.5 =C2=B5M =
results in a=20
      slightly decrease of the S phase fraction to 9.4 %. The further =
increase=20
      of the TMZ concentration to 25 =C2=B5M and 50 =C2=B5M has barely =
influenced the=20
      amount of the cells in the S phase with 9.1 % and 9.8 % =
respectively.=20
      Regarding the G2 phase we observed a dose dependent linear =
increase of the=20
      cell ratio. A concentration of 6.25 =C2=B5M depicted an increase =
of cells from=20
      5.7 % (control) to 10.2 %. The TMZ dose of 12.5 =C2=B5M results in =
a scarcely=20
      increase to 10.7 %, but the doubling of the TMZ concentration to =
25 =C2=B5M and=20
      further to 50 =C2=B5M resulted in an intense increase of the cell =
fraction in=20
      the G2/M phase with 15.9 % and 21.3 % respectively. The analysis =
of the=20
      dose dependent effect on the G1 phase exhibited the following =
trend: the=20
      starting dose rate was 6.25 =C2=B5M TMZ, doubling of the doses to =
25 and to 50=20
      =C2=B5M showed a reciprocal proportionality to the percentage of =
G1 cells,=20
      74.8% and 68.8% (figure <A class=3Dfig-table-link=20
      onclick=3D"startTarget(this, 'figure', 1024, 800)"=20
      =
href=3D"http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=3D25367=
15&amp;rendertype=3Dfigure&amp;id=3DF2">2</A>,=20
      right column).
      <P>The TMZ-BioShuttle treated TP 366 cells presented a cell cycle=20
      behaviour strongly differing from the untreated control and from =
the TMZ=20
      treated cells.</P>
      <P>The probe treated with 6.25 =C2=B5M evidenced a reduced cell =
fraction in G1=20
      phase of 70.6% already. The TP366 cells treated with doses 12.5 =
and 25 =C2=B5M=20
      indicate G1 ratios of 57.9 and 37.6% respectively. Especially the =
data of=20
      the G2/M phase are demonstrative. From 6.25 =C2=B5M up to 25 =
=C2=B5M we observed an=20
      increase of the ratio of cells in G2/M from 19.1 %, via 28.6 % to =
37.6 %.=20
      In comparison with the corresponding TMZ data, we found a =
continuous G2/M=20
      enhancement with the factor 2 starting at 6.25 =C2=B5M! to 25 =
=C2=B5M and a factor 3=20
      in the probes treated with 12.5 =C2=B5M.</P>
      <P>Due to the high amount of dead cells the estimation of the cell =
cycle=20
      distribution in TP 366 cells treated with 50 =C2=B5M =
TMZ-BioShuttle was=20
      difficult to perform and to analyse. It shows an increase of the =
cell=20
      fraction in the G1 phase to 68.8% which is identical to the =
corresponding=20
      probe treated with TMZ. Consistently increased amounts of the S =
phase=20
      cells could be detected compared to both the S phase in the =
control and=20
      the corresponding probes treated with TMZ. The trend of G2/M phase =
cells=20
      turned to the opposite direction. In the S phase not definitive =
trend=20
      arose from the applied dose.</P>
      <P></P>
      <P>
      <DIV class=3D"head2 head-separate">Cell cycle behaviour of DU 145 =
cells=20
      after treatment with TMZ and TMZ-BioShuttle dilution =
series</DIV>At a=20
      first glance the histograms reveal a lower sensitivity of DU 145 =
prostate=20
      cells against TMZ treatment compared to the results of TP 366 =
cells. The=20
      untreated DU 145 control exhibits a cell cycle distribution as =
follows: G1=20
      =E2=80=93 58.5%; S phase =E2=80=93 29.8% and G2/M phase 11.6%. The =
ratio of TMZ treated=20
      cells in the G2/M phase amounts to 12.8%; 15.4% and 23.5% and is=20
      constantly increasing in correlation to the application doses of =
6.25;=20
      12.5 and 25 =C2=B5M.
      <P>The percentage of the S phase cells after treatment with the =
above=20
      described concentrations were almost constant 29.5% and close to =
the=20
      control. The cells in the G1 fractions treated with increasing=20
      concentrations up to 25 =C2=B5M of TMZ presented a moderate but =
uniform,=20
      continuous decrease from 58.5% (control), via 57.5%, 56.4%, to =
48.6 % and=20
      then a strong decline to 29.8%. The DU 145 probe treated with 50 =
=C2=B5M TMZ=20
      showed 22.3% G2/M phase cells and a dramatic increase of the S =
phase cell=20
      fraction to 47.7%.</P>
      <P>The DU 145 cells treated with the TMZ-BioShuttle under =
identical=20
      conditions offered a cell cycle behaviour which strongly differs =
from the=20
      TMZ probes. The percentage of cell fractions in G1 phase seemed to =
be=20
      nearly constant 58.5% comparing the untreated control versus the =
treated=20
      cells with concentrations 6.25=C2=B5M 59.2 %and 12.5 =C2=B5M =
57.4%. The=20
      concentrations of 25 and 50 =C2=B5M gave rise to a marked decrease =
of the=20
      percentage of cells from 45.5% to 20.7% in G1 which corresponds to =

      one-third of the related TMZ treated probe!</P>
      <P>The relative amounts of S phase cells in the concentration =
series with=20
      increasing TMZ-BioShuttle doses of 6.25, 12.5, 25, and 50 =C2=B5M =
offered a=20
      reciprocal proportionality and showed a small but continuous =
decrease of=20
      cell number from 29.8% (control), via 28.8%, 28.1%, 27.1%, to =
24.2%=20
      respectively. It is important to note that the latter result =
showed a=20
      strong reduction comparing 47.7% (TMZ) to 24.2% (TMZ-BioShuttle) =
which=20
      equates a degression of 50%. The concentration series with =
increasing=20
      amounts of TMZ-BioShuttle indicated a direct concentration =
dependence and=20
      displayed a moderate increase of the cell number of DU 145 cells =
in the=20
      G2/M fraction from 11.6% (control) to 11.9% in the 6.25 =C2=B5M =
probe via 12.5,=20
      25 to 50 =C2=B5M. A strong rise of the S phase cells from 14.6% =
via 27.4% to=20
      55.1% was shown. Doubling the applied dose increased cell number =
in the=20
      G2/M phase mote than 100%! Additionally, the direct comparison of =
the=20
      probe treated with 50 =C2=B5M TMZ-BioShuttle with the =
corresponding TMZ probe=20
      of DU 145 cells showed a dramatic increase in the percentage of =
cells in=20
      the G2/M phase (from 22.3% to 55.1%), revealing a G2/M block.</P>
      <P></P></DIV></TD></TR>
  <TR vAlign=3Dtop>
    <TD class=3Dsidebar-cell width=3D145>
      <DIV class=3Dside-section-group><SPAN style=3D"TEXT-TRANSFORM: =
uppercase">
      <DIV class=3Dsidefm-pmclink-item><A class=3Dsidefm-pmclink=20
      style=3D"TEXT-TRANSFORM: uppercase"=20
      =
href=3D"http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=3Dpubmed=
&amp;pubmedid=3D18797509#top">Top</A></DIV></SPAN><SPAN=20
      style=3D"TEXT-TRANSFORM: uppercase">
      <DIV class=3Dsidefm-pmclink-item><A class=3Dsidefm-pmclink=20
      style=3D"TEXT-TRANSFORM: uppercase"=20
      =
href=3D"http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=3Dpubmed=
&amp;pubmedid=3D18797509#id122894">Abstract</A></DIV></SPAN><SPAN=20
      style=3D"TEXT-TRANSFORM: uppercase">
      <DIV class=3Dsidefm-pmclink-item><A class=3Dsidefm-pmclink=20
      style=3D"TEXT-TRANSFORM: uppercase"=20
      =
href=3D"http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=3Dpubmed=
&amp;pubmedid=3D18797509#id122931">Introduction</A></DIV></SPAN><SPAN=20
      style=3D"TEXT-TRANSFORM: uppercase">
      <DIV class=3Dsidefm-pmclink-item><A class=3Dsidefm-pmclink=20
      style=3D"TEXT-TRANSFORM: uppercase"=20
      =
href=3D"http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=3Dpubmed=
&amp;pubmedid=3D18797509#id123178">Materials=20
      and Methods</A></DIV></SPAN><SPAN style=3D"TEXT-TRANSFORM: =
uppercase">
      <DIV class=3Dsidefm-pmclink-item><A class=3Dsidefm-pmclink=20
      style=3D"TEXT-TRANSFORM: uppercase"=20
      =
href=3D"http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=3Dpubmed=
&amp;pubmedid=3D18797509#id123399">Results</A></DIV></SPAN>
      <DIV class=3Dsidefm-pmccurrent-item><A class=3Dsidefm-pmclink=20
      style=3D"TEXT-TRANSFORM: uppercase" =
href=3D"javascript:return(false);"><SPAN=20
      class=3Dsidebar-menu-square-image-holder><IMG alt=3D">"=20
      =
src=3D"http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/corehtml/pmc/pmcgifs/square.gif" =

      border=3D0></SPAN>Discussion</A></DIV><SPAN=20
      style=3D"TEXT-TRANSFORM: uppercase">
      <DIV class=3Dsidefm-pmclink-item><A class=3Dsidefm-pmclink=20
      style=3D"TEXT-TRANSFORM: uppercase"=20
      =
href=3D"http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=3Dpubmed=
&amp;pubmedid=3D18797509#id124262">References</A></DIV></SPAN></DIV></TD>=

    <TD class=3Dcontent-cell>
      <DIV class=3D"head1 section-title" id=3Did123768=20
      style=3D"TEXT-TRANSFORM: uppercase">Discussion</DIV>
      <DIV class=3Dsection-content>
      <P>The number of old-fashioned cytotoxic drugs, whose =
effectiveness is=20
      well understood, is multi-faced. However, if highly effective =
substances=20
      do not reach their target site after application, what is their =
benefit?=20
      Therefore questions about the bioavailability remain to be =
answered,=20
      whereby the concentration in the bloodstream is not meant here, =
but rather=20
      the concentration directly at the site of pharmacological action, =
like the=20
      genomic DNA in tumor cell nuclei.</P>
      <P>A substantial progress in the drug development will be achieved =
by=20
      improvement of the delivery and subcellular targeting of the drug =
as yet=20
      unappreciated and meaningless.</P>
      <P>The BioShuttle delivery and targeting platform, facilitating =
the=20
      transport of DNA derivatives into living cells was described =
<SUP><A=20
      class=3Dcite-reflink=20
      =
href=3D"http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=3Dpubmed=
&amp;pubmedid=3D18797509#B27">27</A></SUP><SUP>,=20
      </SUP><SUP><A class=3Dcite-reflink=20
      =
href=3D"http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=3Dpubmed=
&amp;pubmedid=3D18797509#B28">28</A></SUP>=20
      as well as transport of diagnostics into the cytoplasm and nuclei =
of tumor=20
      tissues <SUP><A class=3Dcite-reflink=20
      =
href=3D"http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=3Dpubmed=
&amp;pubmedid=3D18797509#B29">29</A></SUP><SUP>,=20
      </SUP><SUP><A class=3Dcite-reflink=20
      =
href=3D"http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=3Dpubmed=
&amp;pubmedid=3D18797509#B30">30</A></SUP>.=20
      There is no doubt that constructs like the TMZ-BioShuttle, as an =
example,=20
      could play a helpful role in the treatment of cancer. The design =
of such=20
      shuttles needs to incorporate features that reduce undesired =
adverse=20
      reactions but maintains the efficacy.</P>
      <P>We selected the highly efficient chemotherapeutic TMZ as a =
qualified=20
      candidate, since encouraging results in treatment of in brain =
tumors=20
      <SUP><A class=3Dcite-reflink=20
      =
href=3D"http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=3Dpubmed=
&amp;pubmedid=3D18797509#B31">31</A></SUP>=20
      remain unendorsed in the treatment of hormone-refractory prostate =
cancer=20
      (HRPC) <SUP><A class=3Dcite-reflink=20
      =
href=3D"http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=3Dpubmed=
&amp;pubmedid=3D18797509#B32">32</A></SUP>.</P>
      <P>Parallel sets of experiments with TP 366 glioma cells and DU =
145=20
      prostate cancer cells were carried out and confirmed a lesser =
sensitivity=20
      of DU 145 prostate cancer cells against TMZ treatment. Whereas the =
TP 366=20
      cells showed an increased DNA damage after TMZ treatment up to a =
final=20
      concentration of 6.25 =C2=B5M, the DU 145 cells exhibited very few =
DNA damage=20
      measured by comet assay. The increase of the application dose =
however did=20
      not induce an increased number of comets (figure <A =
class=3Dfig-table-link=20
      onclick=3D"startTarget(this, 'figure', 1024, 800)"=20
      =
href=3D"http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=3D25367=
15&amp;rendertype=3Dfigure&amp;id=3DF1">1</A>).=20
      This phenomenon was already documented in studies with =
ceramide-induced=20
      cell death <SUP><A class=3Dcite-reflink=20
      =
href=3D"http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=3Dpubmed=
&amp;pubmedid=3D18797509#B33">33</A></SUP>.</P>
      <P>In DU 145 cells we compared the dose-dependent application of =
TMZ and=20
      TMZ-BioShuttle of seeded versus harvested cells after 48 hours. In =

      comparison to the control (1.12) a linear inverse proportionality =
(1.15;=20
      1.05; 0.844; and 0.628) to the dilution series of 6.25; 12.5; 25; =
and 50=20
      =C2=B5M TMZ was demonstrated.</P>
      <P>These data permit to assume a minimum of TMZ application dose =
between=20
      25 and 12.5 =C2=B5M. Dilution series with 50 =C2=B5M to 6.25 =
=C2=B5M of TMZ-BioShuttle=20
      showed an increase of shrunk nuclei (figures <A =
class=3Dfig-table-link=20
      onclick=3D"startTarget(this, 'figure', 1024, 800)"=20
      =
href=3D"http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=3D25367=
15&amp;rendertype=3Dfigure&amp;id=3DF2">2</A>=20
      and <A class=3Dfig-table-link=20
      onclick=3D"startTarget(this, 'figure', 1024, 800)"=20
      =
href=3D"http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=3D25367=
15&amp;rendertype=3Dfigure&amp;id=3DF4">4</A>).=20
      The TMZ-BioShuttle revealed the identical subthreshold in DU 145 =
cells but=20
      the quotient 0.414 at 50 =C2=B5M suggests a higher pharmacological =

      potential.</P>
      <P>The results achieved with both cell lines (TP 366 and DU 145) =
treated=20
      with the TMZ-BioShuttle differ in the expected augmentation of DNA =
comets:=20
      All cells were visibly swollen, but we could not detect an =
increased=20
      number of comets. This suggests a decondensation of chromatin in =
the=20
      nuclei. This happens when chromosomes are exposed to DNA =
replication=20
      inhibition caused by failure to constitute compact chromatin areas =
during=20
      mitosis <SUP><A class=3Dcite-reflink=20
      =
href=3D"http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=3Dpubmed=
&amp;pubmedid=3D18797509#B34">34</A></SUP>.=20
      It could be explained with the involvement of the transcription of =
genes=20
      expressing histone regulating proteins responsible for formation =
of the=20
      chromatin structure and for the compact package of DNA <SUP><A=20
      class=3Dcite-reflink=20
      =
href=3D"http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=3Dpubmed=
&amp;pubmedid=3D18797509#B35">35</A></SUP>.</P>
      <P>We investigated the cell cycle of TP366 after treatment of the=20
      glioblastoma cells with TMZ. It interfered with the cell cycle and =

      exhibited a decreased number of cells in the S phase fraction as =
shown 144=20
      hours after TMZ-application when a contingent of the S phase cells =
of 8%=20
      was detectable.</P>
      <P>The phenomenon of a reduced S phase (8% versus control 11%) in =
the TMZ=20
      treated TP 366 cells is not contradictory to the common effects of =

      alkylating agents which cause a retardation of the rate of cell =
division=20
      <SUP><A class=3Dcite-reflink=20
      =
href=3D"http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=3Dpubmed=
&amp;pubmedid=3D18797509#B36">36</A></SUP>.=20
      A possible explanation for the strongly decreased S phase cell =
number in=20
      the TMZ-BioShuttle treated probes would be the existence of a S =
phase cell=20
      cycle arrest as documented in a bimodal TMZ/ interferon-=CE=B2 =
(IFN-=CE=B2) study=20
      <SUP><A class=3Dcite-reflink=20
      =
href=3D"http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=3Dpubmed=
&amp;pubmedid=3D18797509#B37">37</A></SUP>.=20
      Our flow cytometry experiments also displayed a strong cell cycle =
arrest=20
      in the S phase <SUP><A class=3Dcite-reflink=20
      =
href=3D"http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=3Dpubmed=
&amp;pubmedid=3D18797509#B38">38</A></SUP>.=20
      An interesting criterion for a prolonged late S/G2 phase suggests =
the=20
      implication of the histone acetyltransferase 1 (HAT1) which =
participates=20
      in recovering block-mediated DNA damages <SUP><A =
class=3Dcite-reflink=20
      =
href=3D"http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=3Dpubmed=
&amp;pubmedid=3D18797509#B39">39</A></SUP>.</P>
      <P>The fact that the glioblastoma cells arrest in the G2/M phase =
after=20
      TMZ-treatment was documented by Hirose et al. <SUP><A =
class=3Dcite-reflink=20
      =
href=3D"http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=3Dpubmed=
&amp;pubmedid=3D18797509#B40">40</A></SUP>=20
      and could be confirmed with the TP 366 cells. Moreover the =
treatment with=20
      TMZ-BioShuttle resulted in a clearly increased G2/M phase of 72%. =
It seems=20
      to be attributed to interactions of TMZ and TMZ-BioShuttle with =
the=20
      mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase p38=CE=B1, which is =
activated by the=20
      mismatch repair system (MMR) and is responsible for the =
TMZ-induced G2/M=20
      block <SUP><A class=3Dcite-reflink=20
      =
href=3D"http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=3Dpubmed=
&amp;pubmedid=3D18797509#B40">40</A></SUP>.</P>
      <P>After cell exposure to the TMZ-BioShuttle for 144 hours, the =
observed=20
      strong increase of the G2 phase cells of TP 366 cells possibly =
originate=20
      from the already documented inhibition of the RNA and protein =
syntheses,=20
      which are necessary for the successful completion of G2 and the =
initiation=20
      of mitosis. These G2-arrested cells were found to be deficient in =
certain=20
      proteins that may be specific for the G2-mitotic transition =
<SUP><A=20
      class=3Dcite-reflink=20
      =
href=3D"http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=3Dpubmed=
&amp;pubmedid=3D18797509#B41">41</A></SUP>.=20
      The obstruction of the cell cycle process is caused by the stop of =
this=20
      transition and results in the decrease of the G1 phase cell =
fraction (26%)=20
      of the TMZ-BioShuttle treated TP 366 cells which appear to be =
consequence=20
      of their disability passing in the mitotic process.</P>
      <P>A sensitivity of DU 145 and TP 366 cells against TMZ and a =
dramatically=20
      increased sensibility against TMZ-BioShuttle is shown in figure <A =

      class=3Dfig-table-link onclick=3D"startTarget(this, 'figure', =
1024, 800)"=20
      =
href=3D"http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=3D25367=
15&amp;rendertype=3Dfigure&amp;id=3DF4">4</A>.=20
      The present data document a different cellular contumaciousness to =
TMZ=20
      treatment. A real effectiveness of the pure TMZ in DU 145 cells =
could not=20
      be observed, whereas in contrast clear cell killing effects, =
caused by=20
      TMZ-BioShuttle, were detected.</P>
      <P>It is important to note that the TMZ-BioShuttle treatment of DU =
145 and=20
      the TP 366 cells redounds to cell killing effects as shown in =
figure <A=20
      class=3Dfig-table-link onclick=3D"startTarget(this, 'figure', =
1024, 800)"=20
      =
href=3D"http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=3D25367=
15&amp;rendertype=3Dfigure&amp;id=3DF4">4</A>.</P>
      <P>As a general rule the different sensitivity of tumor cells =
against=20
      chemotherapeutics is dependent on multiple mechanisms like =
multiple drug=20
      resistance systems. The relative low sensitivity of DU 145 =
prostate cancer=20
      cells after treatment with TMZ is evident, and the disappointing =
results=20
      of TMZ trials of prostate cancer can be explained by the increased =

      O<SUP>6</SUP>-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase (MGMT) repair =
activity.=20
      DU 145 cells show an increased MGMT activity <SUP><A =
class=3Dcite-reflink=20
      =
href=3D"http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=3Dpubmed=
&amp;pubmedid=3D18797509#B42">42</A></SUP>,=20
      associated with the decrease of the pharmacologic effect after =
alkylating=20
      with TMZ alone. The increased MGMT expression and activity =
correlates with=20
      the malignant phenotype <SUP><A class=3Dcite-reflink=20
      =
href=3D"http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=3Dpubmed=
&amp;pubmedid=3D18797509#B43">43</A></SUP>.=20
      We regard the potential utility of this epigenetic alteration as =
an=20
      appropriate biomarker for prostate cancer <SUP><A =
class=3Dcite-reflink=20
      =
href=3D"http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=3Dpubmed=
&amp;pubmedid=3D18797509#B44">44</A></SUP>=20
      and an important prognostic feature for the clinical outcome in=20
      glioblastoma <SUP><A class=3Dcite-reflink=20
      =
href=3D"http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=3Dpubmed=
&amp;pubmedid=3D18797509#B45">45</A></SUP>.=20
      The fact that die blood brain barrier (BBB) no presents an hurdle =
for TMZ=20
      could explain the higher pharmacological effects of TMZ in glioma =
cells.=20
      It is important in so far that the delivery and the targeting of =
active=20
      substances play a decisive role and must be further scrutinized. =
The=20
      TMZ-BioShuttle could be an appropriate candidate.</P>
      <P>The physico-chemical properties of TMZ which have an impact on =
its=20
      bioavailability limit its pharmacological effectiveness. Despite =
the=20
      benefit of the concomitant treatment with radiotherapy plus TMZ,=20
      hematologic toxic effects in patients treated with TMZ are =
documented in=20
      multicenter studies by Stupp <SUP><A class=3Dcite-reflink=20
      =
href=3D"http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=3Dpubmed=
&amp;pubmedid=3D18797509#B46">46</A></SUP>.=20
      A TMZ-derivatization with targeting transporters molecules and =
subcellular=20
      address components holds tremendous potential to optimize =
treatment of=20
      diseases. Enhanced cellular delivery and active transport of TMZ =
into the=20
      cell nuclei as site of pharmacological action permit to expect =
lower=20
      application doses with concomitantly decreased limiting =
side-effects.</P>
      <P>Our shuttle, designed for facilitating the rapid transport =
across=20
      cellular membranes, improved their own delivery and their own =
targeting=20
      under perpetuation of the pharmacological activity in cells and =
tissues=20
      while protecting cells in the bloodstream by omission of undesired =

      side-effects like:</P>
      <P>Strong suppression of the peripheral lymphocytes result in=20
      discontinuation of therapy and problems associated with systemic =
drug=20
      administrations, which are:</P>
      <UL style=3D"LIST-STYLE-TYPE: disc">
        <LI><SPAN>even biodistribution of pharmaceuticals throughout the =

        body;</SPAN>
        <LI><SPAN>the lack of drug specific affinity toward a =
pathological=20
        site;</SPAN>
        <LI><SPAN>the necessity of a large total dose of a drug to =
achieve high=20
        local concentration;</SPAN>
        <LI><SPAN>non-specific toxicity and strong adverse side-effects =
due to=20
        high drug doses <SUP><A class=3Dcite-reflink=20
        =
href=3D"http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=3Dpubmed=
&amp;pubmedid=3D18797509#B47">47</A></SUP><SUP>,=20
        </SUP><SUP><A class=3Dcite-reflink=20
        =
href=3D"http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=3Dpubmed=
&amp;pubmedid=3D18797509#B48">48</A></SUP>.</SPAN></LI></UL>
      <P>The application of the TMZ-BioShuttle could minimize the =
handicap of=20
      TMZ on the therapy of patients with brain tumors but the =
establishment of=20
      the TMZ-BioShuttle necessitates new ways for the synthesis. =
Conditions=20
      which hampered the above postulated criteria like rapid and whole=20
      concurrent chemical reactions in aqueous solution at room =
temperature for=20
      a proper chemical ligation of functional peptides could be =
circumvented=20
      using the 'inverse-electron-demand' of the Diels Alder =
Reaction.</P>
      <P>Thus, TMZ-BioShuttle has been reformulated to decrease the =
toxic=20
      features in normal cells but retain the pharmacologic behavior in =
target=20
      cells; this was achieved as follows: coupling the amide group of =
the TMZ=20
      with a tetrazine which acts as dien-component and connects the NLS =
module=20
      with the tridecadien (TCT) component operating as dienophil.</P>
      <P>The presented publication shows that a proper chemistry =
contributes to=20
      the optimization of the pharmacological properties of the already=20
      efficient pharmaceutics like TMZ.</P>
      <P>The novel properties of the TMZ-BioShuttle could give reason to =
the=20
      extension to tumor types like prostate cancer, especially in =
hormone=20
      refractory situations.</P></DIV></TD></TR>
  <TR vAlign=3Dtop>
    <TD class=3Dsidebar-cell width=3D145>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD class=3Dcontent-cell>
      <DIV class=3Dsection-content>=E2=80=8B=20
      <DIV=20
      style=3D"BORDER-RIGHT: #999999 1px solid; BORDER-TOP: #999999 1px =
solid; MARGIN: 1em 2em 1em 1em; BORDER-LEFT: #aaaaaa 1px solid; =
BORDER-BOTTOM: #aaaaaa 1px solid">
      <DIV=20
      style=3D"BORDER-RIGHT: #f0f0f0 3px solid; BORDER-TOP: #f0f0f0 3px =
solid; BORDER-LEFT: #f8f8f8 1px solid; BORDER-BOTTOM: #f8f8f8 1px =
solid"><A=20
      id=3DF7 name=3DF7></A>
      <TABLE style=3D"CLEAR: both; WIDTH: 100%" cellSpacing=3D5 =
cellPadding=3D5=20
      border=3D0>
        <TBODY>
        <TR vAlign=3Dtop align=3Dleft>
          <TD align=3Dmiddle width=3D100><A class=3Dicon-reflink=20
            onclick=3D"startTarget(this, 'figure', 1024, 800)"=20
            =
href=3D"http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=3D25367=
15&amp;rendertype=3Dfigure&amp;id=3DF7"><IMG=20
            class=3Dicon-reflink title=3D"Figure 7" alt=3D"Figure 7"=20
            =
src=3D"http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/picrender.fcgi?artid=3D2536715&am=
p;blobname=3Dijmsv05p0273g07.gif"=20
            border=3D1></A></TD>
          <TD><A class=3Dside-caption=20
            onclick=3D"startTarget(this, 'figure', 1024, 800)"=20
            =
href=3D"http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=3D25367=
15&amp;rendertype=3Dfigure&amp;id=3DF7"><STRONG>Figure=20
            7</STRONG></A>
            <DIV class=3Dfigure-table-caption-in-article><SPAN>The dose =
dependent=20
            effects of TMZ (C/D) as well as TMZ-BioShuttle (A/B) in the =
cell=20
            cycle behaviour of TP366 glioma (A/C) and DU 145 prostate =
cancer=20
            (B/D) cells. =E2=99=A6 G1phase; =E2=96=A0 S phase; =E2=96=B2 =
G2/M=20
        phase</SPAN></DIV></TD></TR></TBODY></TABLE></DIV></DIV>
      <DIV style=3D"CLEAR: both"></DIV></DIV></TD></TR>
  <TR vAlign=3Dtop>
    <TD class=3Dsidebar-cell width=3D145>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD class=3Dcontent-cell>
      <DIV class=3D"head1 section-title" id=3Did124256=20
      style=3D"TEXT-TRANSFORM: uppercase">Acknowledgments</DIV>
      <DIV class=3Dsection-content>
      <P>
      <P>The work in this article was done in close collaboration with =
Peter=20
      Lorenz and Heinz Fleischhacker of our group. We cordially thank =
Dr.=20
      Christian Kliem and Dr. Jochen vom Brocke for critically reading =
the=20
      manuscript and stimulating discussions.</P>
      <P></P></DIV></TD></TR>
  <TR vAlign=3Dtop>
    <TD class=3Dsidebar-cell width=3D145>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD class=3Dcontent-cell>
      <DIV class=3D"head1 section-title" id=3Did124235=20
      style=3D"TEXT-TRANSFORM: uppercase">Abbreviations</DIV>
      <DIV class=3Dsection-content>
      <P>
      <P>DAR: Diels-Alder-Reaction, GBM: Glioblastoma Multiforme, HAT1: =
Histone=20
      Acetyltransferase 1, IFN-=CE=B2: Interferon-=CE=B2, MGMT:=20
      Methylguanine-DNA-Methyltransferase, NLS: Nuclear Localization =
Sequence,=20
      TCT:=20
      =
Tetracyclo-[5.4.2<SUP>1,7</SUP>.O<SUP>2,6</SUP>.O<SUP>8,11</SUP>]3,5-diox=
o-4-aza-9,12-tridecadien,=20
      TMZ: Temozolomide.</P>
      <P></P></DIV></TD></TR>
  <TR vAlign=3Dtop>
    <TD class=3Dsidebar-cell width=3D145>
      <DIV class=3Dside-section-group><SPAN style=3D"TEXT-TRANSFORM: =
uppercase">
      <DIV class=3Dsidefm-pmclink-item><A class=3Dsidefm-pmclink=20
      style=3D"TEXT-TRANSFORM: uppercase"=20
      =
href=3D"http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=3Dpubmed=
&amp;pubmedid=3D18797509#top">Top</A></DIV></SPAN><SPAN=20
      style=3D"TEXT-TRANSFORM: uppercase">
      <DIV class=3Dsidefm-pmclink-item><A class=3Dsidefm-pmclink=20
      style=3D"TEXT-TRANSFORM: uppercase"=20
      =
href=3D"http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=3Dpubmed=
&amp;pubmedid=3D18797509#id122894">Abstract</A></DIV></SPAN><SPAN=20
      style=3D"TEXT-TRANSFORM: uppercase">
      <DIV class=3Dsidefm-pmclink-item><A class=3Dsidefm-pmclink=20
      style=3D"TEXT-TRANSFORM: uppercase"=20
      =
href=3D"http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=3Dpubmed=
&amp;pubmedid=3D18797509#id122931">Introduction</A></DIV></SPAN><SPAN=20
      style=3D"TEXT-TRANSFORM: uppercase">
      <DIV class=3Dsidefm-pmclink-item><A class=3Dsidefm-pmclink=20
      style=3D"TEXT-TRANSFORM: uppercase"=20
      =
href=3D"http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=3Dpubmed=
&amp;pubmedid=3D18797509#id123178">Materials=20
      and Methods</A></DIV></SPAN><SPAN style=3D"TEXT-TRANSFORM: =
uppercase">
      <DIV class=3Dsidefm-pmclink-item><A class=3Dsidefm-pmclink=20
      style=3D"TEXT-TRANSFORM: uppercase"=20
      =
href=3D"http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=3Dpubmed=
&amp;pubmedid=3D18797509#id123399">Results</A></DIV></SPAN><SPAN=20
      style=3D"TEXT-TRANSFORM: uppercase">
      <DIV class=3Dsidefm-pmclink-item><A class=3Dsidefm-pmclink=20
      style=3D"TEXT-TRANSFORM: uppercase"=20
      =
href=3D"http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=3Dpubmed=
&amp;pubmedid=3D18797509#id123768">Discussion</A></DIV></SPAN>
      <DIV class=3Dsidefm-pmccurrent-item><A class=3Dsidefm-pmclink=20
      style=3D"TEXT-TRANSFORM: uppercase" =
href=3D"javascript:return(false);"><SPAN=20
      class=3Dsidebar-menu-square-image-holder><IMG alt=3D">"=20
      =
src=3D"http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/corehtml/pmc/pmcgifs/square.gif" =

      border=3D0></SPAN>References</A></DIV></DIV></TD>
    <TD class=3Dcontent-cell>
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------=_NextPart_000_0000_01C926E7.F0818250
Content-Type: application/octet-stream
Content-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-printable
Content-Location: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/corehtml/jsutils/tileshop_pmc.1/tileshop_pmc.1.js

// =
/web/private/htdocs/staff/sponomar/TEST/corehtml/jsutils/tileshop_pmc.1/t=
ileshop_pmc.1.js.orig=0A=
=0A=
utils.jsLoader.load(["firebugx.js","tile.1.js","tileshop_pmc.1/scale_pmc.=
1.js"]);function TileShop(){this.oTexts=3D{sTitle:"Drag image to =
reposition. Double click to magnify further.",sTitleUp:"Drag image to =
reposition.",sTitleDown:"Click on image to =
magnify.",sTitleWait:"Wait...",sPanoramaTitle:"Click to change focus to =
this area of image.",sPanTitle:"Drag to focus on a different part of =
image.",sCloseButton:"Return to standard image view."};}=0A=
TileShop.prototype.Init=3Dfunction(e){var =
oTargetImg=3Dutils.getTargetObj(e);var oThis=3Dthis;this.oNotifier=3Dnew =
Notifier();var oDim=3Dutils.getXY(oTargetImg);var =
oScroll=3Dutils.getScrolls();var =
x=3DparseInt((oScroll.x+e.clientX-oDim.x)/oDim.w*100);var =
y=3DparseInt((oScroll.y+e.clientY-oDim.y)/oDim.h*100);var =
rel=3DoTargetImg.getAttribute("rel");if(rel&&rel!=3D""){oTargetImg.setAtt=
ribute("rel",rel+"&x=3D"+x+"&y=3D"+y);}else{var =
src=3DoTargetImg.getAttribute("src");oTargetImg.setAttribute("src",src+"&=
x=3D"+x+"&y=3D"+y);}=0A=
var oDt=3Dutils.getParent(oTargetImg);var oDl=3Dutils.getParent(oDt);var =
oDiv=3Dutils.getParent(oDl);var =
oTitlePanel=3Dutils.getFirstChild(oDiv);var =
oTitleBar=3Dutils.getFirstChild(oTitlePanel);var =
oCloseButton=3Dutils.getNextSibling(oTitleBar);oCloseButton.title=3Dthis.=
oTexts.sCloseButton;var oScalePanel=3Dutils.getFirstChild(oDl);var =
oTilePanel=3Dutils.getNextSibling(oScalePanel);var oScalePanelW=3D48;var =
iTitleBarH=3DoTitlePanel.offsetHeight;oDt.style.position=3D"relative";var=
 =
sTitleBar=3DoTitleBar.innerHTML;oTitleBar.innerHTML=3Dthis.oTexts.sTitleW=
ait;var oScaleCtrl,oPanoramaSwitcher,oPanorama,oTileData;var =
bClosing=3Dfalse;oThis.oNotifier.setListener(this,"close",function(){bClo=
sing=3Dtrue;if(!oThis.oTile)return;utils.removeChildren(oThis.oTile.oCanv=
as);oTilePanel.removeChild(oThis.oTile.oCanvas);utils.removeChildren(oPan=
oramaSwitcher.oCanvas);oDt.removeChild(oPanoramaSwitcher.oCanvas);oPanora=
maSwitcher.oCanvas=3Dnull;utils.removeChildren(oPanorama.oCanvas);oDt.rem=
oveChild(oPanorama.oCanvas);utils.removeChildren(oScaleCtrl.oCanvas);oSca=
lePanel.removeChild(oScaleCtrl.oCanvas);oThis.oTile.oCanvas=3Dnull;oPanor=
ama.oCanvas=3Dnull;oScaleCtrl.oCanvas=3Dnull;oThis.oTile=3Dnull;oPanorama=
=3Dnull;oPanoramaSwitcher=3Dnull;oScaleCtrl=3Dnull;oTargetImg.style.displ=
ay=3D"block";oCloseButton.className=3D"";oTitlePanel.className=3D"";oScal=
ePanel.className=3D"";oScalePanel.style.width=3D"0px";oTilePanel.style.wi=
dth=3D"auto";oTilePanel.style.height=3D"auto";oDl.style.height=3D"auto";o=
ScalePanel.style.height=3D"auto";oDiv.style.width=3DoTargetImg.offsetWidt=
h+"px";oDiv.style.height=3D"auto";oTitleBar.innerHTML=3DsTitleBar;},null)=
;this.oNotifier.setListener(this,"resize-canvas",function(xx,bFlag){if(bC=
losing)return;var kW=3D0.9;var kH=3D0.7;var minW=3D400;var =
minH=3D300;var oDimW=3Dutils.getWindowDim();var =
W=3DparseInt(kW*oDimW.w);var =
H=3DparseInt(kH*oDimW.h);if(W<minW)W=3DminW;if(H<minH)H=3DminH;var =
oTilePanelW=3DW-oScalePanelW;var =
oTilePanelH=3DH-iTitleBarH;oDiv.style.width=3DW+"px";oDiv.style.height=3D=
H+"px";oTilePanel.style.width=3DoTilePanelW+"px";oTilePanel.style.height=3D=
oTilePanelH+"px";oTilePanel.style.overflow=3D"hidden";oScalePanel.style.w=
idth=3DoScalePanelW+"px";oScalePanel.style.height=3DoTilePanelH+"px";if(b=
Flag){oThis.oNotifier.Notify(oThis,"resize",{w:oTilePanelW,h:oTilePanelH}=
);}},null);this.oNotifier.setListener(oThis,"picture-is-drawn",function()=
{oTitlePanel.className=3D"active";oCloseButton.className=3D"active";oScal=
ePanel.className=3D"active";utils.addEvent(oCloseButton,"click",function(=
e){oThis.oNotifier.Notify(this,"close","");});});oThis.oNotifier.setListe=
ner(oThis,"disable",function(xx,oComment){if(oComment=3D=3D"scale-up"){oT=
itleBar.innerHTML=3DoThis.oTexts.sTitleUp;}else =
if(oComment=3D=3D"scale-down"){oTitleBar.innerHTML=3DoThis.oTexts.sTitleD=
own;}else{oTitleBar.innerHTML=3DoThis.oTexts.sTitle;}});oThis.oNotifier.N=
otify(this,"resize-canvas",false);var =
oImgForTiler=3DoTargetImg.cloneNode(false);oImgForTiler.width=3DoTargetIm=
g.offsetWidth;oImgForTiler.height=3DoTargetImg.offsetHeight;oImgForTiler.=
setAttribute("title",this.oTexts.sPanoramaTitle);oTargetImg.style.display=
=3D"none";setTimeout(function(){oTileData=3Dnew =
TileDataDb(oImgForTiler,oThis.oNotifier);oTileData.oViewport.w=3DparseInt=
(oTilePanel.style.width);oTileData.oViewport.h=3DparseInt(oTilePanel.styl=
e.height);oTileData.oViewport.x=3D0;oTileData.oViewport.y=3D0;oThis.oTile=
=3Dnew =
Tile(oTileData,oThis.oNotifier);oTilePanel.appendChild(oThis.oTile.oCanva=
s);oPanorama=3Dnew =
Panorama(oTileData,oThis.oNotifier);oPanorama.oCanvas.style.zIndex=3D100;=
oPanorama.oPan.oCanvas.setAttribute("title",oThis.oTexts.sPanTitle);oTile=
Panel.appendChild(oPanorama.oCanvas);oPanoramaSwitcher=3Dnew =
PanoramaSwitcher(oTileData,oThis.oNotifier);oPanoramaSwitcher.oCanvas.sty=
le.zIndex=3DoPanorama.oCanvas.style.zIndex+1;oTilePanel.appendChild(oPano=
ramaSwitcher.oCanvas);oScaleCtrl=3Dnew =
ScaleCtrl(oTileData,oThis.oNotifier);oScalePanel.appendChild(oScaleCtrl.o=
Canvas);},100);}=0A=
TileShop.Load=3Dfunction(sClassName){utils.addEvent(window,"load",functio=
n(){oTileshop=3D$C(sClassName);for(var i in =
oTileshop){utils.addEvent(oTileshop[i],"click",function(e){oTileshop[i].o=
App=3Dnew TileShop();oTileshop[i].oApp.Init(e);});}=0A=
utils.addEvent(window,"resize",function(e){for(var i in =
oTileshop){if(oTileshop[i].oApp&&oTileshop[i].oApp.oTile){oTileshop[i].oA=
pp.oNotifier.Notify(oTileshop[i],"resize-canvas",true);}}});});}=0A=
TileShop.Load("tileshop");
------=_NextPart_000_0000_01C926E7.F0818250
Content-Type: application/octet-stream
Content-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-printable
Content-Location: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/corecgi/tileshop/tileshop_data_db.1.js

// $Id: tileshop_data_db.1.js 114734 2007-11-28 17:58:54Z sponomar $=0A=
utils.jsLoader.load(["remote_data_provider.1.js"]);=0A=
function TileDataDb(oImg,oNotifier) {=0A=
this.NAME =3D "TileDataDb";=0A=
var oThis=3Dthis;=0A=
this.sProjectId =3D "";=0A=
this.sPictureId =3D "";=0A=
this.sSatId =3D "";=0A=
this.oMetadata =3D "";=0A=
this.Init(oImg,oNotifier);=0A=
var oDataProvider=3Dnew RemoteDataProvider();=0A=
oDataProvider.sUrl =3D this.sUrl + "?manifest=3D1&p=3D" + this.sProjectId=0A=
+ "&id=3D" + this.sPictureId + "&w=3D" + this.oViewport.w + "&h=3D" + =
this.oViewport.h;=0A=
oDataProvider.onSuccess=3Dfunction (obj) {=0A=
eval("oThis.oMetadata=3D" + obj.responseText);=0A=
oNotifier.Notify(oThis, "metadata", oThis.oMetadata);=0A=
};=0A=
oDataProvider.onError=3Dfunction(obj) {=0A=
alert("Error occured: can not get metadata. Check Project name and/or =
Image name");=0A=
};=0A=
function x_Update(oMetadata,i) {=0A=
oThis.fScale=3DoMetadata.aView[i].W/oMetadata.aView[0].W;=0A=
oThis.bIsStaticImage=3DoMetadata.aView[i].W=3D=3DoMetadata.aView[i].w=0A=
&& oMetadata.aView[i].H=3D=3DoMetadata.aView[i].h;=0A=
oThis.oPicture.w=3DoMetadata.aView[i].W;=0A=
oThis.oPicture.h=3DoMetadata.aView[i].H;=0A=
oThis.sSat=3DoMetadata.Sat;=0A=
oThis.sTileDbId=3DoMetadata.aView[i].sId;=0A=
oThis.sPrefix =3D "id_" + oThis.sSat + "_" + oThis.sTileDbId;=0A=
oThis.oTile.w=3DoMetadata.aView[i].w;=0A=
oThis.oTile.h=3DoMetadata.aView[i].h;=0A=
oThis.Calculate();=0A=
}=0A=
oNotifier.setListener(this, "metadata", function(oListener, oMetadata) {=0A=
oThis.oMetadata=3DoMetadata;=0A=
if (oMetadata.aView.length<1) {=0A=
return true;=0A=
}=0A=
oThis.iScaleIndex=3D0;=0A=
if (oThis.fScale=3D=3D-1) {=0A=
oThis.iScaleIndex=3DoMetadata.aView.length-2;=0A=
if (oThis.iScaleIndex<0) oThis.iScaleIndex=3D0;=0A=
} else if (oThis.fScale=3D=3D0) {=0A=
oThis.iScaleIndex=3DoMetadata.aView.length-1;=0A=
} else if (oThis.fScale<=3D1&& oThis.fScale>0) {=0A=
var W=3DoMetadata.aView[0].W * oThis.fScale;=0A=
for =
(oThis.iScaleIndex=3D0;oThis.iScaleIndex<oMetadata.aView.length-1;oThis.i=
ScaleIndex++) {=0A=
var s=3DoMetadata.aView[oThis.iScaleIndex].W/W;=0A=
if (s<=3D0.5|| s<1.36) break;=0A=
}=0A=
} else=0A=
oThis.iScaleIndex=3D0;=0A=
var W=3DoMetadata.aView[0].W;=0A=
for (var i=3D0;i<oMetadata.aView.length;i++) {=0A=
var v=3DoMetadata.aView[i].W/W;=0A=
oThis.oScales[i]=3D{=0A=
n:oMetadata.aView[i].sName,=0A=
v:v,=0A=
w:oMetadata.aView[i].W,=0A=
h:oMetadata.aView[i].H,=0A=
enable:true=0A=
};=0A=
if (oMetadata.aView[i].W=3D=3DoMetadata.aView[i].w=0A=
&& oMetadata.aView[i].H=3D=3DoMetadata.aView[i].h) {=0A=
oThis.oScales[i]=3D{n:oMetadata.aView[i].sName,v:v};=0A=
break;=0A=
}=0A=
}=0A=
x_Update(oMetadata,oThis.iScaleIndex);=0A=
},null);=0A=
oNotifier.setListener(this, "scale", function(oListener, oComment) {=0A=
oThis.iScaleIndexPrevious=3DoThis.iScaleIndex;=0A=
switch (oComment) {=0A=
case "up":=0A=
if (oThis.iScaleIndex<1) return;=0A=
oThis.iScaleIndex--;=0A=
while (!oThis.oScales[oThis.iScaleIndex]) {=0A=
oThis.iScaleIndex--;=0A=
if (oThis.iScaleIndex<1) break;=0A=
}=0A=
break;=0A=
case "down":=0A=
if (oThis.oScales.length-1<=3DoThis.iScaleIndex) return;=0A=
oThis.iScaleIndex++;=0A=
while (oThis.oScales[oThis.iScaleIndex]=3D=3Dnull) {=0A=
oThis.iScaleIndex++;=0A=
if (oThis.oScales.length-1<=3DoThis.iScaleIndex) break;=0A=
}=0A=
break;=0A=
default:=0A=
oThis.iScaleIndex=3DoComment;=0A=
break;=0A=
}=0A=
x_Update(oThis.oMetadata,oThis.iScaleIndex);=0A=
});=0A=
setTimeout(function() {=0A=
oDataProvider.Request();=0A=
},5);=0A=
}=0A=
TileDataDb.prototype=3Dnew TileData();=0A=
TileDataDb.prototype.Parse=3Dfunction(arr) {=0A=
var tmp;=0A=
if (arr.indexOf("p=3D") =3D=3D 0) {=0A=
tmp =3D arr.split("=3D");=0A=
this.sProjectId=3Dtmp[1];=0A=
} else if (arr.indexOf("id=3D") =3D=3D 0) {=0A=
tmp =3D arr.split("=3D");=0A=
this.sPictureId=3Dtmp[1];=0A=
}=0A=
}=0A=
TileDataDb.prototype.GetTileUrl=3Dfunction(row,col) {=0A=
return this.sUrl + "?p=3D" + this.sProjectId=0A=
+ "&id=3D" + this.sTileDbId + "&s=3D" + this.sSat=0A=
+ "&r=3D" + (row + 1) + "&c=3D" + (col + 1);=0A=
}=0A=
TileDataDb.prototype.GetFitUrl=3Dfunction() {=0A=
return this.sUrl + "?p=3D" + this.sProjectId=0A=
+ "&id=3D" + this.oMetadata.aView[this.oMetadata.aView.length - 1].sId=0A=
+ "&s=3D" + this.sSat + "&r=3D1&c=3D1";=0A=
}=0A=

------=_NextPart_000_0000_01C926E7.F0818250--

