10.1007/s11060-009-0060-9</TIT= LE> <META http-equiv=3DContent-Type content=3D"text/html; = charset=3DISO-8859-1"><LINK=20 href=3D"http://www.springerlink.com/config/css/A++_common.css" = type=3Dtext/css=20 rel=3DstyleSheet><LINK=20 href=3D"http://www.springerlink.com/config/css/content_A++_SpringerLink.c= ss"=20 type=3Dtext/css rel=3DstyleSheet> <META content=3D"MSHTML 6.00.6000.16945" name=3DGENERATOR></HEAD> <BODY class=3Dfor-print> <TABLE cellPadding=3D2 border=3D1> <TBODY> <TR class=3Dheader> <TD>Journal of Neuro-Oncology</TD></TR> <TR> <TD>=A9 The Author(s) 2009</TD></TR> <TR> <TD>10.1007/s11060-009-0060-9</TD></TR></TBODY></TABLE> <H2 class=3Drubric>Invited Manuscript</H2> <DIV class=3DHeading1><A name=3Dtitle></A>The role of whole brain = radiation therapy=20 in the management of newly diagnosed brain metastases: a systematic = review and=20 evidence-based clinical practice guideline </DIV> <P class=3DAuthorGroup>Laurie E. Gaspar<SUP>1</SUP>,=20 Minesh P. Mehta<SUP>2</SUP>, = Roy A. Patchell<SUP>3</SUP>,=20 Stuart H. Burri<SUP>4</SUP>, = Paula D. Robinson<SUP>5</SUP>,=20 Rachel E. Morris<SUP>5</SUP>, Mario Ammirati<SUP>6</SUP>, = David W. Andrews<SUP>7</SUP>, = Anthony L. Asher<SUP>8</SUP>,=20 Charles S. Cobbs<SUP>9</SUP>, = Douglas Kondziolka<SUP>10</SUP>,=20 Mark E. Linskey<SUP>11</SUP>, = Jay S. Loeffler<SUP>12</SUP>,=20 Michael McDermott<SUP>13</SUP>, Tom Mikkelsen<SUP>14</SUP>,=20 Jeffrey J. Olson<SUP>15</SUP>,=20 Nina A. Paleologos<SUP>16</SUP>,=20 Timothy C. Ryken<SUP>17</SUP> and=20 Steven N. Kalkanis<SUP>18 <A=20 href=3D"http://www.springerlink.com/content/v2k003021882774p/fulltext.htm= l#ContactOfAuthor19"><IMG=20 alt=3D"Contact Information"=20 src=3D"http://www.springerlink.com/content/v2k003021882774p/contact.gif" = border=3D0></A></SUP></P> <TABLE> <TBODY> <TR vAlign=3Dtop> <TD><SPAN class=3DAffiliation><A = name=3DAff1></A>(1) </SPAN></TD> <TD><SPAN class=3DAffiliation>Department of Radiation Oncology, = University=20 of Colorado-Denver, Denver, CO, = USA</SPAN></TD></TR></TBODY></TABLE> <TABLE> <TBODY> <TR vAlign=3Dtop> <TD><SPAN class=3DAffiliation><A = name=3DAff2></A>(2) </SPAN></TD> <TD><SPAN class=3DAffiliation>Department of Human Oncology, = Universtity of=20 Wisconsin School of Public Health and Medicine, Madison, WI,=20 USA</SPAN></TD></TR></TBODY></TABLE> <TABLE> <TBODY> <TR vAlign=3Dtop> <TD><SPAN class=3DAffiliation><A = name=3DAff3></A>(3) </SPAN></TD> <TD><SPAN class=3DAffiliation>Department of Neurology, Barrow = Neurological=20 Institute, Phoenix, AZ, USA</SPAN></TD></TR></TBODY></TABLE> <TABLE> <TBODY> <TR vAlign=3Dtop> <TD><SPAN class=3DAffiliation><A = name=3DAff4></A>(4) </SPAN></TD> <TD><SPAN class=3DAffiliation>Department of Radiation Oncology, = Carolinas=20 Medical Center, Charlotte, NC, = USA</SPAN></TD></TR></TBODY></TABLE> <TABLE> <TBODY> <TR vAlign=3Dtop> <TD><SPAN class=3DAffiliation><A = name=3DAff5></A>(5) </SPAN></TD> <TD><SPAN class=3DAffiliation>McMaster University Evidence-Based = Practice=20 Center, Hamilton, ON, Canada</SPAN></TD></TR></TBODY></TABLE> <TABLE> <TBODY> <TR vAlign=3Dtop> <TD><SPAN class=3DAffiliation><A = name=3DAff6></A>(6) </SPAN></TD> <TD><SPAN class=3DAffiliation>Department of Neurosurgery, Ohio State = University Medical Center, Columbus, OH, = USA</SPAN></TD></TR></TBODY></TABLE> <TABLE> <TBODY> <TR vAlign=3Dtop> <TD><SPAN class=3DAffiliation><A = name=3DAff7></A>(7) </SPAN></TD> <TD><SPAN class=3DAffiliation>Department of Neurosurgery, Thomas = Jefferson=20 University, Philadelphia, PA, USA</SPAN></TD></TR></TBODY></TABLE> <TABLE> <TBODY> <TR vAlign=3Dtop> <TD><SPAN class=3DAffiliation><A = name=3DAff8></A>(8) </SPAN></TD> <TD><SPAN class=3DAffiliation>Department of Neurosurgery, Carolina=20 Neurosurgery and Spine Associates, Charlotte, NC,=20 USA</SPAN></TD></TR></TBODY></TABLE> <TABLE> <TBODY> <TR vAlign=3Dtop> <TD><SPAN class=3DAffiliation><A = name=3DAff9></A>(9) </SPAN></TD> <TD><SPAN class=3DAffiliation>Department of Neurosciences, = California=20 Pacific Medical Center, San Francisco, CA, = USA</SPAN></TD></TR></TBODY></TABLE> <TABLE> <TBODY> <TR vAlign=3Dtop> <TD><SPAN class=3DAffiliation><A = name=3DAff10></A>(10) </SPAN></TD> <TD><SPAN class=3DAffiliation>Department of Neurological Surgery, = University=20 of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA,=20 USA</SPAN></TD></TR></TBODY></TABLE> <TABLE> <TBODY> <TR vAlign=3Dtop> <TD><SPAN class=3DAffiliation><A = name=3DAff11></A>(11) </SPAN></TD> <TD><SPAN class=3DAffiliation>Department of Neurosurgery, University = of=20 California-Irvine Medical Center, Orange, CA,=20 USA</SPAN></TD></TR></TBODY></TABLE> <TABLE> <TBODY> <TR vAlign=3Dtop> <TD><SPAN class=3DAffiliation><A = name=3DAff12></A>(12) </SPAN></TD> <TD><SPAN class=3DAffiliation>Department of Radiation Oncology,=20 Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, = USA</SPAN></TD></TR></TBODY></TABLE> <TABLE> <TBODY> <TR vAlign=3Dtop> <TD><SPAN class=3DAffiliation><A = name=3DAff13></A>(13) </SPAN></TD> <TD><SPAN class=3DAffiliation>Department of Neurosurgery, University = of=20 California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA,=20 USA</SPAN></TD></TR></TBODY></TABLE> <TABLE> <TBODY> <TR vAlign=3Dtop> <TD><SPAN class=3DAffiliation><A = name=3DAff14></A>(14) </SPAN></TD> <TD><SPAN class=3DAffiliation>Department of Neurology, Henry Ford = Health=20 System, Detroit, MI, USA</SPAN></TD></TR></TBODY></TABLE> <TABLE> <TBODY> <TR vAlign=3Dtop> <TD><SPAN class=3DAffiliation><A = name=3DAff15></A>(15) </SPAN></TD> <TD><SPAN class=3DAffiliation>Department of Neurosurgery, Emory = University=20 School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, = USA</SPAN></TD></TR></TBODY></TABLE> <TABLE> <TBODY> <TR vAlign=3Dtop> <TD><SPAN class=3DAffiliation><A = name=3DAff16></A>(16) </SPAN></TD> <TD><SPAN class=3DAffiliation>Department of Neurology, Northshore = University=20 Health System, Evanston, IL, USA</SPAN></TD></TR></TBODY></TABLE> <TABLE> <TBODY> <TR vAlign=3Dtop> <TD><SPAN class=3DAffiliation><A = name=3DAff17></A>(17) </SPAN></TD> <TD><SPAN class=3DAffiliation>Department of Neurosurgery, Iowa Spine = and=20 Brain Institute, Iowa City, IA, = USA</SPAN></TD></TR></TBODY></TABLE> <TABLE> <TBODY> <TR vAlign=3Dtop> <TD><SPAN class=3DAffiliation><A = name=3DAff18></A>(18) </SPAN></TD> <TD><SPAN class=3DAffiliation>Department of Neurosurgery, Henry Ford = Health=20 System, Hermelin Brain Tumor Center, 2799 West Grand Blvd, K-11, = Detroit,=20 MI 48202, USA</SPAN></TD></TR></TBODY></TABLE> <P><A name=3DContactOfAuthor19></A></P> <TABLE class=3DContact> <TBODY> <TR> <TD vAlign=3Dtop><IMG alt=3D"Contact Information"=20 = src=3D"http://www.springerlink.com/content/v2k003021882774p/contact.gif" = border=3D0></TD> = <TD><STRONG>Steven </STRONG><STRONG>N. </STRONG><STRONG>Kalkani= s</STRONG><STRONG></STRONG><BR><STRONG>Email:=20 </STRONG><A=20 = href=3D"mailto:kalkanis@neuro.hfh.edu">kalkanis@neuro.hfh.edu</A><BR><STR= ONG>Email:=20 </STRONG><A=20 = href=3D"mailto:skalkan1@hfhs.org">skalkan1@hfhs.org</A></TD></TR></TBODY>= </TABLE> <P class=3DAffiliation><STRONG>Received:=20 </STRONG>7 September 2009 <STRONG>Accepted:=20 </STRONG>8 November 2009 <STRONG>Published online:=20 </STRONG>4 December 2009 </P> <DIV class=3DAbstract><A name=3DAbs1></A><SPAN = class=3DAbstractHeading>Abstract</SPAN> <DIV class=3DAbstractSection> <DIV class=3D""><SPAN class=3DAbstractSectionHeading><A = name=3DASec1></A>Should whole=20 brain radiation therapy (WBRT) be used as the sole therapy in patients = with=20 newly-diagnosed, surgically accessible, single brain metastases, = compared with=20 WBRT plus surgical resection, and in what clinical = settings? </SPAN>=20 <B>Target population</B>=20 <DIV class=3DAbstractPara> <DIV class=3D"">This recommendation applies to adults with newly = diagnosed single=20 brain metastases amenable to surgical resection; however, the = recommendation=20 does not apply to relatively radiosensitive tumors histologies (i.e., = small cell=20 lung cancer, leukemia, lymphoma, germ cell tumors and multiple myeloma). = </DIV></DIV> <DIV class=3DAbstractPara> <DIV class=3D""><B>Recommendation</B> </DIV></DIV> <DIV class=3DAbstractPara> <DIV class=3D""><B><I>Surgical resection plus WBRT versus WBRT = alone</I></B>=20 </DIV></DIV> <DIV class=3DAbstractPara> <DIV class=3D""><I>Level 1</I> Class I evidence supports the use of = surgical=20 resection plus post-operative WBRT, as compared to WBRT alone, in = patients with=20 good performance status (functionally independent and spending less than = 50% of=20 time in bed) and limited extra-cranial disease. There is insufficient = evidence=20 to make a recommendation for patients with poor performance scores, = advanced=20 systemic disease, or multiple brain metastases. </DIV></DIV> <DIV class=3DAbstractPara> <DIV class=3D""><B><I>If WBRT is used, is there an optimal = dosing/fractionation=20 schedule?</I></B> </DIV></DIV> <DIV class=3DAbstractPara> <DIV class=3D""><B>Target population</B> </DIV></DIV> <DIV class=3DAbstractPara> <DIV class=3D"">This recommendation applies to adults with newly = diagnosed brain=20 metastases.</DIV></DIV> <DIV class=3DAbstractPara> <DIV class=3D""><B>Recommendation</B> </DIV></DIV> <DIV class=3DAbstractPara> <DIV class=3D""><I>Level 1</I> Class I evidence suggests that altered=20 dose/fractionation schedules of WBRT do not result in significant = differences in=20 median survival, local control or neurocognitive outcomes when compared = with=20 =93standard=94 WBRT dose/fractionation. (i.e., 30 Gy in 10 fractions or = a=20 biologically effective dose (BED) of 39 Gy10). </DIV></DIV> <DIV class=3DAbstractPara> <DIV class=3D""><B><I>If WBRT is used, what impact does tumor = histopathology have=20 on treatment outcomes?</I></B> </DIV></DIV> <DIV class=3DAbstractPara> <DIV class=3D""><B>Target population</B> </DIV></DIV> <DIV class=3DAbstractPara> <DIV class=3D"">This recommendation applies to adults with newly = diagnosed brain=20 metastases.</DIV></DIV> <DIV class=3DAbstractPara> <DIV class=3D""><B>Recommendation</B> </DIV></DIV> <DIV class=3DAbstractPara> <DIV class=3D"">Given the extremely limited data available, there is = insufficient=20 evidence to support the choice of any particular dose/fractionation = regimen=20 based on histopathology. </DIV></DIV> <DIV class=3DAbstractPara> <DIV class=3D"">The following question is fully addressed in the surgery = guideline=20 paper within this series by Kalkanis et al. Given that the = recommendation=20 resulting from the systematic review of the literature on this topic is = also=20 highly relevant to the discussion of the role of WBRT in the management = of brain=20 metastases, this recommendation has been included below. </DIV></DIV> <DIV class=3DAbstractPara> <DIV class=3D""><B><I>Does the addition of WBRT after surgical resection = improve=20 outcomes when compared with surgical resection alone?</I></B> = </DIV></DIV> <DIV class=3DAbstractPara> <DIV class=3D""><B>Target population</B> </DIV></DIV> <DIV class=3DAbstractPara> <DIV class=3D"">This recommendation applies to adults with newly = diagnosed single=20 brain metastases amenable to surgical resection.</DIV></DIV> <DIV class=3DAbstractPara> <DIV class=3D""><B>Recommendation</B> </DIV></DIV> <DIV class=3DAbstractPara> <DIV class=3D""><B><I>Surgical resection plus WBRT versus surgical = resection=20 alone</I></B> </DIV></DIV> <DIV class=3DAbstractPara> <DIV class=3D""><I>Level 1</I> Surgical resection followed by WBRT = represents a=20 superior treatment modality, in terms of improving tumor control at the = original=20 site of the metastasis and in the brain overall, when compared to = surgical=20 resection alone. </DIV></DIV></DIV></DIV></DIV> <P class=3DKeyword><SPAN = class=3DKeywordHeading>Keywords </SPAN>Brain=20 metastases - Whole brain radiation=20 therapy - Radiotherapy - Surgical=20 resection - Fractionation - Histopathology -&nbs= p;Systematic=20 review - Practice guideline </P> <DIV class=3DFulltext> <DIV class=3D""><A name=3DSec1></A> <HR> <DIV class=3Dheading2>Rationale</DIV> <P class=3D"">Whole-brain radiation therapy (WBRT) has long been a = standard=20 treatment for patients with brain metastases. Based on preclinical and=20 observational data, some physicians alter dose fractionation or withhold = WBRT=20 based upon tumor histology. </P> <P class=3D"">This paper will systematically review the evidence = available for=20 altered WBRT dose fractionation and the impact of tumor histopathology = on=20 treatment outcomes when WBRT is used. In addition, this paper will also=20 systematically review the evidence for the use of surgical resection = plus WBRT=20 compared with WBRT alone in patients with newly diagnosed, surgically=20 accessible, single brain metastases. The studies identified through this = process=20 will be used to make evidence-based recommendations for the role of WBRT = in the=20 management of patients with newly diagnosed brain metastases. </P> <P class=3D"">As WBRT has been a mainstay of the treatment approach for = patients=20 with brain metastases, several other papers in this guideline series = also=20 include comparisons and recommendations regarding the use of WBRT for = this=20 patient population. Of particular note are the papers by Kalkanis et al. = [<CITE><A=20 href=3D"http://www.springerlink.com/content/v2k003021882774p/fulltext.htm= l#CR1">1</A></CITE>],=20 (surgical resection) and Linskey et al. [<CITE><A=20 href=3D"http://www.springerlink.com/content/v2k003021882774p/fulltext.htm= l#CR2">2</A></CITE>],=20 (stereotactic radiosurgery) for patients with newly diagnosed brain = metastases.=20 </P></DIV> <DIV class=3D""><A name=3DSec2></A> <HR> <DIV class=3Dheading2>Methods</DIV> <DIV class=3D""><A name=3DSec3></A> <DIV class=3DHeading3>Search strategy</DIV> <P class=3D"">The following electronic databases were searched from 1990 = to=20 September 2008: MEDLINE<SUP>=AE</SUP>, Embase<SUP>=AE</SUP>, Cochrane = Database of=20 Systematic Reviews, Cochrane Controlled Trials Registry, and Cochrane = Database=20 of Abstracts of Reviews of Effects. A broad search strategy using a = combination=20 of subheadings and text words was employed. The search strategy is = documented in=20 the methodology paper for this guideline series by Robinson et al. = [<CITE><A=20 href=3D"http://www.springerlink.com/content/v2k003021882774p/fulltext.htm= l#CR3">3</A></CITE>]=20 Reference lists of included studies were also reviewed. </P></DIV> <DIV class=3D""><A name=3DSec4></A> <DIV class=3DHeading3>Eligibility criteria</DIV> <DIV class=3DPara> <DIV class=3D""> <TABLE class=3DOrderedList> <TBODY> <TR vAlign=3Dtop> <TD>(a) </TD> <TD>For WBRT versus surgical resection plus WBRT question:=20 <TABLE class=3DOrderedList border=3D0> <TBODY> <TR vAlign=3Dtop> <TD><SPAN style=3D"FONT-SIZE: 1.1em">=95</SPAN> </TD> <TD>Published in English with a publication date of 1990=20 forward.</TD></TR> <TR vAlign=3Dtop> <TD><SPAN style=3D"FONT-SIZE: 1.1em">=95</SPAN> </TD> <TD>Patients with newly diagnosed single brain = metastases.</TD></TR> <TR vAlign=3Dtop> <TD><SPAN style=3D"FONT-SIZE: 1.1em">=95</SPAN> </TD> <TD>Fully published peer-reviewed primary comparative studies = (all=20 comparative study designs for primary data collection = included;=20 e.g., randomized controlled trials (RCTs), non-randomized = trials,=20 cohort studies or case=96control studies) </TD></TR> <TR vAlign=3Dtop> <TD><SPAN style=3D"FONT-SIZE: 1.1em">=95</SPAN> </TD> <TD>Study comparisons include: WBRT versus=20 surgery + WBRT</TD></TR> <TR vAlign=3Dtop> <TD><SPAN style=3D"FONT-SIZE: 1.1em">=95</SPAN> </TD> <TD>Number of participants with newly diagnosed brain = metastases=20 >5 per study arm</TD></TR> <TR vAlign=3Dtop> <TD><SPAN style=3D"FONT-SIZE: 1.1em">=95</SPAN> </TD> <TD>Baseline information on study participants is provided by=20 treatment group in studies evaluating interventions = exclusively in=20 patients with newly diagnosed brain metastases. For studies = with=20 mixed populations (i.e., includes participants with = conditions other=20 than newly diagnosed brain metastases), baseline information = is=20 provided for the intervention sub-groups of participants = with newly=20 diagnosed brain metastases. = </TD></TR></TBODY></TABLE></TD></TR> <TR vAlign=3Dtop> <TD>(b) </TD> <TD>For optimal dosing/fractionation schedule for WBRT question:=20 <TABLE class=3DOrderedList border=3D0> <TBODY> <TR vAlign=3Dtop> <TD><SPAN style=3D"FONT-SIZE: 1.1em">=95</SPAN> </TD> <TD>Published in English.</TD></TR> <TR vAlign=3Dtop> <TD><SPAN style=3D"FONT-SIZE: 1.1em">=95</SPAN> </TD> <TD>Patients with newly diagnosed brain metastases.</TD></TR> <TR vAlign=3Dtop> <TD><SPAN style=3D"FONT-SIZE: 1.1em">=95</SPAN> </TD> <TD>Fully published peer-reviewed primary comparative studies = (all=20 comparative study designs for primary data collection = included;=20 e.g., RCT, non-randomized trials, cohort studies or = case=96control=20 studies) for studies published 1990 forward; RCTs published = 1970=20 forward. </TD></TR> <TR vAlign=3Dtop> <TD><SPAN style=3D"FONT-SIZE: 1.1em">=95</SPAN> </TD> <TD>Study comparisons include: WBRT dose/fractionation = schedule 1=20 versus WBRT dose/fractionation schedule 2</TD></TR> <TR vAlign=3Dtop> <TD><SPAN style=3D"FONT-SIZE: 1.1em">=95</SPAN> </TD> <TD>Number of participants with newly diagnosed brain = metastases=20 >5 per study arm.</TD></TR> <TR vAlign=3Dtop> <TD><SPAN style=3D"FONT-SIZE: 1.1em">=95</SPAN> </TD> <TD>Baseline information on study participants is provided by=20 treatment group in studies evaluating interventions = exclusively in=20 patients with newly diagnosed brain metastases. For studies = with=20 mixed populations (i.e., includes participants with = conditions other=20 than newly diagnosed brain metastases), baseline information = is=20 provided for the intervention sub-groups of participants = with newly=20 diagnosed brain metastases. = </TD></TR></TBODY></TABLE></TD></TR> <TR vAlign=3Dtop> <TD>(c) </TD> <TD>For whether tumor histopathology has an impact on WBRT treatment = outcomes?=20 <TABLE class=3DOrderedList border=3D0> <TBODY> <TR vAlign=3Dtop> <TD><SPAN style=3D"FONT-SIZE: 1.1em">=95</SPAN> </TD> <TD>Published in English with a publication date of 1990=20 forward.</TD></TR> <TR vAlign=3Dtop> <TD><SPAN style=3D"FONT-SIZE: 1.1em">=95</SPAN> </TD> <TD>Patients with newly diagnosed brain metastases.</TD></TR> <TR vAlign=3Dtop> <TD><SPAN style=3D"FONT-SIZE: 1.1em">=95</SPAN> </TD> <TD>Fully published peer-reviewed primary studies (all study = designs=20 for primary data collection included; e.g., RCT, = non-randomized=20 trials, cohort studies, case=96control studies or case = series). </TD></TR> <TR vAlign=3Dtop> <TD><SPAN style=3D"FONT-SIZE: 1.1em">=95</SPAN> </TD> <TD>Any study evaluating the outcome(s) of WBRT by tumor=20 histopathology (or primary tumor type).</TD></TR> <TR vAlign=3Dtop> <TD><SPAN style=3D"FONT-SIZE: 1.1em">=95</SPAN> </TD> <TD>Number of participants with newly diagnosed brain = metastases=20 >5 per study arm for comparative studies and >5 = overall for=20 non-comparative studies. </TD></TR> <TR vAlign=3Dtop> <TD><SPAN style=3D"FONT-SIZE: 1.1em">=95</SPAN> </TD> <TD>For studies evaluating the outcome(s) of WBRT by = histopathology=20 (or primary tumor type) exclusively in patients with newly = diagnosed=20 brain metastases, baseline characteristics are presented and = stratified by histologic/primary tumor group. For studies = with mixed=20 populations (i.e., includes participants with conditions = other than=20 newly diagnosed brain metastases), baseline characteristics = are=20 presented and stratified by histologic/primary tumor group = for the=20 sub-group of participants with newly diagnosed brain = metastases.=20 = </TD></TR></TBODY></TABLE></TD></TR></TBODY></TABLE></DIV></DIV></DIV> <DIV class=3D""><A name=3DSec5></A> <DIV class=3DHeading3>Study selection and quality assessment</DIV> <P class=3D"">Two independent reviewers evaluated citations using a = priori=20 criteria for relevance and documented decisions in standardized forms. = Cases of=20 disagreement were resolved by a third reviewer. The same methodology was = used=20 for full text screening of potentially relevant papers. Studies which = met the=20 eligibility criteria were data extracted by one reviewer and the = extracted=20 information was checked by a second reviewer. The PEDro scale [<CITE><A=20 href=3D"http://www.springerlink.com/content/v2k003021882774p/fulltext.htm= l#CR4">4</A></CITE>,=20 <CITE><A=20 href=3D"http://www.springerlink.com/content/v2k003021882774p/fulltext.htm= l#CR5">5</A></CITE>]=20 was used to rate the quality of randomized trials. The quality of = comparative=20 studies using non-randomized designs was evaluated using eight items = selected=20 and modified from existing scales. </P></DIV> <DIV class=3D""><A name=3DSec6></A> <DIV class=3DHeading3>Meta-analyses</DIV> <P class=3D"">Meta-analyses of RCTs were undertaken when sufficient data = for=20 pooling was available for the outcomes of interest. For the following = outcomes,=20 6 month mortality, overall survival and neurologic function, the = altered=20 WBRT dose/fractionation schedules were compared to conventional = scheduling. The=20 pooled relative risk (RR) was estimated using a random-effects model and = each=20 RCT was weighted by the inverse of its variance. Chi-square = heterogeneity tests=20 were used to test for statistical heterogeneity amongst the RCTs. = <I>I</I>=20 <SUP>2</SUP> was calculated in order to quantify inconsistency across = trials and=20 assess the impact of heterogeneity on the meta-analysis. Publication = bias was=20 evaluated graphically with funnel plots. All statistical analyses were = carried=20 out using Revman 5. </P></DIV> <DIV class=3D""><A name=3DSec7></A> <DIV class=3DHeading3>Evidence classification and recommendation = levels</DIV> <P class=3D"">Both the quality of the evidence and the strength of the=20 recommendations were graded according to the American Association of=20 Neurological Surgeons (AANS)/Congress of Neurological Surgeons (CNS) = criteria.=20 These criteria are provided in the methodology paper for this guideline = series.=20 </P></DIV> <DIV class=3D""><A name=3DSec8></A> <DIV class=3DHeading3>Guideline development process</DIV> <P class=3D"">The AANS/CNS convened a multi-disciplinary panel of = clinical experts=20 to develop a series of practice guidelines on the management of brain = metastases=20 based on a systematic review of the literature conducted in = collaboration with=20 methodologists at the McMaster University Evidence-based Practice = Center.=20 </P></DIV></DIV> <DIV class=3D""><A name=3DSec9></A> <HR> <DIV class=3Dheading2>Scientific foundation</DIV> <DIV class=3DPara> <DIV class=3D"">Overall, 24 primary studies [<CITE><A=20 href=3D"http://www.springerlink.com/content/v2k003021882774p/fulltext.htm= l#CR6">6</A></CITE>=96<CITE><A=20 href=3D"http://www.springerlink.com/content/v2k003021882774p/fulltext.htm= l#CR29">29</A></CITE>]=20 and seven companion papers [<CITE><A=20 href=3D"http://www.springerlink.com/content/v2k003021882774p/fulltext.htm= l#CR30">30</A></CITE>=96<CITE><A=20 href=3D"http://www.springerlink.com/content/v2k003021882774p/fulltext.htm= l#CR36">36</A></CITE>]=20 met the eligibility criteria for this systematic review (Fig. <A=20 href=3D"http://www.springerlink.com/content/v2k003021882774p/fulltext.htm= l#Fig1">1</A>).=20 <DIV class=3DFigure><A name=3DFig1></A><IMG=20 alt=3DMediaObjects/11060_2009_60_Fig1_HTML.gif=20 src=3D"http://www.springerlink.com/content/v2k003021882774p/MediaObjects/= 11060_2009_60_Fig1_HTML.gif"></DIV> <DIV class=3DCapt><SPAN class=3DCaptNr>Fig. 1 </SPAN>Flowchart = of studies=20 to final number of eligible studies </DIV> <HR> </DIV></DIV> <DIV class=3D""><A name=3DSec10></A> <DIV class=3DHeading3>Surgical Resection plus WBRT versus WBRT = alone</DIV> <DIV class=3DPara> <DIV class=3D"">Seven studies met the eligibility criteria for this = treatment=20 comparison, and of these six were unique and one was a companion study = [<CITE><A=20 href=3D"http://www.springerlink.com/content/v2k003021882774p/fulltext.htm= l#CR6">6</A></CITE>=96<CITE><A=20 href=3D"http://www.springerlink.com/content/v2k003021882774p/fulltext.htm= l#CR11">11</A></CITE>,=20 <CITE><A=20 href=3D"http://www.springerlink.com/content/v2k003021882774p/fulltext.htm= l#CR30">30</A></CITE>].=20 Three of these studies were prospective randomized trials [<CITE><A=20 href=3D"http://www.springerlink.com/content/v2k003021882774p/fulltext.htm= l#CR6">6</A></CITE>=96<CITE><A=20 href=3D"http://www.springerlink.com/content/v2k003021882774p/fulltext.htm= l#CR8">8</A></CITE>]=20 (Table <A=20 href=3D"http://www.springerlink.com/content/v2k003021882774p/fulltext.htm= l#Tab1">1</A>).=20 Given that the treatment modalities being compared included surgical = resection=20 in only one arm of each trial, all of the RCTs were non-blinded. In a = randomized=20 trial performed at the University of Kentucky [<CITE><A=20 href=3D"http://www.springerlink.com/content/v2k003021882774p/fulltext.htm= l#CR6">6</A></CITE>],=20 48 patients with known systemic cancer were treated with either biopsy = of the=20 suspected brain metastasis plus WBRT or complete surgical resection of = the=20 metastasis plus WBRT. The radiation doses were the same in both groups = and=20 consisted of a total dose of 36 Gy given in 12 daily fractions of = 3 Gy=20 each. Patients had to be capable of caring for themselves independently, = with a=20 Karnofsky performance score (KPS) of at least 70. Patients were = ineligible if=20 they had a need for immediate treatment to prevent acute neurologic=20 deterioration, or if they had tumors considered to be relatively = radiosensitive=20 [small cell lung cancer (SCLC), germ-cell tumors, lymphoma, leukemia, = and=20 multiple myeloma]. Patients were not excluded based on the extent of = systemic=20 disease. Randomization was performed by computer-generated random = numbers.=20 Information on allocation concealment was not reported. All the patients = in the=20 surgical group were considered to have had complete resection as = assessed by=20 postoperative computerized tomography (CT) scanning. Follow up brain CT = or=20 magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans were required every = 3 months. There=20 was a statistically significant increase in survival in the surgical = group (40=20 vs. 15 weeks). In addition, the time to recurrence of brain = metastases,=20 freedom from death due to neurologic causes, and duration of functional=20 independence were significantly longer in the surgical resection group. = The=20 1 month mortality was 4% in each group, indicating that there was = no extra=20 mortality from surgery. Although surgical resection was the only = variable=20 positively associated with maintaining performance status, the extent of = systemic disease and increased age were associated with poor performance = status=20 post-treatment.<A name=3DTab1></A> <DIV class=3DCapt><SPAN class=3DCaptNr>Table 1 </SPAN>WBRT = versus surgical=20 resection plus WBRT </DIV> <TABLE border=3D1> <COLGROUP> <COL align=3Dleft> <COL align=3Dleft> <COL align=3Dleft> <COL align=3Dleft> <COL align=3Dleft> <COL align=3Dleft> <COL align=3Dleft></COLGROUP> <THEAD> <TR class=3Dheader> <TH align=3Dleft> <P class=3D"">First author (year)</P></TH> <TH align=3Dleft> <P class=3D"">Study design/evidence class</P></TH> <TH align=3Dleft> <P class=3D"">Interventions</P></TH> <TH align=3Dleft> <P class=3D"">Population</P></TH> <TH align=3Dleft> <P class=3D"">Median survival</P></TH> <TH align=3Dleft> <P class=3D""># Pts with recurrence/progression<SUP>a</SUP> = </P></TH> <TH align=3Dleft> <P class=3D"">Median time to = recurrence/progression</P></TH></TR></THEAD> <TBODY> <TR class=3Dnoclass> <TD align=3Dleft colSpan=3D7> <P class=3D"">Randomized trials</P></TD></TR> <TR class=3Dnoclass> <TD align=3Dleft rowSpan=3D2> <P class=3D""> Patchell (1990) [<CITE><A=20 = href=3D"http://www.springerlink.com/content/v2k003021882774p/fulltext.htm= l#CR6">6</A></CITE>]=20 </P></TD> <TD align=3Dleft rowSpan=3D2> <P class=3D"">RCT</P> <P class=3D"">Evidence class I</P></TD> <TD align=3Dleft rowSpan=3D2> <P class=3D"">G1: WBRT (<I>n</I> =3D 23) </P> <P class=3D"">G2: WBRT + surgery = (<I>n</I> =3D 25) </P></TD> <TD align=3Dleft rowSpan=3D2> <P class=3D"">Single BM</P></TD> <TD align=3Dleft rowSpan=3D2> <P class=3D"">G1: 15 weeks</P> <P class=3D"">G2: 40 weeks</P> <P class=3D"">(Survival curves: log-rank; = <I>P</I> < 0.01)=20 </P></TD> <TD align=3Dleft> <P class=3D""><I>At original site</I>: </P> <P class=3D"">G1: 12/23 (52%)</P> <P class=3D"">G2: 5/25 (20%) (<I>P</I> < 0.02) = </P></TD> <TD align=3Dleft rowSpan=3D2> <P class=3D""><I>At original site</I>: </P> <P class=3D"">G1: 21 weeks</P> <P class=3D"">G2: >59 weeks</P> <P class=3D"">(LR curves: log-rank; = <I>P</I> < 0.0001)=20 </P></TD></TR> <TR class=3Dnoclass> <TD align=3Dleft> <P class=3D""><I>At distant or leptomeningeal sites</I>: </P> <P class=3D"">G1: 3/23 (13%)</P> <P class=3D"">G2: 5/25 (20%) (<I>P</I> =3D NS) = </P></TD></TR> <TR class=3Dnoclass> <TD align=3Dleft> <P class=3D""> Mintz (1996) [<CITE><A=20 = href=3D"http://www.springerlink.com/content/v2k003021882774p/fulltext.htm= l#CR7">7</A></CITE>]=20 </P></TD> <TD align=3Dleft> <P class=3D"">RCT</P> <P class=3D"">Evidence class I</P></TD> <TD align=3Dleft> <P class=3D"">G1: WBRT (<I>n</I> =3D 43) </P> <P class=3D"">G2: WBRT + surgery = (<I>n</I> =3D 41) </P></TD> <TD align=3Dleft> <P class=3D"">Single BM</P></TD> <TD align=3Dleft> <P class=3D"">G1: 6.3 months</P> <P class=3D"">G2: 5.6 months</P> <P class=3D"">(Survival curves: log-rank; = <I>P</I> =3D NS) </P></TD> <TD align=3Dleft> <P class=3D"">NR</P></TD> <TD align=3Dleft> <P class=3D"">NR</P></TD></TR> <TR class=3Dnoclass> <TD align=3Dleft> <P class=3D""> Vecht (1993) [<CITE><A=20 = href=3D"http://www.springerlink.com/content/v2k003021882774p/fulltext.htm= l#CR8">8</A></CITE>]=20 </P></TD> <TD align=3Dleft> <P class=3D"">RCT</P> <P class=3D"">Evidence class I</P></TD> <TD align=3Dleft> <P class=3D"">G1: WBRT (<I>n</I> =3D 31) </P> <P class=3D"">G2: WBRT + surgery = (<I>n</I> =3D 32) </P></TD> <TD align=3Dleft> <P class=3D"">Single BM</P></TD> <TD align=3Dleft> <P class=3D"">G1: 6 months</P> <P class=3D"">G2: 10 months</P> <P class=3D"">(Survival curves: log-rank; = <I>P</I> =3D 0.04) </P></TD> <TD align=3Dleft> <P class=3D"">NR</P></TD> <TD align=3Dleft> <P class=3D"">NR</P></TD></TR> <TR class=3Dnoclass> <TD align=3Dleft colSpan=3D7> <P class=3D"">Other study designs</P></TD></TR> <TR class=3Dnoclass> <TD align=3Dleft> <P class=3D""> Ampil (1996) [<CITE><A=20 = href=3D"http://www.springerlink.com/content/v2k003021882774p/fulltext.htm= l#CR9">9</A></CITE>]=20 </P></TD> <TD align=3Dleft> <P class=3D"">Retrospective cohort study</P> <P class=3D"">Evidence class II</P></TD> <TD align=3Dleft> <P class=3D"">G1: WBRT (<I>n</I> =3D 34) </P> <P class=3D"">G2: WBRT + surgery = (<I>n</I> =3D 11) </P></TD> <TD align=3Dleft> <P class=3D"">Cerebellum BM</P></TD> <TD align=3Dleft> <P class=3D"">G1: 3 months</P> <P class=3D"">G2: 15 months</P> <P class=3D"">(Wilcox on rank sum; <I>P</I> =3D 0.005) = </P></TD> <TD align=3Dleft> <P class=3D"">NR</P></TD> <TD align=3Dleft> <P class=3D"">NR</P></TD></TR> <TR class=3Dnoclass> <TD align=3Dleft rowSpan=3D3> <P class=3D""> Rades (2008) [<CITE><A=20 = href=3D"http://www.springerlink.com/content/v2k003021882774p/fulltext.htm= l#CR10">10</A></CITE>]=20 </P></TD> <TD align=3Dleft rowSpan=3D3> <P class=3D"">Retrospective cohort study</P> <P class=3D"">Evidence class II</P></TD> <TD align=3Dleft rowSpan=3D3> <P class=3D"">G1: WBRT (<I>n</I> =3D 96) </P> <P class=3D"">G2: Surgery + WBRT = (<I>n</I> =3D 99) </P></TD> <TD align=3Dleft rowSpan=3D3> <P class=3D"">Single BM</P></TD> <TD align=3Dleft rowSpan=3D3> <P class=3D"">G1: 6 months</P> <P class=3D"">G2: 11.5 months</P> <P class=3D"">(Survival curves: log-rank; = p < 0.001)</P></TD> <TD align=3Dleft rowSpan=3D3> <P class=3D"">NR</P></TD> <TD align=3Dleft> <P class=3D""><I>At original site</I>: NR (LR curves: log-rank;=20 <I>P</I> < 0.001) </P></TD></TR> <TR class=3Dnoclass> <TD align=3Dleft> <P class=3D""><I>At distant site</I>: NR (DR curves: log-rank;=20 <I>P</I> =3D NS) </P></TD></TR> <TR class=3Dnoclass> <TD align=3Dleft> <P class=3D""><I>At any site</I>: NR (BR curves: log-rank;=20 <I>P</I> < 0.001) </P></TD></TR> <TR class=3Dnoclass> <TD align=3Dleft> <P class=3D""> Sause (1990) [<CITE><A=20 = href=3D"http://www.springerlink.com/content/v2k003021882774p/fulltext.htm= l#CR11">11</A></CITE>]=20 </P></TD> <TD align=3Dleft> <P class=3D"">Prospective non-randomized trial</P> <P class=3D"">Evidence class II</P></TD> <TD align=3Dleft> <P class=3D"">G1: WBRT (<I>n</I> =3D 55) </P> <P class=3D"">G2: WBRT + surgery = (<I>n</I> =3D 25) </P></TD> <TD align=3Dleft> <P class=3D"">Single BM</P></TD> <TD align=3Dleft> <P class=3D"">G1: 6.7 months</P> <P class=3D"">G2: 15.5 months</P> <P class=3D"">(Survival curves: log-rank; = <I>P</I> =3D 0.004)=20 </P></TD> <TD align=3Dleft> <P class=3D"">NR</P></TD> <TD align=3Dleft> <P class=3D"">NR</P></TD></TR></TBODY></TABLE> <DIV class=3DCapt> <DIV class=3DCaptCont> <DIV class=3D""><I>BM</I> brain metastases, <I>BR</I> brain recurrence=20 (local + distant), <I>DR</I> distant recurrence in brain, = <I>G1</I>=20 group 1, <I>G2</I> group 2, <I>LR</I> local recurrence at original site = in=20 brain, <I>NR</I> not reported, <I>NS</I> not significant, <I>Pts</I> = patients,=20 <I>RCT</I> randomized control trial, <I>WBRT</I> Whole-brain radiation = therapy=20 </DIV></DIV> <DIV class=3DCaptCont> <DIV class=3D""><SUP>a</SUP>Number of pts with recurrence/progression of = brain=20 metastases, unless otherwise specified </DIV></DIV></DIV></DIV></DIV> <P class=3D"">A second randomized study [<CITE><A=20 href=3D"http://www.springerlink.com/content/v2k003021882774p/fulltext.htm= l#CR8">8</A></CITE>],=20 conducted as a multi-institutional trial in the Netherlands, contained = 63=20 evaluable patients. Patients with single brain metastases were = randomized to=20 complete surgical resection plus WBRT or WBRT alone. Randomization was = performed=20 centrally by telephone. The WBRT schedules were the same for both = treatment arms=20 and consisted of 40 Gy given in a non-standard fractionation scheme = of=20 2 Gy twice per day for 2 weeks (10 treatment days). Patients = had to=20 have a reasonable quality of life and neurological status, defined as = spending=20 no more than 50% of their time in bed and not requiring continuous = nursing care=20 or hospitalization. Excluded histologies were SCLC and lymphoma. = Information is=20 not given regarding the extent of resection in the surgical group or the = use and=20 frequency of imaging in follow up. Survival was significantly longer in = the=20 surgical group (10 vs. 6 months). There was also a non-significant = trend=20 toward longer duration of functional independence in the surgically = treated=20 patients. No data concerning recurrence of brain metastases were = provided. The=20 1 month mortality rates were 9% in the surgery group and 0% in the = WBRT=20 alone group, a statistically insignificant difference. The authors = concluded=20 that the addition of surgery to WBRT provided a survival benefit except = to those=20 patients who were 60 years of age or older, or those patients with=20 progressive systemic disease in the 3 months prior to the diagnosis = of the=20 brain metastasis. </P> <P class=3D"">A third randomized trial, conducted as a multi-center = trial in=20 Canada by Mintz et al. [<CITE><A=20 href=3D"http://www.springerlink.com/content/v2k003021882774p/fulltext.htm= l#CR7">7</A></CITE>],=20 failed to find a benefit from surgical treatment. In that study, 84 = patients=20 with a single brain metastasis were randomized to receive radiotherapy = alone=20 (30 Gy given in 10 daily fractions of 3 Gy) or surgery plus=20 radiotherapy. Randomization was performed centrally by telephone. = Eligible=20 patients had to be less than 80 years of age, and they had to have a KPS = of at=20 least 50, i.e., they could be spending more than 50% of their time in = bed but=20 had to be able to care for some personal needs. Patients were not = eligible if=20 they had leukemia, lymphoma, or SCLC. A CT scan was done in the first=20 postoperative week to assess the extent of tumor removed. Follow up CT = scans=20 were performed monthly for 6 months and every 3 months after = that. A=20 gross total resection was achieved in 38 of the 40 patients in the = surgical=20 group. No difference was found in overall survival; the median survival = time was=20 6.3 months in the radiotherapy alone group and 5.6 months for = the=20 surgical group. There was also no difference in causes of death or = quality of=20 life. </P> <P class=3D"">It is unclear why the Canadian study was not in agreement = with the=20 other two trials. In all three studies, the control arms (the radiation = alone=20 arms) had median lengths of survival in the 3=966 months = range=97within the=20 expected range for patients treated with radiotherapy alone. The major=20 difference in the studies was the poor results obtained in the surgical = arm of=20 the Canadian trial. That study contained a higher proportion of patients = with=20 extensive systemic disease and lower performance scores. It is possible = that=20 these factors resulted in more patients dying of their systemic cancer = before a=20 long term benefit of surgery was seen. Additionally, MRI was not = mandatory in=20 the Canadian study, and it is theoretically possible that patients with=20 additional lesions not detected by CT may have been included in the = study. </P> <P class=3D"">All three of the evidence class II studies [<CITE><A=20 href=3D"http://www.springerlink.com/content/v2k003021882774p/fulltext.htm= l#CR9">9</A></CITE>=96<CITE><A=20 href=3D"http://www.springerlink.com/content/v2k003021882774p/fulltext.htm= l#CR11">11</A></CITE>]=20 demonstrated a survival benefit for patients who underwent surgical = resection=20 followed by WBRT as compared to WBRT alone. Ampil et al., published a = single=20 institution experience with either surgery plus WBRT (11 patients) = versus WBRT=20 alone (34 patients) in 45 patients who had a cerebellar metastasis. The = majority=20 of the patients in the WBRT alone arm had additional supratentorial = brain=20 metastases. Although there was a significant difference in survival = noted=20 between the two groups, the authors concluded that the outcome of = patients with=20 a brain metastasis within the cerebellum was improved with surgical = resection if=20 the primary was not from the lung. </P></DIV> <DIV class=3D""><A name=3DSec11></A> <DIV class=3DHeading3>WBRT dosing/fractionation schedule</DIV> <DIV class=3DPara> <DIV class=3D"">Twenty-three studies met the eligibility criteria for = this=20 question, and of these, 17 were unique [<CITE><A=20 href=3D"http://www.springerlink.com/content/v2k003021882774p/fulltext.htm= l#CR12">12</A></CITE>=96<CITE><A=20 href=3D"http://www.springerlink.com/content/v2k003021882774p/fulltext.htm= l#CR28">28</A></CITE>]=20 and six [<CITE><A=20 href=3D"http://www.springerlink.com/content/v2k003021882774p/fulltext.htm= l#CR31">31</A></CITE>=96<CITE><A=20 href=3D"http://www.springerlink.com/content/v2k003021882774p/fulltext.htm= l#CR36">36</A></CITE>]=20 were companion publications (Table <A=20 href=3D"http://www.springerlink.com/content/v2k003021882774p/fulltext.htm= l#Tab2">2</A>).=20 The 17 unique studies fell into three AANS/CNS evidence class categories = as=20 follows: ten class I studies (nine RCTs [<CITE><A=20 href=3D"http://www.springerlink.com/content/v2k003021882774p/fulltext.htm= l#CR12">12</A></CITE>=96<CITE><A=20 href=3D"http://www.springerlink.com/content/v2k003021882774p/fulltext.htm= l#CR20">20</A></CITE>]=20 and one randomized phase I/II trial [<CITE><A=20 href=3D"http://www.springerlink.com/content/v2k003021882774p/fulltext.htm= l#CR21">21</A></CITE>]),=20 six class II studies [<CITE><A=20 href=3D"http://www.springerlink.com/content/v2k003021882774p/fulltext.htm= l#CR22">22</A></CITE>=96<CITE><A=20 href=3D"http://www.springerlink.com/content/v2k003021882774p/fulltext.htm= l#CR24">24</A></CITE>,=20 <CITE><A=20 href=3D"http://www.springerlink.com/content/v2k003021882774p/fulltext.htm= l#CR26">26</A></CITE>=96<CITE><A=20 href=3D"http://www.springerlink.com/content/v2k003021882774p/fulltext.htm= l#CR28">28</A></CITE>]=20 (retrospective cohort studies) and one class III study [<CITE><A=20 href=3D"http://www.springerlink.com/content/v2k003021882774p/fulltext.htm= l#CR25">25</A></CITE>]=20 (prospective cohort study with historical controls).<A name=3DTab2></A> <DIV class=3DCapt><SPAN = class=3DCaptNr>Table 2 </SPAN>Different=20 dose/fractionation schedules of WBRT </DIV> <TABLE border=3D1> <COLGROUP> <COL align=3Dleft> <COL align=3Dleft> <COL align=3Dleft> <COL align=3Dleft> <COL align=3Dleft> <COL align=3Dleft> <COL align=3Dleft></COLGROUP> <THEAD> <TR class=3Dheader> <TH align=3Dleft> <P class=3D"">First author (year)</P></TH> <TH align=3Dleft> <P class=3D"">Study design/evidence class</P></TH> <TH align=3Dleft> <P class=3D"">WBRT total dose/fractionation</P></TH> <TH align=3Dleft> <P class=3D"">Population</P></TH> <TH align=3Dleft> <P class=3D"">Median survival</P></TH> <TH align=3Dleft> <P class=3D""># Pts with recurrence/progression<SUP>a</SUP> = </P></TH> <TH align=3Dleft> <P class=3D"">Median time to = recurrence/progression</P></TH></TR></THEAD> <TBODY> <TR class=3Dnoclass> <TD align=3Dleft colSpan=3D7> <P class=3D"">Randomized trials</P></TD></TR> <TR class=3Dnoclass> <TD align=3Dleft rowSpan=3D2> <P class=3D""> Borgelt (1981) [<CITE><A=20 = href=3D"http://www.springerlink.com/content/v2k003021882774p/fulltext.htm= l#CR12">12</A></CITE>]=20 </P></TD> <TD align=3Dleft rowSpan=3D2> <P class=3D"">RCT</P> <P class=3D"">Evidence class I</P></TD> <TD align=3Dleft> <P class=3D""><I>First RCT</I>: </P> <P class=3D"">G1: 10 Gy/1 fraction = (<I>n</I> =3D 26) </P> <P class=3D"">G2: 30=9640 Gy over 2=964 weeks=20 (<I>n</I> =3D 112) </P></TD> <TD align=3Dleft rowSpan=3D2> <P class=3D"">BM</P></TD> <TD align=3Dleft> <P class=3D""><I>First RCT</I>: </P> <P class=3D"">G1: 15 weeks</P> <P class=3D"">G2: 21 weeks</P> <P class=3D"">(Survival curves: log-rank; = <I>P</I> =3D NS) </P></TD> <TD align=3Dleft rowSpan=3D2> <P class=3D"">NR</P></TD> <TD align=3Dleft> <P class=3D"">Median time to progression (measured by = deterioration in=20 neurologic function):</P> <P class=3D"">First RCT:</P> <P class=3D"">Initial NF 1: G1: 9 weeks; G2: 14 weeks</P> <P class=3D"">Initial NF 2: G1: 9 weeks; G2: = 10 weeks</P> <P class=3D"">Initial NF 3: G1: 7 weeks; G2: 12 weeks = (Cox=92s model;=20 <I>P</I> =3D 0.07) </P></TD></TR> <TR class=3Dnoclass> <TD align=3Dleft> <P class=3D""><I>Second RCT</I>: </P> <P class=3D"">G3: 12 Gy/2 fractions = (<I>n</I> =3D 33) </P> <P class=3D"">G4: 20 Gy over 1 week = (<I>n</I> =3D 31)=20 </P></TD> <TD align=3Dleft> <P class=3D""><I>Second RCT</I>: </P> <P class=3D"">G3: 13 weeks</P> <P class=3D"">G4: 12 weeks</P> <P class=3D"">(Survival curves: log-rank; = <I>P</I> =3D NS) </P></TD> <TD align=3Dleft> <P class=3D"">Second RCT:</P> <P class=3D"">Initial NF 1: G3: 9 weeks; G4: 10 weeks</P> <P class=3D"">Initial NF 2: G3: 11 weeks; G4: 8 weeks</P> <P class=3D"">Initial NF 3: G3: 3 weeks; G4: 3 weeks (Cox=92s = model;=20 <I>P</I> =3D NS) </P></TD></TR> <TR class=3Dnoclass> <TD align=3Dleft rowSpan=3D2> <P class=3D""> Chantani (1994) [<CITE><A=20 = href=3D"http://www.springerlink.com/content/v2k003021882774p/fulltext.htm= l#CR13">13</A></CITE>]=20 </P></TD> <TD align=3Dleft rowSpan=3D2> <P class=3D"">RCT</P> <P class=3D"">Evidence class I</P></TD> <TD align=3Dleft> <P class=3D""><I>Normal LDH</I>: </P> <P class=3D"">G1: 30 Gy/10 fractions = (<I>n</I> =3D 46) </P> <P class=3D"">G2: 50 Gy/20 fractions = (<I>n</I> =3D 46) </P></TD> <TD align=3Dleft rowSpan=3D2> <P class=3D"">Lung cancer BM</P></TD> <TD align=3Dleft rowSpan=3D2> <P class=3D"">G1: 5.4 months</P> <P class=3D"">G2: 4.8 months</P> <P class=3D"">(Survival curves G1 vs. G2: log-rank; = <I>P</I> =3D NS)=20 </P> <P class=3D"">G3: 3.4 months</P> <P class=3D"">G4: 2.4 months</P> <P class=3D"">(Survival curves G3 vs. G4:log-rank; = <I>P</I> =3D NS)=20 </P></TD> <TD align=3Dleft rowSpan=3D2> <P class=3D"">NR</P></TD> <TD align=3Dleft rowSpan=3D2> <P class=3D"">NR</P></TD></TR> <TR class=3Dnoclass> <TD align=3Dleft> <P class=3D""><I>High LDH</I>: </P> <P class=3D"">G3: 30 Gy/10 fractions = (<I>n</I> =3D 35) G4:=20 20 Gy/5 fractions (<I>n</I> =3D 35) </P></TD></TR> <TR class=3Dnoclass> <TD align=3Dleft> <P class=3D""> Chantani (1985) [<CITE><A=20 = href=3D"http://www.springerlink.com/content/v2k003021882774p/fulltext.htm= l#CR14">14</A></CITE>]=20 </P></TD> <TD align=3Dleft> <P class=3D"">RCT</P> <P class=3D"">Evidence class I</P></TD> <TD align=3Dleft> <P class=3D"">G1: 30 Gy/10 fractions = (<I>n</I> =3D 35) </P> <P class=3D"">G2: 50 Gy in 20 fractions = (<I>n</I> =3D 34)=20 </P></TD> <TD align=3Dleft> <P class=3D"">Lung cancer BM</P></TD> <TD align=3Dleft> <P class=3D"">G1: 4 months</P> <P class=3D"">G2: 3 months</P> <P class=3D"">(Survival curves: log-rank; = <I>P</I> =3D NS) </P></TD> <TD align=3Dleft> <P class=3D"">NR</P></TD> <TD align=3Dleft> <P class=3D"">NR</P></TD></TR> <TR class=3Dnoclass> <TD align=3Dleft> <P class=3D""> Davey (2008) [<CITE><A=20 = href=3D"http://www.springerlink.com/content/v2k003021882774p/fulltext.htm= l#CR15">15</A></CITE>]=20 </P></TD> <TD align=3Dleft> <P class=3D"">RCT</P> <P class=3D"">Evidence class I</P></TD> <TD align=3Dleft> <P class=3D"">G1: 20 Gy/5 daily fractions = (<I>n</I> =3D 45)=20 </P> <P class=3D"">G2: 40 Gy/20 fractions/twice daily=20 (<I>n</I> =3D 45) </P></TD> <TD align=3Dleft> <P class=3D"">BM</P></TD> <TD align=3Dleft> <P class=3D"">G1: 19.1 weeks</P> <P class=3D"">G2: 19.1 weeks</P> <P class=3D"">(Survival curves: log-rank; = <I>P</I> =3D NS) </P></TD> <TD align=3Dleft> <P class=3D"">NR</P></TD> <TD align=3Dleft> <P class=3D"">NR</P></TD></TR> <TR class=3Dnoclass> <TD align=3Dleft> <P class=3D""> Haie-Meder (1993) [<CITE><A=20 = href=3D"http://www.springerlink.com/content/v2k003021882774p/fulltext.htm= l#CR16">16</A></CITE>]=20 </P></TD> <TD align=3Dleft> <P class=3D"">RCT</P> <P class=3D"">Evidence class I</P></TD> <TD align=3Dleft> <P class=3D"">G1: 18 Gy/3 fractions = (<I>n</I> =3D 110) </P> <P class=3D"">G2: 18 Gy/3 fractions; 4 weeks later a = second=20 identical course or 25 Gy/10 fractions = (<I>n</I> =3D 106)=20 </P></TD> <TD align=3Dleft> <P class=3D"">BM from lung, breast, head and neck or unknown=20 primaries</P></TD> <TD align=3Dleft> <P class=3D"">G1: 4.2 months</P> <P class=3D"">G2: 5.3 months</P> <P class=3D"">(Survival curves: log-rank; = <I>P</I> =3D NS) </P></TD> <TD align=3Dleft> <P class=3D"">NR</P></TD> <TD align=3Dleft> <P class=3D"">NR</P></TD></TR> <TR class=3Dnoclass> <TD align=3Dleft> <P class=3D""> Komarnicky (1991) [<CITE><A=20 = href=3D"http://www.springerlink.com/content/v2k003021882774p/fulltext.htm= l#CR17">17</A></CITE>]=20 </P></TD> <TD align=3Dleft> <P class=3D"">RCT</P> <P class=3D"">Evidence class I</P></TD> <TD align=3Dleft> <P class=3D"">G1: 30 Gy/10 fractions = (<I>n</I> =3D 193) </P> <P class=3D"">G2: 30 Gy/6 fractions = (<I>n</I> =3D 200) </P> <P class=3D"">G3: 30 Gy/6 fractions + MISO=20 (<I>n</I> =3D 196) </P> <P class=3D"">G4: 30 Gy/10 fractions + MISO=20 (<I>n</I> =3D 190) </P></TD> <TD align=3Dleft> <P class=3D"">BM</P></TD> <TD align=3Dleft> <P class=3D"">G1: 4.5 months</P> <P class=3D"">G2: 4.1 months</P> <P class=3D"">G3: 3.1 months</P> <P class=3D"">G4: 3.9 months</P> <P class=3D"">(Survival curves: log-rank; = <I>P</I> =3D NS) </P></TD> <TD align=3Dleft> <P class=3D""># of pts retreated for BM after protocol = therapy:</P> <P class=3D"">G1: 54/179 (30%)</P> <P class=3D"">G2: 54/180 (30%)</P> <P class=3D"">G3: 33/173 (19%)</P> <P class=3D"">G4: 54/163 (33%)</P> <P class=3D"">(<I>P</I> =3D NS) </P></TD> <TD align=3Dleft> <P class=3D"">NR</P></TD></TR> <TR class=3Dnoclass> <TD align=3Dleft> <P class=3D""> Kurtz [<CITE><A=20 = href=3D"http://www.springerlink.com/content/v2k003021882774p/fulltext.htm= l#CR18">18</A></CITE>]=20 (1981) </P></TD> <TD align=3Dleft> <P class=3D"">RCT</P> <P class=3D"">Evidence class I</P></TD> <TD align=3Dleft> <P class=3D"">G1: 30 Gy/10 fractions = (<I>n</I> =3D 130) </P> <P class=3D"">G2: 50 Gy/20 fractions = (<I>n</I> =3D 125) </P></TD> <TD align=3Dleft> <P class=3D"">BM with no extra-cranial metastases</P></TD> <TD align=3Dleft> <P class=3D"">G1: 18.2 weeks</P> <P class=3D"">G2: 16.9 weeks</P> <P class=3D"">(Survival curves: log-rank; = <I>P</I> =3D NS) </P></TD> <TD align=3Dleft> <P class=3D""><I>Overall in brain</I>: </P> <P class=3D"">G1: 109/124 (88%)</P> <P class=3D"">G2: 105/118 (89%)</P> <P class=3D"">(<I>P</I> value not reported) </P></TD> <TD align=3Dleft> <P class=3D""><I>Overall in brain</I>: </P> <P class=3D"">G1: 11 weeks</P> <P class=3D"">G2: 10 weeks</P> <P class=3D"">(<I>P</I> value not reported) </P></TD></TR> <TR class=3Dnoclass> <TD align=3Dleft> <P class=3D""> Murray (1997) [<CITE><A=20 = href=3D"http://www.springerlink.com/content/v2k003021882774p/fulltext.htm= l#CR19">19</A></CITE>]=20 </P></TD> <TD align=3Dleft> <P class=3D"">RCT</P> <P class=3D"">Evidence class I</P></TD> <TD align=3Dleft> <P class=3D"">G1: 30 Gy/10 fractions/daily = (<I>n</I> =3D 213)=20 </P> <P class=3D"">G2: 54.4 Gy/34 fractions/twice daily=20 (<I>n</I> =3D 216) </P></TD> <TD align=3Dleft> <P class=3D"">BM</P></TD> <TD align=3Dleft> <P class=3D"">G1: 4.5 months</P> <P class=3D"">G2: 4.5 months</P> <P class=3D"">(Survival curves: Prentice modified Wilcox on;=20 <I>P</I> =3D NS) </P></TD> <TD align=3Dleft> <P class=3D"">NR</P></TD> <TD align=3Dleft> <P class=3D"">NR</P></TD></TR> <TR class=3Dnoclass> <TD align=3Dleft> <P class=3D""> Priestman (1996) [<CITE><A=20 = href=3D"http://www.springerlink.com/content/v2k003021882774p/fulltext.htm= l#CR20">20</A></CITE>]=20 </P></TD> <TD align=3Dleft> <P class=3D"">RCT</P> <P class=3D"">Evidence class I</P></TD> <TD align=3Dleft> <P class=3D"">G1: 12 Gy/2 fractions = (<I>n</I> =3D 270) </P> <P class=3D"">G2: 30 Gy/10 fractions = (<I>n</I> =3D 263) </P></TD> <TD align=3Dleft> <P class=3D"">BM</P></TD> <TD align=3Dleft> <P class=3D"">G1: 77 days</P> <P class=3D"">G2: 84 days</P> <P class=3D"">(Survival curves: log-rank; = <I>P</I> =3D 0.04) </P></TD> <TD align=3Dleft> <P class=3D"">NR</P></TD> <TD align=3Dleft> <P class=3D"">NR</P></TD></TR> <TR class=3Dnoclass> <TD align=3Dleft> <P class=3D""> Sause [<CITE><A=20 = href=3D"http://www.springerlink.com/content/v2k003021882774p/fulltext.htm= l#CR21">21</A></CITE>]=20 (1993) </P></TD> <TD align=3Dleft> <P class=3D"">Randomized phase I/II trial</P> <P class=3D"">Evidence class I</P></TD> <TD align=3Dleft> <P class=3D"">G1: 32 Gy in 1.6 Gy = fractions + boost to=20 48.0 Gy] (<I>n</I> =3D 62) </P> <P class=3D"">G2: 32 Gy in 1.6 Gy = fractions + boost to=20 54.4 Gy] (<I>n</I> =3D 115) </P> <P class=3D"">G3: 32 Gy in 1.6 Gy = fractions + boost to=20 64.0 Gy] (<I>n</I> =3D 104) </P> <P class=3D"">G4: 32 Gy in 1.6 Gy = fractions + boost to=20 70.4 Gy] (<I>n</I> =3D 53) </P> <P class=3D"">Fractions administered twice daily</P></TD> <TD align=3Dleft> <P class=3D"">BM</P></TD> <TD align=3Dleft> <P class=3D"">G1: 4.2 months</P> <P class=3D"">G2: 5.2 months</P> <P class=3D"">G3: 4.8 months</P> <P class=3D"">G4: 6.4 months</P> <P class=3D"">(Survival curves: log-rank; = <I>P</I> =3D NS) </P></TD> <TD align=3Dleft> <P class=3D"">NR</P></TD> <TD align=3Dleft> <P class=3D"">NR</P></TD></TR> <TR class=3Dnoclass> <TD align=3Dleft colSpan=3D7> <P class=3D"">Other study designs</P></TD></TR> <TR class=3Dnoclass> <TD align=3Dleft> <P class=3D""> Bach (1996) [<CITE><A=20 = href=3D"http://www.springerlink.com/content/v2k003021882774p/fulltext.htm= l#CR22">22</A></CITE>]=20 </P></TD> <TD align=3Dleft> <P class=3D"">Retrospective cohort study</P> <P class=3D"">Evidence class II</P></TD> <TD align=3Dleft> <P class=3D"">G1: 22 Gy/4 fractions<SUP>b</SUP>=20 (<I>n</I> =3D 57) </P> <P class=3D"">G2: 50.4 Gy/28 fractions<SUP>b</SUP>=20 (<I>n</I> =3D 44) </P></TD> <TD align=3Dleft> <P class=3D"">BM from SCLC</P></TD> <TD align=3Dleft> <P class=3D"">G1: 88 days</P> <P class=3D"">G2: 160 days</P> <P class=3D"">(Survival curves: log-rank; = <I>P</I> =3D 0.00001)=20 </P></TD> <TD align=3Dleft> <P class=3D"">NR</P></TD> <TD align=3Dleft> <P class=3D"">NR</P></TD></TR> <TR class=3Dnoclass> <TD align=3Dleft> <P class=3D""> Conill [<CITE><A=20 = href=3D"http://www.springerlink.com/content/v2k003021882774p/fulltext.htm= l#CR23">23</A></CITE>]=20 (2006) </P></TD> <TD align=3Dleft> <P class=3D"">Retrospective cohort study</P> <P class=3D"">Evidence class II</P></TD> <TD align=3Dleft> <P class=3D"">G1: 20 Gy/5 fractions + TMZ based = chemotherapy=20 (<I>n</I> =3D 11) </P> <P class=3D"">G2: 30 Gy/10 fractions + TMZ based = chemotherapy=20 (<I>n</I> =3D 10) </P></TD> <TD align=3Dleft> <P class=3D"">BM from melanoma</P></TD> <TD align=3Dleft> <P class=3D"">G1: 4.0 months</P> <P class=3D"">G2: 4.0 months</P> <P class=3D"">(Survival curves: log-rank; = <I>P</I> =3D NS) </P></TD> <TD align=3Dleft> <P class=3D"">Data not reported by group; no statistically = significant=20 difference between groups (<I>P</I> =3D NS) </P></TD> <TD align=3Dleft> <P class=3D"">NR</P></TD></TR> <TR class=3Dnoclass> <TD align=3Dleft> <P class=3D""> Nieder (1995) [<CITE><A=20 = href=3D"http://www.springerlink.com/content/v2k003021882774p/fulltext.htm= l#CR24">24</A></CITE>]=20 </P></TD> <TD align=3Dleft> <P class=3D"">Retrospective cohort study</P> <P class=3D"">Evidence class II</P></TD> <TD align=3Dleft> <P class=3D"">G1: WBRT [40 Gy in 20 = fractions =B1 local boost=20 10=9620 Gy] (<I>n</I> =3D 39) </P> <P class=3D"">G2: WBRT [30 Gy in 10 fractions]=20 (<I>n</I> =3D 39) [matched to G1] </P></TD> <TD align=3Dleft> <P class=3D"">BM</P></TD> <TD align=3Dleft> <P class=3D"">G1: 3.5 months</P> <P class=3D"">G2: 2.5 months</P> <P class=3D"">(Survival curves: log-rank; = <I>P</I> =3D NS) </P></TD> <TD align=3Dleft> <P class=3D""># <I>Pts with local CR/PR</I>: </P> <P class=3D"">G1: CR 5/39 (13%); PR 25/39 (64%)</P> <P class=3D"">G2: CR 4/39 (10%); PR 15/39 (38%)</P> <P class=3D"">(CR or PR G1: 77% vs. G2: 48%; = <I>P</I> =3D 0.037)=20 </P></TD> <TD align=3Dleft> <P class=3D""><I>Median time to BM progression</I>: </P> <P class=3D"">G1: 3.0 months</P> <P class=3D"">G2: 2.5 months (Progression-free curves: = log-rank;=20 <I>P</I> =3D NS) </P></TD></TR> <TR class=3Dnoclass> <TD align=3Dleft> <P class=3D""> Nieder (1997) [<CITE><A=20 = href=3D"http://www.springerlink.com/content/v2k003021882774p/fulltext.htm= l#CR25">25</A></CITE>]=20 </P></TD> <TD align=3Dleft> <P class=3D"">Prospective cohort study with historical = controls</P> <P class=3D"">Evidence class III</P></TD> <TD align=3Dleft> <P class=3D"">G1: Surgery + WBRT [30 Gy/2.5 Gy = fractions/twice daily] (<I>n</I> =3D 11) </P> <P class=3D"">G2: WBRT [50.4 Gy/1.8 Gy fractions/twice = daily]=20 (<I>n</I> =3D 15) </P> <P class=3D"">G3: WBRT [30 Gy/2.5 Gy fractions/twice = daily]=20 (<I>n</I> =3D 36) </P> <P class=3D"">G4: Historical group WBRT [30 Gy/3 Gy=20 fractions/daily] (<I>n</I> =3D 246) </P> <P class=3D"">G5: Historical group surgery + WBRT=20 [30 Gy/3 Gy fractions/daily] (<I>n</I> =3D 37) = </P></TD> <TD align=3Dleft> <P class=3D"">BM</P></TD> <TD align=3Dleft> <P class=3D"">G1: 3.3 months</P> <P class=3D"">G2: 2 months</P> <P class=3D"">G3: 2 months</P> <P class=3D"">G4: 2.5 months</P> <P class=3D"">G5: 7.3 months</P> <P class=3D"">(Survival curves G2, G3, G4: log-rank;=20 <I>P</I> =3D NS) </P></TD> <TD align=3Dleft> <P class=3D""># <I>of pts with follow up CT with BM = progression/recurrence=20 anywhere in brain</I>: </P> <P class=3D"">G1: 3/9 (33%)</P> <P class=3D"">G2: 4/11 (36%)</P> <P class=3D"">G3: 11/25 (44%)</P> <P class=3D"">G4: 29/202 (14%)</P> <P class=3D"">G5: 5/35 (14%)</P></TD> <TD align=3Dleft> <P class=3D""><I>Median time to any recurrence in brain</I>: </P> <P class=3D"">Not reported BR curves G3 vs. G4: log-rank;=20 <I>P</I> =3D 0.0001 </P> <P class=3D"">BR curves G2 vs. G3: log-rank; = <I>P</I> =3D NS </P> <P class=3D"">BR curves G2 vs. G4: log-rank; = <I>P</I> =3D NS=20 </P></TD></TR> <TR class=3Dnoclass> <TD align=3Dleft> <P class=3D""> Rades (2007) [<CITE><A=20 = href=3D"http://www.springerlink.com/content/v2k003021882774p/fulltext.htm= l#CR26">26</A></CITE>]=20 </P></TD> <TD align=3Dleft> <P class=3D"">Retrospective cohort study</P> <P class=3D"">Evidence class II</P></TD> <TD align=3Dleft> <P class=3D"">G1: 20 Gy/5 fractions = (<I>n</I> =3D 140) </P> <P class=3D"">G2: 30 Gy/10 fractions or 40 Gy/20 = fractions=20 (<I>n</I> =3D 264) </P></TD> <TD align=3Dleft> <P class=3D"">BM from NSCLC</P></TD> <TD align=3Dleft> <P class=3D""><I>Median survival</I>: <I>Not reported = 6</I> <I>month=20 survival rate</I>: </P> <P class=3D"">G1: 40%</P> <P class=3D"">G2: 30%</P> <P class=3D"">(Survival curves: log-rank; = <I>P</I> =3D NS) </P></TD> <TD align=3Dleft> <P class=3D"">NR</P></TD> <TD align=3Dleft> <P class=3D"">NR</P></TD></TR> <TR class=3Dnoclass> <TD align=3Dleft> <P class=3D""> Rades (2007) [<CITE><A=20 = href=3D"http://www.springerlink.com/content/v2k003021882774p/fulltext.htm= l#CR27">27</A></CITE>]=20 </P></TD> <TD align=3Dleft> <P class=3D"">Retrospective cohort study</P> <P class=3D"">Evidence class II</P></TD> <TD align=3Dleft> <P class=3D"">G1: 30 Gy/10 fractions = (<I>n</I> =3D 257) </P> <P class=3D"">G2: 45 Gy/15 fractions or 40 Gy/20 = fractions=20 (<I>n</I> =3D 159) </P></TD> <TD align=3Dleft> <P class=3D"">≥2 BM</P></TD> <TD align=3Dleft> <P class=3D""><I>Median survival:</I> <I>NR 6</I> <I>month = survival=20 rate</I>: </P> <P class=3D"">G1: 33%</P> <P class=3D"">G2: 29%</P> <P class=3D"">(Survival curves: log-rank; = <I>P</I> =3D NS) </P></TD> <TD align=3Dleft> <P class=3D""><I>6</I> <I>month local control rate</I>: </P> <P class=3D"">G1: 39%</P> <P class=3D"">G2: 41%</P> <P class=3D"">(LR curves: log-rank; <I>P</I> =3D NS) = </P></TD> <TD align=3Dleft> <P class=3D"">NR</P></TD></TR> <TR class=3Dnoclass> <TD align=3Dleft> <P class=3D""> Rades (2008) [<CITE><A=20 = href=3D"http://www.springerlink.com/content/v2k003021882774p/fulltext.htm= l#CR28">28</A></CITE>]=20 </P></TD> <TD align=3Dleft> <P class=3D"">Retrospective cohort study</P> <P class=3D"">Evidence class II</P></TD> <TD align=3Dleft> <P class=3D"">G1: 20 Gy/5 fractions = (<I>n</I> =3D 387) </P> <P class=3D"">G2: 30 Gy/10 fractions or 40 Gy/20 = fractions=20 (<I>n</I> =3D 698) </P></TD> <TD align=3Dleft> <P class=3D"">BM</P></TD> <TD align=3Dleft> <P class=3D""><I>Median survival: Not reported 1</I> <I>year = survival=20 rate</I>: </P> <P class=3D"">G1: 20%</P> <P class=3D"">G2: 18%</P> <P class=3D"">(Survival curves: log-rank; = <I>P</I> =3D NS) </P></TD> <TD align=3Dleft> <P class=3D"">NR</P></TD> <TD align=3Dleft> <P class=3D"">NR</P></TD></TR></TBODY></TABLE> <DIV class=3DCapt> <DIV class=3DCaptCont> <DIV class=3D""><I>BM</I> brain metastases, <I>BR</I> brain recurrence=20 (local + distant), <I>CR</I> complete response, <I>CT</I> = computed=20 tomography, <I>DR</I> distant recurrence in brain, <I>G1</I> group 1, = <I>G2</I>=20 group 2, <I>G3</I> group 3, <I>G4</I> group 4, <I>KPS</I> Karnofsky = performance=20 score, <I>LDH</I> lactate dehydrogenase, <I>LR</I> local recurrence at = original=20 site in brain, <I>MISO</I> misonidazole, <I>NF</I> neurologic function,=20 <I>NR</I> not reported, <I>NS</I> not significant, <I>NSCLC</I> = non-small cell=20 lung carcinoma, <I>PR</I> partial response, <I>Pts</I> patients, = <I>RCT</I>=20 randomized control trial, <I>TMZ</I> temozolomide, <I>WBRT</I> = whole-brain=20 radiation therapy </DIV></DIV> <DIV class=3DCaptCont> <DIV class=3D""><SUP>a</SUP>Number of pts with recurrence/progression of = brain=20 metastases, unless otherwise specified </DIV></DIV> <DIV class=3DCaptCont> <DIV class=3D""><SUP>b</SUP>WBRT use similar at baseline in both groups=20 </DIV></DIV></DIV></DIV></DIV> <P class=3D"">The radiation dosages have been expressed in terms of the = tumor=20 response biologically effective dose (BED) in order to quantitatively = capture=20 the observed biological effect between treatment arms. This was = calculated from=20 the linear quadratic equation:<A name=3DIEq1></A><IMG=20 alt=3D"$$ {\text{BED}} =3D nd\left[ {1 + d/(\alpha /\beta )} \right] $$" = src=3D"http://www.springerlink.com/content/v2k003021882774p/11060_2009_60= _Article_IEq1.gif"=20 align=3Dmiddle border=3D0> where <I>n</I> =3D number of = treatments,=20 <I>d</I> =3D dose per fraction; the calculation assumes=20 α/β =3D 10 Gy for tumor effects of each = schedule, however it is=20 uncorrected for treatment regimes of two fractions/day. The BED units = are=20 referred to in terms of Gy<SUB>10</SUB> to indicate that the BED values = are=20 single-point calculations for tumor response [<CITE><A=20 href=3D"http://www.springerlink.com/content/v2k003021882774p/fulltext.htm= l#CR37">37</A></CITE>,=20 <CITE><A=20 href=3D"http://www.springerlink.com/content/v2k003021882774p/fulltext.htm= l#CR38">38</A></CITE>]=20 and no correction for accelerated repopulation was made. </P> <P class=3D"">Expressing radiation dosages in terms of the BED takes = into account=20 the total dose of radiation, fraction size, and overall time to deliver = the=20 radiation, and presumed repair of irradiated tissue. The analyses are = stratified=20 by low or high dose versus control dose. The control group consists of = patients=20 treated with 30 Gy in 10 fractions for a BED =3D 39 = Gy<SUB>10</SUB>=20 (therefore assigning the low dose regimens as a BED < 39=20 Gy<SUB>10</SUB>, and high dose regimens as a BED > 39=20 Gy<SUB>10</SUB>). </P> <P class=3D"">None of the trials demonstrated a meaningful improvement = in any=20 endpoint relative to dose; specifically, survival was not improved. = There was=20 considerable overlap in terms of survival even at the same dose level in = different trials, underscoring the significance of host-specific = variables in=20 determining survival. </P> <DIV class=3DPara> <DIV class=3D"">The data from the randomized trials, stratified by the = BED are=20 shown in Table <A=20 href=3D"http://www.springerlink.com/content/v2k003021882774p/fulltext.htm= l#Tab3">3</A>.<A=20 name=3DTab3></A> <DIV class=3DCapt><SPAN = class=3DCaptNr>Table 3 </SPAN>Randomized trials=20 stratified by the BED for different treatment schedules </DIV> <TABLE border=3D1> <COLGROUP> <COL align=3Dleft> <COL align=3Dchar char=3D"."> <COL align=3Dleft> <COL align=3Dleft> <COL align=3Dleft> <COL align=3Dchar char=3D"."> <COL align=3Dchar char=3D"."></COLGROUP> <THEAD> <TR class=3Dheader> <TH align=3Dleft> <P class=3D"">Author</P></TH> <TH align=3Dleft char=3D"."> <P class=3D"">Year</P></TH> <TH align=3Dleft> <P class=3D"">Total dose (Gy)</P></TH> <TH align=3Dleft> <P class=3D"">Fractions</P></TH> <TH align=3Dleft> <P class=3D"">BED (Gy; α/β =3D 10)</P></TH> <TH align=3Dleft char=3D"."> <P class=3D""><I>n</I> </P></TH> <TH align=3Dleft char=3D"."> <P class=3D"">Median survival (weeks)</P></TH></TR></THEAD> <TBODY> <TR class=3Dnoclass> <TD align=3Dleft> <P class=3D"">Borgelt</P></TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> <P class=3D"">1981</P></TD> <TD align=3Dleft> <P class=3D"">12</P></TD> <TD align=3Dleft> <P class=3D"">2</P></TD> <TD align=3Dleft> <P class=3D"">19.2</P></TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> <P class=3D"">33</P></TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> <P class=3D"">13</P></TD></TR> <TR class=3Dnoclass> <TD align=3Dleft> <P class=3D"">Priestman</P></TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> <P class=3D"">1996</P></TD> <TD align=3Dleft> <P class=3D"">12</P></TD> <TD align=3Dleft> <P class=3D"">2</P></TD> <TD align=3Dleft> <P class=3D"">19.2</P></TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> <P class=3D"">270</P></TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> <P class=3D"">11</P></TD></TR> <TR class=3Dnoclass> <TD align=3Dleft> <P class=3D"">Borgelt</P></TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> <P class=3D"">1981</P></TD> <TD align=3Dleft> <P class=3D"">10</P></TD> <TD align=3Dleft> <P class=3D"">1</P></TD> <TD align=3Dleft> <P class=3D"">20</P></TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> <P class=3D"">26</P></TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> <P class=3D"">15</P></TD></TR> <TR class=3Dnoclass> <TD align=3Dleft> <P class=3D"">Borgelt</P></TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> <P class=3D"">1981</P></TD> <TD align=3Dleft> <P class=3D"">20</P></TD> <TD align=3Dleft> <P class=3D"">5</P></TD> <TD align=3Dleft> <P class=3D"">28</P></TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> <P class=3D"">31</P></TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> <P class=3D"">12</P></TD></TR> <TR class=3Dnoclass> <TD align=3Dleft> <P class=3D"">Chatani</P></TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> <P class=3D"">1994</P></TD> <TD align=3Dleft> <P class=3D"">20</P></TD> <TD align=3Dleft> <P class=3D"">5</P></TD> <TD align=3Dleft> <P class=3D"">28</P></TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> <P class=3D"">35</P></TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> <P class=3D"">10.4</P></TD></TR> <TR class=3Dnoclass> <TD align=3Dleft> <P class=3D"">Davey</P></TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> <P class=3D"">2008</P></TD> <TD align=3Dleft> <P class=3D"">20</P></TD> <TD align=3Dleft> <P class=3D"">5</P></TD> <TD align=3Dleft> <P class=3D"">28</P></TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> <P class=3D"">45</P></TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> <P class=3D"">19.1</P></TD></TR> <TR class=3Dnoclass> <TD align=3Dleft> <P class=3D"">Haie-Meder</P></TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> <P class=3D"">1993</P></TD> <TD align=3Dleft> <P class=3D"">18</P></TD> <TD align=3Dleft> <P class=3D"">3</P></TD> <TD align=3Dleft> <P class=3D"">28.8</P></TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> <P class=3D"">110</P></TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> <P class=3D"">18.3</P></TD></TR> <TR class=3Dnoclass> <TD align=3Dleft> <P class=3D"">Chatani</P></TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> <P class=3D"">1994</P></TD> <TD align=3Dleft> <P class=3D"">30</P></TD> <TD align=3Dleft> <P class=3D"">10</P></TD> <TD align=3Dleft> <P class=3D"">39</P></TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> <P class=3D"">46</P></TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> <P class=3D"">23.5</P></TD></TR> <TR class=3Dnoclass> <TD align=3Dleft> <P class=3D"">Chatani</P></TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> <P class=3D"">1994</P></TD> <TD align=3Dleft> <P class=3D"">30</P></TD> <TD align=3Dleft> <P class=3D"">10</P></TD> <TD align=3Dleft> <P class=3D"">39</P></TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> <P class=3D"">35</P></TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> <P class=3D"">14.8</P></TD></TR> <TR class=3Dnoclass> <TD align=3Dleft> <P class=3D"">Chatani</P></TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> <P class=3D"">1985</P></TD> <TD align=3Dleft> <P class=3D"">30</P></TD> <TD align=3Dleft> <P class=3D"">10</P></TD> <TD align=3Dleft> <P class=3D"">39</P></TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> <P class=3D"">35</P></TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> <P class=3D"">17.4</P></TD></TR> <TR class=3Dnoclass> <TD align=3Dleft> <P class=3D"">Komarnicky</P></TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> <P class=3D"">1991</P></TD> <TD align=3Dleft> <P class=3D"">30</P></TD> <TD align=3Dleft> <P class=3D"">10</P></TD> <TD align=3Dleft> <P class=3D"">39</P></TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> <P class=3D"">193</P></TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> <P class=3D"">19.5</P></TD></TR> <TR class=3Dnoclass> <TD align=3Dleft> <P class=3D"">Komarnicky</P></TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> <P class=3D"">1991</P></TD> <TD align=3Dleft> <P class=3D"">30</P></TD> <TD align=3Dleft> <P class=3D"">10</P></TD> <TD align=3Dleft> <P class=3D"">39</P></TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> <P class=3D"">190</P></TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> <P class=3D"">16.9</P></TD></TR> <TR class=3Dnoclass> <TD align=3Dleft> <P class=3D"">Kurtz</P></TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> <P class=3D"">1981</P></TD> <TD align=3Dleft> <P class=3D"">30</P></TD> <TD align=3Dleft> <P class=3D"">10</P></TD> <TD align=3Dleft> <P class=3D"">39</P></TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> <P class=3D"">130</P></TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> <P class=3D"">18.2</P></TD></TR> <TR class=3Dnoclass> <TD align=3Dleft> <P class=3D"">Murray</P></TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> <P class=3D"">1997</P></TD> <TD align=3Dleft> <P class=3D"">30</P></TD> <TD align=3Dleft> <P class=3D"">10</P></TD> <TD align=3Dleft> <P class=3D"">39</P></TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> <P class=3D"">213</P></TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> <P class=3D"">19.6</P></TD></TR> <TR class=3Dnoclass> <TD align=3Dleft> <P class=3D"">Priestman</P></TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> <P class=3D"">1996</P></TD> <TD align=3Dleft> <P class=3D"">30</P></TD> <TD align=3Dleft> <P class=3D"">10</P></TD> <TD align=3Dleft> <P class=3D"">39</P></TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> <P class=3D"">263</P></TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> <P class=3D"">12</P></TD></TR> <TR class=3Dnoclass> <TD align=3Dleft> <P class=3D"">Komarnicky</P></TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> <P class=3D"">1991</P></TD> <TD align=3Dleft> <P class=3D"">30</P></TD> <TD align=3Dleft> <P class=3D"">6</P></TD> <TD align=3Dleft> <P class=3D"">45</P></TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> <P class=3D"">200</P></TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> <P class=3D"">17.8</P></TD></TR> <TR class=3Dnoclass> <TD align=3Dleft> <P class=3D"">Komarnicky</P></TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> <P class=3D"">1991</P></TD> <TD align=3Dleft> <P class=3D"">30</P></TD> <TD align=3Dleft> <P class=3D"">6</P></TD> <TD align=3Dleft> <P class=3D"">45</P></TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> <P class=3D"">196</P></TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> <P class=3D"">13.5</P></TD></TR> <TR class=3Dnoclass> <TD align=3Dleft> <P class=3D"">Davey</P></TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> <P class=3D"">2008</P></TD> <TD align=3Dleft> <P class=3D"">40</P></TD> <TD align=3Dleft> <P class=3D"">20<SUP>a</SUP> </P></TD> <TD align=3Dleft> <P class=3D"">48</P></TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> <P class=3D"">45</P></TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> <P class=3D"">19.1</P></TD></TR> <TR class=3Dnoclass> <TD align=3Dleft> <P class=3D"">Sause</P></TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> <P class=3D"">1993</P></TD> <TD align=3Dleft> <P class=3D"">48</P></TD> <TD align=3Dleft> <P class=3D"">30<SUP>a</SUP> </P></TD> <TD align=3Dleft> <P class=3D"">55.7</P></TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> <P class=3D"">62</P></TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> <P class=3D"">18.3</P></TD></TR> <TR class=3Dnoclass> <TD align=3Dleft> <P class=3D"">Haie-Meder</P></TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> <P class=3D"">1993</P></TD> <TD align=3Dleft> <P class=3D"">=96</P></TD> <TD align=3Dleft> <P class=3D"">=96</P></TD> <TD align=3Dleft> <P class=3D"">50.8</P></TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> <P class=3D"">106</P></TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> <P class=3D"">23</P></TD></TR> <TR class=3Dnoclass> <TD align=3Dleft> <P class=3D"">Chatani</P></TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> <P class=3D"">1994</P></TD> <TD align=3Dleft> <P class=3D"">50</P></TD> <TD align=3Dleft> <P class=3D"">20</P></TD> <TD align=3Dleft> <P class=3D"">62.5</P></TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> <P class=3D"">46</P></TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> <P class=3D"">20.9</P></TD></TR> <TR class=3Dnoclass> <TD align=3Dleft> <P class=3D"">Chatani</P></TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> <P class=3D"">1985</P></TD> <TD align=3Dleft> <P class=3D"">50</P></TD> <TD align=3Dleft> <P class=3D"">20</P></TD> <TD align=3Dleft> <P class=3D"">62.5</P></TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> <P class=3D"">34</P></TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> <P class=3D"">13</P></TD></TR> <TR class=3Dnoclass> <TD align=3Dleft> <P class=3D"">Kurtz</P></TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> <P class=3D"">1981</P></TD> <TD align=3Dleft> <P class=3D"">50</P></TD> <TD align=3Dleft> <P class=3D"">20</P></TD> <TD align=3Dleft> <P class=3D"">62.5</P></TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> <P class=3D"">125</P></TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> <P class=3D"">16.9</P></TD></TR> <TR class=3Dnoclass> <TD align=3Dleft> <P class=3D"">Murray</P></TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> <P class=3D"">1997</P></TD> <TD align=3Dleft> <P class=3D"">54.4</P></TD> <TD align=3Dleft> <P class=3D"">34<SUP>a</SUP> </P></TD> <TD align=3Dleft> <P class=3D"">63.1</P></TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> <P class=3D"">216</P></TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> <P class=3D"">19.6</P></TD></TR> <TR class=3Dnoclass> <TD align=3Dleft> <P class=3D"">Sause</P></TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> <P class=3D"">1993</P></TD> <TD align=3Dleft> <P class=3D"">54.4</P></TD> <TD align=3Dleft> <P class=3D"">34<SUP>a</SUP> </P></TD> <TD align=3Dleft> <P class=3D"">63.1</P></TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> <P class=3D"">115</P></TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> <P class=3D"">22.6</P></TD></TR> <TR class=3Dnoclass> <TD align=3Dleft> <P class=3D"">Sause</P></TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> <P class=3D"">1993</P></TD> <TD align=3Dleft> <P class=3D"">64</P></TD> <TD align=3Dleft> <P class=3D"">40<SUP>a</SUP> </P></TD> <TD align=3Dleft> <P class=3D"">74.2</P></TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> <P class=3D"">104</P></TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> <P class=3D"">20.9</P></TD></TR> <TR class=3Dnoclass> <TD align=3Dleft> <P class=3D"">Sause</P></TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> <P class=3D"">1993</P></TD> <TD align=3Dleft> <P class=3D"">70.4</P></TD> <TD align=3Dleft> <P class=3D"">44<SUP>a</SUP> </P></TD> <TD align=3Dleft> <P class=3D"">81.7</P></TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> <P class=3D"">53</P></TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> <P class=3D"">27.8</P></TD></TR> <TR class=3Dnoclass> <TD align=3Dleft> <P class=3D"">Borgelt</P></TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> <P class=3D"">1981</P></TD> <TD align=3Dleft> <P class=3D"">30=9640</P></TD> <TD align=3Dleft> <P class=3D"">10=9620</P></TD> <TD align=3Dleft> <P class=3D"">34.5=9656</P></TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> <P class=3D"">112</P></TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> <P class=3D"">21</P></TD></TR></TBODY></TABLE> <DIV class=3DCapt> <DIV class=3DCaptCont> <DIV class=3D""><SUP>a</SUP>Treatment regimes of two fractions/day (BED=20 uncorrected) </DIV></DIV></DIV></DIV></DIV> <P class=3D"">The meta-analyses were stratified by low or high dose = versus control=20 dose. Studies lacking a comparable control were excluded from = meta-analyses, due=20 to the inherent dosing variability amongst the study=92s control group. = </P> <DIV class=3DPara> <DIV class=3D"">Figure <A=20 href=3D"http://www.springerlink.com/content/v2k003021882774p/fulltext.htm= l#Fig2">2</A>=20 indicates the RR of mortality at 6 months in the low dose=20 (BED < 39 Gy<SUB>10</SUB>) group compared to that in the = WBRT=20 control group (BED =3D 39 Gy<SUB>10</SUB>). Only data from two = trials=20 (Chantani et al. [<CITE><A=20 href=3D"http://www.springerlink.com/content/v2k003021882774p/fulltext.htm= l#CR13">13</A></CITE>]=20 and Priestman et al. [<CITE><A=20 href=3D"http://www.springerlink.com/content/v2k003021882774p/fulltext.htm= l#CR20">20</A></CITE>])=20 were robust enough to be considered for this end-point. When combined, = no=20 difference (<I>P</I> =3D 0.52) was found for 6 month = mortality (RR=20 1.05; 95% CI 0.90, 1.23). Figure <A=20 href=3D"http://www.springerlink.com/content/v2k003021882774p/fulltext.htm= l#Fig3">3</A>=20 presents the same analysis, but for the comparison of the high dose=20 (BED > 39 Gy<SUB>10</SUB>) group to the WBRT control group=20 (BED =3D 39 Gy<SUB>10</SUB>). Data from five trials were = robust enough=20 to be considered for this end-point. Combining data for Chantani et al.=20 [<CITE><A=20 href=3D"http://www.springerlink.com/content/v2k003021882774p/fulltext.htm= l#CR13">13</A></CITE>,=20 <CITE><A=20 href=3D"http://www.springerlink.com/content/v2k003021882774p/fulltext.htm= l#CR14">14</A></CITE>],=20 Komarnicky et al. [<CITE><A=20 href=3D"http://www.springerlink.com/content/v2k003021882774p/fulltext.htm= l#CR17">17</A></CITE>],=20 Kurtz et al. [<CITE><A=20 href=3D"http://www.springerlink.com/content/v2k003021882774p/fulltext.htm= l#CR18">18</A></CITE>],=20 and Murray et al. [<CITE><A=20 href=3D"http://www.springerlink.com/content/v2k003021882774p/fulltext.htm= l#CR19">19</A></CITE>],=20 yielded no difference (<I>P</I> =3D 0.39) in 6 month = mortality (RR=20 1.05; 95% CI 0.94, 1.18). A 1981 trial by Borgelt et al. [<CITE><A=20 href=3D"http://www.springerlink.com/content/v2k003021882774p/fulltext.htm= l#CR12">12</A></CITE>]=20 was excluded from the meta-analyses for lack of a comparable control. = Since the=20 administered dosage ranged from 20 to 40 Gy over 1=964 weeks, = the=20 resulting permutations and combinations of plausible radiation schedules = in this=20 group varied too substantially (22=9672 Gy<SUB>10</SUB>) to function as = a true=20 control. The inherent dosing variability disqualified this control group = thereby=20 making the trial ineligible for comparison.=20 <DIV class=3DFigure><A name=3DFig2></A><IMG=20 alt=3DMediaObjects/11060_2009_60_Fig2_HTML.gif=20 src=3D"http://www.springerlink.com/content/v2k003021882774p/MediaObjects/= 11060_2009_60_Fig2_HTML.gif"></DIV> <DIV class=3DCapt><SPAN = class=3DCaptNr>Fig. 2 </SPAN>Comparison of low=20 dose WBRT (BED < 39 Gy<SUB>10</SUB>) versus WBRT control = dose=20 (BED =3D 39 Gy<SUB>10</SUB>): mortality at 6 months = </DIV> <HR> <DIV class=3DFigure><A name=3DFig3></A><IMG=20 alt=3DMediaObjects/11060_2009_60_Fig3_HTML.gif=20 src=3D"http://www.springerlink.com/content/v2k003021882774p/MediaObjects/= 11060_2009_60_Fig3_HTML.gif"></DIV> <DIV class=3DCapt><SPAN = class=3DCaptNr>Fig. 3 </SPAN>Comparison of high=20 dose WBRT (BED > 39 Gy<SUB>10</SUB>) versus WBRT control = dose=20 (BED =3D 39 Gy<SUB>10</SUB>): mortality at 6 months = (<I>Note</I>:=20 extraction of data for Komarnicky trial is based on the K=96M curve) = </DIV> <HR> </DIV></DIV> <DIV class=3DPara> <DIV class=3D"">Similar comparisons were made for overall survival and = neurologic=20 function, and no dose=96effect was identified for either end-point.=20 Figures <A=20 href=3D"http://www.springerlink.com/content/v2k003021882774p/fulltext.htm= l#Fig4">4</A>=20 and <A=20 href=3D"http://www.springerlink.com/content/v2k003021882774p/fulltext.htm= l#Fig5">5</A>=20 depict the overall survival for the respective comparisons of low and = high BED=20 values versus the control BED. In Fig. <A=20 href=3D"http://www.springerlink.com/content/v2k003021882774p/fulltext.htm= l#Fig4">4</A>,=20 the pooling of two studies, Chantani et al. [<CITE><A=20 href=3D"http://www.springerlink.com/content/v2k003021882774p/fulltext.htm= l#CR13">13</A></CITE>]=20 and Priestman et al. [<CITE><A=20 href=3D"http://www.springerlink.com/content/v2k003021882774p/fulltext.htm= l#CR20">20</A></CITE>],=20 for the comparison of low dose WBRT (BED < 39 = Gy<SUB>10</SUB>) to a=20 control dose (BED =3D 39 Gy<SUB>10</SUB>) yielded no = difference=20 (<I>P</I> =3D 0.07) in overall survival (RR 0.86; 95% CI 0.73, = 1.01). In=20 Fig. <A=20 href=3D"http://www.springerlink.com/content/v2k003021882774p/fulltext.htm= l#Fig5">5</A>,=20 overall survival data from Chantani et al. [<CITE><A=20 href=3D"http://www.springerlink.com/content/v2k003021882774p/fulltext.htm= l#CR13">13</A></CITE>,=20 <CITE><A=20 href=3D"http://www.springerlink.com/content/v2k003021882774p/fulltext.htm= l#CR14">14</A></CITE>],=20 Komarnicky et al. [<CITE><A=20 href=3D"http://www.springerlink.com/content/v2k003021882774p/fulltext.htm= l#CR17">17</A></CITE>],=20 Kurtz et al. [<CITE><A=20 href=3D"http://www.springerlink.com/content/v2k003021882774p/fulltext.htm= l#CR18">18</A></CITE>],=20 and Murray et al. [<CITE><A=20 href=3D"http://www.springerlink.com/content/v2k003021882774p/fulltext.htm= l#CR19">19</A></CITE>],=20 were pooled for the comparison of high dose WBRT=20 (BED > 39Gy<SUB>10</SUB>) versus WBRT control dose=20 (BED =3D 39 Gy<SUB>10</SUB>). No difference = (<I>P</I> =3D 0.26)=20 in overall survival was found (RR 1.06; 95% CI 0.96, 1.18). The hazard = plots for=20 neurologic function are not presented.=20 <DIV class=3DFigure><A name=3DFig4></A><IMG=20 alt=3DMediaObjects/11060_2009_60_Fig4_HTML.gif=20 src=3D"http://www.springerlink.com/content/v2k003021882774p/MediaObjects/= 11060_2009_60_Fig4_HTML.gif"></DIV> <DIV class=3DCapt><SPAN = class=3DCaptNr>Fig. 4 </SPAN>Comparison of low=20 dose WBRT (BED < 39 Gy<SUB>10</SUB>) versus WBRT control = dose=20 (BED =3D 39 Gy<SUB>10</SUB>): overall survival </DIV> <HR> <DIV class=3DFigure><A name=3DFig5></A><IMG=20 alt=3DMediaObjects/11060_2009_60_Fig5_HTML.gif=20 src=3D"http://www.springerlink.com/content/v2k003021882774p/MediaObjects/= 11060_2009_60_Fig5_HTML.gif"></DIV> <DIV class=3DCapt><SPAN = class=3DCaptNr>Fig. 5 </SPAN>Comparison of high=20 dose WBRT (BED > 39 Gy<SUB>10</SUB>) versus WBRT control = dose=20 (BED =3D 39 Gy): overall survival </DIV> <HR> </DIV></DIV></DIV> <DIV class=3D""><A name=3DSec12></A> <DIV class=3DHeading3>Impact of tumor histopathology on WBRT treatment=20 outcomes</DIV> <DIV class=3DPara> <DIV class=3D"">Using the AANS/CNS evidence classification, no papers = with class I=20 or II evidence were identified by the systematic literature review that = met the=20 eligibility criteria for this question. In fact, only one paper, = providing class=20 III evidence, met the inclusion criteria (Table <A=20 href=3D"http://www.springerlink.com/content/v2k003021882774p/fulltext.htm= l#Tab4">4</A>).=20 The only data is provided by a single institution retrospective analysis = with 75=20 cases (Sundstrom et al. [<CITE><A=20 href=3D"http://www.springerlink.com/content/v2k003021882774p/fulltext.htm= l#CR29">29</A></CITE>]).=20 In that study, there were 15 cases that were of classic = =93radio-resistant=94=20 histology. There were no statistically significant differences in = overall=20 survival by tumor histology. Local control by tumor type was not = reported.<A=20 name=3DTab4></A> <DIV class=3DCapt><SPAN class=3DCaptNr>Table 4 </SPAN>Study = evaluating=20 WBRT treatment outcome by histopathology </DIV> <TABLE border=3D1> <COLGROUP> <COL align=3Dleft> <COL align=3Dleft> <COL align=3Dleft></COLGROUP> <THEAD> <TR class=3Dheader> <TH align=3Dleft colSpan=3D3> <P class=3D"">First author (year): Sundstr=F6m (1998) [<CITE><A=20 = href=3D"http://www.springerlink.com/content/v2k003021882774p/fulltext.htm= l#CR29">29</A></CITE>]=20 </P></TH></TR> <TR class=3Dheader> <TH align=3Dleft> <P class=3D"">Study characteristics</P></TH> <TH align=3Dleft> <P class=3D"">Study outcomes</P></TH> <TH align=3Dleft> <P class=3D"">Study quality</P></TH></TR></THEAD> <TBODY> <TR class=3Dnoclass> <TD align=3Dleft> <P class=3D""><I>Study design</I>: case series </P></TD> <TD align=3Dleft> <P class=3D""><I>Primary outcome</I>: survival </P></TD> <TD align=3Dleft> <P class=3D""><I>Quality assessment</I>: N/A as non-comparative = study=20 </P></TD></TR> <TR class=3Dnoclass> <TD align=3Dleft> <P class=3D""><I>Inclusion criteria</I>: </P> <P class=3D"">Pts treated with WBRT for BM diagnosed by CT or = MRI</P> <P class=3D"">Minimum midline dose to the whole brain of at least=20 25 Gy</P></TD> <TD align=3Dleft> <P class=3D""><I>Median survival by primary tumor type</I>: </P> <P class=3D""><I>Breast</I>: 7 months (range = 1=9662 months) </P> <P class=3D""><I>Lung</I>: 4 months (range = 1=9621 months) </P> <P class=3D""><I>Renal cell</I>: 4 months (range = 2=9634 months) </P> <P class=3D""><I>Melanoma</I>: 3 months (range = 1=966 months) </P> <P class=3D""><I>Other primaries</I>: 4 months (range = 1=969 months)=20 </P> <P class=3D"">(Survival curves: <I>P</I>-value not reported) = </P></TD> <TD align=3Dleft> <P class=3D""><I>AANS/CNS evidence classification</I>: class III = </P></TD></TR> <TR class=3Dnoclass> <TD align=3Dleft> <P class=3D""><I>Interventions</I>: </P> <P class=3D"">WBRT [mean dose 30 Gy (range 25=9640 Gy) = in=20 1.8=963 Gy fractions]</P></TD> <TD align=3Dleft> <P class=3D""><I>Tumor control</I>: not reported </P></TD> <TD align=3Dleft rowSpan=3D8> </TD></TR> <TR class=3Dnoclass> <TD align=3Dleft> <P class=3D""><I>Median follow-up</I>: not reported </P> <P class=3D""><I># Male</I>: </P> <P class=3D"">Breast: 0/19, lung: 26/35, renal cell: 4/9, = melanoma: 6/6,=20 other: 6/6</P></TD> <TD align=3Dleft> <P class=3D""><I>Median time to recurrence of brain = metastases</I>: not=20 reported </P></TD></TR> <TR class=3Dnoclass> <TD align=3Dleft rowSpan=3D3> <P class=3D""><I>Median age (range)</I>: </P> <P class=3D""><I>Breast</I>: 53 years (39=9677 years) </P> <P class=3D""><I>Lung</I>: 64 years (43=9678 years) </P> <P class=3D""><I>Renal cell</I>: 61 years (41=9669 years) </P> <P class=3D""><I>Melanoma</I>: 61 years (39=9662 years) </P> <P class=3D""><I>Other</I>: 61 years (50=9671 years) </P></TD> <TD align=3Dleft> <P class=3D""><I>Functional performance</I>: not reported by = histology=20 </P></TD></TR> <TR class=3Dnoclass> <TD align=3Dleft> <P class=3D""><I>Cause of death</I>: not reported </P></TD></TR> <TR class=3Dnoclass> <TD align=3Dleft> <P class=3D""><I>Adverse events</I>: not reported by tumor type = </P></TD></TR> <TR class=3Dnoclass> <TD align=3Dleft> <P class=3D""># <I>Of brain metastases</I>: </P> <P class=3D""><I>Breast</I>: 1 BM 9/19, 2 BM 4/19, >2 BM 6/19 = </P> <P class=3D""><I>Lung</I>: 1 BM 15/35, 2 BM 5/35, >2 BM 15/35 = </P> <P class=3D""><I>Renal cell</I>: 1 BM 3/9, 2 BM 2/9, >2 BM 4/9 = </P> <P class=3D""><I>Melanoma</I>: 1 BM 3/6, 2 BM 0/6, >2 BM 3/6 = </P> <P class=3D""><I>Other</I>: 1 BM 3/6, 2 BM 2/6, >2 BM 1/6 = </P></TD> <TD align=3Dleft rowSpan=3D3> </TD></TR> <TR class=3Dnoclass> <TD align=3Dleft> <P class=3D""><I>Extra-cranial disease</I>: Extra-cranial = metastases: </P> <P class=3D""><I>Breast</I>: 17/19 </P> <P class=3D""><I>Lung</I>: 6/35 </P> <P class=3D""><I>Renal cell</I>: 5/9 </P> <P class=3D""><I>Melanoma</I>: 4/6 </P> <P class=3D""><I>Other</I>: 5/6 </P></TD></TR> <TR class=3Dnoclass> <TD align=3Dleft> <P class=3D""><I>Baseline functional performance</I>: </P> <P class=3D"">WHO classification (0 (best) to 4 (worst)</P> <P class=3D"">Performance status (PS):</P> <P class=3D""><I>Breast</I>: PS 0=961 9/19, PS 2 5/19, PS 3 5/19 = </P> <P class=3D""><I>Lung</I>: PS 0-1 10/35, PS 2 16/35, PS 3 9/35 = </P> <P class=3D""><I>Renal cell</I>: PS 0=961 2/9, PS 2 5/9, PS 3 2/9 = </P> <P class=3D""><I>Melanoma</I>: PS 0=961 6/6 </P> <P class=3D""><I>Other</I>: PS 0=961 3/6, PS 2 1/6, PS 3 2/6=20 </P></TD></TR></TBODY></TABLE> <DIV class=3DCapt> <DIV class=3DCaptCont> <DIV class=3D""><I>AANS</I> American Association of Neurological = Surgeons,=20 <I>BM</I> brain metastases, <I>CNS</I> Congress of Neurological = Surgeons,=20 <I>CT</I> computed tomography, <I>MRI</I> magnetic resonance imaging, = <I>NA</I>=20 not available, <I>Pts</I> patients, <I>WBRT</I> whole brain radiation = therapy,=20 <I>WHO</I> World Health Organization = </DIV></DIV></DIV></DIV></DIV></DIV></DIV> <DIV class=3D""><A name=3DSec13></A> <HR> <DIV class=3Dheading2>Conclusion</DIV> <DIV class=3D""><A name=3DSec14></A> <DIV class=3DHeading3>Surgical resection plus WBRT versus WBRT = alone</DIV> <P class=3D"">Based on the available class I and class II evidence, = surgical=20 resection followed by WBRT is an effective treatment for patients with = single,=20 surgically accessible, brain metastases who have controlled = extra-cranial=20 disease and are in good general condition. Good general condition in the = relevant studies was defined as functional independence and spending = less than=20 50% of time in bed. Patients with disease progression in the = 3 months=20 preceding the diagnosis of the brain metastases have a relatively poor = survival=20 and poor functional status but still had a significant improvement in = survival=20 as a result of surgical resection. Due to the risk of fourth ventricle=20 compression and the subsequent increase in intracranial pressure, = surgery should=20 be particularly considered if there is a brain metastasis situated = within the=20 posterior fossa. </P></DIV> <DIV class=3D""><A name=3DSec15></A> <DIV class=3DHeading3>Surgical resection plus WBRT versus surgical = resection=20 alone</DIV> <P class=3D"">The surgical resection guideline paper by Kalkanis et al. = [<CITE><A=20 href=3D"http://www.springerlink.com/content/v2k003021882774p/fulltext.htm= l#CR1">1</A></CITE>]=20 outlines in detail the evidence supporting the addition of WBRT after = surgical=20 resection. Please refer to this paper for a further discussion of why = the=20 combined modalities of surgical resection followed by WBRT represent a = superior=20 treatment option, in terms of improving tumor control at the original = site of=20 the metastasis and in the brain overall, when compared to surgical = resection=20 alone </P></DIV> <DIV class=3D""><A name=3DSec16></A> <DIV class=3DHeading3>If WBRT is used, is there an optimal = dosing/fractionation=20 schedule?</DIV> <P class=3D"">There is class I evidence that altered dose/fractionation = schedules=20 of WBRT do not result in significant differences in median survival, = local=20 control or neurocognitive function when compared to =93standard=94 WBRT=20 dose/fractionation. (i.e., 30 Gy in 10 daily fractions or a BED of=20 39 Gy<SUB>10</SUB>). </P></DIV> <DIV class=3D""><A name=3DSec17></A> <DIV class=3DHeading3>If WBRT is used, what impact does tumor = histopathology have=20 on treatment outcomes?</DIV> <P class=3D"">Only one small case series (class III evidence) met the = eligibility=20 criteria for the question addressing the impact of histopathology on = WBRT=20 treatment outcomes. Further studies in this area are needed before any=20 recommendations can be made. </P></DIV> <DIV class=3D""><A name=3DSec18></A> <DIV class=3DHeading3>Key issues for future investigation</DIV> <P class=3D"">There have been numerous studies comparing various=20 dose/fractionation schemes for WBRT. Unless future studies incorporate = more=20 sophisticated measures of neurocognitive outcome there is little need to = repeat=20 these studies. There are, however, very few studies evaluating the = effectiveness=20 of WBRT for one histopathological type versus another. Future studies of = WBRT=20 explicitly addressing treatment outcomes for well-defined patient groups = by=20 different tumor types are needed. </P> <DIV class=3DPara> <DIV class=3D"">The following is a list of major ongoing or recently = closed=20 randomized trials pertaining to the use of whole brain radiation therapy = that=20 evaluate treatment comparisons addressed by this guideline paper for the = management of newly diagnosed brain metastases.=20 <TABLE class=3DOrderedList> <TBODY> <TR vAlign=3Dtop> <TD>1. </TD> <TD>Brain metastases study: radiotherapy schemes in the treatment of = brain=20 metastases=20 <DIV class=3DListPara> <DIV class=3D""><B>Official Title</B>: To determine which of two=20 radiotherapy brain fractionation schemes is superior in the = treatment of=20 brain metastases </DIV></DIV> <DIV class=3DListPara> <DIV class=3D""><B>Status</B>: Completed </DIV></DIV> <DIV class=3DListPara> <DIV class=3D""><B>Clinicaltrials.gov Identifier</B>: NCT00138788=20 </DIV></DIV> <DIV class=3DListPara> <DIV class=3D""><B>Principal Investigator</B>: Associate = Professor, Peter H=20 Graham, Cancer Care Centre, St George Hospital </DIV></DIV> <DIV class=3DListPara> <DIV class=3D""><B>Location</B>: Australia </DIV></DIV> <DIV class=3DListPara> <DIV class=3D""><B>Sponsors and Collaborators</B>: St George = Hospital,=20 Australia = </DIV></DIV></TD></TR></TBODY></TABLE></DIV></DIV></DIV></DIV> <DIV class=3DAcknowledgments><SPAN=20 class=3DAcknowledgmentsHeading>Acknowledgments </SPAN><SPAN = class=3D"">We=20 would like to acknowledge the contributions of the McMaster = Evidence-based=20 Practice Center (EPC), Dr. Parminder Raina (Director). Dr. Lina = Santaguida=20 (Co-Associate Director, Senior Scientist) led the EPC staff, which was=20 responsible for managing the systematic review process, searching for = and=20 retrieving, reviewing, data abstraction of all articles, preparation of = the=20 tables and the formatting and editing of the final manuscripts.</SPAN> <DIV class=3DFormalPara> <DIV class=3D""><SPAN style=3D"FONT-STYLE: italic; TEXT-DECORATION: = none">Disclaimer=20 of liability</SPAN> The information in these guidelines = reflects the=20 current state of knowledge at the time of completion. The presentations = are=20 designed to provide an accurate review of the subject matter covered. = These=20 guidelines are disseminated with the understanding that the = recommendations by=20 the authors and consultants who have collaborated in their development = are not=20 meant to replace the individualized care and treatment advice from a = patient=92s=20 physician(s). If medical advice or assistance is required, the services = of a=20 competent physician should be sought. The proposals contained in these=20 guidelines may not be suitable for use in all circumstances. The choice = to=20 implement any particular recommendation contained in these guidelines = must be=20 made by a managing physician in light of the situation in each = particular=20 patient and on the basis of existing resources. </DIV></DIV> <DIV class=3DFormalPara> <DIV class=3D""><SPAN=20 style=3D"FONT-STYLE: italic; TEXT-DECORATION: = none">Disclosures</SPAN> =20 All panel members provided full disclosure of conflicts of interest, if = any,=20 prior to establishing the recommendations contained within these = guidelines.=20 </DIV></DIV> <DIV class=3DFormalPara> <DIV class=3D""><SPAN style=3D"FONT-STYLE: italic; TEXT-DECORATION: = none">Open=20 Access</SPAN> This article is distributed under the terms of = the=20 Creative Commons Attribution Noncommercial License which permits any=20 noncommercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, = provided the=20 original author(s) and source are credited. </DIV></DIV></DIV> <P></P> <HR> <H2><A name=3DBib1></A>References </H2> <TABLE> <TBODY class=3DCitation> <TR vAlign=3Dtop> <TD>1.</TD> <TD><A name=3DCR1></A>Kalkanis SN, Kondziolka D, Gaspar LE, Burri = SH, Asher=20 AL, Cobbs CS et al (2009) The role of surgical resection in the = management=20 of newly diagnosed brain metastases: a systematic review and=20 evidence-based clinical practice guideline. 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From: Subject: 10.1007/s11060-009-0060-9 Date: Wed, 23 Dec 2009 23:06:07 +0100 MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: multipart/related; type="text/html"; boundary="----=_NextPart_000_0000_01CA8424.82BD65E0" X-MimeOLE: Produced By Microsoft MimeOLE V6.00.2900.5579 This is a multi-part message in MIME format. ------=_NextPart_000_0000_01CA8424.82BD65E0 Content-Type: text/html; charset="iso-8859-1" Content-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-printable Content-Location: http://www.springerlink.com/content/v2k003021882774p/fulltext.html 10.1007/s11060-009-0060-9</TIT= LE> <META http-equiv=3DContent-Type content=3D"text/html; = charset=3DISO-8859-1"><LINK=20 href=3D"http://www.springerlink.com/config/css/A++_common.css" = type=3Dtext/css=20 rel=3DstyleSheet><LINK=20 href=3D"http://www.springerlink.com/config/css/content_A++_SpringerLink.c= ss"=20 type=3Dtext/css rel=3DstyleSheet> <META content=3D"MSHTML 6.00.6000.16945" name=3DGENERATOR></HEAD> <BODY class=3Dfor-print> <TABLE cellPadding=3D2 border=3D1> <TBODY> <TR class=3Dheader> <TD>Journal of Neuro-Oncology</TD></TR> <TR> <TD>=A9 The Author(s) 2009</TD></TR> <TR> <TD>10.1007/s11060-009-0060-9</TD></TR></TBODY></TABLE> <H2 class=3Drubric>Invited Manuscript</H2> <DIV class=3DHeading1><A name=3Dtitle></A>The role of whole brain = radiation therapy=20 in the management of newly diagnosed brain metastases: a systematic = review and=20 evidence-based clinical practice guideline </DIV> <P class=3DAuthorGroup>Laurie E. Gaspar<SUP>1</SUP>,=20 Minesh P. Mehta<SUP>2</SUP>, = Roy A. Patchell<SUP>3</SUP>,=20 Stuart H. Burri<SUP>4</SUP>, = Paula D. Robinson<SUP>5</SUP>,=20 Rachel E. Morris<SUP>5</SUP>, Mario Ammirati<SUP>6</SUP>, = David W. Andrews<SUP>7</SUP>, = Anthony L. Asher<SUP>8</SUP>,=20 Charles S. Cobbs<SUP>9</SUP>, = Douglas Kondziolka<SUP>10</SUP>,=20 Mark E. Linskey<SUP>11</SUP>, = Jay S. Loeffler<SUP>12</SUP>,=20 Michael McDermott<SUP>13</SUP>, Tom Mikkelsen<SUP>14</SUP>,=20 Jeffrey J. Olson<SUP>15</SUP>,=20 Nina A. Paleologos<SUP>16</SUP>,=20 Timothy C. Ryken<SUP>17</SUP> and=20 Steven N. Kalkanis<SUP>18 <A=20 href=3D"http://www.springerlink.com/content/v2k003021882774p/fulltext.htm= l#ContactOfAuthor19"><IMG=20 alt=3D"Contact Information"=20 src=3D"http://www.springerlink.com/content/v2k003021882774p/contact.gif" = border=3D0></A></SUP></P> <TABLE> <TBODY> <TR vAlign=3Dtop> <TD><SPAN class=3DAffiliation><A = name=3DAff1></A>(1) </SPAN></TD> <TD><SPAN class=3DAffiliation>Department of Radiation Oncology, = University=20 of Colorado-Denver, Denver, CO, = USA</SPAN></TD></TR></TBODY></TABLE> <TABLE> <TBODY> <TR vAlign=3Dtop> <TD><SPAN class=3DAffiliation><A = name=3DAff2></A>(2) </SPAN></TD> <TD><SPAN class=3DAffiliation>Department of Human Oncology, = Universtity of=20 Wisconsin School of Public Health and Medicine, Madison, WI,=20 USA</SPAN></TD></TR></TBODY></TABLE> <TABLE> <TBODY> <TR vAlign=3Dtop> <TD><SPAN class=3DAffiliation><A = name=3DAff3></A>(3) </SPAN></TD> <TD><SPAN class=3DAffiliation>Department of Neurology, Barrow = Neurological=20 Institute, Phoenix, AZ, USA</SPAN></TD></TR></TBODY></TABLE> <TABLE> <TBODY> <TR vAlign=3Dtop> <TD><SPAN class=3DAffiliation><A = name=3DAff4></A>(4) </SPAN></TD> <TD><SPAN class=3DAffiliation>Department of Radiation Oncology, = Carolinas=20 Medical Center, Charlotte, NC, = USA</SPAN></TD></TR></TBODY></TABLE> <TABLE> <TBODY> <TR vAlign=3Dtop> <TD><SPAN class=3DAffiliation><A = name=3DAff5></A>(5) </SPAN></TD> <TD><SPAN class=3DAffiliation>McMaster University Evidence-Based = Practice=20 Center, Hamilton, ON, Canada</SPAN></TD></TR></TBODY></TABLE> <TABLE> <TBODY> <TR vAlign=3Dtop> <TD><SPAN class=3DAffiliation><A = name=3DAff6></A>(6) </SPAN></TD> <TD><SPAN class=3DAffiliation>Department of Neurosurgery, Ohio State = University Medical Center, Columbus, OH, = USA</SPAN></TD></TR></TBODY></TABLE> <TABLE> <TBODY> <TR vAlign=3Dtop> <TD><SPAN class=3DAffiliation><A = name=3DAff7></A>(7) </SPAN></TD> <TD><SPAN class=3DAffiliation>Department of Neurosurgery, Thomas = Jefferson=20 University, Philadelphia, PA, USA</SPAN></TD></TR></TBODY></TABLE> <TABLE> <TBODY> <TR vAlign=3Dtop> <TD><SPAN class=3DAffiliation><A = name=3DAff8></A>(8) </SPAN></TD> <TD><SPAN class=3DAffiliation>Department of Neurosurgery, Carolina=20 Neurosurgery and Spine Associates, Charlotte, NC,=20 USA</SPAN></TD></TR></TBODY></TABLE> <TABLE> <TBODY> <TR vAlign=3Dtop> <TD><SPAN class=3DAffiliation><A = name=3DAff9></A>(9) </SPAN></TD> <TD><SPAN class=3DAffiliation>Department of Neurosciences, = California=20 Pacific Medical Center, San Francisco, CA, = USA</SPAN></TD></TR></TBODY></TABLE> <TABLE> <TBODY> <TR vAlign=3Dtop> <TD><SPAN class=3DAffiliation><A = name=3DAff10></A>(10) </SPAN></TD> <TD><SPAN class=3DAffiliation>Department of Neurological Surgery, = University=20 of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA,=20 USA</SPAN></TD></TR></TBODY></TABLE> <TABLE> <TBODY> <TR vAlign=3Dtop> <TD><SPAN class=3DAffiliation><A = name=3DAff11></A>(11) </SPAN></TD> <TD><SPAN class=3DAffiliation>Department of Neurosurgery, University = of=20 California-Irvine Medical Center, Orange, CA,=20 USA</SPAN></TD></TR></TBODY></TABLE> <TABLE> <TBODY> <TR vAlign=3Dtop> <TD><SPAN class=3DAffiliation><A = name=3DAff12></A>(12) </SPAN></TD> <TD><SPAN class=3DAffiliation>Department of Radiation Oncology,=20 Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, = USA</SPAN></TD></TR></TBODY></TABLE> <TABLE> <TBODY> <TR vAlign=3Dtop> <TD><SPAN class=3DAffiliation><A = name=3DAff13></A>(13) </SPAN></TD> <TD><SPAN class=3DAffiliation>Department of Neurosurgery, University = of=20 California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA,=20 USA</SPAN></TD></TR></TBODY></TABLE> <TABLE> <TBODY> <TR vAlign=3Dtop> <TD><SPAN class=3DAffiliation><A = name=3DAff14></A>(14) </SPAN></TD> <TD><SPAN class=3DAffiliation>Department of Neurology, Henry Ford = Health=20 System, Detroit, MI, USA</SPAN></TD></TR></TBODY></TABLE> <TABLE> <TBODY> <TR vAlign=3Dtop> <TD><SPAN class=3DAffiliation><A = name=3DAff15></A>(15) </SPAN></TD> <TD><SPAN class=3DAffiliation>Department of Neurosurgery, Emory = University=20 School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, = USA</SPAN></TD></TR></TBODY></TABLE> <TABLE> <TBODY> <TR vAlign=3Dtop> <TD><SPAN class=3DAffiliation><A = name=3DAff16></A>(16) </SPAN></TD> <TD><SPAN class=3DAffiliation>Department of Neurology, Northshore = University=20 Health System, Evanston, IL, USA</SPAN></TD></TR></TBODY></TABLE> <TABLE> <TBODY> <TR vAlign=3Dtop> <TD><SPAN class=3DAffiliation><A = name=3DAff17></A>(17) </SPAN></TD> <TD><SPAN class=3DAffiliation>Department of Neurosurgery, Iowa Spine = and=20 Brain Institute, Iowa City, IA, = USA</SPAN></TD></TR></TBODY></TABLE> <TABLE> <TBODY> <TR vAlign=3Dtop> <TD><SPAN class=3DAffiliation><A = name=3DAff18></A>(18) </SPAN></TD> <TD><SPAN class=3DAffiliation>Department of Neurosurgery, Henry Ford = Health=20 System, Hermelin Brain Tumor Center, 2799 West Grand Blvd, K-11, = Detroit,=20 MI 48202, USA</SPAN></TD></TR></TBODY></TABLE> <P><A name=3DContactOfAuthor19></A></P> <TABLE class=3DContact> <TBODY> <TR> <TD vAlign=3Dtop><IMG alt=3D"Contact Information"=20 = src=3D"http://www.springerlink.com/content/v2k003021882774p/contact.gif" = border=3D0></TD> = <TD><STRONG>Steven </STRONG><STRONG>N. </STRONG><STRONG>Kalkani= s</STRONG><STRONG></STRONG><BR><STRONG>Email:=20 </STRONG><A=20 = href=3D"mailto:kalkanis@neuro.hfh.edu">kalkanis@neuro.hfh.edu</A><BR><STR= ONG>Email:=20 </STRONG><A=20 = href=3D"mailto:skalkan1@hfhs.org">skalkan1@hfhs.org</A></TD></TR></TBODY>= </TABLE> <P class=3DAffiliation><STRONG>Received:=20 </STRONG>7 September 2009 <STRONG>Accepted:=20 </STRONG>8 November 2009 <STRONG>Published online:=20 </STRONG>4 December 2009 </P> <DIV class=3DAbstract><A name=3DAbs1></A><SPAN = class=3DAbstractHeading>Abstract</SPAN> <DIV class=3DAbstractSection> <DIV class=3D""><SPAN class=3DAbstractSectionHeading><A = name=3DASec1></A>Should whole=20 brain radiation therapy (WBRT) be used as the sole therapy in patients = with=20 newly-diagnosed, surgically accessible, single brain metastases, = compared with=20 WBRT plus surgical resection, and in what clinical = settings? </SPAN>=20 <B>Target population</B>=20 <DIV class=3DAbstractPara> <DIV class=3D"">This recommendation applies to adults with newly = diagnosed single=20 brain metastases amenable to surgical resection; however, the = recommendation=20 does not apply to relatively radiosensitive tumors histologies (i.e., = small cell=20 lung cancer, leukemia, lymphoma, germ cell tumors and multiple myeloma). = </DIV></DIV> <DIV class=3DAbstractPara> <DIV class=3D""><B>Recommendation</B> </DIV></DIV> <DIV class=3DAbstractPara> <DIV class=3D""><B><I>Surgical resection plus WBRT versus WBRT = alone</I></B>=20 </DIV></DIV> <DIV class=3DAbstractPara> <DIV class=3D""><I>Level 1</I> Class I evidence supports the use of = surgical=20 resection plus post-operative WBRT, as compared to WBRT alone, in = patients with=20 good performance status (functionally independent and spending less than = 50% of=20 time in bed) and limited extra-cranial disease. There is insufficient = evidence=20 to make a recommendation for patients with poor performance scores, = advanced=20 systemic disease, or multiple brain metastases. </DIV></DIV> <DIV class=3DAbstractPara> <DIV class=3D""><B><I>If WBRT is used, is there an optimal = dosing/fractionation=20 schedule?</I></B> </DIV></DIV> <DIV class=3DAbstractPara> <DIV class=3D""><B>Target population</B> </DIV></DIV> <DIV class=3DAbstractPara> <DIV class=3D"">This recommendation applies to adults with newly = diagnosed brain=20 metastases.</DIV></DIV> <DIV class=3DAbstractPara> <DIV class=3D""><B>Recommendation</B> </DIV></DIV> <DIV class=3DAbstractPara> <DIV class=3D""><I>Level 1</I> Class I evidence suggests that altered=20 dose/fractionation schedules of WBRT do not result in significant = differences in=20 median survival, local control or neurocognitive outcomes when compared = with=20 =93standard=94 WBRT dose/fractionation. (i.e., 30 Gy in 10 fractions or = a=20 biologically effective dose (BED) of 39 Gy10). </DIV></DIV> <DIV class=3DAbstractPara> <DIV class=3D""><B><I>If WBRT is used, what impact does tumor = histopathology have=20 on treatment outcomes?</I></B> </DIV></DIV> <DIV class=3DAbstractPara> <DIV class=3D""><B>Target population</B> </DIV></DIV> <DIV class=3DAbstractPara> <DIV class=3D"">This recommendation applies to adults with newly = diagnosed brain=20 metastases.</DIV></DIV> <DIV class=3DAbstractPara> <DIV class=3D""><B>Recommendation</B> </DIV></DIV> <DIV class=3DAbstractPara> <DIV class=3D"">Given the extremely limited data available, there is = insufficient=20 evidence to support the choice of any particular dose/fractionation = regimen=20 based on histopathology. </DIV></DIV> <DIV class=3DAbstractPara> <DIV class=3D"">The following question is fully addressed in the surgery = guideline=20 paper within this series by Kalkanis et al. Given that the = recommendation=20 resulting from the systematic review of the literature on this topic is = also=20 highly relevant to the discussion of the role of WBRT in the management = of brain=20 metastases, this recommendation has been included below. </DIV></DIV> <DIV class=3DAbstractPara> <DIV class=3D""><B><I>Does the addition of WBRT after surgical resection = improve=20 outcomes when compared with surgical resection alone?</I></B> = </DIV></DIV> <DIV class=3DAbstractPara> <DIV class=3D""><B>Target population</B> </DIV></DIV> <DIV class=3DAbstractPara> <DIV class=3D"">This recommendation applies to adults with newly = diagnosed single=20 brain metastases amenable to surgical resection.</DIV></DIV> <DIV class=3DAbstractPara> <DIV class=3D""><B>Recommendation</B> </DIV></DIV> <DIV class=3DAbstractPara> <DIV class=3D""><B><I>Surgical resection plus WBRT versus surgical = resection=20 alone</I></B> </DIV></DIV> <DIV class=3DAbstractPara> <DIV class=3D""><I>Level 1</I> Surgical resection followed by WBRT = represents a=20 superior treatment modality, in terms of improving tumor control at the = original=20 site of the metastasis and in the brain overall, when compared to = surgical=20 resection alone. </DIV></DIV></DIV></DIV></DIV> <P class=3DKeyword><SPAN = class=3DKeywordHeading>Keywords </SPAN>Brain=20 metastases - Whole brain radiation=20 therapy - Radiotherapy - Surgical=20 resection - Fractionation - Histopathology -&nbs= p;Systematic=20 review - Practice guideline </P> <DIV class=3DFulltext> <DIV class=3D""><A name=3DSec1></A> <HR> <DIV class=3Dheading2>Rationale</DIV> <P class=3D"">Whole-brain radiation therapy (WBRT) has long been a = standard=20 treatment for patients with brain metastases. Based on preclinical and=20 observational data, some physicians alter dose fractionation or withhold = WBRT=20 based upon tumor histology. </P> <P class=3D"">This paper will systematically review the evidence = available for=20 altered WBRT dose fractionation and the impact of tumor histopathology = on=20 treatment outcomes when WBRT is used. In addition, this paper will also=20 systematically review the evidence for the use of surgical resection = plus WBRT=20 compared with WBRT alone in patients with newly diagnosed, surgically=20 accessible, single brain metastases. The studies identified through this = process=20 will be used to make evidence-based recommendations for the role of WBRT = in the=20 management of patients with newly diagnosed brain metastases. </P> <P class=3D"">As WBRT has been a mainstay of the treatment approach for = patients=20 with brain metastases, several other papers in this guideline series = also=20 include comparisons and recommendations regarding the use of WBRT for = this=20 patient population. Of particular note are the papers by Kalkanis et al. = [<CITE><A=20 href=3D"http://www.springerlink.com/content/v2k003021882774p/fulltext.htm= l#CR1">1</A></CITE>],=20 (surgical resection) and Linskey et al. [<CITE><A=20 href=3D"http://www.springerlink.com/content/v2k003021882774p/fulltext.htm= l#CR2">2</A></CITE>],=20 (stereotactic radiosurgery) for patients with newly diagnosed brain = metastases.=20 </P></DIV> <DIV class=3D""><A name=3DSec2></A> <HR> <DIV class=3Dheading2>Methods</DIV> <DIV class=3D""><A name=3DSec3></A> <DIV class=3DHeading3>Search strategy</DIV> <P class=3D"">The following electronic databases were searched from 1990 = to=20 September 2008: MEDLINE<SUP>=AE</SUP>, Embase<SUP>=AE</SUP>, Cochrane = Database of=20 Systematic Reviews, Cochrane Controlled Trials Registry, and Cochrane = Database=20 of Abstracts of Reviews of Effects. A broad search strategy using a = combination=20 of subheadings and text words was employed. The search strategy is = documented in=20 the methodology paper for this guideline series by Robinson et al. = [<CITE><A=20 href=3D"http://www.springerlink.com/content/v2k003021882774p/fulltext.htm= l#CR3">3</A></CITE>]=20 Reference lists of included studies were also reviewed. </P></DIV> <DIV class=3D""><A name=3DSec4></A> <DIV class=3DHeading3>Eligibility criteria</DIV> <DIV class=3DPara> <DIV class=3D""> <TABLE class=3DOrderedList> <TBODY> <TR vAlign=3Dtop> <TD>(a) </TD> <TD>For WBRT versus surgical resection plus WBRT question:=20 <TABLE class=3DOrderedList border=3D0> <TBODY> <TR vAlign=3Dtop> <TD><SPAN style=3D"FONT-SIZE: 1.1em">=95</SPAN> </TD> <TD>Published in English with a publication date of 1990=20 forward.</TD></TR> <TR vAlign=3Dtop> <TD><SPAN style=3D"FONT-SIZE: 1.1em">=95</SPAN> </TD> <TD>Patients with newly diagnosed single brain = metastases.</TD></TR> <TR vAlign=3Dtop> <TD><SPAN style=3D"FONT-SIZE: 1.1em">=95</SPAN> </TD> <TD>Fully published peer-reviewed primary comparative studies = (all=20 comparative study designs for primary data collection = included;=20 e.g., randomized controlled trials (RCTs), non-randomized = trials,=20 cohort studies or case=96control studies) </TD></TR> <TR vAlign=3Dtop> <TD><SPAN style=3D"FONT-SIZE: 1.1em">=95</SPAN> </TD> <TD>Study comparisons include: WBRT versus=20 surgery + WBRT</TD></TR> <TR vAlign=3Dtop> <TD><SPAN style=3D"FONT-SIZE: 1.1em">=95</SPAN> </TD> <TD>Number of participants with newly diagnosed brain = metastases=20 >5 per study arm</TD></TR> <TR vAlign=3Dtop> <TD><SPAN style=3D"FONT-SIZE: 1.1em">=95</SPAN> </TD> <TD>Baseline information on study participants is provided by=20 treatment group in studies evaluating interventions = exclusively in=20 patients with newly diagnosed brain metastases. For studies = with=20 mixed populations (i.e., includes participants with = conditions other=20 than newly diagnosed brain metastases), baseline information = is=20 provided for the intervention sub-groups of participants = with newly=20 diagnosed brain metastases. = </TD></TR></TBODY></TABLE></TD></TR> <TR vAlign=3Dtop> <TD>(b) </TD> <TD>For optimal dosing/fractionation schedule for WBRT question:=20 <TABLE class=3DOrderedList border=3D0> <TBODY> <TR vAlign=3Dtop> <TD><SPAN style=3D"FONT-SIZE: 1.1em">=95</SPAN> </TD> <TD>Published in English.</TD></TR> <TR vAlign=3Dtop> <TD><SPAN style=3D"FONT-SIZE: 1.1em">=95</SPAN> </TD> <TD>Patients with newly diagnosed brain metastases.</TD></TR> <TR vAlign=3Dtop> <TD><SPAN style=3D"FONT-SIZE: 1.1em">=95</SPAN> </TD> <TD>Fully published peer-reviewed primary comparative studies = (all=20 comparative study designs for primary data collection = included;=20 e.g., RCT, non-randomized trials, cohort studies or = case=96control=20 studies) for studies published 1990 forward; RCTs published = 1970=20 forward. </TD></TR> <TR vAlign=3Dtop> <TD><SPAN style=3D"FONT-SIZE: 1.1em">=95</SPAN> </TD> <TD>Study comparisons include: WBRT dose/fractionation = schedule 1=20 versus WBRT dose/fractionation schedule 2</TD></TR> <TR vAlign=3Dtop> <TD><SPAN style=3D"FONT-SIZE: 1.1em">=95</SPAN> </TD> <TD>Number of participants with newly diagnosed brain = metastases=20 >5 per study arm.</TD></TR> <TR vAlign=3Dtop> <TD><SPAN style=3D"FONT-SIZE: 1.1em">=95</SPAN> </TD> <TD>Baseline information on study participants is provided by=20 treatment group in studies evaluating interventions = exclusively in=20 patients with newly diagnosed brain metastases. For studies = with=20 mixed populations (i.e., includes participants with = conditions other=20 than newly diagnosed brain metastases), baseline information = is=20 provided for the intervention sub-groups of participants = with newly=20 diagnosed brain metastases. = </TD></TR></TBODY></TABLE></TD></TR> <TR vAlign=3Dtop> <TD>(c) </TD> <TD>For whether tumor histopathology has an impact on WBRT treatment = outcomes?=20 <TABLE class=3DOrderedList border=3D0> <TBODY> <TR vAlign=3Dtop> <TD><SPAN style=3D"FONT-SIZE: 1.1em">=95</SPAN> </TD> <TD>Published in English with a publication date of 1990=20 forward.</TD></TR> <TR vAlign=3Dtop> <TD><SPAN style=3D"FONT-SIZE: 1.1em">=95</SPAN> </TD> <TD>Patients with newly diagnosed brain metastases.</TD></TR> <TR vAlign=3Dtop> <TD><SPAN style=3D"FONT-SIZE: 1.1em">=95</SPAN> </TD> <TD>Fully published peer-reviewed primary studies (all study = designs=20 for primary data collection included; e.g., RCT, = non-randomized=20 trials, cohort studies, case=96control studies or case = series). </TD></TR> <TR vAlign=3Dtop> <TD><SPAN style=3D"FONT-SIZE: 1.1em">=95</SPAN> </TD> <TD>Any study evaluating the outcome(s) of WBRT by tumor=20 histopathology (or primary tumor type).</TD></TR> <TR vAlign=3Dtop> <TD><SPAN style=3D"FONT-SIZE: 1.1em">=95</SPAN> </TD> <TD>Number of participants with newly diagnosed brain = metastases=20 >5 per study arm for comparative studies and >5 = overall for=20 non-comparative studies. </TD></TR> <TR vAlign=3Dtop> <TD><SPAN style=3D"FONT-SIZE: 1.1em">=95</SPAN> </TD> <TD>For studies evaluating the outcome(s) of WBRT by = histopathology=20 (or primary tumor type) exclusively in patients with newly = diagnosed=20 brain metastases, baseline characteristics are presented and = stratified by histologic/primary tumor group. For studies = with mixed=20 populations (i.e., includes participants with conditions = other than=20 newly diagnosed brain metastases), baseline characteristics = are=20 presented and stratified by histologic/primary tumor group = for the=20 sub-group of participants with newly diagnosed brain = metastases.=20 = </TD></TR></TBODY></TABLE></TD></TR></TBODY></TABLE></DIV></DIV></DIV> <DIV class=3D""><A name=3DSec5></A> <DIV class=3DHeading3>Study selection and quality assessment</DIV> <P class=3D"">Two independent reviewers evaluated citations using a = priori=20 criteria for relevance and documented decisions in standardized forms. = Cases of=20 disagreement were resolved by a third reviewer. The same methodology was = used=20 for full text screening of potentially relevant papers. Studies which = met the=20 eligibility criteria were data extracted by one reviewer and the = extracted=20 information was checked by a second reviewer. The PEDro scale [<CITE><A=20 href=3D"http://www.springerlink.com/content/v2k003021882774p/fulltext.htm= l#CR4">4</A></CITE>,=20 <CITE><A=20 href=3D"http://www.springerlink.com/content/v2k003021882774p/fulltext.htm= l#CR5">5</A></CITE>]=20 was used to rate the quality of randomized trials. The quality of = comparative=20 studies using non-randomized designs was evaluated using eight items = selected=20 and modified from existing scales. </P></DIV> <DIV class=3D""><A name=3DSec6></A> <DIV class=3DHeading3>Meta-analyses</DIV> <P class=3D"">Meta-analyses of RCTs were undertaken when sufficient data = for=20 pooling was available for the outcomes of interest. For the following = outcomes,=20 6 month mortality, overall survival and neurologic function, the = altered=20 WBRT dose/fractionation schedules were compared to conventional = scheduling. The=20 pooled relative risk (RR) was estimated using a random-effects model and = each=20 RCT was weighted by the inverse of its variance. Chi-square = heterogeneity tests=20 were used to test for statistical heterogeneity amongst the RCTs. = <I>I</I>=20 <SUP>2</SUP> was calculated in order to quantify inconsistency across = trials and=20 assess the impact of heterogeneity on the meta-analysis. Publication = bias was=20 evaluated graphically with funnel plots. All statistical analyses were = carried=20 out using Revman 5. </P></DIV> <DIV class=3D""><A name=3DSec7></A> <DIV class=3DHeading3>Evidence classification and recommendation = levels</DIV> <P class=3D"">Both the quality of the evidence and the strength of the=20 recommendations were graded according to the American Association of=20 Neurological Surgeons (AANS)/Congress of Neurological Surgeons (CNS) = criteria.=20 These criteria are provided in the methodology paper for this guideline = series.=20 </P></DIV> <DIV class=3D""><A name=3DSec8></A> <DIV class=3DHeading3>Guideline development process</DIV> <P class=3D"">The AANS/CNS convened a multi-disciplinary panel of = clinical experts=20 to develop a series of practice guidelines on the management of brain = metastases=20 based on a systematic review of the literature conducted in = collaboration with=20 methodologists at the McMaster University Evidence-based Practice = Center.=20 </P></DIV></DIV> <DIV class=3D""><A name=3DSec9></A> <HR> <DIV class=3Dheading2>Scientific foundation</DIV> <DIV class=3DPara> <DIV class=3D"">Overall, 24 primary studies [<CITE><A=20 href=3D"http://www.springerlink.com/content/v2k003021882774p/fulltext.htm= l#CR6">6</A></CITE>=96<CITE><A=20 href=3D"http://www.springerlink.com/content/v2k003021882774p/fulltext.htm= l#CR29">29</A></CITE>]=20 and seven companion papers [<CITE><A=20 href=3D"http://www.springerlink.com/content/v2k003021882774p/fulltext.htm= l#CR30">30</A></CITE>=96<CITE><A=20 href=3D"http://www.springerlink.com/content/v2k003021882774p/fulltext.htm= l#CR36">36</A></CITE>]=20 met the eligibility criteria for this systematic review (Fig. <A=20 href=3D"http://www.springerlink.com/content/v2k003021882774p/fulltext.htm= l#Fig1">1</A>).=20 <DIV class=3DFigure><A name=3DFig1></A><IMG=20 alt=3DMediaObjects/11060_2009_60_Fig1_HTML.gif=20 src=3D"http://www.springerlink.com/content/v2k003021882774p/MediaObjects/= 11060_2009_60_Fig1_HTML.gif"></DIV> <DIV class=3DCapt><SPAN class=3DCaptNr>Fig. 1 </SPAN>Flowchart = of studies=20 to final number of eligible studies </DIV> <HR> </DIV></DIV> <DIV class=3D""><A name=3DSec10></A> <DIV class=3DHeading3>Surgical Resection plus WBRT versus WBRT = alone</DIV> <DIV class=3DPara> <DIV class=3D"">Seven studies met the eligibility criteria for this = treatment=20 comparison, and of these six were unique and one was a companion study = [<CITE><A=20 href=3D"http://www.springerlink.com/content/v2k003021882774p/fulltext.htm= l#CR6">6</A></CITE>=96<CITE><A=20 href=3D"http://www.springerlink.com/content/v2k003021882774p/fulltext.htm= l#CR11">11</A></CITE>,=20 <CITE><A=20 href=3D"http://www.springerlink.com/content/v2k003021882774p/fulltext.htm= l#CR30">30</A></CITE>].=20 Three of these studies were prospective randomized trials [<CITE><A=20 href=3D"http://www.springerlink.com/content/v2k003021882774p/fulltext.htm= l#CR6">6</A></CITE>=96<CITE><A=20 href=3D"http://www.springerlink.com/content/v2k003021882774p/fulltext.htm= l#CR8">8</A></CITE>]=20 (Table <A=20 href=3D"http://www.springerlink.com/content/v2k003021882774p/fulltext.htm= l#Tab1">1</A>).=20 Given that the treatment modalities being compared included surgical = resection=20 in only one arm of each trial, all of the RCTs were non-blinded. In a = randomized=20 trial performed at the University of Kentucky [<CITE><A=20 href=3D"http://www.springerlink.com/content/v2k003021882774p/fulltext.htm= l#CR6">6</A></CITE>],=20 48 patients with known systemic cancer were treated with either biopsy = of the=20 suspected brain metastasis plus WBRT or complete surgical resection of = the=20 metastasis plus WBRT. The radiation doses were the same in both groups = and=20 consisted of a total dose of 36 Gy given in 12 daily fractions of = 3 Gy=20 each. Patients had to be capable of caring for themselves independently, = with a=20 Karnofsky performance score (KPS) of at least 70. Patients were = ineligible if=20 they had a need for immediate treatment to prevent acute neurologic=20 deterioration, or if they had tumors considered to be relatively = radiosensitive=20 [small cell lung cancer (SCLC), germ-cell tumors, lymphoma, leukemia, = and=20 multiple myeloma]. Patients were not excluded based on the extent of = systemic=20 disease. Randomization was performed by computer-generated random = numbers.=20 Information on allocation concealment was not reported. All the patients = in the=20 surgical group were considered to have had complete resection as = assessed by=20 postoperative computerized tomography (CT) scanning. Follow up brain CT = or=20 magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans were required every = 3 months. There=20 was a statistically significant increase in survival in the surgical = group (40=20 vs. 15 weeks). In addition, the time to recurrence of brain = metastases,=20 freedom from death due to neurologic causes, and duration of functional=20 independence were significantly longer in the surgical resection group. = The=20 1 month mortality was 4% in each group, indicating that there was = no extra=20 mortality from surgery. Although surgical resection was the only = variable=20 positively associated with maintaining performance status, the extent of = systemic disease and increased age were associated with poor performance = status=20 post-treatment.<A name=3DTab1></A> <DIV class=3DCapt><SPAN class=3DCaptNr>Table 1 </SPAN>WBRT = versus surgical=20 resection plus WBRT </DIV> <TABLE border=3D1> <COLGROUP> <COL align=3Dleft> <COL align=3Dleft> <COL align=3Dleft> <COL align=3Dleft> <COL align=3Dleft> <COL align=3Dleft> <COL align=3Dleft></COLGROUP> <THEAD> <TR class=3Dheader> <TH align=3Dleft> <P class=3D"">First author (year)</P></TH> <TH align=3Dleft> <P class=3D"">Study design/evidence class</P></TH> <TH align=3Dleft> <P class=3D"">Interventions</P></TH> <TH align=3Dleft> <P class=3D"">Population</P></TH> <TH align=3Dleft> <P class=3D"">Median survival</P></TH> <TH align=3Dleft> <P class=3D""># Pts with recurrence/progression<SUP>a</SUP> = </P></TH> <TH align=3Dleft> <P class=3D"">Median time to = recurrence/progression</P></TH></TR></THEAD> <TBODY> <TR class=3Dnoclass> <TD align=3Dleft colSpan=3D7> <P class=3D"">Randomized trials</P></TD></TR> <TR class=3Dnoclass> <TD align=3Dleft rowSpan=3D2> <P class=3D""> Patchell (1990) [<CITE><A=20 = href=3D"http://www.springerlink.com/content/v2k003021882774p/fulltext.htm= l#CR6">6</A></CITE>]=20 </P></TD> <TD align=3Dleft rowSpan=3D2> <P class=3D"">RCT</P> <P class=3D"">Evidence class I</P></TD> <TD align=3Dleft rowSpan=3D2> <P class=3D"">G1: WBRT (<I>n</I> =3D 23) </P> <P class=3D"">G2: WBRT + surgery = (<I>n</I> =3D 25) </P></TD> <TD align=3Dleft rowSpan=3D2> <P class=3D"">Single BM</P></TD> <TD align=3Dleft rowSpan=3D2> <P class=3D"">G1: 15 weeks</P> <P class=3D"">G2: 40 weeks</P> <P class=3D"">(Survival curves: log-rank; = <I>P</I> < 0.01)=20 </P></TD> <TD align=3Dleft> <P class=3D""><I>At original site</I>: </P> <P class=3D"">G1: 12/23 (52%)</P> <P class=3D"">G2: 5/25 (20%) (<I>P</I> < 0.02) = </P></TD> <TD align=3Dleft rowSpan=3D2> <P class=3D""><I>At original site</I>: </P> <P class=3D"">G1: 21 weeks</P> <P class=3D"">G2: >59 weeks</P> <P class=3D"">(LR curves: log-rank; = <I>P</I> < 0.0001)=20 </P></TD></TR> <TR class=3Dnoclass> <TD align=3Dleft> <P class=3D""><I>At distant or leptomeningeal sites</I>: </P> <P class=3D"">G1: 3/23 (13%)</P> <P class=3D"">G2: 5/25 (20%) (<I>P</I> =3D NS) = </P></TD></TR> <TR class=3Dnoclass> <TD align=3Dleft> <P class=3D""> Mintz (1996) [<CITE><A=20 = href=3D"http://www.springerlink.com/content/v2k003021882774p/fulltext.htm= l#CR7">7</A></CITE>]=20 </P></TD> <TD align=3Dleft> <P class=3D"">RCT</P> <P class=3D"">Evidence class I</P></TD> <TD align=3Dleft> <P class=3D"">G1: WBRT (<I>n</I> =3D 43) </P> <P class=3D"">G2: WBRT + surgery = (<I>n</I> =3D 41) </P></TD> <TD align=3Dleft> <P class=3D"">Single BM</P></TD> <TD align=3Dleft> <P class=3D"">G1: 6.3 months</P> <P class=3D"">G2: 5.6 months</P> <P class=3D"">(Survival curves: log-rank; = <I>P</I> =3D NS) </P></TD> <TD align=3Dleft> <P class=3D"">NR</P></TD> <TD align=3Dleft> <P class=3D"">NR</P></TD></TR> <TR class=3Dnoclass> <TD align=3Dleft> <P class=3D""> Vecht (1993) [<CITE><A=20 = href=3D"http://www.springerlink.com/content/v2k003021882774p/fulltext.htm= l#CR8">8</A></CITE>]=20 </P></TD> <TD align=3Dleft> <P class=3D"">RCT</P> <P class=3D"">Evidence class I</P></TD> <TD align=3Dleft> <P class=3D"">G1: WBRT (<I>n</I> =3D 31) </P> <P class=3D"">G2: WBRT + surgery = (<I>n</I> =3D 32) </P></TD> <TD align=3Dleft> <P class=3D"">Single BM</P></TD> <TD align=3Dleft> <P class=3D"">G1: 6 months</P> <P class=3D"">G2: 10 months</P> <P class=3D"">(Survival curves: log-rank; = <I>P</I> =3D 0.04) </P></TD> <TD align=3Dleft> <P class=3D"">NR</P></TD> <TD align=3Dleft> <P class=3D"">NR</P></TD></TR> <TR class=3Dnoclass> <TD align=3Dleft colSpan=3D7> <P class=3D"">Other study designs</P></TD></TR> <TR class=3Dnoclass> <TD align=3Dleft> <P class=3D""> Ampil (1996) [<CITE><A=20 = href=3D"http://www.springerlink.com/content/v2k003021882774p/fulltext.htm= l#CR9">9</A></CITE>]=20 </P></TD> <TD align=3Dleft> <P class=3D"">Retrospective cohort study</P> <P class=3D"">Evidence class II</P></TD> <TD align=3Dleft> <P class=3D"">G1: WBRT (<I>n</I> =3D 34) </P> <P class=3D"">G2: WBRT + surgery = (<I>n</I> =3D 11) </P></TD> <TD align=3Dleft> <P class=3D"">Cerebellum BM</P></TD> <TD align=3Dleft> <P class=3D"">G1: 3 months</P> <P class=3D"">G2: 15 months</P> <P class=3D"">(Wilcox on rank sum; <I>P</I> =3D 0.005) = </P></TD> <TD align=3Dleft> <P class=3D"">NR</P></TD> <TD align=3Dleft> <P class=3D"">NR</P></TD></TR> <TR class=3Dnoclass> <TD align=3Dleft rowSpan=3D3> <P class=3D""> Rades (2008) [<CITE><A=20 = href=3D"http://www.springerlink.com/content/v2k003021882774p/fulltext.htm= l#CR10">10</A></CITE>]=20 </P></TD> <TD align=3Dleft rowSpan=3D3> <P class=3D"">Retrospective cohort study</P> <P class=3D"">Evidence class II</P></TD> <TD align=3Dleft rowSpan=3D3> <P class=3D"">G1: WBRT (<I>n</I> =3D 96) </P> <P class=3D"">G2: Surgery + WBRT = (<I>n</I> =3D 99) </P></TD> <TD align=3Dleft rowSpan=3D3> <P class=3D"">Single BM</P></TD> <TD align=3Dleft rowSpan=3D3> <P class=3D"">G1: 6 months</P> <P class=3D"">G2: 11.5 months</P> <P class=3D"">(Survival curves: log-rank; = p < 0.001)</P></TD> <TD align=3Dleft rowSpan=3D3> <P class=3D"">NR</P></TD> <TD align=3Dleft> <P class=3D""><I>At original site</I>: NR (LR curves: log-rank;=20 <I>P</I> < 0.001) </P></TD></TR> <TR class=3Dnoclass> <TD align=3Dleft> <P class=3D""><I>At distant site</I>: NR (DR curves: log-rank;=20 <I>P</I> =3D NS) </P></TD></TR> <TR class=3Dnoclass> <TD align=3Dleft> <P class=3D""><I>At any site</I>: NR (BR curves: log-rank;=20 <I>P</I> < 0.001) </P></TD></TR> <TR class=3Dnoclass> <TD align=3Dleft> <P class=3D""> Sause (1990) [<CITE><A=20 = href=3D"http://www.springerlink.com/content/v2k003021882774p/fulltext.htm= l#CR11">11</A></CITE>]=20 </P></TD> <TD align=3Dleft> <P class=3D"">Prospective non-randomized trial</P> <P class=3D"">Evidence class II</P></TD> <TD align=3Dleft> <P class=3D"">G1: WBRT (<I>n</I> =3D 55) </P> <P class=3D"">G2: WBRT + surgery = (<I>n</I> =3D 25) </P></TD> <TD align=3Dleft> <P class=3D"">Single BM</P></TD> <TD align=3Dleft> <P class=3D"">G1: 6.7 months</P> <P class=3D"">G2: 15.5 months</P> <P class=3D"">(Survival curves: log-rank; = <I>P</I> =3D 0.004)=20 </P></TD> <TD align=3Dleft> <P class=3D"">NR</P></TD> <TD align=3Dleft> <P class=3D"">NR</P></TD></TR></TBODY></TABLE> <DIV class=3DCapt> <DIV class=3DCaptCont> <DIV class=3D""><I>BM</I> brain metastases, <I>BR</I> brain recurrence=20 (local + distant), <I>DR</I> distant recurrence in brain, = <I>G1</I>=20 group 1, <I>G2</I> group 2, <I>LR</I> local recurrence at original site = in=20 brain, <I>NR</I> not reported, <I>NS</I> not significant, <I>Pts</I> = patients,=20 <I>RCT</I> randomized control trial, <I>WBRT</I> Whole-brain radiation = therapy=20 </DIV></DIV> <DIV class=3DCaptCont> <DIV class=3D""><SUP>a</SUP>Number of pts with recurrence/progression of = brain=20 metastases, unless otherwise specified </DIV></DIV></DIV></DIV></DIV> <P class=3D"">A second randomized study [<CITE><A=20 href=3D"http://www.springerlink.com/content/v2k003021882774p/fulltext.htm= l#CR8">8</A></CITE>],=20 conducted as a multi-institutional trial in the Netherlands, contained = 63=20 evaluable patients. Patients with single brain metastases were = randomized to=20 complete surgical resection plus WBRT or WBRT alone. Randomization was = performed=20 centrally by telephone. The WBRT schedules were the same for both = treatment arms=20 and consisted of 40 Gy given in a non-standard fractionation scheme = of=20 2 Gy twice per day for 2 weeks (10 treatment days). Patients = had to=20 have a reasonable quality of life and neurological status, defined as = spending=20 no more than 50% of their time in bed and not requiring continuous = nursing care=20 or hospitalization. Excluded histologies were SCLC and lymphoma. = Information is=20 not given regarding the extent of resection in the surgical group or the = use and=20 frequency of imaging in follow up. Survival was significantly longer in = the=20 surgical group (10 vs. 6 months). There was also a non-significant = trend=20 toward longer duration of functional independence in the surgically = treated=20 patients. No data concerning recurrence of brain metastases were = provided. The=20 1 month mortality rates were 9% in the surgery group and 0% in the = WBRT=20 alone group, a statistically insignificant difference. The authors = concluded=20 that the addition of surgery to WBRT provided a survival benefit except = to those=20 patients who were 60 years of age or older, or those patients with=20 progressive systemic disease in the 3 months prior to the diagnosis = of the=20 brain metastasis. </P> <P class=3D"">A third randomized trial, conducted as a multi-center = trial in=20 Canada by Mintz et al. [<CITE><A=20 href=3D"http://www.springerlink.com/content/v2k003021882774p/fulltext.htm= l#CR7">7</A></CITE>],=20 failed to find a benefit from surgical treatment. In that study, 84 = patients=20 with a single brain metastasis were randomized to receive radiotherapy = alone=20 (30 Gy given in 10 daily fractions of 3 Gy) or surgery plus=20 radiotherapy. Randomization was performed centrally by telephone. = Eligible=20 patients had to be less than 80 years of age, and they had to have a KPS = of at=20 least 50, i.e., they could be spending more than 50% of their time in = bed but=20 had to be able to care for some personal needs. Patients were not = eligible if=20 they had leukemia, lymphoma, or SCLC. A CT scan was done in the first=20 postoperative week to assess the extent of tumor removed. Follow up CT = scans=20 were performed monthly for 6 months and every 3 months after = that. A=20 gross total resection was achieved in 38 of the 40 patients in the = surgical=20 group. No difference was found in overall survival; the median survival = time was=20 6.3 months in the radiotherapy alone group and 5.6 months for = the=20 surgical group. There was also no difference in causes of death or = quality of=20 life. </P> <P class=3D"">It is unclear why the Canadian study was not in agreement = with the=20 other two trials. In all three studies, the control arms (the radiation = alone=20 arms) had median lengths of survival in the 3=966 months = range=97within the=20 expected range for patients treated with radiotherapy alone. The major=20 difference in the studies was the poor results obtained in the surgical = arm of=20 the Canadian trial. That study contained a higher proportion of patients = with=20 extensive systemic disease and lower performance scores. It is possible = that=20 these factors resulted in more patients dying of their systemic cancer = before a=20 long term benefit of surgery was seen. Additionally, MRI was not = mandatory in=20 the Canadian study, and it is theoretically possible that patients with=20 additional lesions not detected by CT may have been included in the = study. </P> <P class=3D"">All three of the evidence class II studies [<CITE><A=20 href=3D"http://www.springerlink.com/content/v2k003021882774p/fulltext.htm= l#CR9">9</A></CITE>=96<CITE><A=20 href=3D"http://www.springerlink.com/content/v2k003021882774p/fulltext.htm= l#CR11">11</A></CITE>]=20 demonstrated a survival benefit for patients who underwent surgical = resection=20 followed by WBRT as compared to WBRT alone. Ampil et al., published a = single=20 institution experience with either surgery plus WBRT (11 patients) = versus WBRT=20 alone (34 patients) in 45 patients who had a cerebellar metastasis. The = majority=20 of the patients in the WBRT alone arm had additional supratentorial = brain=20 metastases. Although there was a significant difference in survival = noted=20 between the two groups, the authors concluded that the outcome of = patients with=20 a brain metastasis within the cerebellum was improved with surgical = resection if=20 the primary was not from the lung. </P></DIV> <DIV class=3D""><A name=3DSec11></A> <DIV class=3DHeading3>WBRT dosing/fractionation schedule</DIV> <DIV class=3DPara> <DIV class=3D"">Twenty-three studies met the eligibility criteria for = this=20 question, and of these, 17 were unique [<CITE><A=20 href=3D"http://www.springerlink.com/content/v2k003021882774p/fulltext.htm= l#CR12">12</A></CITE>=96<CITE><A=20 href=3D"http://www.springerlink.com/content/v2k003021882774p/fulltext.htm= l#CR28">28</A></CITE>]=20 and six [<CITE><A=20 href=3D"http://www.springerlink.com/content/v2k003021882774p/fulltext.htm= l#CR31">31</A></CITE>=96<CITE><A=20 href=3D"http://www.springerlink.com/content/v2k003021882774p/fulltext.htm= l#CR36">36</A></CITE>]=20 were companion publications (Table <A=20 href=3D"http://www.springerlink.com/content/v2k003021882774p/fulltext.htm= l#Tab2">2</A>).=20 The 17 unique studies fell into three AANS/CNS evidence class categories = as=20 follows: ten class I studies (nine RCTs [<CITE><A=20 href=3D"http://www.springerlink.com/content/v2k003021882774p/fulltext.htm= l#CR12">12</A></CITE>=96<CITE><A=20 href=3D"http://www.springerlink.com/content/v2k003021882774p/fulltext.htm= l#CR20">20</A></CITE>]=20 and one randomized phase I/II trial [<CITE><A=20 href=3D"http://www.springerlink.com/content/v2k003021882774p/fulltext.htm= l#CR21">21</A></CITE>]),=20 six class II studies [<CITE><A=20 href=3D"http://www.springerlink.com/content/v2k003021882774p/fulltext.htm= l#CR22">22</A></CITE>=96<CITE><A=20 href=3D"http://www.springerlink.com/content/v2k003021882774p/fulltext.htm= l#CR24">24</A></CITE>,=20 <CITE><A=20 href=3D"http://www.springerlink.com/content/v2k003021882774p/fulltext.htm= l#CR26">26</A></CITE>=96<CITE><A=20 href=3D"http://www.springerlink.com/content/v2k003021882774p/fulltext.htm= l#CR28">28</A></CITE>]=20 (retrospective cohort studies) and one class III study [<CITE><A=20 href=3D"http://www.springerlink.com/content/v2k003021882774p/fulltext.htm= l#CR25">25</A></CITE>]=20 (prospective cohort study with historical controls).<A name=3DTab2></A> <DIV class=3DCapt><SPAN = class=3DCaptNr>Table 2 </SPAN>Different=20 dose/fractionation schedules of WBRT </DIV> <TABLE border=3D1> <COLGROUP> <COL align=3Dleft> <COL align=3Dleft> <COL align=3Dleft> <COL align=3Dleft> <COL align=3Dleft> <COL align=3Dleft> <COL align=3Dleft></COLGROUP> <THEAD> <TR class=3Dheader> <TH align=3Dleft> <P class=3D"">First author (year)</P></TH> <TH align=3Dleft> <P class=3D"">Study design/evidence class</P></TH> <TH align=3Dleft> <P class=3D"">WBRT total dose/fractionation</P></TH> <TH align=3Dleft> <P class=3D"">Population</P></TH> <TH align=3Dleft> <P class=3D"">Median survival</P></TH> <TH align=3Dleft> <P class=3D""># Pts with recurrence/progression<SUP>a</SUP> = </P></TH> <TH align=3Dleft> <P class=3D"">Median time to = recurrence/progression</P></TH></TR></THEAD> <TBODY> <TR class=3Dnoclass> <TD align=3Dleft colSpan=3D7> <P class=3D"">Randomized trials</P></TD></TR> <TR class=3Dnoclass> <TD align=3Dleft rowSpan=3D2> <P class=3D""> Borgelt (1981) [<CITE><A=20 = href=3D"http://www.springerlink.com/content/v2k003021882774p/fulltext.htm= l#CR12">12</A></CITE>]=20 </P></TD> <TD align=3Dleft rowSpan=3D2> <P class=3D"">RCT</P> <P class=3D"">Evidence class I</P></TD> <TD align=3Dleft> <P class=3D""><I>First RCT</I>: </P> <P class=3D"">G1: 10 Gy/1 fraction = (<I>n</I> =3D 26) </P> <P class=3D"">G2: 30=9640 Gy over 2=964 weeks=20 (<I>n</I> =3D 112) </P></TD> <TD align=3Dleft rowSpan=3D2> <P class=3D"">BM</P></TD> <TD align=3Dleft> <P class=3D""><I>First RCT</I>: </P> <P class=3D"">G1: 15 weeks</P> <P class=3D"">G2: 21 weeks</P> <P class=3D"">(Survival curves: log-rank; = <I>P</I> =3D NS) </P></TD> <TD align=3Dleft rowSpan=3D2> <P class=3D"">NR</P></TD> <TD align=3Dleft> <P class=3D"">Median time to progression (measured by = deterioration in=20 neurologic function):</P> <P class=3D"">First RCT:</P> <P class=3D"">Initial NF 1: G1: 9 weeks; G2: 14 weeks</P> <P class=3D"">Initial NF 2: G1: 9 weeks; G2: = 10 weeks</P> <P class=3D"">Initial NF 3: G1: 7 weeks; G2: 12 weeks = (Cox=92s model;=20 <I>P</I> =3D 0.07) </P></TD></TR> <TR class=3Dnoclass> <TD align=3Dleft> <P class=3D""><I>Second RCT</I>: </P> <P class=3D"">G3: 12 Gy/2 fractions = (<I>n</I> =3D 33) </P> <P class=3D"">G4: 20 Gy over 1 week = (<I>n</I> =3D 31)=20 </P></TD> <TD align=3Dleft> <P class=3D""><I>Second RCT</I>: </P> <P class=3D"">G3: 13 weeks</P> <P class=3D"">G4: 12 weeks</P> <P class=3D"">(Survival curves: log-rank; = <I>P</I> =3D NS) </P></TD> <TD align=3Dleft> <P class=3D"">Second RCT:</P> <P class=3D"">Initial NF 1: G3: 9 weeks; G4: 10 weeks</P> <P class=3D"">Initial NF 2: G3: 11 weeks; G4: 8 weeks</P> <P class=3D"">Initial NF 3: G3: 3 weeks; G4: 3 weeks (Cox=92s = model;=20 <I>P</I> =3D NS) </P></TD></TR> <TR class=3Dnoclass> <TD align=3Dleft rowSpan=3D2> <P class=3D""> Chantani (1994) [<CITE><A=20 = href=3D"http://www.springerlink.com/content/v2k003021882774p/fulltext.htm= l#CR13">13</A></CITE>]=20 </P></TD> <TD align=3Dleft rowSpan=3D2> <P class=3D"">RCT</P> <P class=3D"">Evidence class I</P></TD> <TD align=3Dleft> <P class=3D""><I>Normal LDH</I>: </P> <P class=3D"">G1: 30 Gy/10 fractions = (<I>n</I> =3D 46) </P> <P class=3D"">G2: 50 Gy/20 fractions = (<I>n</I> =3D 46) </P></TD> <TD align=3Dleft rowSpan=3D2> <P class=3D"">Lung cancer BM</P></TD> <TD align=3Dleft rowSpan=3D2> <P class=3D"">G1: 5.4 months</P> <P class=3D"">G2: 4.8 months</P> <P class=3D"">(Survival curves G1 vs. G2: log-rank; = <I>P</I> =3D NS)=20 </P> <P class=3D"">G3: 3.4 months</P> <P class=3D"">G4: 2.4 months</P> <P class=3D"">(Survival curves G3 vs. G4:log-rank; = <I>P</I> =3D NS)=20 </P></TD> <TD align=3Dleft rowSpan=3D2> <P class=3D"">NR</P></TD> <TD align=3Dleft rowSpan=3D2> <P class=3D"">NR</P></TD></TR> <TR class=3Dnoclass> <TD align=3Dleft> <P class=3D""><I>High LDH</I>: </P> <P class=3D"">G3: 30 Gy/10 fractions = (<I>n</I> =3D 35) G4:=20 20 Gy/5 fractions (<I>n</I> =3D 35) </P></TD></TR> <TR class=3Dnoclass> <TD align=3Dleft> <P class=3D""> Chantani (1985) [<CITE><A=20 = href=3D"http://www.springerlink.com/content/v2k003021882774p/fulltext.htm= l#CR14">14</A></CITE>]=20 </P></TD> <TD align=3Dleft> <P class=3D"">RCT</P> <P class=3D"">Evidence class I</P></TD> <TD align=3Dleft> <P class=3D"">G1: 30 Gy/10 fractions = (<I>n</I> =3D 35) </P> <P class=3D"">G2: 50 Gy in 20 fractions = (<I>n</I> =3D 34)=20 </P></TD> <TD align=3Dleft> <P class=3D"">Lung cancer BM</P></TD> <TD align=3Dleft> <P class=3D"">G1: 4 months</P> <P class=3D"">G2: 3 months</P> <P class=3D"">(Survival curves: log-rank; = <I>P</I> =3D NS) </P></TD> <TD align=3Dleft> <P class=3D"">NR</P></TD> <TD align=3Dleft> <P class=3D"">NR</P></TD></TR> <TR class=3Dnoclass> <TD align=3Dleft> <P class=3D""> Davey (2008) [<CITE><A=20 = href=3D"http://www.springerlink.com/content/v2k003021882774p/fulltext.htm= l#CR15">15</A></CITE>]=20 </P></TD> <TD align=3Dleft> <P class=3D"">RCT</P> <P class=3D"">Evidence class I</P></TD> <TD align=3Dleft> <P class=3D"">G1: 20 Gy/5 daily fractions = (<I>n</I> =3D 45)=20 </P> <P class=3D"">G2: 40 Gy/20 fractions/twice daily=20 (<I>n</I> =3D 45) </P></TD> <TD align=3Dleft> <P class=3D"">BM</P></TD> <TD align=3Dleft> <P class=3D"">G1: 19.1 weeks</P> <P class=3D"">G2: 19.1 weeks</P> <P class=3D"">(Survival curves: log-rank; = <I>P</I> =3D NS) </P></TD> <TD align=3Dleft> <P class=3D"">NR</P></TD> <TD align=3Dleft> <P class=3D"">NR</P></TD></TR> <TR class=3Dnoclass> <TD align=3Dleft> <P class=3D""> Haie-Meder (1993) [<CITE><A=20 = href=3D"http://www.springerlink.com/content/v2k003021882774p/fulltext.htm= l#CR16">16</A></CITE>]=20 </P></TD> <TD align=3Dleft> <P class=3D"">RCT</P> <P class=3D"">Evidence class I</P></TD> <TD align=3Dleft> <P class=3D"">G1: 18 Gy/3 fractions = (<I>n</I> =3D 110) </P> <P class=3D"">G2: 18 Gy/3 fractions; 4 weeks later a = second=20 identical course or 25 Gy/10 fractions = (<I>n</I> =3D 106)=20 </P></TD> <TD align=3Dleft> <P class=3D"">BM from lung, breast, head and neck or unknown=20 primaries</P></TD> <TD align=3Dleft> <P class=3D"">G1: 4.2 months</P> <P class=3D"">G2: 5.3 months</P> <P class=3D"">(Survival curves: log-rank; = <I>P</I> =3D NS) </P></TD> <TD align=3Dleft> <P class=3D"">NR</P></TD> <TD align=3Dleft> <P class=3D"">NR</P></TD></TR> <TR class=3Dnoclass> <TD align=3Dleft> <P class=3D""> Komarnicky (1991) [<CITE><A=20 = href=3D"http://www.springerlink.com/content/v2k003021882774p/fulltext.htm= l#CR17">17</A></CITE>]=20 </P></TD> <TD align=3Dleft> <P class=3D"">RCT</P> <P class=3D"">Evidence class I</P></TD> <TD align=3Dleft> <P class=3D"">G1: 30 Gy/10 fractions = (<I>n</I> =3D 193) </P> <P class=3D"">G2: 30 Gy/6 fractions = (<I>n</I> =3D 200) </P> <P class=3D"">G3: 30 Gy/6 fractions + MISO=20 (<I>n</I> =3D 196) </P> <P class=3D"">G4: 30 Gy/10 fractions + MISO=20 (<I>n</I> =3D 190) </P></TD> <TD align=3Dleft> <P class=3D"">BM</P></TD> <TD align=3Dleft> <P class=3D"">G1: 4.5 months</P> <P class=3D"">G2: 4.1 months</P> <P class=3D"">G3: 3.1 months</P> <P class=3D"">G4: 3.9 months</P> <P class=3D"">(Survival curves: log-rank; = <I>P</I> =3D NS) </P></TD> <TD align=3Dleft> <P class=3D""># of pts retreated for BM after protocol = therapy:</P> <P class=3D"">G1: 54/179 (30%)</P> <P class=3D"">G2: 54/180 (30%)</P> <P class=3D"">G3: 33/173 (19%)</P> <P class=3D"">G4: 54/163 (33%)</P> <P class=3D"">(<I>P</I> =3D NS) </P></TD> <TD align=3Dleft> <P class=3D"">NR</P></TD></TR> <TR class=3Dnoclass> <TD align=3Dleft> <P class=3D""> Kurtz [<CITE><A=20 = href=3D"http://www.springerlink.com/content/v2k003021882774p/fulltext.htm= l#CR18">18</A></CITE>]=20 (1981) </P></TD> <TD align=3Dleft> <P class=3D"">RCT</P> <P class=3D"">Evidence class I</P></TD> <TD align=3Dleft> <P class=3D"">G1: 30 Gy/10 fractions = (<I>n</I> =3D 130) </P> <P class=3D"">G2: 50 Gy/20 fractions = (<I>n</I> =3D 125) </P></TD> <TD align=3Dleft> <P class=3D"">BM with no extra-cranial metastases</P></TD> <TD align=3Dleft> <P class=3D"">G1: 18.2 weeks</P> <P class=3D"">G2: 16.9 weeks</P> <P class=3D"">(Survival curves: log-rank; = <I>P</I> =3D NS) </P></TD> <TD align=3Dleft> <P class=3D""><I>Overall in brain</I>: </P> <P class=3D"">G1: 109/124 (88%)</P> <P class=3D"">G2: 105/118 (89%)</P> <P class=3D"">(<I>P</I> value not reported) </P></TD> <TD align=3Dleft> <P class=3D""><I>Overall in brain</I>: </P> <P class=3D"">G1: 11 weeks</P> <P class=3D"">G2: 10 weeks</P> <P class=3D"">(<I>P</I> value not reported) </P></TD></TR> <TR class=3Dnoclass> <TD align=3Dleft> <P class=3D""> Murray (1997) [<CITE><A=20 = href=3D"http://www.springerlink.com/content/v2k003021882774p/fulltext.htm= l#CR19">19</A></CITE>]=20 </P></TD> <TD align=3Dleft> <P class=3D"">RCT</P> <P class=3D"">Evidence class I</P></TD> <TD align=3Dleft> <P class=3D"">G1: 30 Gy/10 fractions/daily = (<I>n</I> =3D 213)=20 </P> <P class=3D"">G2: 54.4 Gy/34 fractions/twice daily=20 (<I>n</I> =3D 216) </P></TD> <TD align=3Dleft> <P class=3D"">BM</P></TD> <TD align=3Dleft> <P class=3D"">G1: 4.5 months</P> <P class=3D"">G2: 4.5 months</P> <P class=3D"">(Survival curves: Prentice modified Wilcox on;=20 <I>P</I> =3D NS) </P></TD> <TD align=3Dleft> <P class=3D"">NR</P></TD> <TD align=3Dleft> <P class=3D"">NR</P></TD></TR> <TR class=3Dnoclass> <TD align=3Dleft> <P class=3D""> Priestman (1996) [<CITE><A=20 = href=3D"http://www.springerlink.com/content/v2k003021882774p/fulltext.htm= l#CR20">20</A></CITE>]=20 </P></TD> <TD align=3Dleft> <P class=3D"">RCT</P> <P class=3D"">Evidence class I</P></TD> <TD align=3Dleft> <P class=3D"">G1: 12 Gy/2 fractions = (<I>n</I> =3D 270) </P> <P class=3D"">G2: 30 Gy/10 fractions = (<I>n</I> =3D 263) </P></TD> <TD align=3Dleft> <P class=3D"">BM</P></TD> <TD align=3Dleft> <P class=3D"">G1: 77 days</P> <P class=3D"">G2: 84 days</P> <P class=3D"">(Survival curves: log-rank; = <I>P</I> =3D 0.04) </P></TD> <TD align=3Dleft> <P class=3D"">NR</P></TD> <TD align=3Dleft> <P class=3D"">NR</P></TD></TR> <TR class=3Dnoclass> <TD align=3Dleft> <P class=3D""> Sause [<CITE><A=20 = href=3D"http://www.springerlink.com/content/v2k003021882774p/fulltext.htm= l#CR21">21</A></CITE>]=20 (1993) </P></TD> <TD align=3Dleft> <P class=3D"">Randomized phase I/II trial</P> <P class=3D"">Evidence class I</P></TD> <TD align=3Dleft> <P class=3D"">G1: 32 Gy in 1.6 Gy = fractions + boost to=20 48.0 Gy] (<I>n</I> =3D 62) </P> <P class=3D"">G2: 32 Gy in 1.6 Gy = fractions + boost to=20 54.4 Gy] (<I>n</I> =3D 115) </P> <P class=3D"">G3: 32 Gy in 1.6 Gy = fractions + boost to=20 64.0 Gy] (<I>n</I> =3D 104) </P> <P class=3D"">G4: 32 Gy in 1.6 Gy = fractions + boost to=20 70.4 Gy] (<I>n</I> =3D 53) </P> <P class=3D"">Fractions administered twice daily</P></TD> <TD align=3Dleft> <P class=3D"">BM</P></TD> <TD align=3Dleft> <P class=3D"">G1: 4.2 months</P> <P class=3D"">G2: 5.2 months</P> <P class=3D"">G3: 4.8 months</P> <P class=3D"">G4: 6.4 months</P> <P class=3D"">(Survival curves: log-rank; = <I>P</I> =3D NS) </P></TD> <TD align=3Dleft> <P class=3D"">NR</P></TD> <TD align=3Dleft> <P class=3D"">NR</P></TD></TR> <TR class=3Dnoclass> <TD align=3Dleft colSpan=3D7> <P class=3D"">Other study designs</P></TD></TR> <TR class=3Dnoclass> <TD align=3Dleft> <P class=3D""> Bach (1996) [<CITE><A=20 = href=3D"http://www.springerlink.com/content/v2k003021882774p/fulltext.htm= l#CR22">22</A></CITE>]=20 </P></TD> <TD align=3Dleft> <P class=3D"">Retrospective cohort study</P> <P class=3D"">Evidence class II</P></TD> <TD align=3Dleft> <P class=3D"">G1: 22 Gy/4 fractions<SUP>b</SUP>=20 (<I>n</I> =3D 57) </P> <P class=3D"">G2: 50.4 Gy/28 fractions<SUP>b</SUP>=20 (<I>n</I> =3D 44) </P></TD> <TD align=3Dleft> <P class=3D"">BM from SCLC</P></TD> <TD align=3Dleft> <P class=3D"">G1: 88 days</P> <P class=3D"">G2: 160 days</P> <P class=3D"">(Survival curves: log-rank; = <I>P</I> =3D 0.00001)=20 </P></TD> <TD align=3Dleft> <P class=3D"">NR</P></TD> <TD align=3Dleft> <P class=3D"">NR</P></TD></TR> <TR class=3Dnoclass> <TD align=3Dleft> <P class=3D""> Conill [<CITE><A=20 = href=3D"http://www.springerlink.com/content/v2k003021882774p/fulltext.htm= l#CR23">23</A></CITE>]=20 (2006) </P></TD> <TD align=3Dleft> <P class=3D"">Retrospective cohort study</P> <P class=3D"">Evidence class II</P></TD> <TD align=3Dleft> <P class=3D"">G1: 20 Gy/5 fractions + TMZ based = chemotherapy=20 (<I>n</I> =3D 11) </P> <P class=3D"">G2: 30 Gy/10 fractions + TMZ based = chemotherapy=20 (<I>n</I> =3D 10) </P></TD> <TD align=3Dleft> <P class=3D"">BM from melanoma</P></TD> <TD align=3Dleft> <P class=3D"">G1: 4.0 months</P> <P class=3D"">G2: 4.0 months</P> <P class=3D"">(Survival curves: log-rank; = <I>P</I> =3D NS) </P></TD> <TD align=3Dleft> <P class=3D"">Data not reported by group; no statistically = significant=20 difference between groups (<I>P</I> =3D NS) </P></TD> <TD align=3Dleft> <P class=3D"">NR</P></TD></TR> <TR class=3Dnoclass> <TD align=3Dleft> <P class=3D""> Nieder (1995) [<CITE><A=20 = href=3D"http://www.springerlink.com/content/v2k003021882774p/fulltext.htm= l#CR24">24</A></CITE>]=20 </P></TD> <TD align=3Dleft> <P class=3D"">Retrospective cohort study</P> <P class=3D"">Evidence class II</P></TD> <TD align=3Dleft> <P class=3D"">G1: WBRT [40 Gy in 20 = fractions =B1 local boost=20 10=9620 Gy] (<I>n</I> =3D 39) </P> <P class=3D"">G2: WBRT [30 Gy in 10 fractions]=20 (<I>n</I> =3D 39) [matched to G1] </P></TD> <TD align=3Dleft> <P class=3D"">BM</P></TD> <TD align=3Dleft> <P class=3D"">G1: 3.5 months</P> <P class=3D"">G2: 2.5 months</P> <P class=3D"">(Survival curves: log-rank; = <I>P</I> =3D NS) </P></TD> <TD align=3Dleft> <P class=3D""># <I>Pts with local CR/PR</I>: </P> <P class=3D"">G1: CR 5/39 (13%); PR 25/39 (64%)</P> <P class=3D"">G2: CR 4/39 (10%); PR 15/39 (38%)</P> <P class=3D"">(CR or PR G1: 77% vs. G2: 48%; = <I>P</I> =3D 0.037)=20 </P></TD> <TD align=3Dleft> <P class=3D""><I>Median time to BM progression</I>: </P> <P class=3D"">G1: 3.0 months</P> <P class=3D"">G2: 2.5 months (Progression-free curves: = log-rank;=20 <I>P</I> =3D NS) </P></TD></TR> <TR class=3Dnoclass> <TD align=3Dleft> <P class=3D""> Nieder (1997) [<CITE><A=20 = href=3D"http://www.springerlink.com/content/v2k003021882774p/fulltext.htm= l#CR25">25</A></CITE>]=20 </P></TD> <TD align=3Dleft> <P class=3D"">Prospective cohort study with historical = controls</P> <P class=3D"">Evidence class III</P></TD> <TD align=3Dleft> <P class=3D"">G1: Surgery + WBRT [30 Gy/2.5 Gy = fractions/twice daily] (<I>n</I> =3D 11) </P> <P class=3D"">G2: WBRT [50.4 Gy/1.8 Gy fractions/twice = daily]=20 (<I>n</I> =3D 15) </P> <P class=3D"">G3: WBRT [30 Gy/2.5 Gy fractions/twice = daily]=20 (<I>n</I> =3D 36) </P> <P class=3D"">G4: Historical group WBRT [30 Gy/3 Gy=20 fractions/daily] (<I>n</I> =3D 246) </P> <P class=3D"">G5: Historical group surgery + WBRT=20 [30 Gy/3 Gy fractions/daily] (<I>n</I> =3D 37) = </P></TD> <TD align=3Dleft> <P class=3D"">BM</P></TD> <TD align=3Dleft> <P class=3D"">G1: 3.3 months</P> <P class=3D"">G2: 2 months</P> <P class=3D"">G3: 2 months</P> <P class=3D"">G4: 2.5 months</P> <P class=3D"">G5: 7.3 months</P> <P class=3D"">(Survival curves G2, G3, G4: log-rank;=20 <I>P</I> =3D NS) </P></TD> <TD align=3Dleft> <P class=3D""># <I>of pts with follow up CT with BM = progression/recurrence=20 anywhere in brain</I>: </P> <P class=3D"">G1: 3/9 (33%)</P> <P class=3D"">G2: 4/11 (36%)</P> <P class=3D"">G3: 11/25 (44%)</P> <P class=3D"">G4: 29/202 (14%)</P> <P class=3D"">G5: 5/35 (14%)</P></TD> <TD align=3Dleft> <P class=3D""><I>Median time to any recurrence in brain</I>: </P> <P class=3D"">Not reported BR curves G3 vs. G4: log-rank;=20 <I>P</I> =3D 0.0001 </P> <P class=3D"">BR curves G2 vs. G3: log-rank; = <I>P</I> =3D NS </P> <P class=3D"">BR curves G2 vs. G4: log-rank; = <I>P</I> =3D NS=20 </P></TD></TR> <TR class=3Dnoclass> <TD align=3Dleft> <P class=3D""> Rades (2007) [<CITE><A=20 = href=3D"http://www.springerlink.com/content/v2k003021882774p/fulltext.htm= l#CR26">26</A></CITE>]=20 </P></TD> <TD align=3Dleft> <P class=3D"">Retrospective cohort study</P> <P class=3D"">Evidence class II</P></TD> <TD align=3Dleft> <P class=3D"">G1: 20 Gy/5 fractions = (<I>n</I> =3D 140) </P> <P class=3D"">G2: 30 Gy/10 fractions or 40 Gy/20 = fractions=20 (<I>n</I> =3D 264) </P></TD> <TD align=3Dleft> <P class=3D"">BM from NSCLC</P></TD> <TD align=3Dleft> <P class=3D""><I>Median survival</I>: <I>Not reported = 6</I> <I>month=20 survival rate</I>: </P> <P class=3D"">G1: 40%</P> <P class=3D"">G2: 30%</P> <P class=3D"">(Survival curves: log-rank; = <I>P</I> =3D NS) </P></TD> <TD align=3Dleft> <P class=3D"">NR</P></TD> <TD align=3Dleft> <P class=3D"">NR</P></TD></TR> <TR class=3Dnoclass> <TD align=3Dleft> <P class=3D""> Rades (2007) [<CITE><A=20 = href=3D"http://www.springerlink.com/content/v2k003021882774p/fulltext.htm= l#CR27">27</A></CITE>]=20 </P></TD> <TD align=3Dleft> <P class=3D"">Retrospective cohort study</P> <P class=3D"">Evidence class II</P></TD> <TD align=3Dleft> <P class=3D"">G1: 30 Gy/10 fractions = (<I>n</I> =3D 257) </P> <P class=3D"">G2: 45 Gy/15 fractions or 40 Gy/20 = fractions=20 (<I>n</I> =3D 159) </P></TD> <TD align=3Dleft> <P class=3D"">≥2 BM</P></TD> <TD align=3Dleft> <P class=3D""><I>Median survival:</I> <I>NR 6</I> <I>month = survival=20 rate</I>: </P> <P class=3D"">G1: 33%</P> <P class=3D"">G2: 29%</P> <P class=3D"">(Survival curves: log-rank; = <I>P</I> =3D NS) </P></TD> <TD align=3Dleft> <P class=3D""><I>6</I> <I>month local control rate</I>: </P> <P class=3D"">G1: 39%</P> <P class=3D"">G2: 41%</P> <P class=3D"">(LR curves: log-rank; <I>P</I> =3D NS) = </P></TD> <TD align=3Dleft> <P class=3D"">NR</P></TD></TR> <TR class=3Dnoclass> <TD align=3Dleft> <P class=3D""> Rades (2008) [<CITE><A=20 = href=3D"http://www.springerlink.com/content/v2k003021882774p/fulltext.htm= l#CR28">28</A></CITE>]=20 </P></TD> <TD align=3Dleft> <P class=3D"">Retrospective cohort study</P> <P class=3D"">Evidence class II</P></TD> <TD align=3Dleft> <P class=3D"">G1: 20 Gy/5 fractions = (<I>n</I> =3D 387) </P> <P class=3D"">G2: 30 Gy/10 fractions or 40 Gy/20 = fractions=20 (<I>n</I> =3D 698) </P></TD> <TD align=3Dleft> <P class=3D"">BM</P></TD> <TD align=3Dleft> <P class=3D""><I>Median survival: Not reported 1</I> <I>year = survival=20 rate</I>: </P> <P class=3D"">G1: 20%</P> <P class=3D"">G2: 18%</P> <P class=3D"">(Survival curves: log-rank; = <I>P</I> =3D NS) </P></TD> <TD align=3Dleft> <P class=3D"">NR</P></TD> <TD align=3Dleft> <P class=3D"">NR</P></TD></TR></TBODY></TABLE> <DIV class=3DCapt> <DIV class=3DCaptCont> <DIV class=3D""><I>BM</I> brain metastases, <I>BR</I> brain recurrence=20 (local + distant), <I>CR</I> complete response, <I>CT</I> = computed=20 tomography, <I>DR</I> distant recurrence in brain, <I>G1</I> group 1, = <I>G2</I>=20 group 2, <I>G3</I> group 3, <I>G4</I> group 4, <I>KPS</I> Karnofsky = performance=20 score, <I>LDH</I> lactate dehydrogenase, <I>LR</I> local recurrence at = original=20 site in brain, <I>MISO</I> misonidazole, <I>NF</I> neurologic function,=20 <I>NR</I> not reported, <I>NS</I> not significant, <I>NSCLC</I> = non-small cell=20 lung carcinoma, <I>PR</I> partial response, <I>Pts</I> patients, = <I>RCT</I>=20 randomized control trial, <I>TMZ</I> temozolomide, <I>WBRT</I> = whole-brain=20 radiation therapy </DIV></DIV> <DIV class=3DCaptCont> <DIV class=3D""><SUP>a</SUP>Number of pts with recurrence/progression of = brain=20 metastases, unless otherwise specified </DIV></DIV> <DIV class=3DCaptCont> <DIV class=3D""><SUP>b</SUP>WBRT use similar at baseline in both groups=20 </DIV></DIV></DIV></DIV></DIV> <P class=3D"">The radiation dosages have been expressed in terms of the = tumor=20 response biologically effective dose (BED) in order to quantitatively = capture=20 the observed biological effect between treatment arms. This was = calculated from=20 the linear quadratic equation:<A name=3DIEq1></A><IMG=20 alt=3D"$$ {\text{BED}} =3D nd\left[ {1 + d/(\alpha /\beta )} \right] $$" = src=3D"http://www.springerlink.com/content/v2k003021882774p/11060_2009_60= _Article_IEq1.gif"=20 align=3Dmiddle border=3D0> where <I>n</I> =3D number of = treatments,=20 <I>d</I> =3D dose per fraction; the calculation assumes=20 α/β =3D 10 Gy for tumor effects of each = schedule, however it is=20 uncorrected for treatment regimes of two fractions/day. The BED units = are=20 referred to in terms of Gy<SUB>10</SUB> to indicate that the BED values = are=20 single-point calculations for tumor response [<CITE><A=20 href=3D"http://www.springerlink.com/content/v2k003021882774p/fulltext.htm= l#CR37">37</A></CITE>,=20 <CITE><A=20 href=3D"http://www.springerlink.com/content/v2k003021882774p/fulltext.htm= l#CR38">38</A></CITE>]=20 and no correction for accelerated repopulation was made. </P> <P class=3D"">Expressing radiation dosages in terms of the BED takes = into account=20 the total dose of radiation, fraction size, and overall time to deliver = the=20 radiation, and presumed repair of irradiated tissue. The analyses are = stratified=20 by low or high dose versus control dose. The control group consists of = patients=20 treated with 30 Gy in 10 fractions for a BED =3D 39 = Gy<SUB>10</SUB>=20 (therefore assigning the low dose regimens as a BED < 39=20 Gy<SUB>10</SUB>, and high dose regimens as a BED > 39=20 Gy<SUB>10</SUB>). </P> <P class=3D"">None of the trials demonstrated a meaningful improvement = in any=20 endpoint relative to dose; specifically, survival was not improved. = There was=20 considerable overlap in terms of survival even at the same dose level in = different trials, underscoring the significance of host-specific = variables in=20 determining survival. </P> <DIV class=3DPara> <DIV class=3D"">The data from the randomized trials, stratified by the = BED are=20 shown in Table <A=20 href=3D"http://www.springerlink.com/content/v2k003021882774p/fulltext.htm= l#Tab3">3</A>.<A=20 name=3DTab3></A> <DIV class=3DCapt><SPAN = class=3DCaptNr>Table 3 </SPAN>Randomized trials=20 stratified by the BED for different treatment schedules </DIV> <TABLE border=3D1> <COLGROUP> <COL align=3Dleft> <COL align=3Dchar char=3D"."> <COL align=3Dleft> <COL align=3Dleft> <COL align=3Dleft> <COL align=3Dchar char=3D"."> <COL align=3Dchar char=3D"."></COLGROUP> <THEAD> <TR class=3Dheader> <TH align=3Dleft> <P class=3D"">Author</P></TH> <TH align=3Dleft char=3D"."> <P class=3D"">Year</P></TH> <TH align=3Dleft> <P class=3D"">Total dose (Gy)</P></TH> <TH align=3Dleft> <P class=3D"">Fractions</P></TH> <TH align=3Dleft> <P class=3D"">BED (Gy; α/β =3D 10)</P></TH> <TH align=3Dleft char=3D"."> <P class=3D""><I>n</I> </P></TH> <TH align=3Dleft char=3D"."> <P class=3D"">Median survival (weeks)</P></TH></TR></THEAD> <TBODY> <TR class=3Dnoclass> <TD align=3Dleft> <P class=3D"">Borgelt</P></TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> <P class=3D"">1981</P></TD> <TD align=3Dleft> <P class=3D"">12</P></TD> <TD align=3Dleft> <P class=3D"">2</P></TD> <TD align=3Dleft> <P class=3D"">19.2</P></TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> <P class=3D"">33</P></TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> <P class=3D"">13</P></TD></TR> <TR class=3Dnoclass> <TD align=3Dleft> <P class=3D"">Priestman</P></TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> <P class=3D"">1996</P></TD> <TD align=3Dleft> <P class=3D"">12</P></TD> <TD align=3Dleft> <P class=3D"">2</P></TD> <TD align=3Dleft> <P class=3D"">19.2</P></TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> <P class=3D"">270</P></TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> <P class=3D"">11</P></TD></TR> <TR class=3Dnoclass> <TD align=3Dleft> <P class=3D"">Borgelt</P></TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> <P class=3D"">1981</P></TD> <TD align=3Dleft> <P class=3D"">10</P></TD> <TD align=3Dleft> <P class=3D"">1</P></TD> <TD align=3Dleft> <P class=3D"">20</P></TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> <P class=3D"">26</P></TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> <P class=3D"">15</P></TD></TR> <TR class=3Dnoclass> <TD align=3Dleft> <P class=3D"">Borgelt</P></TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> <P class=3D"">1981</P></TD> <TD align=3Dleft> <P class=3D"">20</P></TD> <TD align=3Dleft> <P class=3D"">5</P></TD> <TD align=3Dleft> <P class=3D"">28</P></TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> <P class=3D"">31</P></TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> <P class=3D"">12</P></TD></TR> <TR class=3Dnoclass> <TD align=3Dleft> <P class=3D"">Chatani</P></TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> <P class=3D"">1994</P></TD> <TD align=3Dleft> <P class=3D"">20</P></TD> <TD align=3Dleft> <P class=3D"">5</P></TD> <TD align=3Dleft> <P class=3D"">28</P></TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> <P class=3D"">35</P></TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> <P class=3D"">10.4</P></TD></TR> <TR class=3Dnoclass> <TD align=3Dleft> <P class=3D"">Davey</P></TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> <P class=3D"">2008</P></TD> <TD align=3Dleft> <P class=3D"">20</P></TD> <TD align=3Dleft> <P class=3D"">5</P></TD> <TD align=3Dleft> <P class=3D"">28</P></TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> <P class=3D"">45</P></TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> <P class=3D"">19.1</P></TD></TR> <TR class=3Dnoclass> <TD align=3Dleft> <P class=3D"">Haie-Meder</P></TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> <P class=3D"">1993</P></TD> <TD align=3Dleft> <P class=3D"">18</P></TD> <TD align=3Dleft> <P class=3D"">3</P></TD> <TD align=3Dleft> <P class=3D"">28.8</P></TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> <P class=3D"">110</P></TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> <P class=3D"">18.3</P></TD></TR> <TR class=3Dnoclass> <TD align=3Dleft> <P class=3D"">Chatani</P></TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> <P class=3D"">1994</P></TD> <TD align=3Dleft> <P class=3D"">30</P></TD> <TD align=3Dleft> <P class=3D"">10</P></TD> <TD align=3Dleft> <P class=3D"">39</P></TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> <P class=3D"">46</P></TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> <P class=3D"">23.5</P></TD></TR> <TR class=3Dnoclass> <TD align=3Dleft> <P class=3D"">Chatani</P></TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> <P class=3D"">1994</P></TD> <TD align=3Dleft> <P class=3D"">30</P></TD> <TD align=3Dleft> <P class=3D"">10</P></TD> <TD align=3Dleft> <P class=3D"">39</P></TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> <P class=3D"">35</P></TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> <P class=3D"">14.8</P></TD></TR> <TR class=3Dnoclass> <TD align=3Dleft> <P class=3D"">Chatani</P></TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> <P class=3D"">1985</P></TD> <TD align=3Dleft> <P class=3D"">30</P></TD> <TD align=3Dleft> <P class=3D"">10</P></TD> <TD align=3Dleft> <P class=3D"">39</P></TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> <P class=3D"">35</P></TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> <P class=3D"">17.4</P></TD></TR> <TR class=3Dnoclass> <TD align=3Dleft> <P class=3D"">Komarnicky</P></TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> <P class=3D"">1991</P></TD> <TD align=3Dleft> <P class=3D"">30</P></TD> <TD align=3Dleft> <P class=3D"">10</P></TD> <TD align=3Dleft> <P class=3D"">39</P></TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> <P class=3D"">193</P></TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> <P class=3D"">19.5</P></TD></TR> <TR class=3Dnoclass> <TD align=3Dleft> <P class=3D"">Komarnicky</P></TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> <P class=3D"">1991</P></TD> <TD align=3Dleft> <P class=3D"">30</P></TD> <TD align=3Dleft> <P class=3D"">10</P></TD> <TD align=3Dleft> <P class=3D"">39</P></TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> <P class=3D"">190</P></TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> <P class=3D"">16.9</P></TD></TR> <TR class=3Dnoclass> <TD align=3Dleft> <P class=3D"">Kurtz</P></TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> <P class=3D"">1981</P></TD> <TD align=3Dleft> <P class=3D"">30</P></TD> <TD align=3Dleft> <P class=3D"">10</P></TD> <TD align=3Dleft> <P class=3D"">39</P></TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> <P class=3D"">130</P></TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> <P class=3D"">18.2</P></TD></TR> <TR class=3Dnoclass> <TD align=3Dleft> <P class=3D"">Murray</P></TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> <P class=3D"">1997</P></TD> <TD align=3Dleft> <P class=3D"">30</P></TD> <TD align=3Dleft> <P class=3D"">10</P></TD> <TD align=3Dleft> <P class=3D"">39</P></TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> <P class=3D"">213</P></TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> <P class=3D"">19.6</P></TD></TR> <TR class=3Dnoclass> <TD align=3Dleft> <P class=3D"">Priestman</P></TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> <P class=3D"">1996</P></TD> <TD align=3Dleft> <P class=3D"">30</P></TD> <TD align=3Dleft> <P class=3D"">10</P></TD> <TD align=3Dleft> <P class=3D"">39</P></TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> <P class=3D"">263</P></TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> <P class=3D"">12</P></TD></TR> <TR class=3Dnoclass> <TD align=3Dleft> <P class=3D"">Komarnicky</P></TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> <P class=3D"">1991</P></TD> <TD align=3Dleft> <P class=3D"">30</P></TD> <TD align=3Dleft> <P class=3D"">6</P></TD> <TD align=3Dleft> <P class=3D"">45</P></TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> <P class=3D"">200</P></TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> <P class=3D"">17.8</P></TD></TR> <TR class=3Dnoclass> <TD align=3Dleft> <P class=3D"">Komarnicky</P></TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> <P class=3D"">1991</P></TD> <TD align=3Dleft> <P class=3D"">30</P></TD> <TD align=3Dleft> <P class=3D"">6</P></TD> <TD align=3Dleft> <P class=3D"">45</P></TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> <P class=3D"">196</P></TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> <P class=3D"">13.5</P></TD></TR> <TR class=3Dnoclass> <TD align=3Dleft> <P class=3D"">Davey</P></TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> <P class=3D"">2008</P></TD> <TD align=3Dleft> <P class=3D"">40</P></TD> <TD align=3Dleft> <P class=3D"">20<SUP>a</SUP> </P></TD> <TD align=3Dleft> <P class=3D"">48</P></TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> <P class=3D"">45</P></TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> <P class=3D"">19.1</P></TD></TR> <TR class=3Dnoclass> <TD align=3Dleft> <P class=3D"">Sause</P></TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> <P class=3D"">1993</P></TD> <TD align=3Dleft> <P class=3D"">48</P></TD> <TD align=3Dleft> <P class=3D"">30<SUP>a</SUP> </P></TD> <TD align=3Dleft> <P class=3D"">55.7</P></TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> <P class=3D"">62</P></TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> <P class=3D"">18.3</P></TD></TR> <TR class=3Dnoclass> <TD align=3Dleft> <P class=3D"">Haie-Meder</P></TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> <P class=3D"">1993</P></TD> <TD align=3Dleft> <P class=3D"">=96</P></TD> <TD align=3Dleft> <P class=3D"">=96</P></TD> <TD align=3Dleft> <P class=3D"">50.8</P></TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> <P class=3D"">106</P></TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> <P class=3D"">23</P></TD></TR> <TR class=3Dnoclass> <TD align=3Dleft> <P class=3D"">Chatani</P></TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> <P class=3D"">1994</P></TD> <TD align=3Dleft> <P class=3D"">50</P></TD> <TD align=3Dleft> <P class=3D"">20</P></TD> <TD align=3Dleft> <P class=3D"">62.5</P></TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> <P class=3D"">46</P></TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> <P class=3D"">20.9</P></TD></TR> <TR class=3Dnoclass> <TD align=3Dleft> <P class=3D"">Chatani</P></TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> <P class=3D"">1985</P></TD> <TD align=3Dleft> <P class=3D"">50</P></TD> <TD align=3Dleft> <P class=3D"">20</P></TD> <TD align=3Dleft> <P class=3D"">62.5</P></TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> <P class=3D"">34</P></TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> <P class=3D"">13</P></TD></TR> <TR class=3Dnoclass> <TD align=3Dleft> <P class=3D"">Kurtz</P></TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> <P class=3D"">1981</P></TD> <TD align=3Dleft> <P class=3D"">50</P></TD> <TD align=3Dleft> <P class=3D"">20</P></TD> <TD align=3Dleft> <P class=3D"">62.5</P></TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> <P class=3D"">125</P></TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> <P class=3D"">16.9</P></TD></TR> <TR class=3Dnoclass> <TD align=3Dleft> <P class=3D"">Murray</P></TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> <P class=3D"">1997</P></TD> <TD align=3Dleft> <P class=3D"">54.4</P></TD> <TD align=3Dleft> <P class=3D"">34<SUP>a</SUP> </P></TD> <TD align=3Dleft> <P class=3D"">63.1</P></TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> <P class=3D"">216</P></TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> <P class=3D"">19.6</P></TD></TR> <TR class=3Dnoclass> <TD align=3Dleft> <P class=3D"">Sause</P></TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> <P class=3D"">1993</P></TD> <TD align=3Dleft> <P class=3D"">54.4</P></TD> <TD align=3Dleft> <P class=3D"">34<SUP>a</SUP> </P></TD> <TD align=3Dleft> <P class=3D"">63.1</P></TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> <P class=3D"">115</P></TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> <P class=3D"">22.6</P></TD></TR> <TR class=3Dnoclass> <TD align=3Dleft> <P class=3D"">Sause</P></TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> <P class=3D"">1993</P></TD> <TD align=3Dleft> <P class=3D"">64</P></TD> <TD align=3Dleft> <P class=3D"">40<SUP>a</SUP> </P></TD> <TD align=3Dleft> <P class=3D"">74.2</P></TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> <P class=3D"">104</P></TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> <P class=3D"">20.9</P></TD></TR> <TR class=3Dnoclass> <TD align=3Dleft> <P class=3D"">Sause</P></TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> <P class=3D"">1993</P></TD> <TD align=3Dleft> <P class=3D"">70.4</P></TD> <TD align=3Dleft> <P class=3D"">44<SUP>a</SUP> </P></TD> <TD align=3Dleft> <P class=3D"">81.7</P></TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> <P class=3D"">53</P></TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> <P class=3D"">27.8</P></TD></TR> <TR class=3Dnoclass> <TD align=3Dleft> <P class=3D"">Borgelt</P></TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> <P class=3D"">1981</P></TD> <TD align=3Dleft> <P class=3D"">30=9640</P></TD> <TD align=3Dleft> <P class=3D"">10=9620</P></TD> <TD align=3Dleft> <P class=3D"">34.5=9656</P></TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> <P class=3D"">112</P></TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> <P class=3D"">21</P></TD></TR></TBODY></TABLE> <DIV class=3DCapt> <DIV class=3DCaptCont> <DIV class=3D""><SUP>a</SUP>Treatment regimes of two fractions/day (BED=20 uncorrected) </DIV></DIV></DIV></DIV></DIV> <P class=3D"">The meta-analyses were stratified by low or high dose = versus control=20 dose. Studies lacking a comparable control were excluded from = meta-analyses, due=20 to the inherent dosing variability amongst the study=92s control group. = </P> <DIV class=3DPara> <DIV class=3D"">Figure <A=20 href=3D"http://www.springerlink.com/content/v2k003021882774p/fulltext.htm= l#Fig2">2</A>=20 indicates the RR of mortality at 6 months in the low dose=20 (BED < 39 Gy<SUB>10</SUB>) group compared to that in the = WBRT=20 control group (BED =3D 39 Gy<SUB>10</SUB>). Only data from two = trials=20 (Chantani et al. [<CITE><A=20 href=3D"http://www.springerlink.com/content/v2k003021882774p/fulltext.htm= l#CR13">13</A></CITE>]=20 and Priestman et al. [<CITE><A=20 href=3D"http://www.springerlink.com/content/v2k003021882774p/fulltext.htm= l#CR20">20</A></CITE>])=20 were robust enough to be considered for this end-point. When combined, = no=20 difference (<I>P</I> =3D 0.52) was found for 6 month = mortality (RR=20 1.05; 95% CI 0.90, 1.23). Figure <A=20 href=3D"http://www.springerlink.com/content/v2k003021882774p/fulltext.htm= l#Fig3">3</A>=20 presents the same analysis, but for the comparison of the high dose=20 (BED > 39 Gy<SUB>10</SUB>) group to the WBRT control group=20 (BED =3D 39 Gy<SUB>10</SUB>). Data from five trials were = robust enough=20 to be considered for this end-point. Combining data for Chantani et al.=20 [<CITE><A=20 href=3D"http://www.springerlink.com/content/v2k003021882774p/fulltext.htm= l#CR13">13</A></CITE>,=20 <CITE><A=20 href=3D"http://www.springerlink.com/content/v2k003021882774p/fulltext.htm= l#CR14">14</A></CITE>],=20 Komarnicky et al. [<CITE><A=20 href=3D"http://www.springerlink.com/content/v2k003021882774p/fulltext.htm= l#CR17">17</A></CITE>],=20 Kurtz et al. [<CITE><A=20 href=3D"http://www.springerlink.com/content/v2k003021882774p/fulltext.htm= l#CR18">18</A></CITE>],=20 and Murray et al. [<CITE><A=20 href=3D"http://www.springerlink.com/content/v2k003021882774p/fulltext.htm= l#CR19">19</A></CITE>],=20 yielded no difference (<I>P</I> =3D 0.39) in 6 month = mortality (RR=20 1.05; 95% CI 0.94, 1.18). A 1981 trial by Borgelt et al. [<CITE><A=20 href=3D"http://www.springerlink.com/content/v2k003021882774p/fulltext.htm= l#CR12">12</A></CITE>]=20 was excluded from the meta-analyses for lack of a comparable control. = Since the=20 administered dosage ranged from 20 to 40 Gy over 1=964 weeks, = the=20 resulting permutations and combinations of plausible radiation schedules = in this=20 group varied too substantially (22=9672 Gy<SUB>10</SUB>) to function as = a true=20 control. The inherent dosing variability disqualified this control group = thereby=20 making the trial ineligible for comparison.=20 <DIV class=3DFigure><A name=3DFig2></A><IMG=20 alt=3DMediaObjects/11060_2009_60_Fig2_HTML.gif=20 src=3D"http://www.springerlink.com/content/v2k003021882774p/MediaObjects/= 11060_2009_60_Fig2_HTML.gif"></DIV> <DIV class=3DCapt><SPAN = class=3DCaptNr>Fig. 2 </SPAN>Comparison of low=20 dose WBRT (BED < 39 Gy<SUB>10</SUB>) versus WBRT control = dose=20 (BED =3D 39 Gy<SUB>10</SUB>): mortality at 6 months = </DIV> <HR> <DIV class=3DFigure><A name=3DFig3></A><IMG=20 alt=3DMediaObjects/11060_2009_60_Fig3_HTML.gif=20 src=3D"http://www.springerlink.com/content/v2k003021882774p/MediaObjects/= 11060_2009_60_Fig3_HTML.gif"></DIV> <DIV class=3DCapt><SPAN = class=3DCaptNr>Fig. 3 </SPAN>Comparison of high=20 dose WBRT (BED > 39 Gy<SUB>10</SUB>) versus WBRT control = dose=20 (BED =3D 39 Gy<SUB>10</SUB>): mortality at 6 months = (<I>Note</I>:=20 extraction of data for Komarnicky trial is based on the K=96M curve) = </DIV> <HR> </DIV></DIV> <DIV class=3DPara> <DIV class=3D"">Similar comparisons were made for overall survival and = neurologic=20 function, and no dose=96effect was identified for either end-point.=20 Figures <A=20 href=3D"http://www.springerlink.com/content/v2k003021882774p/fulltext.htm= l#Fig4">4</A>=20 and <A=20 href=3D"http://www.springerlink.com/content/v2k003021882774p/fulltext.htm= l#Fig5">5</A>=20 depict the overall survival for the respective comparisons of low and = high BED=20 values versus the control BED. In Fig. <A=20 href=3D"http://www.springerlink.com/content/v2k003021882774p/fulltext.htm= l#Fig4">4</A>,=20 the pooling of two studies, Chantani et al. [<CITE><A=20 href=3D"http://www.springerlink.com/content/v2k003021882774p/fulltext.htm= l#CR13">13</A></CITE>]=20 and Priestman et al. [<CITE><A=20 href=3D"http://www.springerlink.com/content/v2k003021882774p/fulltext.htm= l#CR20">20</A></CITE>],=20 for the comparison of low dose WBRT (BED < 39 = Gy<SUB>10</SUB>) to a=20 control dose (BED =3D 39 Gy<SUB>10</SUB>) yielded no = difference=20 (<I>P</I> =3D 0.07) in overall survival (RR 0.86; 95% CI 0.73, = 1.01). In=20 Fig. <A=20 href=3D"http://www.springerlink.com/content/v2k003021882774p/fulltext.htm= l#Fig5">5</A>,=20 overall survival data from Chantani et al. [<CITE><A=20 href=3D"http://www.springerlink.com/content/v2k003021882774p/fulltext.htm= l#CR13">13</A></CITE>,=20 <CITE><A=20 href=3D"http://www.springerlink.com/content/v2k003021882774p/fulltext.htm= l#CR14">14</A></CITE>],=20 Komarnicky et al. [<CITE><A=20 href=3D"http://www.springerlink.com/content/v2k003021882774p/fulltext.htm= l#CR17">17</A></CITE>],=20 Kurtz et al. [<CITE><A=20 href=3D"http://www.springerlink.com/content/v2k003021882774p/fulltext.htm= l#CR18">18</A></CITE>],=20 and Murray et al. [<CITE><A=20 href=3D"http://www.springerlink.com/content/v2k003021882774p/fulltext.htm= l#CR19">19</A></CITE>],=20 were pooled for the comparison of high dose WBRT=20 (BED > 39Gy<SUB>10</SUB>) versus WBRT control dose=20 (BED =3D 39 Gy<SUB>10</SUB>). No difference = (<I>P</I> =3D 0.26)=20 in overall survival was found (RR 1.06; 95% CI 0.96, 1.18). The hazard = plots for=20 neurologic function are not presented.=20 <DIV class=3DFigure><A name=3DFig4></A><IMG=20 alt=3DMediaObjects/11060_2009_60_Fig4_HTML.gif=20 src=3D"http://www.springerlink.com/content/v2k003021882774p/MediaObjects/= 11060_2009_60_Fig4_HTML.gif"></DIV> <DIV class=3DCapt><SPAN = class=3DCaptNr>Fig. 4 </SPAN>Comparison of low=20 dose WBRT (BED < 39 Gy<SUB>10</SUB>) versus WBRT control = dose=20 (BED =3D 39 Gy<SUB>10</SUB>): overall survival </DIV> <HR> <DIV class=3DFigure><A name=3DFig5></A><IMG=20 alt=3DMediaObjects/11060_2009_60_Fig5_HTML.gif=20 src=3D"http://www.springerlink.com/content/v2k003021882774p/MediaObjects/= 11060_2009_60_Fig5_HTML.gif"></DIV> <DIV class=3DCapt><SPAN = class=3DCaptNr>Fig. 5 </SPAN>Comparison of high=20 dose WBRT (BED > 39 Gy<SUB>10</SUB>) versus WBRT control = dose=20 (BED =3D 39 Gy): overall survival </DIV> <HR> </DIV></DIV></DIV> <DIV class=3D""><A name=3DSec12></A> <DIV class=3DHeading3>Impact of tumor histopathology on WBRT treatment=20 outcomes</DIV> <DIV class=3DPara> <DIV class=3D"">Using the AANS/CNS evidence classification, no papers = with class I=20 or II evidence were identified by the systematic literature review that = met the=20 eligibility criteria for this question. In fact, only one paper, = providing class=20 III evidence, met the inclusion criteria (Table <A=20 href=3D"http://www.springerlink.com/content/v2k003021882774p/fulltext.htm= l#Tab4">4</A>).=20 The only data is provided by a single institution retrospective analysis = with 75=20 cases (Sundstrom et al. [<CITE><A=20 href=3D"http://www.springerlink.com/content/v2k003021882774p/fulltext.htm= l#CR29">29</A></CITE>]).=20 In that study, there were 15 cases that were of classic = =93radio-resistant=94=20 histology. There were no statistically significant differences in = overall=20 survival by tumor histology. Local control by tumor type was not = reported.<A=20 name=3DTab4></A> <DIV class=3DCapt><SPAN class=3DCaptNr>Table 4 </SPAN>Study = evaluating=20 WBRT treatment outcome by histopathology </DIV> <TABLE border=3D1> <COLGROUP> <COL align=3Dleft> <COL align=3Dleft> <COL align=3Dleft></COLGROUP> <THEAD> <TR class=3Dheader> <TH align=3Dleft colSpan=3D3> <P class=3D"">First author (year): Sundstr=F6m (1998) [<CITE><A=20 = href=3D"http://www.springerlink.com/content/v2k003021882774p/fulltext.htm= l#CR29">29</A></CITE>]=20 </P></TH></TR> <TR class=3Dheader> <TH align=3Dleft> <P class=3D"">Study characteristics</P></TH> <TH align=3Dleft> <P class=3D"">Study outcomes</P></TH> <TH align=3Dleft> <P class=3D"">Study quality</P></TH></TR></THEAD> <TBODY> <TR class=3Dnoclass> <TD align=3Dleft> <P class=3D""><I>Study design</I>: case series </P></TD> <TD align=3Dleft> <P class=3D""><I>Primary outcome</I>: survival </P></TD> <TD align=3Dleft> <P class=3D""><I>Quality assessment</I>: N/A as non-comparative = study=20 </P></TD></TR> <TR class=3Dnoclass> <TD align=3Dleft> <P class=3D""><I>Inclusion criteria</I>: </P> <P class=3D"">Pts treated with WBRT for BM diagnosed by CT or = MRI</P> <P class=3D"">Minimum midline dose to the whole brain of at least=20 25 Gy</P></TD> <TD align=3Dleft> <P class=3D""><I>Median survival by primary tumor type</I>: </P> <P class=3D""><I>Breast</I>: 7 months (range = 1=9662 months) </P> <P class=3D""><I>Lung</I>: 4 months (range = 1=9621 months) </P> <P class=3D""><I>Renal cell</I>: 4 months (range = 2=9634 months) </P> <P class=3D""><I>Melanoma</I>: 3 months (range = 1=966 months) </P> <P class=3D""><I>Other primaries</I>: 4 months (range = 1=969 months)=20 </P> <P class=3D"">(Survival curves: <I>P</I>-value not reported) = </P></TD> <TD align=3Dleft> <P class=3D""><I>AANS/CNS evidence classification</I>: class III = </P></TD></TR> <TR class=3Dnoclass> <TD align=3Dleft> <P class=3D""><I>Interventions</I>: </P> <P class=3D"">WBRT [mean dose 30 Gy (range 25=9640 Gy) = in=20 1.8=963 Gy fractions]</P></TD> <TD align=3Dleft> <P class=3D""><I>Tumor control</I>: not reported </P></TD> <TD align=3Dleft rowSpan=3D8> </TD></TR> <TR class=3Dnoclass> <TD align=3Dleft> <P class=3D""><I>Median follow-up</I>: not reported </P> <P class=3D""><I># Male</I>: </P> <P class=3D"">Breast: 0/19, lung: 26/35, renal cell: 4/9, = melanoma: 6/6,=20 other: 6/6</P></TD> <TD align=3Dleft> <P class=3D""><I>Median time to recurrence of brain = metastases</I>: not=20 reported </P></TD></TR> <TR class=3Dnoclass> <TD align=3Dleft rowSpan=3D3> <P class=3D""><I>Median age (range)</I>: </P> <P class=3D""><I>Breast</I>: 53 years (39=9677 years) </P> <P class=3D""><I>Lung</I>: 64 years (43=9678 years) </P> <P class=3D""><I>Renal cell</I>: 61 years (41=9669 years) </P> <P class=3D""><I>Melanoma</I>: 61 years (39=9662 years) </P> <P class=3D""><I>Other</I>: 61 years (50=9671 years) </P></TD> <TD align=3Dleft> <P class=3D""><I>Functional performance</I>: not reported by = histology=20 </P></TD></TR> <TR class=3Dnoclass> <TD align=3Dleft> <P class=3D""><I>Cause of death</I>: not reported </P></TD></TR> <TR class=3Dnoclass> <TD align=3Dleft> <P class=3D""><I>Adverse events</I>: not reported by tumor type = </P></TD></TR> <TR class=3Dnoclass> <TD align=3Dleft> <P class=3D""># <I>Of brain metastases</I>: </P> <P class=3D""><I>Breast</I>: 1 BM 9/19, 2 BM 4/19, >2 BM 6/19 = </P> <P class=3D""><I>Lung</I>: 1 BM 15/35, 2 BM 5/35, >2 BM 15/35 = </P> <P class=3D""><I>Renal cell</I>: 1 BM 3/9, 2 BM 2/9, >2 BM 4/9 = </P> <P class=3D""><I>Melanoma</I>: 1 BM 3/6, 2 BM 0/6, >2 BM 3/6 = </P> <P class=3D""><I>Other</I>: 1 BM 3/6, 2 BM 2/6, >2 BM 1/6 = </P></TD> <TD align=3Dleft rowSpan=3D3> </TD></TR> <TR class=3Dnoclass> <TD align=3Dleft> <P class=3D""><I>Extra-cranial disease</I>: Extra-cranial = metastases: </P> <P class=3D""><I>Breast</I>: 17/19 </P> <P class=3D""><I>Lung</I>: 6/35 </P> <P class=3D""><I>Renal cell</I>: 5/9 </P> <P class=3D""><I>Melanoma</I>: 4/6 </P> <P class=3D""><I>Other</I>: 5/6 </P></TD></TR> <TR class=3Dnoclass> <TD align=3Dleft> <P class=3D""><I>Baseline functional performance</I>: </P> <P class=3D"">WHO classification (0 (best) to 4 (worst)</P> <P class=3D"">Performance status (PS):</P> <P class=3D""><I>Breast</I>: PS 0=961 9/19, PS 2 5/19, PS 3 5/19 = </P> <P class=3D""><I>Lung</I>: PS 0-1 10/35, PS 2 16/35, PS 3 9/35 = </P> <P class=3D""><I>Renal cell</I>: PS 0=961 2/9, PS 2 5/9, PS 3 2/9 = </P> <P class=3D""><I>Melanoma</I>: PS 0=961 6/6 </P> <P class=3D""><I>Other</I>: PS 0=961 3/6, PS 2 1/6, PS 3 2/6=20 </P></TD></TR></TBODY></TABLE> <DIV class=3DCapt> <DIV class=3DCaptCont> <DIV class=3D""><I>AANS</I> American Association of Neurological = Surgeons,=20 <I>BM</I> brain metastases, <I>CNS</I> Congress of Neurological = Surgeons,=20 <I>CT</I> computed tomography, <I>MRI</I> magnetic resonance imaging, = <I>NA</I>=20 not available, <I>Pts</I> patients, <I>WBRT</I> whole brain radiation = therapy,=20 <I>WHO</I> World Health Organization = </DIV></DIV></DIV></DIV></DIV></DIV></DIV> <DIV class=3D""><A name=3DSec13></A> <HR> <DIV class=3Dheading2>Conclusion</DIV> <DIV class=3D""><A name=3DSec14></A> <DIV class=3DHeading3>Surgical resection plus WBRT versus WBRT = alone</DIV> <P class=3D"">Based on the available class I and class II evidence, = surgical=20 resection followed by WBRT is an effective treatment for patients with = single,=20 surgically accessible, brain metastases who have controlled = extra-cranial=20 disease and are in good general condition. Good general condition in the = relevant studies was defined as functional independence and spending = less than=20 50% of time in bed. Patients with disease progression in the = 3 months=20 preceding the diagnosis of the brain metastases have a relatively poor = survival=20 and poor functional status but still had a significant improvement in = survival=20 as a result of surgical resection. Due to the risk of fourth ventricle=20 compression and the subsequent increase in intracranial pressure, = surgery should=20 be particularly considered if there is a brain metastasis situated = within the=20 posterior fossa. </P></DIV> <DIV class=3D""><A name=3DSec15></A> <DIV class=3DHeading3>Surgical resection plus WBRT versus surgical = resection=20 alone</DIV> <P class=3D"">The surgical resection guideline paper by Kalkanis et al. = [<CITE><A=20 href=3D"http://www.springerlink.com/content/v2k003021882774p/fulltext.htm= l#CR1">1</A></CITE>]=20 outlines in detail the evidence supporting the addition of WBRT after = surgical=20 resection. Please refer to this paper for a further discussion of why = the=20 combined modalities of surgical resection followed by WBRT represent a = superior=20 treatment option, in terms of improving tumor control at the original = site of=20 the metastasis and in the brain overall, when compared to surgical = resection=20 alone </P></DIV> <DIV class=3D""><A name=3DSec16></A> <DIV class=3DHeading3>If WBRT is used, is there an optimal = dosing/fractionation=20 schedule?</DIV> <P class=3D"">There is class I evidence that altered dose/fractionation = schedules=20 of WBRT do not result in significant differences in median survival, = local=20 control or neurocognitive function when compared to =93standard=94 WBRT=20 dose/fractionation. (i.e., 30 Gy in 10 daily fractions or a BED of=20 39 Gy<SUB>10</SUB>). </P></DIV> <DIV class=3D""><A name=3DSec17></A> <DIV class=3DHeading3>If WBRT is used, what impact does tumor = histopathology have=20 on treatment outcomes?</DIV> <P class=3D"">Only one small case series (class III evidence) met the = eligibility=20 criteria for the question addressing the impact of histopathology on = WBRT=20 treatment outcomes. Further studies in this area are needed before any=20 recommendations can be made. </P></DIV> <DIV class=3D""><A name=3DSec18></A> <DIV class=3DHeading3>Key issues for future investigation</DIV> <P class=3D"">There have been numerous studies comparing various=20 dose/fractionation schemes for WBRT. Unless future studies incorporate = more=20 sophisticated measures of neurocognitive outcome there is little need to = repeat=20 these studies. There are, however, very few studies evaluating the = effectiveness=20 of WBRT for one histopathological type versus another. Future studies of = WBRT=20 explicitly addressing treatment outcomes for well-defined patient groups = by=20 different tumor types are needed. </P> <DIV class=3DPara> <DIV class=3D"">The following is a list of major ongoing or recently = closed=20 randomized trials pertaining to the use of whole brain radiation therapy = that=20 evaluate treatment comparisons addressed by this guideline paper for the = management of newly diagnosed brain metastases.=20 <TABLE class=3DOrderedList> <TBODY> <TR vAlign=3Dtop> <TD>1. </TD> <TD>Brain metastases study: radiotherapy schemes in the treatment of = brain=20 metastases=20 <DIV class=3DListPara> <DIV class=3D""><B>Official Title</B>: To determine which of two=20 radiotherapy brain fractionation schemes is superior in the = treatment of=20 brain metastases </DIV></DIV> <DIV class=3DListPara> <DIV class=3D""><B>Status</B>: Completed </DIV></DIV> <DIV class=3DListPara> <DIV class=3D""><B>Clinicaltrials.gov Identifier</B>: NCT00138788=20 </DIV></DIV> <DIV class=3DListPara> <DIV class=3D""><B>Principal Investigator</B>: Associate = Professor, Peter H=20 Graham, Cancer Care Centre, St George Hospital </DIV></DIV> <DIV class=3DListPara> <DIV class=3D""><B>Location</B>: Australia </DIV></DIV> <DIV class=3DListPara> <DIV class=3D""><B>Sponsors and Collaborators</B>: St George = Hospital,=20 Australia = </DIV></DIV></TD></TR></TBODY></TABLE></DIV></DIV></DIV></DIV> <DIV class=3DAcknowledgments><SPAN=20 class=3DAcknowledgmentsHeading>Acknowledgments </SPAN><SPAN = class=3D"">We=20 would like to acknowledge the contributions of the McMaster = Evidence-based=20 Practice Center (EPC), Dr. Parminder Raina (Director). Dr. Lina = Santaguida=20 (Co-Associate Director, Senior Scientist) led the EPC staff, which was=20 responsible for managing the systematic review process, searching for = and=20 retrieving, reviewing, data abstraction of all articles, preparation of = the=20 tables and the formatting and editing of the final manuscripts.</SPAN> <DIV class=3DFormalPara> <DIV class=3D""><SPAN style=3D"FONT-STYLE: italic; TEXT-DECORATION: = none">Disclaimer=20 of liability</SPAN> The information in these guidelines = reflects the=20 current state of knowledge at the time of completion. The presentations = are=20 designed to provide an accurate review of the subject matter covered. = These=20 guidelines are disseminated with the understanding that the = recommendations by=20 the authors and consultants who have collaborated in their development = are not=20 meant to replace the individualized care and treatment advice from a = patient=92s=20 physician(s). If medical advice or assistance is required, the services = of a=20 competent physician should be sought. The proposals contained in these=20 guidelines may not be suitable for use in all circumstances. The choice = to=20 implement any particular recommendation contained in these guidelines = must be=20 made by a managing physician in light of the situation in each = particular=20 patient and on the basis of existing resources. </DIV></DIV> <DIV class=3DFormalPara> <DIV class=3D""><SPAN=20 style=3D"FONT-STYLE: italic; TEXT-DECORATION: = none">Disclosures</SPAN> =20 All panel members provided full disclosure of conflicts of interest, if = any,=20 prior to establishing the recommendations contained within these = guidelines.=20 </DIV></DIV> <DIV class=3DFormalPara> <DIV class=3D""><SPAN style=3D"FONT-STYLE: italic; TEXT-DECORATION: = none">Open=20 Access</SPAN> This article is distributed under the terms of = the=20 Creative Commons Attribution Noncommercial License which permits any=20 noncommercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, = provided the=20 original author(s) and source are credited. </DIV></DIV></DIV> <P></P> <HR> <H2><A name=3DBib1></A>References </H2> <TABLE> <TBODY class=3DCitation> <TR vAlign=3Dtop> <TD>1.</TD> <TD><A name=3DCR1></A>Kalkanis SN, Kondziolka D, Gaspar LE, Burri = SH, Asher=20 AL, Cobbs CS et al (2009) The role of surgical resection in the = management=20 of newly diagnosed brain metastases: a systematic review and=20 evidence-based clinical practice guideline. 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