10.1007/s11060-009-0054-7</TIT= LE> <META http-equiv=3DContent-Type content=3D"text/html; = charset=3DISO-8859-1"><LINK=20 href=3D"http://www.springerlink.com/config/css/A++_common.css" = type=3Dtext/css=20 rel=3DstyleSheet><LINK=20 href=3D"http://www.springerlink.com/config/css/content_A++_SpringerLink.c= ss"=20 type=3Dtext/css rel=3DstyleSheet> <META content=3D"MSHTML 6.00.6000.16939" name=3DGENERATOR></HEAD> <BODY class=3Dfor-print> <TABLE cellPadding=3D2 border=3D1> <TBODY> <TR class=3Dheader> <TD>Journal of Neuro-Oncology</TD></TR> <TR> <TD>=A9 Springer Science+Business Media, = LLC. 2009</TD></TR> <TR> <TD>10.1007/s11060-009-0054-7</TD></TR></TBODY></TABLE> <H2 class=3Drubric>Clinical Study - Patient Study</H2> <DIV class=3DHeading1><A name=3Dtitle></A>Primary spinal cord glioma: a=20 Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results database study </DIV> Michael T. Milano1 <A=20 href=3D"http://www.springerlink.com/content/7624132h1854406j/fulltext.htm= l#ContactOfAuthor1"><IMG=20 alt=3D"Contact Information"=20 src=3D"http://www.springerlink.com/content/7624132h1854406j/contact.gif" = border=3D0></A>, Mahlon D. Johnson2,=20 Joohee Sul3, Nimish A. Mohile3,=20 David N. Korones4, 5, = Paul Okunieff1 and=20 Kevin A. Walter5, 6 <TABLE> <TBODY> <TR vAlign=3Dtop> <TD><A = name=3DAff1></A>(1) </TD> <TD>Department of Radiation Oncology, = University=20 of Rochester Medical Center, 601 Elmwood Ave, Box 647, Rochester,=20 NY 14642, USA</TD></TR></TBODY></TABLE> <TABLE> <TBODY> <TR vAlign=3Dtop> <TD><A = name=3DAff2></A>(2) </TD> <TD>Department of Pathology, University of = Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642,=20 USA</TD></TR></TBODY></TABLE> <TABLE> <TBODY> <TR vAlign=3Dtop> <TD><A = name=3DAff3></A>(3) </TD> <TD>Department of Neurology, University of = Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642,=20 USA</TD></TR></TBODY></TABLE> <TABLE> <TBODY> <TR vAlign=3Dtop> <TD><A = name=3DAff4></A>(4) </TD> <TD>Department of Pediatrics, University = of=20 Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642,=20 USA</TD></TR></TBODY></TABLE> <TABLE> <TBODY> <TR vAlign=3Dtop> <TD><A = name=3DAff5></A>(5) </TD> <TD>Department of Medicine, Division of = Oncology,=20 University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642,=20 USA</TD></TR></TBODY></TABLE> <TABLE> <TBODY> <TR vAlign=3Dtop> <TD><A = name=3DAff6></A>(6) </TD> <TD>Department of Neurosurgery, University = of=20 Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642,=20 USA</TD></TR></TBODY></TABLE> <A name=3DContactOfAuthor1></A> <TABLE class=3DContact> <TBODY> <TR> <TD vAlign=3Dtop><IMG alt=3D"Contact Information"=20 = src=3D"http://www.springerlink.com/content/7624132h1854406j/contact.gif" = border=3D0></TD> = <TD>Michael T. Milano= Email:=20 <A=20 = href=3D"mailto:MTMilano@yahoo.com">MTMilano@yahoo.com</A></TD></TR></TBOD= Y></TABLE> Received:=20 5 June 2009 Accepted:=20 28 October 2009 Published online:=20 7 November 2009 <DIV class=3DAbstract><A name=3DAbs1></A><SPAN=20 class=3DAbstractHeading>Abstract To characterize the = overall=20 survival (OS) and cause specific survival (CSS), and variables affecting = outcome, in patients with primary spinal cord astrocytoma (SCA) and = ependymoma=20 (SCE). About 664 patients with SCA and 1,057 patients with SCE were = analyzed=20 using the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results database. For = grade 1, 2,=20 3 and 4 SCA, the 5-year OS was 82, 70, 28 and 14%; the 5-year CSS was = 89, 77, 36=20 and 20%. For SCA, lower grade, younger age, and undergoing resection=20 significantly improved OS and CSS; treatment without radiotherapy was = favorable=20 for CSS. Smaller tumor size also improved survival. For grade 1, 2, and = 3 SCE,=20 the 5-year OS was 92, 97 and 58%; the 5-year CSS was 100, 98 and 64%. = For SCE,=20 lower grade, younger age, and undergoing resection significantly = improved OS and=20 CSS; treatment without radiotherapy was favorable for OS. Smaller tumor = size did=20 not confer a survival benefit. Patients with resected grade 2 spinal = cord glioma=20 who did not receive radiotherapy fared well with respect to OS and CSS. = For=20 patients with spinal cord glioma, the variables of histology, grade, age = and=20 undergoing resection are significant predictors of outcome. Though = treatment=20 with radiotherapy was associated with worse outcomes, this may reflect a = bias in=20 that patients who underwent radiotherapy were perhaps more likely to = have had=20 adverse risk factors. Given the retrospective nature of this study, = specific=20 recommendations about which situations warrant radiotherapy cannot be=20 determined. </DIV> Keywords Spinal=20 cord ependymoma - Spinal cord astrocytoma - Spinal = cord=20 glioma - Radiotherapy <DIV class=3DArticleNote>This data was presented at the = 2009=20 American Society of Radiation Oncology (ASTRO) meeting in Chicago,=20 IL.</DIV> <DIV class=3DFulltext> <DIV class=3D""><A name=3DSec1></A> <HR> <DIV class=3Dheading2>Introduction</DIV> Primary spinal cord tumors are uncommon. Spinal cord = glioma (SCG)=20 represents <30% of all spinal cord tumors, with an overall incidence = of=20 approximately 0.22 SCG per 100,000 person years [<CITE><A=20 href=3D"http://www.springerlink.com/content/7624132h1854406j/fulltext.htm= l#CR1">1</A></CITE>].=20 Standard treatment options for SCG include resection, radiotherapy and = combined=20 modality resection and radiotherapy [<CITE><A=20 href=3D"http://www.springerlink.com/content/7624132h1854406j/fulltext.htm= l#CR2">2</A></CITE>=96<CITE><A=20 href=3D"http://www.springerlink.com/content/7624132h1854406j/fulltext.htm= l#CR39">39</A></CITE>].=20 Some series show that patients with SCG fare better than those with = intracranial=20 gliomas [<CITE><A=20 href=3D"http://www.springerlink.com/content/7624132h1854406j/fulltext.htm= l#CR6">6</A></CITE>,=20 <CITE><A=20 href=3D"http://www.springerlink.com/content/7624132h1854406j/fulltext.htm= l#CR29">29</A></CITE>,=20 <CITE><A=20 href=3D"http://www.springerlink.com/content/7624132h1854406j/fulltext.htm= l#CR39">39</A></CITE>,=20 <CITE><A=20 href=3D"http://www.springerlink.com/content/7624132h1854406j/fulltext.htm= l#CR40">40</A></CITE>]=20 though other studies do not [<CITE><A=20 href=3D"http://www.springerlink.com/content/7624132h1854406j/fulltext.htm= l#CR4">4</A></CITE>,=20 <CITE><A=20 href=3D"http://www.springerlink.com/content/7624132h1854406j/fulltext.htm= l#CR7">7</A></CITE>,=20 <CITE><A=20 href=3D"http://www.springerlink.com/content/7624132h1854406j/fulltext.htm= l#CR27">27</A></CITE>].=20 Several studies demonstrate that spinal cord astrocytomas (SCA) fare = worse than=20 spinal cord ependymomas (SCE) [<CITE><A=20 href=3D"http://www.springerlink.com/content/7624132h1854406j/fulltext.htm= l#CR8">8</A></CITE>,=20 <CITE><A=20 href=3D"http://www.springerlink.com/content/7624132h1854406j/fulltext.htm= l#CR13">13</A></CITE>,=20 <CITE><A=20 href=3D"http://www.springerlink.com/content/7624132h1854406j/fulltext.htm= l#CR14">14</A></CITE>,=20 <CITE><A=20 href=3D"http://www.springerlink.com/content/7624132h1854406j/fulltext.htm= l#CR21">21</A></CITE>,=20 <CITE><A=20 href=3D"http://www.springerlink.com/content/7624132h1854406j/fulltext.htm= l#CR25">25</A></CITE>,=20 <CITE><A=20 href=3D"http://www.springerlink.com/content/7624132h1854406j/fulltext.htm= l#CR30">30</A></CITE>].=20 Previously reported adverse risk factors for SCE include: = more=20 advanced age [<CITE><A=20 href=3D"http://www.springerlink.com/content/7624132h1854406j/fulltext.htm= l#CR17">17</A></CITE>,=20 <CITE><A=20 href=3D"http://www.springerlink.com/content/7624132h1854406j/fulltext.htm= l#CR26">26</A></CITE>,=20 <CITE><A=20 href=3D"http://www.springerlink.com/content/7624132h1854406j/fulltext.htm= l#CR27">27</A></CITE>],=20 younger age [<CITE><A=20 href=3D"http://www.springerlink.com/content/7624132h1854406j/fulltext.htm= l#CR39">39</A></CITE>],=20 poor performance status/neurologic function [<CITE><A=20 href=3D"http://www.springerlink.com/content/7624132h1854406j/fulltext.htm= l#CR6">6</A></CITE>,=20 <CITE><A=20 href=3D"http://www.springerlink.com/content/7624132h1854406j/fulltext.htm= l#CR17">17</A></CITE>,=20 <CITE><A=20 href=3D"http://www.springerlink.com/content/7624132h1854406j/fulltext.htm= l#CR19">19</A></CITE>,=20 <CITE><A=20 href=3D"http://www.springerlink.com/content/7624132h1854406j/fulltext.htm= l#CR27">27</A></CITE>,=20 <CITE><A=20 href=3D"http://www.springerlink.com/content/7624132h1854406j/fulltext.htm= l#CR36">36</A></CITE>],=20 higher grade [<CITE><A=20 href=3D"http://www.springerlink.com/content/7624132h1854406j/fulltext.htm= l#CR6">6</A></CITE>,=20 <CITE><A=20 href=3D"http://www.springerlink.com/content/7624132h1854406j/fulltext.htm= l#CR17">17</A></CITE>,=20 <CITE><A=20 href=3D"http://www.springerlink.com/content/7624132h1854406j/fulltext.htm= l#CR21">21</A></CITE>,=20 <CITE><A=20 href=3D"http://www.springerlink.com/content/7624132h1854406j/fulltext.htm= l#CR22">22</A></CITE>,=20 <CITE><A=20 href=3D"http://www.springerlink.com/content/7624132h1854406j/fulltext.htm= l#CR27">27</A></CITE>,=20 <CITE><A=20 href=3D"http://www.springerlink.com/content/7624132h1854406j/fulltext.htm= l#CR29">29</A></CITE>,=20 <CITE><A=20 href=3D"http://www.springerlink.com/content/7624132h1854406j/fulltext.htm= l#CR39">39</A></CITE>],=20 less extensive resection [<CITE><A=20 href=3D"http://www.springerlink.com/content/7624132h1854406j/fulltext.htm= l#CR9">9</A></CITE>,=20 <CITE><A=20 href=3D"http://www.springerlink.com/content/7624132h1854406j/fulltext.htm= l#CR12">12</A></CITE>,=20 <CITE><A=20 href=3D"http://www.springerlink.com/content/7624132h1854406j/fulltext.htm= l#CR16">16</A></CITE>,=20 <CITE><A=20 href=3D"http://www.springerlink.com/content/7624132h1854406j/fulltext.htm= l#CR17">17</A></CITE>,=20 <CITE><A=20 href=3D"http://www.springerlink.com/content/7624132h1854406j/fulltext.htm= l#CR26">26</A></CITE>,=20 <CITE><A=20 href=3D"http://www.springerlink.com/content/7624132h1854406j/fulltext.htm= l#CR29">29</A></CITE>,=20 <CITE><A=20 href=3D"http://www.springerlink.com/content/7624132h1854406j/fulltext.htm= l#CR35">35</A></CITE>,=20 <CITE><A=20 href=3D"http://www.springerlink.com/content/7624132h1854406j/fulltext.htm= l#CR38">38</A></CITE>,=20 <CITE><A=20 href=3D"http://www.springerlink.com/content/7624132h1854406j/fulltext.htm= l#CR39">39</A></CITE>,=20 <CITE><A=20 href=3D"http://www.springerlink.com/content/7624132h1854406j/fulltext.htm= l#CR41">41</A></CITE>,=20 <CITE><A=20 href=3D"http://www.springerlink.com/content/7624132h1854406j/fulltext.htm= l#CR42">42</A></CITE>],=20 and sub-therapeutic radiation dose [<CITE><A=20 href=3D"http://www.springerlink.com/content/7624132h1854406j/fulltext.htm= l#CR2">2</A></CITE>,=20 <CITE><A=20 href=3D"http://www.springerlink.com/content/7624132h1854406j/fulltext.htm= l#CR4">4</A></CITE>,=20 <CITE><A=20 href=3D"http://www.springerlink.com/content/7624132h1854406j/fulltext.htm= l#CR6">6</A></CITE>,=20 <CITE><A=20 href=3D"http://www.springerlink.com/content/7624132h1854406j/fulltext.htm= l#CR8">8</A></CITE>,=20 <CITE><A=20 href=3D"http://www.springerlink.com/content/7624132h1854406j/fulltext.htm= l#CR10">10</A></CITE>,=20 <CITE><A=20 href=3D"http://www.springerlink.com/content/7624132h1854406j/fulltext.htm= l#CR19">19</A></CITE>,=20 <CITE><A=20 href=3D"http://www.springerlink.com/content/7624132h1854406j/fulltext.htm= l#CR27">27</A></CITE>].=20 The variables of age [<CITE><A=20 href=3D"http://www.springerlink.com/content/7624132h1854406j/fulltext.htm= l#CR10">10</A></CITE>,=20 <CITE><A=20 href=3D"http://www.springerlink.com/content/7624132h1854406j/fulltext.htm= l#CR19">19</A></CITE>,=20 <CITE><A=20 href=3D"http://www.springerlink.com/content/7624132h1854406j/fulltext.htm= l#CR30">30</A></CITE>],=20 extent of resection [<CITE><A=20 href=3D"http://www.springerlink.com/content/7624132h1854406j/fulltext.htm= l#CR10">10</A></CITE>,=20 <CITE><A=20 href=3D"http://www.springerlink.com/content/7624132h1854406j/fulltext.htm= l#CR21">21</A></CITE>,=20 <CITE><A=20 href=3D"http://www.springerlink.com/content/7624132h1854406j/fulltext.htm= l#CR27">27</A></CITE>,=20 <CITE><A=20 href=3D"http://www.springerlink.com/content/7624132h1854406j/fulltext.htm= l#CR30">30</A></CITE>],=20 and grade [<CITE><A=20 href=3D"http://www.springerlink.com/content/7624132h1854406j/fulltext.htm= l#CR41">41</A></CITE>]=20 were not significant in other studies. Previously reported adverse risk = factors=20 for SCA include: poor performance status [<CITE><A=20 href=3D"http://www.springerlink.com/content/7624132h1854406j/fulltext.htm= l#CR34">34</A></CITE>],=20 more advanced age [<CITE><A=20 href=3D"http://www.springerlink.com/content/7624132h1854406j/fulltext.htm= l#CR20">20</A></CITE>,=20 <CITE><A=20 href=3D"http://www.springerlink.com/content/7624132h1854406j/fulltext.htm= l#CR33">33</A></CITE>,=20 <CITE><A=20 href=3D"http://www.springerlink.com/content/7624132h1854406j/fulltext.htm= l#CR37">37</A></CITE>,=20 <CITE><A=20 href=3D"http://www.springerlink.com/content/7624132h1854406j/fulltext.htm= l#CR39">39</A></CITE>,=20 <CITE><A=20 href=3D"http://www.springerlink.com/content/7624132h1854406j/fulltext.htm= l#CR43">43</A></CITE>],=20 younger age [<CITE><A=20 href=3D"http://www.springerlink.com/content/7624132h1854406j/fulltext.htm= l#CR24">24</A></CITE>],=20 higher grade [<CITE><A=20 href=3D"http://www.springerlink.com/content/7624132h1854406j/fulltext.htm= l#CR3">3</A></CITE>,=20 <CITE><A=20 href=3D"http://www.springerlink.com/content/7624132h1854406j/fulltext.htm= l#CR13">13</A></CITE>,=20 <CITE><A=20 href=3D"http://www.springerlink.com/content/7624132h1854406j/fulltext.htm= l#CR18">18</A></CITE>,=20 <CITE><A=20 href=3D"http://www.springerlink.com/content/7624132h1854406j/fulltext.htm= l#CR24">24</A></CITE>,=20 <CITE><A=20 href=3D"http://www.springerlink.com/content/7624132h1854406j/fulltext.htm= l#CR25">25</A></CITE>,=20 <CITE><A=20 href=3D"http://www.springerlink.com/content/7624132h1854406j/fulltext.htm= l#CR33">33</A></CITE>,=20 <CITE><A=20 href=3D"http://www.springerlink.com/content/7624132h1854406j/fulltext.htm= l#CR34">34</A></CITE>,=20 <CITE><A=20 href=3D"http://www.springerlink.com/content/7624132h1854406j/fulltext.htm= l#CR37">37</A></CITE>,=20 <CITE><A=20 href=3D"http://www.springerlink.com/content/7624132h1854406j/fulltext.htm= l#CR39">39</A></CITE>,=20 <CITE><A=20 href=3D"http://www.springerlink.com/content/7624132h1854406j/fulltext.htm= l#CR43">43</A></CITE>],=20 and less extensive resection [<CITE><A=20 href=3D"http://www.springerlink.com/content/7624132h1854406j/fulltext.htm= l#CR8">8</A></CITE>,=20 <CITE><A=20 href=3D"http://www.springerlink.com/content/7624132h1854406j/fulltext.htm= l#CR21">21</A></CITE>,=20 <CITE><A=20 href=3D"http://www.springerlink.com/content/7624132h1854406j/fulltext.htm= l#CR39">39</A></CITE>,=20 <CITE><A=20 href=3D"http://www.springerlink.com/content/7624132h1854406j/fulltext.htm= l#CR44">44</A></CITE>],=20 though less extensive resection was not an adverse risk factor in most = studies=20 [<CITE><A=20 href=3D"http://www.springerlink.com/content/7624132h1854406j/fulltext.htm= l#CR12">12</A></CITE>,=20 <CITE><A=20 href=3D"http://www.springerlink.com/content/7624132h1854406j/fulltext.htm= l#CR18">18</A></CITE>,=20 <CITE><A=20 href=3D"http://www.springerlink.com/content/7624132h1854406j/fulltext.htm= l#CR20">20</A></CITE>,=20 <CITE><A=20 href=3D"http://www.springerlink.com/content/7624132h1854406j/fulltext.htm= l#CR24">24</A></CITE>,=20 <CITE><A=20 href=3D"http://www.springerlink.com/content/7624132h1854406j/fulltext.htm= l#CR33">33</A></CITE>,=20 <CITE><A=20 href=3D"http://www.springerlink.com/content/7624132h1854406j/fulltext.htm= l#CR37">37</A></CITE>],=20 with higher grade tumors [<CITE><A=20 href=3D"http://www.springerlink.com/content/7624132h1854406j/fulltext.htm= l#CR12">12</A></CITE>,=20 <CITE><A=20 href=3D"http://www.springerlink.com/content/7624132h1854406j/fulltext.htm= l#CR18">18</A></CITE>,=20 <CITE><A=20 href=3D"http://www.springerlink.com/content/7624132h1854406j/fulltext.htm= l#CR37">37</A></CITE>],=20 as well as lower grade tumors [<CITE><A=20 href=3D"http://www.springerlink.com/content/7624132h1854406j/fulltext.htm= l#CR12">12</A></CITE>,=20 <CITE><A=20 href=3D"http://www.springerlink.com/content/7624132h1854406j/fulltext.htm= l#CR20">20</A></CITE>,=20 <CITE><A=20 href=3D"http://www.springerlink.com/content/7624132h1854406j/fulltext.htm= l#CR24">24</A></CITE>,=20 <CITE><A=20 href=3D"http://www.springerlink.com/content/7624132h1854406j/fulltext.htm= l#CR34">34</A></CITE>].=20 More extensive resection was an adverse risk factor in one recent study=20 [<CITE><A=20 href=3D"http://www.springerlink.com/content/7624132h1854406j/fulltext.htm= l#CR43">43</A></CITE>].=20 Generally grade 4 SCG has a dismal prognosis, though long-term survivors = after=20 aggressive resection and radiotherapy have been reported [<CITE><A=20 href=3D"http://www.springerlink.com/content/7624132h1854406j/fulltext.htm= l#CR25">25</A></CITE>].=20 Small patient numbers, and differences in patient = populations=20 between different studies complicate the interpretation of these = findings. With=20 rare exceptions [<CITE><A=20 href=3D"http://www.springerlink.com/content/7624132h1854406j/fulltext.htm= l#CR39">39</A></CITE>],=20 the published outcome on SCG represents single institution retrospective = studies=20 with small patient numbers, spanning several decades. This study offers a descriptive analysis of patients with = SCG=20 included in the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) = database,=20 with the goal of better characterizing the overall survival (OS), cause = specific=20 survival (CSS) and risk factors affecting patient outcome. </DIV> <DIV class=3D""><A name=3DSec2></A> <HR> <DIV class=3Dheading2>Methods</DIV> <DIV class=3D""><A name=3DSec3></A> <DIV class=3DHeading3>Patient database</DIV> The SEER database is a longitudinal database that collects = information from 17 cancer registries, representing 26% of the United = States=20 population (<A = href=3D"http://seer.cancer.gov/">http://seer.cancer.gov/</A>).=20 Serial registry data are de-identified, submitted to the United States = National=20 Cancer Institute on a biannual basis, and are available for researchers. = The=20 SEER 17 limited-use registry was used [<CITE><A=20 href=3D"http://www.springerlink.com/content/7624132h1854406j/fulltext.htm= l#CR45">45</A></CITE>].=20 Nine of the registries date back to 1973=961975, four registries date = back to=20 1992, and four registries date back to 2000. A total of 1,814 patients with primary SCG (excluding = primitive=20 neuroectodermal tumors), coded in the SEER database as =93Primary=20 site-labeled=94 =3D =93C72.0-Spinal cord=94 were included in = the present=20 analysis. Patients coded as =93Primary = site-labeled=94 =3D =93C72.1-Cauda=20 equina=94 and =93C70.1-Spinal meninges=94 were not included. In the SEER database, =93Grade=94 was scored as a measure=20 differentiation, and not meant to reflect grade as scored by any = recognized=20 grading system. =93Grade=94 was classified as: =93Well differentiated; = Grade I,=94=20 (n =3D 175) =93Moderately differentiated; Grade II,=94=20 (n =3D 337) =93Poorly differentiated; Grade III,=94=20 (n =3D 60) =93Undifferentiated; anaplastic Grade IV,=94 = (n =3D 138) or =93Unknown=94 = (n =3D 1,104), based upon=20 explicit mention of differentiation or grade in the pathology report. = From 2004,=20 ependymomas were characterized as =91malignant=92, =91borderline=92 or = =91benign.=92=20 Myxopapillary ependymoma and subependymoma were considered, = =91borderline=92=20 malignancies. =91Benign=92 and =91borderline=92 tumors were not included = prior to 2004;=20 however, =91malignant=92 myxopapillary ependymoma was included in the = ICD-O-2 and=20 ICD-O-3 fields as =93Myxopapillary ependymoma, malignant=94 or = =93Ependymoma, NOS=94 and=20 =91malignant=92 subependymal tumors were included as =93Subependymal = glioma.=94 The =93Histology/behavior,=94 =93Histology recode-Brain = groupings=94 and=20 =93Grade=94 fields were used to define tumor grade for the purpose of = this study,=20 with the understanding that this =93grade=94 does not reflect a WHO = grade. For this=20 study, the following assumptions were made: tumors classified as = pilocytic=20 astrocytoma, myxopapillary ependymoma or subependymoma in the SEER = database=20 histology fields were scored as grade 1, even if the grade in the SEER = database=20 was scored as =93Moderately differentiated; Grade II=94 or = =93Unknown=94; tumors=20 classified as =93Benign=94 or =93Borderline malignancy=94 in the = behavior code fields=20 were scored grade 1; tumors classified as fibrillary astrocytoma in the = SEER=20 database histology fields were scored as grade 2, even if the grade in = the SEER=20 database was scored as =93Unknown=94; tumors classified as =93Anaplastic = astrocytoma=94=20 or =93Anaplastic ependymoma=94 in the SEER histology fields were scored = as grade 3,=20 even if the grade in the SEER database was scored as = =93Undifferentiated;=20 anaplastic; Grade IV=94 or =93Unknown=94; tumors classified as = glioblastoma in the=20 SEER database histology fields were scored as grade 4, even if the grade = in the=20 SEER database was scored as =93Poorly differentiated; Grade III=94 or = =93Unknown.=94=20 Astrocytomas not specifically coded as =93Anaplastic astrocytoma=94 in = the SEER=20 database histology fields were scored as grade 3 if categorized as = =93Poorly=20 differentiated; Grade III=94 and grade 4 if categorized as = =93Undifferentiated;=20 anaplastic; Grade IV.=94 Ependymomas not specifically coded as = =93Anaplastic=20 ependymoma =93in the SEER database histology fields were scored as grade = 3 if=20 categorized as =93Poorly differentiated; Grade III.=94 Cases scored in = the SEER=20 database as =93Unknown=94 grade as well as: =93Astrocytoma, NOS,=94 = =93Glioma, malignant,=94=20 =93Mixed glioma,=94 =93Oligodendroglioma, NOS=94 or =93Ependymoma, = NOS=94 in the=20 =93Histology/behavior=94 field; and =93Astrocytoma, NOS,=94 =93Glioma, = NOS,=94 =93Mixed=20 glioma,=94 =93Oligodendroglioma=94 or =93Ependymoma/anaplastic = ependymoma=94 in the SEER=20 database histology fields were considered to have unknown grade for this = analysis. The SEER =93Site specific surgery=94 and =93Surgery of = primary site=94=20 fields describe the extent of surgical resection. Cases in the SEER = database=20 categorized as =93Unknown if surgery performed=94 were considered to not = have=20 surgery if the =93Diagnostic confirmation=94 field was =93Clinical = diagnosis only=94 or=20 =93Radiography without microscopic confirmation.=94 Cases in the SEER = database=20 categorized as =93Unknown if surgery performed=94 were considered to = have had=20 resection if diagnostic confirmation was =93Direct visualization without = microscopic confirmation.=94 Cases in the SEER database categorized as = having=20 undergone surgery, but diagnosed by =93Clinical diagnosis only=94 or = =93Radiography=20 without microscopic confirmation=94 were assumed to have undergone the = procedure,=20 but without pathologic confirmation. The SEER database has a field = describing if=20 radiotherapy was administered, though neither the radiation dose nor = extent of=20 field are available. There is no field to describe if chemotherapy was=20 administered. The SEER database does not provide information about the = location=20 of the tumor or number of sites within the spine, or whether the = cerebral spinal=20 fluid was seeded with metastatic cells. </DIV> <DIV class=3D""><A name=3DSec4></A> <DIV class=3DHeading3>Statistical analysis</DIV> Stata version 9.2 (StataCorp, College Station, TX) was = used for data=20 analysis. Actuarial OS and CSS were calculated using the Kaplan=96Meier = method=20 [<CITE><A=20 href=3D"http://www.springerlink.com/content/7624132h1854406j/fulltext.htm= l#CR46">46</A></CITE>].=20 The log-rank test was used for univariate analysis (UVA) comparison of = survival=20 between subgroups. Cox proportional hazards model was used for = multivariate=20 analyses (MVA) [<CITE><A=20 href=3D"http://www.springerlink.com/content/7624132h1854406j/fulltext.htm= l#CR47">47</A></CITE>],=20 performed using variables significant on UVA. Patients with unknown = surgery=20 and/or unknown radiation delivery were excluded from the UVAs and MVAs. = The MVAs in which grade is included omit a large number of = patients=20 whose grade is unknown. The majority of patients with unknown grade were = identified as having ependymoma, and the treatment and outcome of those = patients=20 with unknown grade are similar to patients with low grade SCG (see =93<A = href=3D"http://www.springerlink.com/content/7624132h1854406j/fulltext.htm= l#Sec5">Results</A>=94).=20 It is a reasonable assumption that most of these patients had low grade = SCG. In=20 an effort to further explore the variables significant on UVA for OS and = CSS,=20 additional MVA models were performed in which unknown grade was = re-categorized=20 as grade 2 (=93grade unknown → 2=94 MVA models). = </DIV></DIV> <DIV class=3D""><A name=3DSec5></A> <HR> <DIV class=3Dheading2>Results</DIV> <DIV class=3D""><A name=3DSec6></A> <DIV class=3DHeading3>Patient and tumor characteristics</DIV> <DIV class=3DPara> <DIV class=3D"">Table <A=20 href=3D"http://www.springerlink.com/content/7624132h1854406j/fulltext.htm= l#Tab1">1</A>=20 summarizes the patient and tumor characteristics. Patient age ranged = from <1=20 to 91 years old. Most patients were white. Close to half were = diagnosed in=20 the 2000s (due in part to the addition of four registries in 2000). Most = patients with unknown grade had ependymoma. Tumor size was unavailable = in 224=20 patients (diagnosed before 1983) and unknown in 1,104; size ranged from=20 microscopic to 160 mm (median 27 mm).<A name=3DTab1></A> <DIV class=3DCapt>Table 1 Patient = and tumor=20 characteristics </DIV> <TABLE border=3D1> <COLGROUP> <COL align=3Dleft> <COL align=3Dleft> <COL align=3Dleft> <COL align=3Dleft></COLGROUP> <THEAD> <TR class=3Dheader> <TH align=3Dleft> </TH> <TH align=3Dleft> Alla </TH> <TH align=3Dleft> Astrocytoma</TH> <TH align=3Dleft> Ependymoma</TH></TR></THEAD> <TBODY> <TR class=3Dnoclass> <TD align=3Dleft> Total number</TD> <TD align=3Dleft> 1,814</TD> <TD align=3Dleft> 664</TD> <TD align=3Dleft> 1,057</TD></TR> <TR class=3Dnoclass> <TD align=3Dleft colSpan=3D4> Age</TD></TR> <TR class=3Dnoclass> <TD align=3Dleft> <1=969</TD> <TD align=3Dleft> 148 (8%)</TD> <TD align=3Dleft> 119 (18%)</TD> <TD align=3Dleft> 20 (2%)</TD></TR> <TR class=3Dnoclass> <TD align=3Dleft> 10=9619</TD> <TD align=3Dleft> 187 (10%)</TD> <TD align=3Dleft> 117 (18%)</TD> <TD align=3Dleft> 61 (6%)</TD></TR> <TR class=3Dnoclass> <TD align=3Dleft> 20=9639</TD> <TD align=3Dleft> 535 (29%)</TD> <TD align=3Dleft> 180 (27%)</TD> <TD align=3Dleft> 329 (31%)</TD></TR> <TR class=3Dnoclass> <TD align=3Dleft> 40=9659</TD> <TD align=3Dleft> 674 (37%)</TD> <TD align=3Dleft> 169 (25%)</TD> <TD align=3Dleft> 482 (46%)</TD></TR> <TR class=3Dnoclass> <TD align=3Dleft> ≥60</TD> <TD align=3Dleft> 270 (14%)</TD> <TD align=3Dleft> 79 (12%)</TD> <TD align=3Dleft> 165 (16%)</TD></TR> <TR class=3Dnoclass> <TD align=3Dleft colSpan=3D4> Race</TD></TR> <TR class=3Dnoclass> <TD align=3Dleft> White</TD> <TD align=3Dleft> 1,539 (85%)</TD> <TD align=3Dleft> 531 (80%)</TD> <TD align=3Dleft> 937 (88%)</TD></TR> <TR class=3Dnoclass> <TD align=3Dleft> Black</TD> <TD align=3Dleft> 158 (9%)</TD> <TD align=3Dleft> 88 (13%)</TD> <TD align=3Dleft> 55 (5%)</TD></TR> <TR class=3Dnoclass> <TD align=3Dleft> Otherb </TD> <TD align=3Dleft> 105 (6%)</TD> <TD align=3Dleft> 43 (6%)</TD> <TD align=3Dleft> 55 (5%)</TD></TR> <TR class=3Dnoclass> <TD align=3Dleft> Male</TD> <TD align=3Dleft> 1,004 (55%)</TD> <TD align=3Dleft> 375 (56%)</TD> <TD align=3Dleft> 580 (55%)</TD></TR> <TR class=3Dnoclass> <TD align=3Dleft> Female</TD> <TD align=3Dleft> 810 (45%)</TD> <TD align=3Dleft> 289 (44%)</TD> <TD align=3Dleft> 478 (45%)</TD></TR> <TR class=3Dnoclass> <TD align=3Dleft colSpan=3D4> Year diagnosed</TD></TR> <TR class=3Dnoclass> <TD align=3Dleft> 1970s</TD> <TD align=3Dleft> 145 (8%)</TD> <TD align=3Dleft> 84 (13%)</TD> <TD align=3Dleft> 53 (5%)</TD></TR> <TR class=3Dnoclass> <TD align=3Dleft> 1980s</TD> <TD align=3Dleft> 269 (15%)</TD> <TD align=3Dleft> 140 (21%)</TD> <TD align=3Dleft> 110 (10%)</TD></TR> <TR class=3Dnoclass> <TD align=3Dleft> 1990s</TD> <TD align=3Dleft> 512 (28%)</TD> <TD align=3Dleft> 195 (29%)</TD> <TD align=3Dleft> 285 (27%)</TD></TR> <TR class=3Dnoclass> <TD align=3Dleft> 2000s</TD> <TD align=3Dleft> 888 (49%)</TD> <TD align=3Dleft> 245 (37%)</TD> <TD align=3Dleft> 609 (58%)</TD></TR> <TR class=3Dnoclass> <TD align=3Dleft colSpan=3D4> Grade</TD></TR> <TR class=3Dnoclass> <TD align=3Dleft> 1</TD> <TD align=3Dleft> 407 (22%)</TD> <TD align=3Dleft> 180 (27%)</TD> <TD align=3Dleft> 221 (33%)</TD></TR> <TR class=3Dnoclass> <TD align=3Dleft> 2</TD> <TD align=3Dleft> 323 (18%)</TD> <TD align=3Dleft> 155 (23%)</TD> <TD align=3Dleft> 146 (14%)</TD></TR> <TR class=3Dnoclass> <TD align=3Dleft> 3</TD> <TD align=3Dleft> 150 (8%)</TD> <TD align=3Dleft> 117 (18%)</TD> <TD align=3Dleft> 28 (3%)</TD></TR> <TR class=3Dnoclass> <TD align=3Dleft> 4</TD> <TD align=3Dleft> 82 (5%)</TD> <TD align=3Dleft> 82 (12%)</TD> <TD align=3Dleft> =96</TD></TR> <TR class=3Dnoclass> <TD align=3Dleft> Unknown</TD> <TD align=3Dleft> 852 (47%)</TD> <TD align=3Dleft> 130 (20%)</TD> <TD align=3Dleft> 662 (63%)</TD></TR></TBODY></TABLE> <DIV class=3DCapt> <DIV class=3DCaptCont> <DIV class=3D"">aIncludes 11 patients with oligodendroglioma = and 81=20 patients with unspecified glioma of whom 54 have unknown grade = </DIV></DIV> <DIV class=3DCaptCont> <DIV class=3D"">bExcluding 12 unknown = </DIV></DIV></DIV></DIV></DIV> For the entire cohort, on UVA, SCA fared significantly = worse than=20 SCE with respect to OS and CSS (P < 0.00001). = </DIV> <DIV class=3D""><A name=3DSec7></A> <DIV class=3DHeading3>Spinal cord astrocytoma</DIV> <DIV class=3DPara> <DIV class=3D"">Table <A=20 href=3D"http://www.springerlink.com/content/7624132h1854406j/fulltext.htm= l#Tab2">2</A>=20 summarizes the treatment with respect to surgery and radiotherapy for = SCA. More=20 patients with low grade SCA, as compared to high grade SCG, underwent = resection=20 alone.<A name=3DTab2></A> <DIV class=3DCapt>Table 2 Treatment summaries=20 </DIV> <TABLE border=3D1> <COLGROUP> <COL align=3Dleft> <COL align=3Dchar char=3D"."> <COL align=3Dchar char=3D"("> <COL align=3Dchar char=3D"("> <COL align=3Dchar char=3D"("> <COL align=3Dchar char=3D"("> <COL align=3Dchar char=3D"("></COLGROUP> <THEAD> <TR class=3Dheader> <TH align=3Dleft> </TH> <TH align=3Dleft char=3D"."> Total</TH> <TH align=3Dleft char=3D"("> Grade 1</TH> <TH align=3Dleft char=3D"("> Grade 2</TH> <TH align=3Dleft char=3D"("> Grade 3</TH> <TH align=3Dleft char=3D"("> Grade 4</TH> <TH align=3Dleft char=3D"("> Grade unknown</TH></TR></THEAD> <TBODY> <TR class=3Dnoclass> <TD align=3Dleft colSpan=3D7> Astrocytoma</TD></TR> <TR class=3Dnoclass> <TD align=3Dleft> Surgery alone</TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> 230</TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"("> 117 (68%)</TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"("> 48 (32%)</TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"("> 17 (15%)</TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"("> 12 (15%)</TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"("> 36 (29%)</TD></TR> <TR class=3Dnoclass> <TD align=3Dleft> Surgery + radiotherapy</TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> 246</TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"("> 31 (18%)</TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"("> 61 (40%)</TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"("> 67 (58%)</TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"("> 49 (62%)</TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"("> 38 (31%)</TD></TR> <TR class=3Dnoclass> <TD align=3Dleft> Radiotherapy alone</TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> 105</TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"("> 14 (8%)</TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"("> 31 (21%)</TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"("> 25 (22%)</TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"("> 11 (14%)</TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"("> 24 (19%)</TD></TR> <TR class=3Dnoclass> <TD align=3Dleft> No surgery or radiotherapy</TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> 59</TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"("> 10 (6%)</TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"("> 11 (7%)</TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"("> 5 (4%)</TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"("> 7 (9%)</TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"("> 26 (21%)</TD></TR> <TR class=3Dnoclass> <TD align=3Dleft colSpan=3D7> Ependymoma</TD></TR> <TR class=3Dnoclass> <TD align=3Dleft> Surgery alone</TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> 710</TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"("> 159 (74%)</TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"("> 97 (67%)</TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"("> 10 (36%)</TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"("> =96</TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"("> 444 (69%)</TD></TR> <TR class=3Dnoclass> <TD align=3Dleft> Surgery + radiotherapy</TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> 253</TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"("> 46 (21%)</TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"("> 41 (28%)</TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"("> 18 (64%)</TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"("> =96</TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"("> 148 (22%)</TD></TR> <TR class=3Dnoclass> <TD align=3Dleft> Radiotherapy alone</TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> 24</TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"("> 5 (2%)</TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"("> 3 (2%)</TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"("> 0</TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"("> =96</TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"("> 16 (2%)</TD></TR> <TR class=3Dnoclass> <TD align=3Dleft> No surgery or radiotherapy</TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> 49</TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"("> 6 (3%)</TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"("> 3 (2%)</TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"("> 0</TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"("> =96</TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"("> 40 (6%)</TD></TR></TBODY></TABLE> <DIV class=3DCapt> <DIV class=3DCaptCont> <DIV class=3D"">Excluding patients with unknown surgery and/or=20 radiotherapy</DIV></DIV></DIV></DIV></DIV> <DIV class=3DPara> <DIV class=3D"">For grade 1, 2, 3 and 4 SCA, the 5-year OS was 82, 70, = 28 and 14%.=20 The 5-year CSS was 89, 77, 36 and 20%. Table <A=20 href=3D"http://www.springerlink.com/content/7624132h1854406j/fulltext.htm= l#Tab3">3</A>=20 shows the OS and CSS for the entire cohort of patients with SCA as well = as=20 subgroups of interest. On UVA, younger age, lower grade, resection and = no=20 radiotherapy delivery were significantly favorable predictors of OS and = CSS.=20 There is a non-significant trend towards worse early survival = (<4 years)=20 of the 10=9619 year group versus older adults. Gender (not shown), = race (not=20 shown), and decade of diagnosis did not significantly impact survival.=20 Figure <A=20 href=3D"http://www.springerlink.com/content/7624132h1854406j/fulltext.htm= l#Fig1">1</A>=20 depicts the Kaplan=96Meier OS by grade.<A name=3DTab3></A> <DIV class=3DCapt>Table 3 Patient = outcome:=20 astrocytoma </DIV> <TABLE border=3D1> <COLGROUP> <COL align=3Dleft> <COL align=3Dchar char=3D"."> <COL align=3Dchar char=3D"."> <COL align=3Dchar char=3D"."> <COL align=3Dleft> <COL align=3Dchar char=3D"."> <COL align=3Dleft> <COL align=3Dleft> <COL align=3Dchar char=3D"."> <COL align=3Dchar char=3D"."> <COL align=3Dchar char=3D"."> <COL align=3Dleft> <COL align=3Dleft></COLGROUP> <THEAD> <TR class=3Dheader> <TH align=3Dleft rowSpan=3D2> </TH> <TH align=3Dleft colSpan=3D7 char=3D"."> Overall survival</TH> <TH align=3Dleft char=3D"."> Cause specific survival</TH> <TD class=3Dauto-generated> </TD> <TD class=3Dauto-generated> </TD> <TD class=3Dauto-generated> </TD> <TD class=3Dauto-generated> </TD> <TD class=3Dauto-generated> </TD></TR> <TR class=3Dheader> <TH align=3Dleft char=3D"."> 1 years (%)</TH> <TH align=3Dleft char=3D"."> 5 years (%)</TH> <TH align=3Dleft char=3D"."> 10 years (%)</TH> <TH align=3Dleft> MS (months)</TH> <TH align=3Dleft char=3D"."> P value UVA</TH> <TH align=3Dleft> P value MVA</TH> <TH align=3Dleft> P value MVAa </TH> <TH align=3Dleft char=3D"."> 1 years (%)</TH> <TH align=3Dleft char=3D"."> 10 years (%)</TH> <TH align=3Dleft char=3D"."> P value UVA</TH> <TH align=3Dleft> P value MVA</TH> <TH align=3Dleft> P value MVAa </TH></TR></THEAD> <TBODY> <TR class=3Dnoclass> <TD align=3Dleft> All patients</TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> 79</TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> 58</TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> 52</TD> <TD align=3Dleft> 133</TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> </TD> <TD align=3Dleft> </TD> <TD align=3Dleft> </TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> 83</TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> 62</TD> <TD align=3Dleft char=3D"."> </TD> <TD align=3Dleft> </TD> <TD align=3Dleft> </TD></TR> <TR class=3Dnoclass> <TD align=3Dleft colSpan=3D13> Grade (as outlined in =93<A=20 = href=3D"http://www.springerlink.com/content/7624132h1854406j/fulltext.htm= l#Sec2">Methods</A>=94)=20 </TD></TR> <TR class=3Dnoclass> <TD align=3Dleft> 1</TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> 93</TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> 82</TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> 74</TD> <TD align=3Dleft> NR @ 360</TD> <TD align=3Dchar rowSpan=3D5 char=3D"."> <0.00001</TD> <TD align=3Dleft rowSpan=3D5> <0.0001</TD> <TD align=3Dleft rowSpan=3D5> <0.0001</TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> 96</TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> 88</TD> <TD align=3Dchar rowSpan=3D5 char=3D"."> <0.00001</TD> <TD align=3Dleft rowSpan=3D5> <0.0001</TD> <TD align=3Dleft rowSpan=3D5> <0.0001</TD></TR> <TR class=3Dnoclass> <TD align=3Dleft> 2</TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> 87</TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> 70</TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> 62</TD> <TD align=3Dleft> 248</TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> 92</TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> 73</TD></TR> <TR class=3Dnoclass> <TD align=3Dleft> 3</TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> 65</TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> 28</TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> 23</TD> <TD align=3Dleft> 19</TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> 70</TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> 30</TD></TR> <TR class=3Dnoclass> <TD align=3Dleft> 4</TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> 46</TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> 15</TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> 11</TD> <TD align=3Dleft> 10</TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> 49</TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> 17</TD></TR> <TR class=3Dnoclass> <TD align=3Dleft> ?</TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> 84</TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> 68</TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> 64</TD> <TD align=3Dleft> 237</TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> 89</TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> 73</TD></TR> <TR class=3Dnoclass> <TD align=3Dleft colSpan=3D13> Grade (as scored in SEER database)</TD></TR> <TR class=3Dnoclass> <TD align=3Dleft> Well differentiated; grade I</TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> 92</TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> 80</TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> 68</TD> <TD align=3Dleft> 277</TD> <TD align=3Dchar rowSpan=3D5 char=3D"."> <0.00001</TD> <TD align=3Dleft rowSpan=3D5> Not run</TD> <TD align=3Dleft rowSpan=3D5> Not run</TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> 95</TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> 85</TD> <TD align=3Dchar rowSpan=3D5 char=3D"."> <0.00001</TD> <TD align=3Dleft rowSpan=3D5> Not run</TD> <TD align=3Dleft rowSpan=3D5> Not run</TD></TR> <TR class=3Dnoclass> <TD align=3Dleft> Moderately differentiated; grade II</TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> 89</TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> 71</TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> 65</TD> <TD align=3Dleft> 250</TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> 93</TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> 76</TD></TR> <TR class=3Dnoclass> <TD align=3Dleft> Poorly differentiated; grade III</TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> 72</TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> 36</TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> 31</TD> <TD align=3Dleft> 22</TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> 74</TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> 37</TD></TR> <TR class=3Dnoclass> <TD align=3Dleft> Undifferentiated; anaplastic grade IV</TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> 58</TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> 23</TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> 17</TD> <TD align=3Dleft> 15</TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> 64</TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> 25</TD></TR> <TR class=3Dnoclass> <TD align=3Dleft> Unknown</TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> 80</TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> 64</TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> 60</TD> <TD align=3Dleft> 186</TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> 84</TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> 67</TD></TR> <TR class=3Dnoclass> <TD align=3Dleft colSpan=3D13> Age</TD></TR> <TR class=3Dnoclass> <TD align=3Dleft> <1=969</TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> 94</TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> 84</TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> 80</TD> <TD align=3Dleft> 360</TD> <TD align=3Dchar rowSpan=3D5 char=3D"."> <0.00001</TD> <TD align=3Dleft rowSpan=3D5> <0.0001</TD> <TD align=3Dleft rowSpan=3D5> <0.0001</TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> 95</TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> 88</TD> <TD align=3Dchar rowSpan=3D5 char=3D"."> <0.00001</TD> <TD align=3Dleft rowSpan=3D5> 0.028</TD> <TD align=3Dleft rowSpan=3D5> 0.008</TD></TR> <TR class=3Dnoclass> <TD align=3Dleft> 10=9619</TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> 71</TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> 59</TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> 54</TD> <TD align=3Dleft> 181</TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> 74</TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> 60</TD></TR> <TR class=3Dnoclass> <TD align=3Dleft> 20=9639</TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> 81</TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> 56</TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> 54</TD> <TD align=3Dleft> 198</TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> 84</TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> 61</TD></TR> <TR class=3Dnoclass> <TD align=3Dleft> 40=9659</TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> 81</TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> 53</TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> 43</TD> <TD align=3Dleft> 66</TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> 85</TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> 52</TD></TR> <TR class=3Dnoclass> <TD align=3Dleft> ≥60</TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> 62</TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> 40</TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> 24</TD> <TD align=3Dleft> 23</TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> 74</TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> 53</TD></TR> <TR class=3Dnoclass> <TD align=3Dleft colSpan=3D13> Decade diagnosed</TD></TR> <TR class=3Dnoclass> <TD align=3Dleft> 1970s</TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> 79</TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> 52</TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> 44</TD> <TD align=3Dleft> 72</TD> <TD align=3Dchar rowSpan=3D4 char=3D"."> 0.38</TD> <TD align=3Dleft rowSpan=3D4> Not run</TD> <TD align=3Dleft rowSpan=3D4> Not run</TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> 81</TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> 52</TD> <TD align=3Dchar rowSpan=3D4 char=3D"."> 0.33</TD> <TD align=3Dleft rowSpan=3D4> Not run</TD> <TD align=3Dleft rowSpan=3D4> Not run</TD></TR> <TR class=3Dnoclass> <TD align=3Dleft> 1980s</TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> 74</TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> 60</TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> 54</TD> <TD align=3Dleft> 135</TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> 80</TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> 65</TD></TR> <TR class=3Dnoclass> <TD align=3Dleft> 1990s</TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> 80</TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> 58</TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> 53</TD> <TD align=3Dleft> NR @ 189</TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> 86</TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> 63</TD></TR> <TR class=3Dnoclass> <TD align=3Dleft> 2000s</TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> 82</TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> 59</TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> =96</TD> <TD align=3Dleft> NR @ 71</TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> 85</TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> =96</TD></TR> <TR class=3Dnoclass> <TD align=3Dleft colSpan=3D13> Resection</TD></TR> <TR class=3Dnoclass> <TD align=3Dleft> No resection</TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> 70</TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> 47</TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> 38</TD> <TD align=3Dleft> 52</TD> <TD align=3Dchar rowSpan=3D2 char=3D"."> <0.00001</TD> <TD align=3Dleft rowSpan=3D2> 0.002</TD> <TD align=3Dleft rowSpan=3D2> 0.004</TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> 75</TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> 47</TD> <TD align=3Dchar rowSpan=3D2 char=3D"."> <0.00001</TD> <TD align=3Dleft rowSpan=3D2> <0.0001</TD> <TD align=3Dleft rowSpan=3D2> 0.001</TD></TR> <TR class=3Dnoclass> <TD align=3Dleft> Resection</TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> 83</TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> 63</TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> 57</TD> <TD align=3Dleft> 228</TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> 86</TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> 68</TD></TR> <TR class=3Dnoclass> <TD align=3Dleft colSpan=3D13> Radiotherapy</TD></TR> <TR class=3Dnoclass> <TD align=3Dleft> No radiotherapy</TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> 86</TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> 75</TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> 69</TD> <TD align=3Dleft> NR @ 366</TD> <TD align=3Dchar rowSpan=3D2 char=3D"."> <0.00001</TD> <TD align=3Dleft rowSpan=3D2> 0.43</TD> <TD align=3Dleft rowSpan=3D2> 0.11</TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> 91</TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> 82</TD> <TD align=3Dchar rowSpan=3D2 char=3D"."> <0.00001</TD> <TD align=3Dleft rowSpan=3D2> 0.062</TD> <TD align=3Dleft rowSpan=3D2> 0.014</TD></TR> <TR class=3Dnoclass> <TD align=3Dleft> Radiation delivered</TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> 75</TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> 47</TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> 40</TD> <TD align=3Dleft> 53</TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> 77</TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> 49</TD></TR></TBODY></TABLE> <DIV class=3DCapt> <DIV class=3DCaptCont> <DIV class=3D"">aMVA model in which grade unknown is = reassigned as=20 grade 2 </DIV></DIV> <DIV class=3DCaptCont> <DIV class=3D"">MS Median survival, NOS not otherwise = specified,=20 NR not reached, UVA univariate analyses, MVA = multivariate=20 analyses </DIV></DIV> <DIV class=3DCaptCont> <DIV class=3D"">? =3D unknown</DIV></DIV></DIV> <DIV class=3DFigure><A name=3DFig1></A><IMG=20 alt=3DMediaObjects/11060_2009_54_Fig1_HTML.gif=20 src=3D"http://www.springerlink.com/content/7624132h1854406j/MediaObjects/= 11060_2009_54_Fig1_HTML.gif"></DIV> <DIV class=3DCapt>Fig. 1 Kaplan=96Meier overall=20 survival of spinal cord astrocytoma by grade. Beyond 25 years, the = total=20 number of patients at risk is small (31), so survival is shown only up = to=20 25 years </DIV> <HR> </DIV></DIV> The survival outcomes by grade as classified in the SEER = database=20 were comparable to survival outcomes by grade as described in the =93<A=20 href=3D"http://www.springerlink.com/content/7624132h1854406j/fulltext.htm= l#Sec2">Methods</A>=94,=20 with the exception of an appreciably better OS and CSS in patients = classified as=20 =93Undifferentiated; anaplastic Grade IV=94 in the SEER database as = compared to=20 grade 4 in the present study. Also, patients classified as =93Well = differentiated;=20 Grade I=94 in the SEER database experienced a slightly worse long-term = survival as=20 compared to patients classified as grade 1 in the present study. Multivariate analyses of OS and CSS were run, in which age = and grade=20 were treated as continuous variables, while radiation delivery and = resection=20 were treated as discrete variables (yes/no). Younger age, lower grade = and=20 resection were significantly favorable variables. Additional MVA models = were=20 performed for OS and CSS, in which unknown grade was reclassified as = grade 2.=20 With the =93grade unknown → 2=94 MVA model, age, grade = and resection=20 remained significant, while the use of radiotherapy (adverse factor) was = significant for CSS. To explore the potential impact of SCA tumor size, = additional MVA=20 models were run in which tumor size was included as a continuous = variable. For=20 OS, tumor size was significant (P =3D 0.048) in the MVA = models in=20 which unknown grade was excluded (98 patients analyzed) and borderline=20 significant (P =3D 0.077) in the =93grade = unknown → 2=94=20 MVA models (111 patients analyzed); grade = (P < 0.0001 in=20 both models) and age (P =3D 0.005 and 0.007) were = significant,=20 while resection (P =3D 0.99 and 0.89) and use of = radiotherapy=20 (P =3D 0.41 and 0.83) were not significant. For CSS, = tumor size=20 was not significant in either MVA model (P > 0.2); = grade=20 (P < 0.0001 in both models) and age=20 (P =3D 0.015 and 0.026) were significant, while = resection=20 (P =3D 0.65 and 0.92) and use of radiotherapy=20 (P =3D 0.50 and 0.99) were not significant. </DIV> <DIV class=3D""><A name=3DSec8></A> <DIV class=3DHeading3>Spinal cord ependymoma</DIV> Table <A=20 href=3D"http://www.springerlink.com/content/7624132h1854406j/fulltext.htm= l#Tab2">2</A>=20 summarizes the treatment with respect to surgery and radiotherapy for = SCE. More=20 patients with low grade SCE, as compared to high grade SCE, underwent = resection=20 alone. <DIV class=3DPara> <DIV class=3D"">For grade 1, 2, and 3 SCE, the 5-year OS was 92, 97 and = 58%. The=20 5-year CSS was 100, 98 and 64%. Table <A=20 href=3D"http://www.springerlink.com/content/7624132h1854406j/fulltext.htm= l#Tab4">4</A>=20 shows the OS and CSS for the entire cohort of patients with SCE as well = as=20 subgroups of interest. On UVA, younger age, lower grade, earlier decade = of=20 diagnosis, resection and no radiotherapy delivery were significantly = favorable=20 predictors of OS and CSS. The 10=9619 year old age group = experienced a=20 non-significant trend towards worse OS compared to younger children and = adults=20 <60 years (5-year OS of 80 vs. 93%, = P =3D 0.16). After=20 15=9620 years, the OS of the 10=9619 year old subgroup begins = to exceed=20 the OS of older adults. Gender and race (not shown) did not = significantly impact=20 survival. Figure <A=20 href=3D"http://www.springerlink.com/content/7624132h1854406j/fulltext.htm= l#Fig2">2</A>=20 depicts the Kaplan=96Meier OS by grade.<A name=3DTab4></A> <DIV class=3DCapt>Table 4 Patient = outcome:=20 ependymoma </DIV> <TABLE border=3D1> <COLGROUP> <COL align=3Dleft> <COL align=3Dchar char=3D"."> <COL align=3Dchar char=3D"."> <COL align=3Dchar char=3D"."> <COL align=3Dleft> <COL align=3Dchar char=3D"."> <COL align=3Dleft> <COL align=3Dleft> <COL align=3Dchar char=3D"."> <COL align=3Dchar char=3D"."> <COL align=3Dchar char=3D"."> <COL align=3Dleft> <COL align=3Dleft></COLGROUP> <THEAD> <TR class=3Dheader> <TH align=3Dleft rowSpan=3D2> </TH> <TH align=3Dleft colSpan=3D7 char=3D"."> Overall survival</TH> <TH align=3Dleft char=3D"."> Cause specific survival</TH> <TD class=3Dauto-generated> </TD> <TD class=3Dauto-generated> </TD> <TD class=3Dauto-generated> </TD> <TD class=3Dauto-generated> </TD> <TD class=3Dauto-generated> </TD></TR> <TR class=3Dheader> <TH align=3Dleft char=3D"."> 1 years (%)</TH> <TH align=3Dleft char=3D"."> 5 years (%)</TH> <TH align=3Dleft char=3D"."> 10 years (%)</TH> <TH align=3Dleft> MS (months)</TH> <TH align=3Dleft char=3D"."> P value UVA</TH> <TH align=3Dleft> P value MVA</TH> <TH align=3Dleft> P value MVAa </TH> <TH align=3Dleft char=3D"."> 1 years (%)</TH> <TH align=3Dleft char=3D"."> 10 years (%)</TH> <TH align=3Dleft char=3D"."> P value UVA</TH> <TH align=3Dleft> P value MVA</TH> <TH align=3Dleft> P value MVAa </TH></TR></THEAD> <TBODY> <TR class=3Dnoclass> <TD align=3Dleft> All patients</TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> 97</TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> 90</TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> 81</TD> <TD align=3Dleft> 300</TD> <TD align=3Dleft char=3D"."> </TD> <TD align=3Dleft> </TD> <TD align=3Dleft> </TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> 99</TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> 93</TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> </TD> <TD align=3Dleft> </TD> <TD align=3Dleft> </TD></TR> <TR class=3Dnoclass> <TD align=3Dleft colSpan=3D13> Grade (as outlined in =93<A=20 = href=3D"http://www.springerlink.com/content/7624132h1854406j/fulltext.htm= l#Sec2">Methods</A>=94)=20 </TD></TR> <TR class=3Dnoclass> <TD align=3Dleft> 1</TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> 98</TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> 92</TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> 73</TD> <TD align=3Dleft> NR @ 315</TD> <TD align=3Dchar rowSpan=3D4 char=3D"."> 0.002</TD> <TD align=3Dleft rowSpan=3D4> *</TD> <TD align=3Dleft rowSpan=3D4> *</TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> 100</TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> 93</TD> <TD align=3Dchar rowSpan=3D4 char=3D"."> <0.00001</TD> <TD align=3Dleft rowSpan=3D4> *</TD> <TD align=3Dleft rowSpan=3D4> *</TD></TR> <TR class=3Dnoclass> <TD align=3Dleft> 2</TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> 100</TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> 97</TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> 91</TD> <TD align=3Dleft> NR @ 375</TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> 100</TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> 98</TD></TR> <TR class=3Dnoclass> <TD align=3Dleft> 3</TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> 96</TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> 58</TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> 51</TD> <TD align=3Dleft> NR @ 264</TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> 96</TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> 56</TD></TR> <TR class=3Dnoclass> <TD align=3Dleft> ?</TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> 96</TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> 90</TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> 81</TD> <TD align=3Dleft> 298</TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> 98</TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> 93</TD></TR> <TR class=3Dnoclass> <TD align=3Dleft> Grade 1=962 versus 3</TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> </TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> </TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> </TD> <TD align=3Dleft> </TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> 0.0001</TD> <TD align=3Dleft> <0.0001</TD> <TD align=3Dleft> <0.0001</TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> </TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> </TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> <0.00001</TD> <TD align=3Dleft> <0.0001</TD> <TD align=3Dleft> <0.0001</TD></TR> <TR class=3Dnoclass> <TD align=3Dleft colSpan=3D13> Grade (as scored in SEER database)</TD></TR> <TR class=3Dnoclass> <TD align=3Dleft> Well differentiated; grade I</TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> 96</TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> 91</TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> 73</TD> <TD align=3Dleft> NR @ 315</TD> <TD align=3Dchar rowSpan=3D5 char=3D"."> <0.00001</TD> <TD align=3Dleft rowSpan=3D5> Not run</TD> <TD align=3Dleft rowSpan=3D5> Not run</TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> 100</TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> 92</TD> <TD align=3Dchar rowSpan=3D5 char=3D"."> <0.00001</TD> <TD align=3Dleft rowSpan=3D5> Not run</TD> <TD align=3Dleft rowSpan=3D5> Not run</TD></TR> <TR class=3Dnoclass> <TD align=3Dleft> Moderately differentiated; grade II</TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> 100</TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> 97</TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> 91</TD> <TD align=3Dleft> 222</TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> 100</TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> 98</TD></TR> <TR class=3Dnoclass> <TD align=3Dleft> Poorly differentiated; grade III</TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> 100</TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> 38</TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> =96</TD> <TD align=3Dleft> 32</TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> 100</TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> <50</TD></TR> <TR class=3Dnoclass> <TD align=3Dleft> Undifferentiated; anaplastic grade IV</TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> 94</TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> 54</TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> 45</TD> <TD align=3Dleft> 72</TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> 94</TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> 48</TD></TR> <TR class=3Dnoclass> <TD align=3Dleft> Unknown</TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> 97</TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> 90</TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> 81</TD> <TD align=3Dleft> 298</TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> 98</TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> 93</TD></TR> <TR class=3Dnoclass> <TD align=3Dleft colSpan=3D13> Age</TD></TR> <TR class=3Dnoclass> <TD align=3Dleft> <1=969</TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> 100</TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> 100</TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> 100</TD> <TD align=3Dleft> NR @ 294</TD> <TD align=3Dchar rowSpan=3D5 char=3D"."> <0.00001</TD> <TD align=3Dleft rowSpan=3D5> <0.0001</TD> <TD align=3Dleft rowSpan=3D5> <0.0001</TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> 100</TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> 100</TD> <TD align=3Dchar rowSpan=3D5 char=3D"."> 0.002</TD> <TD align=3Dleft rowSpan=3D5> 0.070</TD> <TD align=3Dleft rowSpan=3D5> 0.002</TD></TR> <TR class=3Dnoclass> <TD align=3Dleft> 10=9619</TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> 95</TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> 80</TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> 73</TD> <TD align=3Dleft> NR @ 390</TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> 96</TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> 84</TD></TR> <TR class=3Dnoclass> <TD align=3Dleft> 20=9639</TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> 100</TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> 95</TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> 90</TD> <TD align=3Dleft> NR @ 386</TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> 100</TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> 94</TD></TR> <TR class=3Dnoclass> <TD align=3Dleft> 40=9659</TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> 98</TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> 92</TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> 84</TD> <TD align=3Dleft> 278</TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> 100</TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> 94</TD></TR> <TR class=3Dnoclass> <TD align=3Dleft> ≥60</TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> 89</TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> 78</TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> 49</TD> <TD align=3Dleft> 119</TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> 94</TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> 85</TD></TR> <TR class=3Dnoclass> <TD align=3Dleft colSpan=3D13> Decade diagnosed</TD></TR> <TR class=3Dnoclass> <TD align=3Dleft> 1970s</TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> 98</TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> 81</TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> 69</TD> <TD align=3Dleft> 215</TD> <TD align=3Dchar rowSpan=3D4 char=3D"."> 0.002</TD> <TD align=3Dleft> </TD> <TD align=3Dleft> </TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> 98</TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> 78</TD> <TD align=3Dchar rowSpan=3D4 char=3D"."> <0.00001</TD> <TD align=3Dleft> </TD> <TD align=3Dleft> </TD></TR> <TR class=3Dnoclass> <TD align=3Dleft> 1980s</TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> 95</TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> 87</TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> 77</TD> <TD align=3Dleft> 280</TD> <TD align=3Dleft> </TD> <TD align=3Dleft> </TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> 96</TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> 89</TD> <TD align=3Dleft> </TD> <TD align=3Dleft> </TD></TR> <TR class=3Dnoclass> <TD align=3Dleft> 1990s</TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> 96</TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> 90</TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> 82</TD> <TD align=3Dleft> NR @ 190</TD> <TD align=3Dleft> </TD> <TD align=3Dleft> </TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> 98</TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> 94</TD> <TD align=3Dleft> </TD> <TD align=3Dleft> </TD></TR> <TR class=3Dnoclass> <TD align=3Dleft> 2000s</TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> 98</TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> 92</TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> =96</TD> <TD align=3Dleft> NR @ 71</TD> <TD align=3Dleft> </TD> <TD align=3Dleft> </TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> 99</TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> =96</TD> <TD align=3Dleft> </TD> <TD align=3Dleft> </TD></TR> <TR class=3Dnoclass> <TD align=3Dleft> Year of diagnosis</TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> </TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> </TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> </TD> <TD align=3Dleft> </TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> </TD> <TD align=3Dleft> 0.11</TD> <TD align=3Dleft> 0.013</TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> </TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> </TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> </TD> <TD align=3Dleft> 0.11</TD> <TD align=3Dleft> 0.003</TD></TR> <TR class=3Dnoclass> <TD align=3Dleft colSpan=3D13> Resection</TD></TR> <TR class=3Dnoclass> <TD align=3Dleft> No resection</TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> 86</TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> 71</TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> 65</TD> <TD align=3Dleft> 292</TD> <TD align=3Dchar rowSpan=3D2 char=3D"."> 0.002</TD> <TD align=3Dleft rowSpan=3D2> 0.005</TD> <TD align=3Dleft rowSpan=3D2> 0.001</TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> 94</TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> 77</TD> <TD align=3Dchar rowSpan=3D2 char=3D"."> 0.003</TD> <TD align=3Dleft rowSpan=3D2> 0.011</TD> <TD align=3Dleft rowSpan=3D2> 0.003</TD></TR> <TR class=3Dnoclass> <TD align=3Dleft> Resection</TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> 98</TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> 92</TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> 82</TD> <TD align=3Dleft> 296</TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> 99</TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> 94</TD></TR> <TR class=3Dnoclass> <TD align=3Dleft colSpan=3D13> Radiotherapy</TD></TR> <TR class=3Dnoclass> <TD align=3Dleft> No radiotherapy</TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> 97</TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> 92</TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> 84</TD> <TD align=3Dleft> NR @ 390</TD> <TD align=3Dchar rowSpan=3D2 char=3D"."> 0.002</TD> <TD align=3Dleft rowSpan=3D2> 0.056</TD> <TD align=3Dleft rowSpan=3D2> 0.045</TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> 99</TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> 96</TD> <TD align=3Dchar rowSpan=3D2 char=3D"."> 0.001</TD> <TD align=3Dleft rowSpan=3D2> 0.66</TD> <TD align=3Dleft rowSpan=3D2> 0.17</TD></TR> <TR class=3Dnoclass> <TD align=3Dleft> Radiation delivered</TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> 98</TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> 89</TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> 75</TD> <TD align=3Dleft> 249</TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> 99</TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> 87</TD></TR></TBODY></TABLE> <DIV class=3DCapt> <DIV class=3DCaptCont> <DIV class=3D"">aMVA model in which grade unknown is = reassigned as=20 grade 2 </DIV></DIV> <DIV class=3DCaptCont> <DIV class=3D"">*When grade was included as a continuous variable, grade = was not=20 significant for OS (P > 0.1), while it was = significant for=20 CSS (P ≤ 0.001). The MVA models shown include = grade as a=20 discrete variable (1=962 vs. 3) </DIV></DIV> <DIV class=3DCaptCont> <DIV class=3D"">MS Median survival, NOS not otherwise = specified,=20 NR not reached, UVA univariate analyses, MVA = multivariate=20 analyses </DIV></DIV> <DIV class=3DCaptCont> <DIV class=3D"">? =3D unknown</DIV></DIV></DIV> <DIV class=3DFigure><A name=3DFig2></A><IMG=20 alt=3DMediaObjects/11060_2009_54_Fig2_HTML.gif=20 src=3D"http://www.springerlink.com/content/7624132h1854406j/MediaObjects/= 11060_2009_54_Fig2_HTML.gif"></DIV> <DIV class=3DCapt>Fig. 2 Kaplan=96Meier overall=20 survival of spinal cord ependymoma by grade. Beyond 25 years, the = total=20 number of patients at risk is small (25), so survival is shown only up = to=20 25 years </DIV> <HR> </DIV></DIV> The survival outcomes by grade as classified in the SEER = database=20 were comparable to survival outcomes by grade as described in the =93<A=20 href=3D"http://www.springerlink.com/content/7624132h1854406j/fulltext.htm= l#Sec2">Methods</A>=94.=20 Interestingly, patients classified as having grade 1 SCE experienced a=20 non-significant trend towards worse OS versus those with grade 2 SCE=20 (P =3D 0.063), though CSS was more similar. Multivariate analyses of OS and CSS were run, in which age = and year=20 of diagnosis were treated as continuous variables, while grade (1=962 = vs. 3),=20 radiation (yes/no) and any resection (yes/no) were treated as discrete=20 variables. Additional MVA models were performed for OS and CSS, in which = unknown=20 grade was reclassified as grade 2. Grade 1=962 versus 3 was significant = in all MVA=20 models. Younger age was favorable for OS and CSS. No radiation delivery = was=20 favorable for OS; resection was significantly favorable for OS and CSS. = A more=20 recent year of diagnosis was significantly favorable for OS and CSS in = the=20 =93grade unknown → 2=94 MVA models. To explore the potential impact of SCE tumor size, = additional MVA=20 models were run in which tumor size was included as a continuous = variable. For=20 OS, tumor size was not significant (P =3D 0.56) in the = MVA model=20 in which unknown grade was excluded (154 patients analyzed) or in the = =93grade=20 unknown → 2=94 MVA model (P =3D 0.24; = 352 patients=20 analyzed). In both MVA models of OS, in which size was included, grade = was not=20 significant (P =3D 0.20 and 0.13), while younger age=20 (P =3D 0.038 and <0.0001) and resection=20 (P =3D <0.0001 and 0.001) were significant; = radiotherapy=20 delivery was significant (P =3D 0.050) in the =93grade=20 unknown → 2=94 model. For CSS, no variable, including = tumor size=20 (P =3D 0.91) was significant = (P > 0.2 for all=20 variables) in the MVA model in which unknown grade was excluded. For the = =93grade=20 unknown → 2=94 CSS MVA model, grade = (P =3D 0.025),=20 younger age (P =3D 0.017), more recent year of = diagnosis=20 (P =3D 0.002), and resection = (P =3D 0.010) were=20 significantly favorable, while smaller tumor size = (P =3D 0.12)=20 and radiotherapy (P =3D 0.12) were not. </DIV> <DIV class=3D""><A name=3DSec9></A> <DIV class=3DHeading3>Patient outcome: use of radiotherapy</DIV> <DIV class=3DPara> <DIV class=3D"">Table <A=20 href=3D"http://www.springerlink.com/content/7624132h1854406j/fulltext.htm= l#Tab5">5</A>=20 summarize the OS and CSS of patients with grade 2=964 SCG, treated with = resection=20 with or without adjuvant radiotherapy. Patients with resected grade 2 = SCE=20 treated with radiotherapy experienced a worse OS compared to those not = treated=20 with radiotherapy, though CSS was similar. Patients with resected grade = 2 SCA=20 treated with radiotherapy experienced a worse OS and CSS compared to = those not=20 treated with radiotherapy. In patients with resected high grade SCG, OS = and CSS=20 were not significantly impacted by whether or not radiotherapy was = delivered.<A=20 name=3DTab5></A> <DIV class=3DCapt>Table 5 Radiotherapy </DIV> <TABLE border=3D1> <COLGROUP> <COL align=3Dleft> <COL align=3Dchar char=3D"."> <COL align=3Dchar char=3D"."> <COL align=3Dchar char=3D"."> <COL align=3Dchar char=3D"."> <COL align=3Dchar char=3D"."></COLGROUP> <THEAD> <TR class=3Dheader> <TH align=3Dleft> </TH> <TH align=3Dleft char=3D"."> Number</TH> <TH align=3Dleft char=3D"."> 10-year OS (%)</TH> <TH align=3Dleft char=3D"."> P value </TH> <TH align=3Dleft char=3D"."> 10-year CSS (%)</TH> <TH align=3Dleft char=3D"."> P value </TH></TR></THEAD> <TBODY> <TR class=3Dnoclass> <TD align=3Dleft colSpan=3D6> Grade 2 ependymoma s/p resection</TD></TR> <TR class=3Dnoclass> <TD align=3Dleft> No radiotherapy</TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> 97</TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> 99</TD> <TD align=3Dchar rowSpan=3D2 char=3D"."> 0.041</TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> 99</TD> <TD align=3Dchar rowSpan=3D2 char=3D"."> 0.88</TD></TR> <TR class=3Dnoclass> <TD align=3Dleft> Radiotherapy</TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> 41</TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> 80</TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> 100</TD></TR></TBODY></TABLE> <TABLE border=3D1> <COLGROUP> <COL align=3Dleft> <COL align=3Dchar char=3D"."> <COL align=3Dchar char=3D"."> <COL align=3Dchar char=3D"."> <COL align=3Dchar char=3D"."> <COL align=3Dchar char=3D"."></COLGROUP> <THEAD> <TR class=3Dheader> <TH align=3Dleft> </TH> <TH align=3Dleft char=3D"."> Number</TH> <TH align=3Dleft char=3D"."> 5-year OS (%)</TH> <TH align=3Dleft char=3D"."> P value </TH> <TH align=3Dleft char=3D"."> 5-year CSS (%)</TH> <TH align=3Dleft char=3D"."> P value </TH></TR></THEAD> <TBODY> <TR class=3Dnoclass> <TD align=3Dleft colSpan=3D6> Grade 2 astrocytoma s/p resection</TD></TR> <TR class=3Dnoclass> <TD align=3Dleft> No radiotherapy</TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> 48</TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> 86</TD> <TD align=3Dchar rowSpan=3D2 char=3D"."> 0.042</TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> 92</TD> <TD align=3Dchar rowSpan=3D2 char=3D"."> 0.083</TD></TR> <TR class=3Dnoclass> <TD align=3Dleft> Radiotherapy</TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> 61</TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> 74</TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> 79</TD></TR> <TR class=3Dnoclass> <TD align=3Dleft colSpan=3D6> Grade 3=964 astrocytoma s/p resection</TD></TR> <TR class=3Dnoclass> <TD align=3Dleft> No radiotherapy</TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> 29</TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> 29</TD> <TD align=3Dchar rowSpan=3D2 char=3D"."> 0.94</TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> 47</TD> <TD align=3Dchar rowSpan=3D2 char=3D"."> 0.50</TD></TR> <TR class=3Dnoclass> <TD align=3Dleft> Radiotherapy</TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> 116</TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> 21</TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> 28</TD></TR></TBODY></TABLE></DIV></DIV></DIV></DIV> <DIV class=3D""><A name=3DSec10></A> <HR> <DIV class=3Dheading2>Discussion</DIV> Spinal cord glioma is a rare malignancy, for which the = management is=20 challenging due to potentially devastating consequences of the disease = as well=20 as paucity of published data. Given the relative rarity, SCG is = well-suited for=20 retrospective studies, and the SEER database provides a large study = cohort with=20 long follow-up. Several retrospective studies suggest that grade and = histology are=20 significant predictors of survival and disease control, with lower grade = tumors=20 and ependymomas having the best prognosis. The present study confirms = these=20 findings. Nevertheless, comparing outcomes of like-graded tumors between = different studies, and even within the same study, can be a challenge = due to the=20 difficulty in accurately and reproducibly assigning a grade. Several = factors=20 complicate glioma grading, including: (1) tissue sampling errors; (2) = variable=20 levels of pathology expertise; (3) differing criteria with which grade = is=20 assigned; (4) availability and use different pathologic staging systems = over the=20 course of decades. Database discrepancies, inconsistencies and/or coding = errors=20 can also be problematic. Major limitations of this study are (1) a large = percentage of patients with unknown grade; and (2) among those who were = assigned=20 a grade, a uniform grading system was not used. While after 2004, WHO = grading=20 was to be recorded in the optional =93CS Site-Specific Factor 1=94 = field, this field=20 was scored as unknown for all patients, even if a grade was assigned in = the SEER=20 grade field, suggesting that registries did not opt to use the =93CS = Site-Specific=20 Factor 1=94 field and/or used other grading systems. In our study, greater age was an adverse predictor of OS = and CSS for=20 SCA and SCE, a finding which contradicts a recent multi-institutional = pooled=20 analysis [<CITE><A=20 href=3D"http://www.springerlink.com/content/7624132h1854406j/fulltext.htm= l#CR39">39</A></CITE>].=20 Interestingly, the subgroup of patients aged 10=9619 experienced a=20 non-significantly worse OS and CSS as compared to younger children and=20 non-elderly adults. These differences do not appear to be attributable = to=20 differences in the distribution of grade or histology (data not shown). = Possible=20 reasons for these differences are unknown. Grade was highly significant for OS and CSS of SCG, = consistent with=20 innumerable other studies (see =93<A=20 href=3D"http://www.springerlink.com/content/7624132h1854406j/fulltext.htm= l#Sec1">Introduction</A>=94).=20 Interestingly, the OS for grade 1 SCE was non-significantly worse than = grade 2=20 SCE, which resulted in grade being non-significant when treated as a = continuous=20 variable in the MVA for SCE (Table <A=20 href=3D"http://www.springerlink.com/content/7624132h1854406j/fulltext.htm= l#Tab4">4</A>).=20 Low grade (grade 1=962) versus grade 3 SCE was highly significant in MVA = models=20 for OS and CSS. Grade 1 myxopapillary ependymomas can be characterized by = early=20 progression, and relatively poor OS [<CITE><A=20 href=3D"http://www.springerlink.com/content/7624132h1854406j/fulltext.htm= l#CR48">48</A></CITE>],=20 perhaps contributing to the relatively worse OS of grade 1 SCE. Most = (>95%)=20 of the patients identified as having myxopapillary ependymoma in the = SEER=20 database were diagnosed after 2000, and thus a meaningful comparison = could not=20 be made in our analysis. Grade as a continuous variable was significant = in MVA=20 models for CSS, suggesting that the worse OS of grade 1 SCE in this = study may=20 also reflect confounding variables. This discrepancy may also reflect = the=20 difficulty in grading gliomas (as described above), as well as the = manner in=20 which grade was assigned in this study. As described in the =93<A=20 href=3D"http://www.springerlink.com/content/7624132h1854406j/fulltext.htm= l#Sec2">Methods</A>=94,=20 from 2004, ependymomas were characterized as =91malignant=92, = =91borderline=92 or=20 =91benign=92, while prior to 2004, only =91malignant=92 ependymomas were = included. While=20 tumors which would have been scored as =91borderline=92 or =91benign=92 = after 2004, may=20 have been included as grade 1 =91malignant=92 tumors prior to 2004 = (since the=20 classification of grade 1 ependymomas as =91malignant=92, = =91borderline=92 or =91benign=92=20 is a matter of semantics), perhaps many of these tumors were not = included in the=20 SEER database prior to 2004. This would potentially create a different = patient=20 population of grade 1 tumors after 2004. The long-term survival of = patients in=20 this study reflects patients registered when registries were instructed = to=20 include only =91malignant=92 gliomas. In our study, <35% of grade 1 = tumors were=20 diagnosed prior to 2004 (data not shown). Tumor size was explored as a variable potentially = affecting outcome.=20 For SCA, smaller tumor size appears to favorably impact OS, but not CSS. = Interestingly, whether patients underwent resection or radiotherapy were = not=20 significant when SCA tumor size was included in the MVA. For SCE, tumor = size did=20 not appear to impact survival outcomes; whether patients underwent = resection=20 remained significant when SCE tumor size was included in the MVA models. = Because=20 many patients did not have tumor size recorded (111 patients with SCA = and 352=20 patients with SCE were analyzed for tumor size), and because tumor size, = in=20 general, is not a reliable variable, caution should be used in = interpreting=20 these results. The role of adjuvant radiotherapy after resection of SCG = is not well=20 understood. For high grade SCG, given the relative rarity and generally = poor=20 prognosis, the incremental benefit radiotherapy offers in terms of tumor = control=20 and survival is not well characterized. In our retrospective analysis, = the OS=20 and CSS of patients with grade 3=964 SCG were not significantly impacted = by=20 radiation delivery, albeit perhaps partially attributable to biases = inherent in=20 retrospective analyses. Nevertheless, radiotherapy is known to be = effective=20 against gliomas and remains a standard adjuvant treatment for high grade = SCG.=20 For grade 2 SCG, the benefit of adjuvant radiotherapy is = more=20 controversial. Several retrospective studies have shown that after gross = total=20 resection of grade 2 SCG, post-operative radiotherapy is not needed = [<CITE><A=20 href=3D"http://www.springerlink.com/content/7624132h1854406j/fulltext.htm= l#CR16">16</A></CITE>,=20 <CITE><A=20 href=3D"http://www.springerlink.com/content/7624132h1854406j/fulltext.htm= l#CR18">18</A></CITE>,=20 <CITE><A=20 href=3D"http://www.springerlink.com/content/7624132h1854406j/fulltext.htm= l#CR19">19</A></CITE>,=20 <CITE><A=20 href=3D"http://www.springerlink.com/content/7624132h1854406j/fulltext.htm= l#CR25">25</A></CITE>,=20 <CITE><A=20 href=3D"http://www.springerlink.com/content/7624132h1854406j/fulltext.htm= l#CR32">32</A></CITE>].=20 Certainly, with modern surgical and imaging techniques, total resection = of grade=20 2 SCG is more readily attainable, and close observation with serial = imaging is=20 reasonable [<CITE><A=20 href=3D"http://www.springerlink.com/content/7624132h1854406j/fulltext.htm= l#CR15">15</A></CITE>,=20 <CITE><A=20 href=3D"http://www.springerlink.com/content/7624132h1854406j/fulltext.htm= l#CR16">16</A></CITE>,=20 <CITE><A=20 href=3D"http://www.springerlink.com/content/7624132h1854406j/fulltext.htm= l#CR19">19</A></CITE>,=20 <CITE><A=20 href=3D"http://www.springerlink.com/content/7624132h1854406j/fulltext.htm= l#CR25">25</A></CITE>,=20 <CITE><A=20 href=3D"http://www.springerlink.com/content/7624132h1854406j/fulltext.htm= l#CR28">28</A></CITE>,=20 <CITE><A=20 href=3D"http://www.springerlink.com/content/7624132h1854406j/fulltext.htm= l#CR29">29</A></CITE>,=20 <CITE><A=20 href=3D"http://www.springerlink.com/content/7624132h1854406j/fulltext.htm= l#CR31">31</A></CITE>=96<CITE><A=20 href=3D"http://www.springerlink.com/content/7624132h1854406j/fulltext.htm= l#CR33">33</A></CITE>,=20 <CITE><A=20 href=3D"http://www.springerlink.com/content/7624132h1854406j/fulltext.htm= l#CR39">39</A></CITE>].=20 After subtotal resection of low grade SCG, several studies = advocate=20 post-operative radiotherapy [<CITE><A=20 href=3D"http://www.springerlink.com/content/7624132h1854406j/fulltext.htm= l#CR2">2</A></CITE>,=20 <CITE><A=20 href=3D"http://www.springerlink.com/content/7624132h1854406j/fulltext.htm= l#CR12">12</A></CITE>,=20 <CITE><A=20 href=3D"http://www.springerlink.com/content/7624132h1854406j/fulltext.htm= l#CR16">16</A></CITE>,=20 <CITE><A=20 href=3D"http://www.springerlink.com/content/7624132h1854406j/fulltext.htm= l#CR17">17</A></CITE>,=20 <CITE><A=20 href=3D"http://www.springerlink.com/content/7624132h1854406j/fulltext.htm= l#CR21">21</A></CITE>,=20 <CITE><A=20 href=3D"http://www.springerlink.com/content/7624132h1854406j/fulltext.htm= l#CR23">23</A></CITE>,=20 <CITE><A=20 href=3D"http://www.springerlink.com/content/7624132h1854406j/fulltext.htm= l#CR25">25</A></CITE>,=20 <CITE><A=20 href=3D"http://www.springerlink.com/content/7624132h1854406j/fulltext.htm= l#CR34">34</A></CITE>,=20 <CITE><A=20 href=3D"http://www.springerlink.com/content/7624132h1854406j/fulltext.htm= l#CR35">35</A></CITE>]=20 and/or treated all (or nearly all) patients in their series with = radiotherapy=20 (and therefore cannot assess the efficacy of withholding radiation) = [<CITE><A=20 href=3D"http://www.springerlink.com/content/7624132h1854406j/fulltext.htm= l#CR4">4</A></CITE>,=20 <CITE><A=20 href=3D"http://www.springerlink.com/content/7624132h1854406j/fulltext.htm= l#CR6">6</A></CITE>=96<CITE><A=20 href=3D"http://www.springerlink.com/content/7624132h1854406j/fulltext.htm= l#CR8">8</A></CITE>,=20 <CITE><A=20 href=3D"http://www.springerlink.com/content/7624132h1854406j/fulltext.htm= l#CR10">10</A></CITE>,=20 <CITE><A=20 href=3D"http://www.springerlink.com/content/7624132h1854406j/fulltext.htm= l#CR11">11</A></CITE>,=20 <CITE><A=20 href=3D"http://www.springerlink.com/content/7624132h1854406j/fulltext.htm= l#CR13">13</A></CITE>,=20 <CITE><A=20 href=3D"http://www.springerlink.com/content/7624132h1854406j/fulltext.htm= l#CR14">14</A></CITE>,=20 <CITE><A=20 href=3D"http://www.springerlink.com/content/7624132h1854406j/fulltext.htm= l#CR22">22</A></CITE>,=20 <CITE><A=20 href=3D"http://www.springerlink.com/content/7624132h1854406j/fulltext.htm= l#CR29">29</A></CITE>,=20 <CITE><A=20 href=3D"http://www.springerlink.com/content/7624132h1854406j/fulltext.htm= l#CR30">30</A></CITE>,=20 <CITE><A=20 href=3D"http://www.springerlink.com/content/7624132h1854406j/fulltext.htm= l#CR33">33</A></CITE>,=20 <CITE><A=20 href=3D"http://www.springerlink.com/content/7624132h1854406j/fulltext.htm= l#CR38">38</A></CITE>].=20 However, it is not known which patients might benefit from close = observation,=20 reserving radiotherapy or additional surgery for salvage, as opposed to = upfront=20 radiotherapy [<CITE><A=20 href=3D"http://www.springerlink.com/content/7624132h1854406j/fulltext.htm= l#CR26">26</A></CITE>].=20 At least one study demonstrates no benefit from radiotherapy after = subtotal=20 resection of low grade SCE [<CITE><A=20 href=3D"http://www.springerlink.com/content/7624132h1854406j/fulltext.htm= l#CR26">26</A></CITE>].=20 A modern pooled analysis has advocated deferring radiotherapy in = patients with=20 subtotally resected low grade SCE, while offering upfront radiotherapy = for low=20 grade SCA (which yielded a significantly improved progression-free = survival)=20 [<CITE><A=20 href=3D"http://www.springerlink.com/content/7624132h1854406j/fulltext.htm= l#CR39">39</A></CITE>].=20 In a recent retrospective study, post-operative radiotherapy for all=20 infiltrative (grade 2=964) SCA yielded a significantly improved OS = [<CITE><A=20 href=3D"http://www.springerlink.com/content/7624132h1854406j/fulltext.htm= l#CR43">43</A></CITE>].=20 In our analysis, patients with resected grade 2 SCG, = specifically=20 SCA, who underwent radiotherapy fared worse than patients who did not = undergo=20 radiotherapy. This most likely reflects a bias in that patients who were = offered=20 therapeutic radiotherapy perhaps had more adverse risk factors (i.e. = larger=20 tumor, close or positive margins, multifocal disease), a notion = confirmed by a=20 large multi-institutional pooled analysis [<CITE><A=20 href=3D"http://www.springerlink.com/content/7624132h1854406j/fulltext.htm= l#CR39">39</A></CITE>].=20 Therefore retrospectively comparing the outcome of those treated with = upfront=20 radiotherapy versus those not undergoing upfront radiotherapy is likely = impacted=20 by this bias. </DIV> <DIV class=3D""><A name=3DSec11></A> <HR> <DIV class=3Dheading2>Conclusions</DIV> For patients with SCG, age, histology and grade are = significant=20 predictors of outcome. Though treatment with radiotherapy was associated = with=20 worse outcomes, this likely reflects a bias in that patients who = received=20 radiotherapy were perhaps more likely to have had adverse risk factors = (i.e.=20 larger tumor, close or positive margins). Patients with grade 2 SCG who = did not=20 undergo radiotherapy after resection fared quite well with respect to OS = and=20 CSS. Given the retrospective nature of this study, specific = recommendations=20 about which situations warrant radiotherapy cannot be derived from our = analyses.=20 </DIV> <HR> <H2><A name=3DBib1></A>References </H2> <TABLE> <TBODY class=3DCitation> <TR vAlign=3Dtop> <TD>1.</TD> <TD><A name=3DCR1></A>Schellinger KA, Propp JM, Villano JL, McCarthy = BJ=20 (2008) Descriptive epidemiology of primary spinal cord tumors. 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From: Subject: 10.1007/s11060-009-0054-7 Date: Fri, 4 Dec 2009 16:40:51 +0100 MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: multipart/related; type="text/html"; boundary="----=_NextPart_000_0000_01CA7500.8A8D0D30" X-MimeOLE: Produced By Microsoft MimeOLE V6.00.2900.5579 This is a multi-part message in MIME format. ------=_NextPart_000_0000_01CA7500.8A8D0D30 Content-Type: text/html; charset="iso-8859-1" Content-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-printable Content-Location: http://www.springerlink.com/content/7624132h1854406j/fulltext.html 10.1007/s11060-009-0054-7</TIT= LE> <META http-equiv=3DContent-Type content=3D"text/html; = charset=3DISO-8859-1"><LINK=20 href=3D"http://www.springerlink.com/config/css/A++_common.css" = type=3Dtext/css=20 rel=3DstyleSheet><LINK=20 href=3D"http://www.springerlink.com/config/css/content_A++_SpringerLink.c= ss"=20 type=3Dtext/css rel=3DstyleSheet> <META content=3D"MSHTML 6.00.6000.16939" name=3DGENERATOR></HEAD> <BODY class=3Dfor-print> <TABLE cellPadding=3D2 border=3D1> <TBODY> <TR class=3Dheader> <TD>Journal of Neuro-Oncology</TD></TR> <TR> <TD>=A9 Springer Science+Business Media, = LLC. 2009</TD></TR> <TR> <TD>10.1007/s11060-009-0054-7</TD></TR></TBODY></TABLE> <H2 class=3Drubric>Clinical Study - Patient Study</H2> <DIV class=3DHeading1><A name=3Dtitle></A>Primary spinal cord glioma: a=20 Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results database study </DIV> Michael T. Milano1 <A=20 href=3D"http://www.springerlink.com/content/7624132h1854406j/fulltext.htm= l#ContactOfAuthor1"><IMG=20 alt=3D"Contact Information"=20 src=3D"http://www.springerlink.com/content/7624132h1854406j/contact.gif" = border=3D0></A>, Mahlon D. Johnson2,=20 Joohee Sul3, Nimish A. Mohile3,=20 David N. Korones4, 5, = Paul Okunieff1 and=20 Kevin A. Walter5, 6 <TABLE> <TBODY> <TR vAlign=3Dtop> <TD><A = name=3DAff1></A>(1) </TD> <TD>Department of Radiation Oncology, = University=20 of Rochester Medical Center, 601 Elmwood Ave, Box 647, Rochester,=20 NY 14642, USA</TD></TR></TBODY></TABLE> <TABLE> <TBODY> <TR vAlign=3Dtop> <TD><A = name=3DAff2></A>(2) </TD> <TD>Department of Pathology, University of = Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642,=20 USA</TD></TR></TBODY></TABLE> <TABLE> <TBODY> <TR vAlign=3Dtop> <TD><A = name=3DAff3></A>(3) </TD> <TD>Department of Neurology, University of = Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642,=20 USA</TD></TR></TBODY></TABLE> <TABLE> <TBODY> <TR vAlign=3Dtop> <TD><A = name=3DAff4></A>(4) </TD> <TD>Department of Pediatrics, University = of=20 Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642,=20 USA</TD></TR></TBODY></TABLE> <TABLE> <TBODY> <TR vAlign=3Dtop> <TD><A = name=3DAff5></A>(5) </TD> <TD>Department of Medicine, Division of = Oncology,=20 University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642,=20 USA</TD></TR></TBODY></TABLE> <TABLE> <TBODY> <TR vAlign=3Dtop> <TD><A = name=3DAff6></A>(6) </TD> <TD>Department of Neurosurgery, University = of=20 Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642,=20 USA</TD></TR></TBODY></TABLE> <A name=3DContactOfAuthor1></A> <TABLE class=3DContact> <TBODY> <TR> <TD vAlign=3Dtop><IMG alt=3D"Contact Information"=20 = src=3D"http://www.springerlink.com/content/7624132h1854406j/contact.gif" = border=3D0></TD> = <TD>Michael T. Milano= Email:=20 <A=20 = href=3D"mailto:MTMilano@yahoo.com">MTMilano@yahoo.com</A></TD></TR></TBOD= Y></TABLE> Received:=20 5 June 2009 Accepted:=20 28 October 2009 Published online:=20 7 November 2009 <DIV class=3DAbstract><A name=3DAbs1></A><SPAN=20 class=3DAbstractHeading>Abstract To characterize the = overall=20 survival (OS) and cause specific survival (CSS), and variables affecting = outcome, in patients with primary spinal cord astrocytoma (SCA) and = ependymoma=20 (SCE). About 664 patients with SCA and 1,057 patients with SCE were = analyzed=20 using the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results database. For = grade 1, 2,=20 3 and 4 SCA, the 5-year OS was 82, 70, 28 and 14%; the 5-year CSS was = 89, 77, 36=20 and 20%. For SCA, lower grade, younger age, and undergoing resection=20 significantly improved OS and CSS; treatment without radiotherapy was = favorable=20 for CSS. Smaller tumor size also improved survival. For grade 1, 2, and = 3 SCE,=20 the 5-year OS was 92, 97 and 58%; the 5-year CSS was 100, 98 and 64%. = For SCE,=20 lower grade, younger age, and undergoing resection significantly = improved OS and=20 CSS; treatment without radiotherapy was favorable for OS. Smaller tumor = size did=20 not confer a survival benefit. Patients with resected grade 2 spinal = cord glioma=20 who did not receive radiotherapy fared well with respect to OS and CSS. = For=20 patients with spinal cord glioma, the variables of histology, grade, age = and=20 undergoing resection are significant predictors of outcome. Though = treatment=20 with radiotherapy was associated with worse outcomes, this may reflect a = bias in=20 that patients who underwent radiotherapy were perhaps more likely to = have had=20 adverse risk factors. Given the retrospective nature of this study, = specific=20 recommendations about which situations warrant radiotherapy cannot be=20 determined. </DIV> Keywords Spinal=20 cord ependymoma - Spinal cord astrocytoma - Spinal = cord=20 glioma - Radiotherapy <DIV class=3DArticleNote>This data was presented at the = 2009=20 American Society of Radiation Oncology (ASTRO) meeting in Chicago,=20 IL.</DIV> <DIV class=3DFulltext> <DIV class=3D""><A name=3DSec1></A> <HR> <DIV class=3Dheading2>Introduction</DIV> Primary spinal cord tumors are uncommon. Spinal cord = glioma (SCG)=20 represents <30% of all spinal cord tumors, with an overall incidence = of=20 approximately 0.22 SCG per 100,000 person years [<CITE><A=20 href=3D"http://www.springerlink.com/content/7624132h1854406j/fulltext.htm= l#CR1">1</A></CITE>].=20 Standard treatment options for SCG include resection, radiotherapy and = combined=20 modality resection and radiotherapy [<CITE><A=20 href=3D"http://www.springerlink.com/content/7624132h1854406j/fulltext.htm= l#CR2">2</A></CITE>=96<CITE><A=20 href=3D"http://www.springerlink.com/content/7624132h1854406j/fulltext.htm= l#CR39">39</A></CITE>].=20 Some series show that patients with SCG fare better than those with = intracranial=20 gliomas [<CITE><A=20 href=3D"http://www.springerlink.com/content/7624132h1854406j/fulltext.htm= l#CR6">6</A></CITE>,=20 <CITE><A=20 href=3D"http://www.springerlink.com/content/7624132h1854406j/fulltext.htm= l#CR29">29</A></CITE>,=20 <CITE><A=20 href=3D"http://www.springerlink.com/content/7624132h1854406j/fulltext.htm= l#CR39">39</A></CITE>,=20 <CITE><A=20 href=3D"http://www.springerlink.com/content/7624132h1854406j/fulltext.htm= l#CR40">40</A></CITE>]=20 though other studies do not [<CITE><A=20 href=3D"http://www.springerlink.com/content/7624132h1854406j/fulltext.htm= l#CR4">4</A></CITE>,=20 <CITE><A=20 href=3D"http://www.springerlink.com/content/7624132h1854406j/fulltext.htm= l#CR7">7</A></CITE>,=20 <CITE><A=20 href=3D"http://www.springerlink.com/content/7624132h1854406j/fulltext.htm= l#CR27">27</A></CITE>].=20 Several studies demonstrate that spinal cord astrocytomas (SCA) fare = worse than=20 spinal cord ependymomas (SCE) [<CITE><A=20 href=3D"http://www.springerlink.com/content/7624132h1854406j/fulltext.htm= l#CR8">8</A></CITE>,=20 <CITE><A=20 href=3D"http://www.springerlink.com/content/7624132h1854406j/fulltext.htm= l#CR13">13</A></CITE>,=20 <CITE><A=20 href=3D"http://www.springerlink.com/content/7624132h1854406j/fulltext.htm= l#CR14">14</A></CITE>,=20 <CITE><A=20 href=3D"http://www.springerlink.com/content/7624132h1854406j/fulltext.htm= l#CR21">21</A></CITE>,=20 <CITE><A=20 href=3D"http://www.springerlink.com/content/7624132h1854406j/fulltext.htm= l#CR25">25</A></CITE>,=20 <CITE><A=20 href=3D"http://www.springerlink.com/content/7624132h1854406j/fulltext.htm= l#CR30">30</A></CITE>].=20 Previously reported adverse risk factors for SCE include: = more=20 advanced age [<CITE><A=20 href=3D"http://www.springerlink.com/content/7624132h1854406j/fulltext.htm= l#CR17">17</A></CITE>,=20 <CITE><A=20 href=3D"http://www.springerlink.com/content/7624132h1854406j/fulltext.htm= l#CR26">26</A></CITE>,=20 <CITE><A=20 href=3D"http://www.springerlink.com/content/7624132h1854406j/fulltext.htm= l#CR27">27</A></CITE>],=20 younger age [<CITE><A=20 href=3D"http://www.springerlink.com/content/7624132h1854406j/fulltext.htm= l#CR39">39</A></CITE>],=20 poor performance status/neurologic function [<CITE><A=20 href=3D"http://www.springerlink.com/content/7624132h1854406j/fulltext.htm= l#CR6">6</A></CITE>,=20 <CITE><A=20 href=3D"http://www.springerlink.com/content/7624132h1854406j/fulltext.htm= l#CR17">17</A></CITE>,=20 <CITE><A=20 href=3D"http://www.springerlink.com/content/7624132h1854406j/fulltext.htm= l#CR19">19</A></CITE>,=20 <CITE><A=20 href=3D"http://www.springerlink.com/content/7624132h1854406j/fulltext.htm= l#CR27">27</A></CITE>,=20 <CITE><A=20 href=3D"http://www.springerlink.com/content/7624132h1854406j/fulltext.htm= l#CR36">36</A></CITE>],=20 higher grade [<CITE><A=20 href=3D"http://www.springerlink.com/content/7624132h1854406j/fulltext.htm= l#CR6">6</A></CITE>,=20 <CITE><A=20 href=3D"http://www.springerlink.com/content/7624132h1854406j/fulltext.htm= l#CR17">17</A></CITE>,=20 <CITE><A=20 href=3D"http://www.springerlink.com/content/7624132h1854406j/fulltext.htm= l#CR21">21</A></CITE>,=20 <CITE><A=20 href=3D"http://www.springerlink.com/content/7624132h1854406j/fulltext.htm= l#CR22">22</A></CITE>,=20 <CITE><A=20 href=3D"http://www.springerlink.com/content/7624132h1854406j/fulltext.htm= l#CR27">27</A></CITE>,=20 <CITE><A=20 href=3D"http://www.springerlink.com/content/7624132h1854406j/fulltext.htm= l#CR29">29</A></CITE>,=20 <CITE><A=20 href=3D"http://www.springerlink.com/content/7624132h1854406j/fulltext.htm= l#CR39">39</A></CITE>],=20 less extensive resection [<CITE><A=20 href=3D"http://www.springerlink.com/content/7624132h1854406j/fulltext.htm= l#CR9">9</A></CITE>,=20 <CITE><A=20 href=3D"http://www.springerlink.com/content/7624132h1854406j/fulltext.htm= l#CR12">12</A></CITE>,=20 <CITE><A=20 href=3D"http://www.springerlink.com/content/7624132h1854406j/fulltext.htm= l#CR16">16</A></CITE>,=20 <CITE><A=20 href=3D"http://www.springerlink.com/content/7624132h1854406j/fulltext.htm= l#CR17">17</A></CITE>,=20 <CITE><A=20 href=3D"http://www.springerlink.com/content/7624132h1854406j/fulltext.htm= l#CR26">26</A></CITE>,=20 <CITE><A=20 href=3D"http://www.springerlink.com/content/7624132h1854406j/fulltext.htm= l#CR29">29</A></CITE>,=20 <CITE><A=20 href=3D"http://www.springerlink.com/content/7624132h1854406j/fulltext.htm= l#CR35">35</A></CITE>,=20 <CITE><A=20 href=3D"http://www.springerlink.com/content/7624132h1854406j/fulltext.htm= l#CR38">38</A></CITE>,=20 <CITE><A=20 href=3D"http://www.springerlink.com/content/7624132h1854406j/fulltext.htm= l#CR39">39</A></CITE>,=20 <CITE><A=20 href=3D"http://www.springerlink.com/content/7624132h1854406j/fulltext.htm= l#CR41">41</A></CITE>,=20 <CITE><A=20 href=3D"http://www.springerlink.com/content/7624132h1854406j/fulltext.htm= l#CR42">42</A></CITE>],=20 and sub-therapeutic radiation dose [<CITE><A=20 href=3D"http://www.springerlink.com/content/7624132h1854406j/fulltext.htm= l#CR2">2</A></CITE>,=20 <CITE><A=20 href=3D"http://www.springerlink.com/content/7624132h1854406j/fulltext.htm= l#CR4">4</A></CITE>,=20 <CITE><A=20 href=3D"http://www.springerlink.com/content/7624132h1854406j/fulltext.htm= l#CR6">6</A></CITE>,=20 <CITE><A=20 href=3D"http://www.springerlink.com/content/7624132h1854406j/fulltext.htm= l#CR8">8</A></CITE>,=20 <CITE><A=20 href=3D"http://www.springerlink.com/content/7624132h1854406j/fulltext.htm= l#CR10">10</A></CITE>,=20 <CITE><A=20 href=3D"http://www.springerlink.com/content/7624132h1854406j/fulltext.htm= l#CR19">19</A></CITE>,=20 <CITE><A=20 href=3D"http://www.springerlink.com/content/7624132h1854406j/fulltext.htm= l#CR27">27</A></CITE>].=20 The variables of age [<CITE><A=20 href=3D"http://www.springerlink.com/content/7624132h1854406j/fulltext.htm= l#CR10">10</A></CITE>,=20 <CITE><A=20 href=3D"http://www.springerlink.com/content/7624132h1854406j/fulltext.htm= l#CR19">19</A></CITE>,=20 <CITE><A=20 href=3D"http://www.springerlink.com/content/7624132h1854406j/fulltext.htm= l#CR30">30</A></CITE>],=20 extent of resection [<CITE><A=20 href=3D"http://www.springerlink.com/content/7624132h1854406j/fulltext.htm= l#CR10">10</A></CITE>,=20 <CITE><A=20 href=3D"http://www.springerlink.com/content/7624132h1854406j/fulltext.htm= l#CR21">21</A></CITE>,=20 <CITE><A=20 href=3D"http://www.springerlink.com/content/7624132h1854406j/fulltext.htm= l#CR27">27</A></CITE>,=20 <CITE><A=20 href=3D"http://www.springerlink.com/content/7624132h1854406j/fulltext.htm= l#CR30">30</A></CITE>],=20 and grade [<CITE><A=20 href=3D"http://www.springerlink.com/content/7624132h1854406j/fulltext.htm= l#CR41">41</A></CITE>]=20 were not significant in other studies. Previously reported adverse risk = factors=20 for SCA include: poor performance status [<CITE><A=20 href=3D"http://www.springerlink.com/content/7624132h1854406j/fulltext.htm= l#CR34">34</A></CITE>],=20 more advanced age [<CITE><A=20 href=3D"http://www.springerlink.com/content/7624132h1854406j/fulltext.htm= l#CR20">20</A></CITE>,=20 <CITE><A=20 href=3D"http://www.springerlink.com/content/7624132h1854406j/fulltext.htm= l#CR33">33</A></CITE>,=20 <CITE><A=20 href=3D"http://www.springerlink.com/content/7624132h1854406j/fulltext.htm= l#CR37">37</A></CITE>,=20 <CITE><A=20 href=3D"http://www.springerlink.com/content/7624132h1854406j/fulltext.htm= l#CR39">39</A></CITE>,=20 <CITE><A=20 href=3D"http://www.springerlink.com/content/7624132h1854406j/fulltext.htm= l#CR43">43</A></CITE>],=20 younger age [<CITE><A=20 href=3D"http://www.springerlink.com/content/7624132h1854406j/fulltext.htm= l#CR24">24</A></CITE>],=20 higher grade [<CITE><A=20 href=3D"http://www.springerlink.com/content/7624132h1854406j/fulltext.htm= l#CR3">3</A></CITE>,=20 <CITE><A=20 href=3D"http://www.springerlink.com/content/7624132h1854406j/fulltext.htm= l#CR13">13</A></CITE>,=20 <CITE><A=20 href=3D"http://www.springerlink.com/content/7624132h1854406j/fulltext.htm= l#CR18">18</A></CITE>,=20 <CITE><A=20 href=3D"http://www.springerlink.com/content/7624132h1854406j/fulltext.htm= l#CR24">24</A></CITE>,=20 <CITE><A=20 href=3D"http://www.springerlink.com/content/7624132h1854406j/fulltext.htm= l#CR25">25</A></CITE>,=20 <CITE><A=20 href=3D"http://www.springerlink.com/content/7624132h1854406j/fulltext.htm= l#CR33">33</A></CITE>,=20 <CITE><A=20 href=3D"http://www.springerlink.com/content/7624132h1854406j/fulltext.htm= l#CR34">34</A></CITE>,=20 <CITE><A=20 href=3D"http://www.springerlink.com/content/7624132h1854406j/fulltext.htm= l#CR37">37</A></CITE>,=20 <CITE><A=20 href=3D"http://www.springerlink.com/content/7624132h1854406j/fulltext.htm= l#CR39">39</A></CITE>,=20 <CITE><A=20 href=3D"http://www.springerlink.com/content/7624132h1854406j/fulltext.htm= l#CR43">43</A></CITE>],=20 and less extensive resection [<CITE><A=20 href=3D"http://www.springerlink.com/content/7624132h1854406j/fulltext.htm= l#CR8">8</A></CITE>,=20 <CITE><A=20 href=3D"http://www.springerlink.com/content/7624132h1854406j/fulltext.htm= l#CR21">21</A></CITE>,=20 <CITE><A=20 href=3D"http://www.springerlink.com/content/7624132h1854406j/fulltext.htm= l#CR39">39</A></CITE>,=20 <CITE><A=20 href=3D"http://www.springerlink.com/content/7624132h1854406j/fulltext.htm= l#CR44">44</A></CITE>],=20 though less extensive resection was not an adverse risk factor in most = studies=20 [<CITE><A=20 href=3D"http://www.springerlink.com/content/7624132h1854406j/fulltext.htm= l#CR12">12</A></CITE>,=20 <CITE><A=20 href=3D"http://www.springerlink.com/content/7624132h1854406j/fulltext.htm= l#CR18">18</A></CITE>,=20 <CITE><A=20 href=3D"http://www.springerlink.com/content/7624132h1854406j/fulltext.htm= l#CR20">20</A></CITE>,=20 <CITE><A=20 href=3D"http://www.springerlink.com/content/7624132h1854406j/fulltext.htm= l#CR24">24</A></CITE>,=20 <CITE><A=20 href=3D"http://www.springerlink.com/content/7624132h1854406j/fulltext.htm= l#CR33">33</A></CITE>,=20 <CITE><A=20 href=3D"http://www.springerlink.com/content/7624132h1854406j/fulltext.htm= l#CR37">37</A></CITE>],=20 with higher grade tumors [<CITE><A=20 href=3D"http://www.springerlink.com/content/7624132h1854406j/fulltext.htm= l#CR12">12</A></CITE>,=20 <CITE><A=20 href=3D"http://www.springerlink.com/content/7624132h1854406j/fulltext.htm= l#CR18">18</A></CITE>,=20 <CITE><A=20 href=3D"http://www.springerlink.com/content/7624132h1854406j/fulltext.htm= l#CR37">37</A></CITE>],=20 as well as lower grade tumors [<CITE><A=20 href=3D"http://www.springerlink.com/content/7624132h1854406j/fulltext.htm= l#CR12">12</A></CITE>,=20 <CITE><A=20 href=3D"http://www.springerlink.com/content/7624132h1854406j/fulltext.htm= l#CR20">20</A></CITE>,=20 <CITE><A=20 href=3D"http://www.springerlink.com/content/7624132h1854406j/fulltext.htm= l#CR24">24</A></CITE>,=20 <CITE><A=20 href=3D"http://www.springerlink.com/content/7624132h1854406j/fulltext.htm= l#CR34">34</A></CITE>].=20 More extensive resection was an adverse risk factor in one recent study=20 [<CITE><A=20 href=3D"http://www.springerlink.com/content/7624132h1854406j/fulltext.htm= l#CR43">43</A></CITE>].=20 Generally grade 4 SCG has a dismal prognosis, though long-term survivors = after=20 aggressive resection and radiotherapy have been reported [<CITE><A=20 href=3D"http://www.springerlink.com/content/7624132h1854406j/fulltext.htm= l#CR25">25</A></CITE>].=20 Small patient numbers, and differences in patient = populations=20 between different studies complicate the interpretation of these = findings. With=20 rare exceptions [<CITE><A=20 href=3D"http://www.springerlink.com/content/7624132h1854406j/fulltext.htm= l#CR39">39</A></CITE>],=20 the published outcome on SCG represents single institution retrospective = studies=20 with small patient numbers, spanning several decades. This study offers a descriptive analysis of patients with = SCG=20 included in the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) = database,=20 with the goal of better characterizing the overall survival (OS), cause = specific=20 survival (CSS) and risk factors affecting patient outcome. </DIV> <DIV class=3D""><A name=3DSec2></A> <HR> <DIV class=3Dheading2>Methods</DIV> <DIV class=3D""><A name=3DSec3></A> <DIV class=3DHeading3>Patient database</DIV> The SEER database is a longitudinal database that collects = information from 17 cancer registries, representing 26% of the United = States=20 population (<A = href=3D"http://seer.cancer.gov/">http://seer.cancer.gov/</A>).=20 Serial registry data are de-identified, submitted to the United States = National=20 Cancer Institute on a biannual basis, and are available for researchers. = The=20 SEER 17 limited-use registry was used [<CITE><A=20 href=3D"http://www.springerlink.com/content/7624132h1854406j/fulltext.htm= l#CR45">45</A></CITE>].=20 Nine of the registries date back to 1973=961975, four registries date = back to=20 1992, and four registries date back to 2000. A total of 1,814 patients with primary SCG (excluding = primitive=20 neuroectodermal tumors), coded in the SEER database as =93Primary=20 site-labeled=94 =3D =93C72.0-Spinal cord=94 were included in = the present=20 analysis. Patients coded as =93Primary = site-labeled=94 =3D =93C72.1-Cauda=20 equina=94 and =93C70.1-Spinal meninges=94 were not included. In the SEER database, =93Grade=94 was scored as a measure=20 differentiation, and not meant to reflect grade as scored by any = recognized=20 grading system. =93Grade=94 was classified as: =93Well differentiated; = Grade I,=94=20 (n =3D 175) =93Moderately differentiated; Grade II,=94=20 (n =3D 337) =93Poorly differentiated; Grade III,=94=20 (n =3D 60) =93Undifferentiated; anaplastic Grade IV,=94 = (n =3D 138) or =93Unknown=94 = (n =3D 1,104), based upon=20 explicit mention of differentiation or grade in the pathology report. = From 2004,=20 ependymomas were characterized as =91malignant=92, =91borderline=92 or = =91benign.=92=20 Myxopapillary ependymoma and subependymoma were considered, = =91borderline=92=20 malignancies. =91Benign=92 and =91borderline=92 tumors were not included = prior to 2004;=20 however, =91malignant=92 myxopapillary ependymoma was included in the = ICD-O-2 and=20 ICD-O-3 fields as =93Myxopapillary ependymoma, malignant=94 or = =93Ependymoma, NOS=94 and=20 =91malignant=92 subependymal tumors were included as =93Subependymal = glioma.=94 The =93Histology/behavior,=94 =93Histology recode-Brain = groupings=94 and=20 =93Grade=94 fields were used to define tumor grade for the purpose of = this study,=20 with the understanding that this =93grade=94 does not reflect a WHO = grade. For this=20 study, the following assumptions were made: tumors classified as = pilocytic=20 astrocytoma, myxopapillary ependymoma or subependymoma in the SEER = database=20 histology fields were scored as grade 1, even if the grade in the SEER = database=20 was scored as =93Moderately differentiated; Grade II=94 or = =93Unknown=94; tumors=20 classified as =93Benign=94 or =93Borderline malignancy=94 in the = behavior code fields=20 were scored grade 1; tumors classified as fibrillary astrocytoma in the = SEER=20 database histology fields were scored as grade 2, even if the grade in = the SEER=20 database was scored as =93Unknown=94; tumors classified as =93Anaplastic = astrocytoma=94=20 or =93Anaplastic ependymoma=94 in the SEER histology fields were scored = as grade 3,=20 even if the grade in the SEER database was scored as = =93Undifferentiated;=20 anaplastic; Grade IV=94 or =93Unknown=94; tumors classified as = glioblastoma in the=20 SEER database histology fields were scored as grade 4, even if the grade = in the=20 SEER database was scored as =93Poorly differentiated; Grade III=94 or = =93Unknown.=94=20 Astrocytomas not specifically coded as =93Anaplastic astrocytoma=94 in = the SEER=20 database histology fields were scored as grade 3 if categorized as = =93Poorly=20 differentiated; Grade III=94 and grade 4 if categorized as = =93Undifferentiated;=20 anaplastic; Grade IV.=94 Ependymomas not specifically coded as = =93Anaplastic=20 ependymoma =93in the SEER database histology fields were scored as grade = 3 if=20 categorized as =93Poorly differentiated; Grade III.=94 Cases scored in = the SEER=20 database as =93Unknown=94 grade as well as: =93Astrocytoma, NOS,=94 = =93Glioma, malignant,=94=20 =93Mixed glioma,=94 =93Oligodendroglioma, NOS=94 or =93Ependymoma, = NOS=94 in the=20 =93Histology/behavior=94 field; and =93Astrocytoma, NOS,=94 =93Glioma, = NOS,=94 =93Mixed=20 glioma,=94 =93Oligodendroglioma=94 or =93Ependymoma/anaplastic = ependymoma=94 in the SEER=20 database histology fields were considered to have unknown grade for this = analysis. The SEER =93Site specific surgery=94 and =93Surgery of = primary site=94=20 fields describe the extent of surgical resection. Cases in the SEER = database=20 categorized as =93Unknown if surgery performed=94 were considered to not = have=20 surgery if the =93Diagnostic confirmation=94 field was =93Clinical = diagnosis only=94 or=20 =93Radiography without microscopic confirmation.=94 Cases in the SEER = database=20 categorized as =93Unknown if surgery performed=94 were considered to = have had=20 resection if diagnostic confirmation was =93Direct visualization without = microscopic confirmation.=94 Cases in the SEER database categorized as = having=20 undergone surgery, but diagnosed by =93Clinical diagnosis only=94 or = =93Radiography=20 without microscopic confirmation=94 were assumed to have undergone the = procedure,=20 but without pathologic confirmation. The SEER database has a field = describing if=20 radiotherapy was administered, though neither the radiation dose nor = extent of=20 field are available. There is no field to describe if chemotherapy was=20 administered. The SEER database does not provide information about the = location=20 of the tumor or number of sites within the spine, or whether the = cerebral spinal=20 fluid was seeded with metastatic cells. </DIV> <DIV class=3D""><A name=3DSec4></A> <DIV class=3DHeading3>Statistical analysis</DIV> Stata version 9.2 (StataCorp, College Station, TX) was = used for data=20 analysis. Actuarial OS and CSS were calculated using the Kaplan=96Meier = method=20 [<CITE><A=20 href=3D"http://www.springerlink.com/content/7624132h1854406j/fulltext.htm= l#CR46">46</A></CITE>].=20 The log-rank test was used for univariate analysis (UVA) comparison of = survival=20 between subgroups. Cox proportional hazards model was used for = multivariate=20 analyses (MVA) [<CITE><A=20 href=3D"http://www.springerlink.com/content/7624132h1854406j/fulltext.htm= l#CR47">47</A></CITE>],=20 performed using variables significant on UVA. Patients with unknown = surgery=20 and/or unknown radiation delivery were excluded from the UVAs and MVAs. = The MVAs in which grade is included omit a large number of = patients=20 whose grade is unknown. The majority of patients with unknown grade were = identified as having ependymoma, and the treatment and outcome of those = patients=20 with unknown grade are similar to patients with low grade SCG (see =93<A = href=3D"http://www.springerlink.com/content/7624132h1854406j/fulltext.htm= l#Sec5">Results</A>=94).=20 It is a reasonable assumption that most of these patients had low grade = SCG. In=20 an effort to further explore the variables significant on UVA for OS and = CSS,=20 additional MVA models were performed in which unknown grade was = re-categorized=20 as grade 2 (=93grade unknown → 2=94 MVA models). = </DIV></DIV> <DIV class=3D""><A name=3DSec5></A> <HR> <DIV class=3Dheading2>Results</DIV> <DIV class=3D""><A name=3DSec6></A> <DIV class=3DHeading3>Patient and tumor characteristics</DIV> <DIV class=3DPara> <DIV class=3D"">Table <A=20 href=3D"http://www.springerlink.com/content/7624132h1854406j/fulltext.htm= l#Tab1">1</A>=20 summarizes the patient and tumor characteristics. Patient age ranged = from <1=20 to 91 years old. Most patients were white. Close to half were = diagnosed in=20 the 2000s (due in part to the addition of four registries in 2000). Most = patients with unknown grade had ependymoma. Tumor size was unavailable = in 224=20 patients (diagnosed before 1983) and unknown in 1,104; size ranged from=20 microscopic to 160 mm (median 27 mm).<A name=3DTab1></A> <DIV class=3DCapt>Table 1 Patient = and tumor=20 characteristics </DIV> <TABLE border=3D1> <COLGROUP> <COL align=3Dleft> <COL align=3Dleft> <COL align=3Dleft> <COL align=3Dleft></COLGROUP> <THEAD> <TR class=3Dheader> <TH align=3Dleft> </TH> <TH align=3Dleft> Alla </TH> <TH align=3Dleft> Astrocytoma</TH> <TH align=3Dleft> Ependymoma</TH></TR></THEAD> <TBODY> <TR class=3Dnoclass> <TD align=3Dleft> Total number</TD> <TD align=3Dleft> 1,814</TD> <TD align=3Dleft> 664</TD> <TD align=3Dleft> 1,057</TD></TR> <TR class=3Dnoclass> <TD align=3Dleft colSpan=3D4> Age</TD></TR> <TR class=3Dnoclass> <TD align=3Dleft> <1=969</TD> <TD align=3Dleft> 148 (8%)</TD> <TD align=3Dleft> 119 (18%)</TD> <TD align=3Dleft> 20 (2%)</TD></TR> <TR class=3Dnoclass> <TD align=3Dleft> 10=9619</TD> <TD align=3Dleft> 187 (10%)</TD> <TD align=3Dleft> 117 (18%)</TD> <TD align=3Dleft> 61 (6%)</TD></TR> <TR class=3Dnoclass> <TD align=3Dleft> 20=9639</TD> <TD align=3Dleft> 535 (29%)</TD> <TD align=3Dleft> 180 (27%)</TD> <TD align=3Dleft> 329 (31%)</TD></TR> <TR class=3Dnoclass> <TD align=3Dleft> 40=9659</TD> <TD align=3Dleft> 674 (37%)</TD> <TD align=3Dleft> 169 (25%)</TD> <TD align=3Dleft> 482 (46%)</TD></TR> <TR class=3Dnoclass> <TD align=3Dleft> ≥60</TD> <TD align=3Dleft> 270 (14%)</TD> <TD align=3Dleft> 79 (12%)</TD> <TD align=3Dleft> 165 (16%)</TD></TR> <TR class=3Dnoclass> <TD align=3Dleft colSpan=3D4> Race</TD></TR> <TR class=3Dnoclass> <TD align=3Dleft> White</TD> <TD align=3Dleft> 1,539 (85%)</TD> <TD align=3Dleft> 531 (80%)</TD> <TD align=3Dleft> 937 (88%)</TD></TR> <TR class=3Dnoclass> <TD align=3Dleft> Black</TD> <TD align=3Dleft> 158 (9%)</TD> <TD align=3Dleft> 88 (13%)</TD> <TD align=3Dleft> 55 (5%)</TD></TR> <TR class=3Dnoclass> <TD align=3Dleft> Otherb </TD> <TD align=3Dleft> 105 (6%)</TD> <TD align=3Dleft> 43 (6%)</TD> <TD align=3Dleft> 55 (5%)</TD></TR> <TR class=3Dnoclass> <TD align=3Dleft> Male</TD> <TD align=3Dleft> 1,004 (55%)</TD> <TD align=3Dleft> 375 (56%)</TD> <TD align=3Dleft> 580 (55%)</TD></TR> <TR class=3Dnoclass> <TD align=3Dleft> Female</TD> <TD align=3Dleft> 810 (45%)</TD> <TD align=3Dleft> 289 (44%)</TD> <TD align=3Dleft> 478 (45%)</TD></TR> <TR class=3Dnoclass> <TD align=3Dleft colSpan=3D4> Year diagnosed</TD></TR> <TR class=3Dnoclass> <TD align=3Dleft> 1970s</TD> <TD align=3Dleft> 145 (8%)</TD> <TD align=3Dleft> 84 (13%)</TD> <TD align=3Dleft> 53 (5%)</TD></TR> <TR class=3Dnoclass> <TD align=3Dleft> 1980s</TD> <TD align=3Dleft> 269 (15%)</TD> <TD align=3Dleft> 140 (21%)</TD> <TD align=3Dleft> 110 (10%)</TD></TR> <TR class=3Dnoclass> <TD align=3Dleft> 1990s</TD> <TD align=3Dleft> 512 (28%)</TD> <TD align=3Dleft> 195 (29%)</TD> <TD align=3Dleft> 285 (27%)</TD></TR> <TR class=3Dnoclass> <TD align=3Dleft> 2000s</TD> <TD align=3Dleft> 888 (49%)</TD> <TD align=3Dleft> 245 (37%)</TD> <TD align=3Dleft> 609 (58%)</TD></TR> <TR class=3Dnoclass> <TD align=3Dleft colSpan=3D4> Grade</TD></TR> <TR class=3Dnoclass> <TD align=3Dleft> 1</TD> <TD align=3Dleft> 407 (22%)</TD> <TD align=3Dleft> 180 (27%)</TD> <TD align=3Dleft> 221 (33%)</TD></TR> <TR class=3Dnoclass> <TD align=3Dleft> 2</TD> <TD align=3Dleft> 323 (18%)</TD> <TD align=3Dleft> 155 (23%)</TD> <TD align=3Dleft> 146 (14%)</TD></TR> <TR class=3Dnoclass> <TD align=3Dleft> 3</TD> <TD align=3Dleft> 150 (8%)</TD> <TD align=3Dleft> 117 (18%)</TD> <TD align=3Dleft> 28 (3%)</TD></TR> <TR class=3Dnoclass> <TD align=3Dleft> 4</TD> <TD align=3Dleft> 82 (5%)</TD> <TD align=3Dleft> 82 (12%)</TD> <TD align=3Dleft> =96</TD></TR> <TR class=3Dnoclass> <TD align=3Dleft> Unknown</TD> <TD align=3Dleft> 852 (47%)</TD> <TD align=3Dleft> 130 (20%)</TD> <TD align=3Dleft> 662 (63%)</TD></TR></TBODY></TABLE> <DIV class=3DCapt> <DIV class=3DCaptCont> <DIV class=3D"">aIncludes 11 patients with oligodendroglioma = and 81=20 patients with unspecified glioma of whom 54 have unknown grade = </DIV></DIV> <DIV class=3DCaptCont> <DIV class=3D"">bExcluding 12 unknown = </DIV></DIV></DIV></DIV></DIV> For the entire cohort, on UVA, SCA fared significantly = worse than=20 SCE with respect to OS and CSS (P < 0.00001). = </DIV> <DIV class=3D""><A name=3DSec7></A> <DIV class=3DHeading3>Spinal cord astrocytoma</DIV> <DIV class=3DPara> <DIV class=3D"">Table <A=20 href=3D"http://www.springerlink.com/content/7624132h1854406j/fulltext.htm= l#Tab2">2</A>=20 summarizes the treatment with respect to surgery and radiotherapy for = SCA. More=20 patients with low grade SCA, as compared to high grade SCG, underwent = resection=20 alone.<A name=3DTab2></A> <DIV class=3DCapt>Table 2 Treatment summaries=20 </DIV> <TABLE border=3D1> <COLGROUP> <COL align=3Dleft> <COL align=3Dchar char=3D"."> <COL align=3Dchar char=3D"("> <COL align=3Dchar char=3D"("> <COL align=3Dchar char=3D"("> <COL align=3Dchar char=3D"("> <COL align=3Dchar char=3D"("></COLGROUP> <THEAD> <TR class=3Dheader> <TH align=3Dleft> </TH> <TH align=3Dleft char=3D"."> Total</TH> <TH align=3Dleft char=3D"("> Grade 1</TH> <TH align=3Dleft char=3D"("> Grade 2</TH> <TH align=3Dleft char=3D"("> Grade 3</TH> <TH align=3Dleft char=3D"("> Grade 4</TH> <TH align=3Dleft char=3D"("> Grade unknown</TH></TR></THEAD> <TBODY> <TR class=3Dnoclass> <TD align=3Dleft colSpan=3D7> Astrocytoma</TD></TR> <TR class=3Dnoclass> <TD align=3Dleft> Surgery alone</TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> 230</TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"("> 117 (68%)</TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"("> 48 (32%)</TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"("> 17 (15%)</TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"("> 12 (15%)</TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"("> 36 (29%)</TD></TR> <TR class=3Dnoclass> <TD align=3Dleft> Surgery + radiotherapy</TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> 246</TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"("> 31 (18%)</TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"("> 61 (40%)</TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"("> 67 (58%)</TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"("> 49 (62%)</TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"("> 38 (31%)</TD></TR> <TR class=3Dnoclass> <TD align=3Dleft> Radiotherapy alone</TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> 105</TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"("> 14 (8%)</TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"("> 31 (21%)</TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"("> 25 (22%)</TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"("> 11 (14%)</TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"("> 24 (19%)</TD></TR> <TR class=3Dnoclass> <TD align=3Dleft> No surgery or radiotherapy</TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> 59</TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"("> 10 (6%)</TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"("> 11 (7%)</TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"("> 5 (4%)</TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"("> 7 (9%)</TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"("> 26 (21%)</TD></TR> <TR class=3Dnoclass> <TD align=3Dleft colSpan=3D7> Ependymoma</TD></TR> <TR class=3Dnoclass> <TD align=3Dleft> Surgery alone</TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> 710</TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"("> 159 (74%)</TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"("> 97 (67%)</TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"("> 10 (36%)</TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"("> =96</TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"("> 444 (69%)</TD></TR> <TR class=3Dnoclass> <TD align=3Dleft> Surgery + radiotherapy</TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> 253</TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"("> 46 (21%)</TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"("> 41 (28%)</TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"("> 18 (64%)</TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"("> =96</TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"("> 148 (22%)</TD></TR> <TR class=3Dnoclass> <TD align=3Dleft> Radiotherapy alone</TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> 24</TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"("> 5 (2%)</TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"("> 3 (2%)</TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"("> 0</TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"("> =96</TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"("> 16 (2%)</TD></TR> <TR class=3Dnoclass> <TD align=3Dleft> No surgery or radiotherapy</TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> 49</TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"("> 6 (3%)</TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"("> 3 (2%)</TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"("> 0</TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"("> =96</TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"("> 40 (6%)</TD></TR></TBODY></TABLE> <DIV class=3DCapt> <DIV class=3DCaptCont> <DIV class=3D"">Excluding patients with unknown surgery and/or=20 radiotherapy</DIV></DIV></DIV></DIV></DIV> <DIV class=3DPara> <DIV class=3D"">For grade 1, 2, 3 and 4 SCA, the 5-year OS was 82, 70, = 28 and 14%.=20 The 5-year CSS was 89, 77, 36 and 20%. Table <A=20 href=3D"http://www.springerlink.com/content/7624132h1854406j/fulltext.htm= l#Tab3">3</A>=20 shows the OS and CSS for the entire cohort of patients with SCA as well = as=20 subgroups of interest. On UVA, younger age, lower grade, resection and = no=20 radiotherapy delivery were significantly favorable predictors of OS and = CSS.=20 There is a non-significant trend towards worse early survival = (<4 years)=20 of the 10=9619 year group versus older adults. Gender (not shown), = race (not=20 shown), and decade of diagnosis did not significantly impact survival.=20 Figure <A=20 href=3D"http://www.springerlink.com/content/7624132h1854406j/fulltext.htm= l#Fig1">1</A>=20 depicts the Kaplan=96Meier OS by grade.<A name=3DTab3></A> <DIV class=3DCapt>Table 3 Patient = outcome:=20 astrocytoma </DIV> <TABLE border=3D1> <COLGROUP> <COL align=3Dleft> <COL align=3Dchar char=3D"."> <COL align=3Dchar char=3D"."> <COL align=3Dchar char=3D"."> <COL align=3Dleft> <COL align=3Dchar char=3D"."> <COL align=3Dleft> <COL align=3Dleft> <COL align=3Dchar char=3D"."> <COL align=3Dchar char=3D"."> <COL align=3Dchar char=3D"."> <COL align=3Dleft> <COL align=3Dleft></COLGROUP> <THEAD> <TR class=3Dheader> <TH align=3Dleft rowSpan=3D2> </TH> <TH align=3Dleft colSpan=3D7 char=3D"."> Overall survival</TH> <TH align=3Dleft char=3D"."> Cause specific survival</TH> <TD class=3Dauto-generated> </TD> <TD class=3Dauto-generated> </TD> <TD class=3Dauto-generated> </TD> <TD class=3Dauto-generated> </TD> <TD class=3Dauto-generated> </TD></TR> <TR class=3Dheader> <TH align=3Dleft char=3D"."> 1 years (%)</TH> <TH align=3Dleft char=3D"."> 5 years (%)</TH> <TH align=3Dleft char=3D"."> 10 years (%)</TH> <TH align=3Dleft> MS (months)</TH> <TH align=3Dleft char=3D"."> P value UVA</TH> <TH align=3Dleft> P value MVA</TH> <TH align=3Dleft> P value MVAa </TH> <TH align=3Dleft char=3D"."> 1 years (%)</TH> <TH align=3Dleft char=3D"."> 10 years (%)</TH> <TH align=3Dleft char=3D"."> P value UVA</TH> <TH align=3Dleft> P value MVA</TH> <TH align=3Dleft> P value MVAa </TH></TR></THEAD> <TBODY> <TR class=3Dnoclass> <TD align=3Dleft> All patients</TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> 79</TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> 58</TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> 52</TD> <TD align=3Dleft> 133</TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> </TD> <TD align=3Dleft> </TD> <TD align=3Dleft> </TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> 83</TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> 62</TD> <TD align=3Dleft char=3D"."> </TD> <TD align=3Dleft> </TD> <TD align=3Dleft> </TD></TR> <TR class=3Dnoclass> <TD align=3Dleft colSpan=3D13> Grade (as outlined in =93<A=20 = href=3D"http://www.springerlink.com/content/7624132h1854406j/fulltext.htm= l#Sec2">Methods</A>=94)=20 </TD></TR> <TR class=3Dnoclass> <TD align=3Dleft> 1</TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> 93</TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> 82</TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> 74</TD> <TD align=3Dleft> NR @ 360</TD> <TD align=3Dchar rowSpan=3D5 char=3D"."> <0.00001</TD> <TD align=3Dleft rowSpan=3D5> <0.0001</TD> <TD align=3Dleft rowSpan=3D5> <0.0001</TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> 96</TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> 88</TD> <TD align=3Dchar rowSpan=3D5 char=3D"."> <0.00001</TD> <TD align=3Dleft rowSpan=3D5> <0.0001</TD> <TD align=3Dleft rowSpan=3D5> <0.0001</TD></TR> <TR class=3Dnoclass> <TD align=3Dleft> 2</TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> 87</TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> 70</TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> 62</TD> <TD align=3Dleft> 248</TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> 92</TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> 73</TD></TR> <TR class=3Dnoclass> <TD align=3Dleft> 3</TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> 65</TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> 28</TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> 23</TD> <TD align=3Dleft> 19</TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> 70</TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> 30</TD></TR> <TR class=3Dnoclass> <TD align=3Dleft> 4</TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> 46</TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> 15</TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> 11</TD> <TD align=3Dleft> 10</TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> 49</TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> 17</TD></TR> <TR class=3Dnoclass> <TD align=3Dleft> ?</TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> 84</TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> 68</TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> 64</TD> <TD align=3Dleft> 237</TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> 89</TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> 73</TD></TR> <TR class=3Dnoclass> <TD align=3Dleft colSpan=3D13> Grade (as scored in SEER database)</TD></TR> <TR class=3Dnoclass> <TD align=3Dleft> Well differentiated; grade I</TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> 92</TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> 80</TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> 68</TD> <TD align=3Dleft> 277</TD> <TD align=3Dchar rowSpan=3D5 char=3D"."> <0.00001</TD> <TD align=3Dleft rowSpan=3D5> Not run</TD> <TD align=3Dleft rowSpan=3D5> Not run</TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> 95</TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> 85</TD> <TD align=3Dchar rowSpan=3D5 char=3D"."> <0.00001</TD> <TD align=3Dleft rowSpan=3D5> Not run</TD> <TD align=3Dleft rowSpan=3D5> Not run</TD></TR> <TR class=3Dnoclass> <TD align=3Dleft> Moderately differentiated; grade II</TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> 89</TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> 71</TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> 65</TD> <TD align=3Dleft> 250</TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> 93</TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> 76</TD></TR> <TR class=3Dnoclass> <TD align=3Dleft> Poorly differentiated; grade III</TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> 72</TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> 36</TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> 31</TD> <TD align=3Dleft> 22</TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> 74</TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> 37</TD></TR> <TR class=3Dnoclass> <TD align=3Dleft> Undifferentiated; anaplastic grade IV</TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> 58</TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> 23</TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> 17</TD> <TD align=3Dleft> 15</TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> 64</TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> 25</TD></TR> <TR class=3Dnoclass> <TD align=3Dleft> Unknown</TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> 80</TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> 64</TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> 60</TD> <TD align=3Dleft> 186</TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> 84</TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> 67</TD></TR> <TR class=3Dnoclass> <TD align=3Dleft colSpan=3D13> Age</TD></TR> <TR class=3Dnoclass> <TD align=3Dleft> <1=969</TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> 94</TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> 84</TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> 80</TD> <TD align=3Dleft> 360</TD> <TD align=3Dchar rowSpan=3D5 char=3D"."> <0.00001</TD> <TD align=3Dleft rowSpan=3D5> <0.0001</TD> <TD align=3Dleft rowSpan=3D5> <0.0001</TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> 95</TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> 88</TD> <TD align=3Dchar rowSpan=3D5 char=3D"."> <0.00001</TD> <TD align=3Dleft rowSpan=3D5> 0.028</TD> <TD align=3Dleft rowSpan=3D5> 0.008</TD></TR> <TR class=3Dnoclass> <TD align=3Dleft> 10=9619</TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> 71</TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> 59</TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> 54</TD> <TD align=3Dleft> 181</TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> 74</TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> 60</TD></TR> <TR class=3Dnoclass> <TD align=3Dleft> 20=9639</TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> 81</TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> 56</TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> 54</TD> <TD align=3Dleft> 198</TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> 84</TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> 61</TD></TR> <TR class=3Dnoclass> <TD align=3Dleft> 40=9659</TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> 81</TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> 53</TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> 43</TD> <TD align=3Dleft> 66</TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> 85</TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> 52</TD></TR> <TR class=3Dnoclass> <TD align=3Dleft> ≥60</TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> 62</TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> 40</TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> 24</TD> <TD align=3Dleft> 23</TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> 74</TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> 53</TD></TR> <TR class=3Dnoclass> <TD align=3Dleft colSpan=3D13> Decade diagnosed</TD></TR> <TR class=3Dnoclass> <TD align=3Dleft> 1970s</TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> 79</TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> 52</TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> 44</TD> <TD align=3Dleft> 72</TD> <TD align=3Dchar rowSpan=3D4 char=3D"."> 0.38</TD> <TD align=3Dleft rowSpan=3D4> Not run</TD> <TD align=3Dleft rowSpan=3D4> Not run</TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> 81</TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> 52</TD> <TD align=3Dchar rowSpan=3D4 char=3D"."> 0.33</TD> <TD align=3Dleft rowSpan=3D4> Not run</TD> <TD align=3Dleft rowSpan=3D4> Not run</TD></TR> <TR class=3Dnoclass> <TD align=3Dleft> 1980s</TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> 74</TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> 60</TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> 54</TD> <TD align=3Dleft> 135</TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> 80</TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> 65</TD></TR> <TR class=3Dnoclass> <TD align=3Dleft> 1990s</TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> 80</TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> 58</TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> 53</TD> <TD align=3Dleft> NR @ 189</TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> 86</TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> 63</TD></TR> <TR class=3Dnoclass> <TD align=3Dleft> 2000s</TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> 82</TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> 59</TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> =96</TD> <TD align=3Dleft> NR @ 71</TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> 85</TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> =96</TD></TR> <TR class=3Dnoclass> <TD align=3Dleft colSpan=3D13> Resection</TD></TR> <TR class=3Dnoclass> <TD align=3Dleft> No resection</TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> 70</TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> 47</TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> 38</TD> <TD align=3Dleft> 52</TD> <TD align=3Dchar rowSpan=3D2 char=3D"."> <0.00001</TD> <TD align=3Dleft rowSpan=3D2> 0.002</TD> <TD align=3Dleft rowSpan=3D2> 0.004</TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> 75</TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> 47</TD> <TD align=3Dchar rowSpan=3D2 char=3D"."> <0.00001</TD> <TD align=3Dleft rowSpan=3D2> <0.0001</TD> <TD align=3Dleft rowSpan=3D2> 0.001</TD></TR> <TR class=3Dnoclass> <TD align=3Dleft> Resection</TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> 83</TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> 63</TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> 57</TD> <TD align=3Dleft> 228</TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> 86</TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> 68</TD></TR> <TR class=3Dnoclass> <TD align=3Dleft colSpan=3D13> Radiotherapy</TD></TR> <TR class=3Dnoclass> <TD align=3Dleft> No radiotherapy</TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> 86</TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> 75</TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> 69</TD> <TD align=3Dleft> NR @ 366</TD> <TD align=3Dchar rowSpan=3D2 char=3D"."> <0.00001</TD> <TD align=3Dleft rowSpan=3D2> 0.43</TD> <TD align=3Dleft rowSpan=3D2> 0.11</TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> 91</TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> 82</TD> <TD align=3Dchar rowSpan=3D2 char=3D"."> <0.00001</TD> <TD align=3Dleft rowSpan=3D2> 0.062</TD> <TD align=3Dleft rowSpan=3D2> 0.014</TD></TR> <TR class=3Dnoclass> <TD align=3Dleft> Radiation delivered</TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> 75</TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> 47</TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> 40</TD> <TD align=3Dleft> 53</TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> 77</TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> 49</TD></TR></TBODY></TABLE> <DIV class=3DCapt> <DIV class=3DCaptCont> <DIV class=3D"">aMVA model in which grade unknown is = reassigned as=20 grade 2 </DIV></DIV> <DIV class=3DCaptCont> <DIV class=3D"">MS Median survival, NOS not otherwise = specified,=20 NR not reached, UVA univariate analyses, MVA = multivariate=20 analyses </DIV></DIV> <DIV class=3DCaptCont> <DIV class=3D"">? =3D unknown</DIV></DIV></DIV> <DIV class=3DFigure><A name=3DFig1></A><IMG=20 alt=3DMediaObjects/11060_2009_54_Fig1_HTML.gif=20 src=3D"http://www.springerlink.com/content/7624132h1854406j/MediaObjects/= 11060_2009_54_Fig1_HTML.gif"></DIV> <DIV class=3DCapt>Fig. 1 Kaplan=96Meier overall=20 survival of spinal cord astrocytoma by grade. Beyond 25 years, the = total=20 number of patients at risk is small (31), so survival is shown only up = to=20 25 years </DIV> <HR> </DIV></DIV> The survival outcomes by grade as classified in the SEER = database=20 were comparable to survival outcomes by grade as described in the =93<A=20 href=3D"http://www.springerlink.com/content/7624132h1854406j/fulltext.htm= l#Sec2">Methods</A>=94,=20 with the exception of an appreciably better OS and CSS in patients = classified as=20 =93Undifferentiated; anaplastic Grade IV=94 in the SEER database as = compared to=20 grade 4 in the present study. Also, patients classified as =93Well = differentiated;=20 Grade I=94 in the SEER database experienced a slightly worse long-term = survival as=20 compared to patients classified as grade 1 in the present study. Multivariate analyses of OS and CSS were run, in which age = and grade=20 were treated as continuous variables, while radiation delivery and = resection=20 were treated as discrete variables (yes/no). Younger age, lower grade = and=20 resection were significantly favorable variables. Additional MVA models = were=20 performed for OS and CSS, in which unknown grade was reclassified as = grade 2.=20 With the =93grade unknown → 2=94 MVA model, age, grade = and resection=20 remained significant, while the use of radiotherapy (adverse factor) was = significant for CSS. To explore the potential impact of SCA tumor size, = additional MVA=20 models were run in which tumor size was included as a continuous = variable. For=20 OS, tumor size was significant (P =3D 0.048) in the MVA = models in=20 which unknown grade was excluded (98 patients analyzed) and borderline=20 significant (P =3D 0.077) in the =93grade = unknown → 2=94=20 MVA models (111 patients analyzed); grade = (P < 0.0001 in=20 both models) and age (P =3D 0.005 and 0.007) were = significant,=20 while resection (P =3D 0.99 and 0.89) and use of = radiotherapy=20 (P =3D 0.41 and 0.83) were not significant. For CSS, = tumor size=20 was not significant in either MVA model (P > 0.2); = grade=20 (P < 0.0001 in both models) and age=20 (P =3D 0.015 and 0.026) were significant, while = resection=20 (P =3D 0.65 and 0.92) and use of radiotherapy=20 (P =3D 0.50 and 0.99) were not significant. </DIV> <DIV class=3D""><A name=3DSec8></A> <DIV class=3DHeading3>Spinal cord ependymoma</DIV> Table <A=20 href=3D"http://www.springerlink.com/content/7624132h1854406j/fulltext.htm= l#Tab2">2</A>=20 summarizes the treatment with respect to surgery and radiotherapy for = SCE. More=20 patients with low grade SCE, as compared to high grade SCE, underwent = resection=20 alone. <DIV class=3DPara> <DIV class=3D"">For grade 1, 2, and 3 SCE, the 5-year OS was 92, 97 and = 58%. The=20 5-year CSS was 100, 98 and 64%. Table <A=20 href=3D"http://www.springerlink.com/content/7624132h1854406j/fulltext.htm= l#Tab4">4</A>=20 shows the OS and CSS for the entire cohort of patients with SCE as well = as=20 subgroups of interest. On UVA, younger age, lower grade, earlier decade = of=20 diagnosis, resection and no radiotherapy delivery were significantly = favorable=20 predictors of OS and CSS. The 10=9619 year old age group = experienced a=20 non-significant trend towards worse OS compared to younger children and = adults=20 <60 years (5-year OS of 80 vs. 93%, = P =3D 0.16). After=20 15=9620 years, the OS of the 10=9619 year old subgroup begins = to exceed=20 the OS of older adults. Gender and race (not shown) did not = significantly impact=20 survival. Figure <A=20 href=3D"http://www.springerlink.com/content/7624132h1854406j/fulltext.htm= l#Fig2">2</A>=20 depicts the Kaplan=96Meier OS by grade.<A name=3DTab4></A> <DIV class=3DCapt>Table 4 Patient = outcome:=20 ependymoma </DIV> <TABLE border=3D1> <COLGROUP> <COL align=3Dleft> <COL align=3Dchar char=3D"."> <COL align=3Dchar char=3D"."> <COL align=3Dchar char=3D"."> <COL align=3Dleft> <COL align=3Dchar char=3D"."> <COL align=3Dleft> <COL align=3Dleft> <COL align=3Dchar char=3D"."> <COL align=3Dchar char=3D"."> <COL align=3Dchar char=3D"."> <COL align=3Dleft> <COL align=3Dleft></COLGROUP> <THEAD> <TR class=3Dheader> <TH align=3Dleft rowSpan=3D2> </TH> <TH align=3Dleft colSpan=3D7 char=3D"."> Overall survival</TH> <TH align=3Dleft char=3D"."> Cause specific survival</TH> <TD class=3Dauto-generated> </TD> <TD class=3Dauto-generated> </TD> <TD class=3Dauto-generated> </TD> <TD class=3Dauto-generated> </TD> <TD class=3Dauto-generated> </TD></TR> <TR class=3Dheader> <TH align=3Dleft char=3D"."> 1 years (%)</TH> <TH align=3Dleft char=3D"."> 5 years (%)</TH> <TH align=3Dleft char=3D"."> 10 years (%)</TH> <TH align=3Dleft> MS (months)</TH> <TH align=3Dleft char=3D"."> P value UVA</TH> <TH align=3Dleft> P value MVA</TH> <TH align=3Dleft> P value MVAa </TH> <TH align=3Dleft char=3D"."> 1 years (%)</TH> <TH align=3Dleft char=3D"."> 10 years (%)</TH> <TH align=3Dleft char=3D"."> P value UVA</TH> <TH align=3Dleft> P value MVA</TH> <TH align=3Dleft> P value MVAa </TH></TR></THEAD> <TBODY> <TR class=3Dnoclass> <TD align=3Dleft> All patients</TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> 97</TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> 90</TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> 81</TD> <TD align=3Dleft> 300</TD> <TD align=3Dleft char=3D"."> </TD> <TD align=3Dleft> </TD> <TD align=3Dleft> </TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> 99</TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> 93</TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> </TD> <TD align=3Dleft> </TD> <TD align=3Dleft> </TD></TR> <TR class=3Dnoclass> <TD align=3Dleft colSpan=3D13> Grade (as outlined in =93<A=20 = href=3D"http://www.springerlink.com/content/7624132h1854406j/fulltext.htm= l#Sec2">Methods</A>=94)=20 </TD></TR> <TR class=3Dnoclass> <TD align=3Dleft> 1</TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> 98</TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> 92</TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> 73</TD> <TD align=3Dleft> NR @ 315</TD> <TD align=3Dchar rowSpan=3D4 char=3D"."> 0.002</TD> <TD align=3Dleft rowSpan=3D4> *</TD> <TD align=3Dleft rowSpan=3D4> *</TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> 100</TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> 93</TD> <TD align=3Dchar rowSpan=3D4 char=3D"."> <0.00001</TD> <TD align=3Dleft rowSpan=3D4> *</TD> <TD align=3Dleft rowSpan=3D4> *</TD></TR> <TR class=3Dnoclass> <TD align=3Dleft> 2</TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> 100</TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> 97</TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> 91</TD> <TD align=3Dleft> NR @ 375</TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> 100</TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> 98</TD></TR> <TR class=3Dnoclass> <TD align=3Dleft> 3</TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> 96</TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> 58</TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> 51</TD> <TD align=3Dleft> NR @ 264</TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> 96</TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> 56</TD></TR> <TR class=3Dnoclass> <TD align=3Dleft> ?</TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> 96</TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> 90</TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> 81</TD> <TD align=3Dleft> 298</TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> 98</TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> 93</TD></TR> <TR class=3Dnoclass> <TD align=3Dleft> Grade 1=962 versus 3</TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> </TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> </TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> </TD> <TD align=3Dleft> </TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> 0.0001</TD> <TD align=3Dleft> <0.0001</TD> <TD align=3Dleft> <0.0001</TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> </TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> </TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> <0.00001</TD> <TD align=3Dleft> <0.0001</TD> <TD align=3Dleft> <0.0001</TD></TR> <TR class=3Dnoclass> <TD align=3Dleft colSpan=3D13> Grade (as scored in SEER database)</TD></TR> <TR class=3Dnoclass> <TD align=3Dleft> Well differentiated; grade I</TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> 96</TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> 91</TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> 73</TD> <TD align=3Dleft> NR @ 315</TD> <TD align=3Dchar rowSpan=3D5 char=3D"."> <0.00001</TD> <TD align=3Dleft rowSpan=3D5> Not run</TD> <TD align=3Dleft rowSpan=3D5> Not run</TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> 100</TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> 92</TD> <TD align=3Dchar rowSpan=3D5 char=3D"."> <0.00001</TD> <TD align=3Dleft rowSpan=3D5> Not run</TD> <TD align=3Dleft rowSpan=3D5> Not run</TD></TR> <TR class=3Dnoclass> <TD align=3Dleft> Moderately differentiated; grade II</TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> 100</TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> 97</TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> 91</TD> <TD align=3Dleft> 222</TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> 100</TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> 98</TD></TR> <TR class=3Dnoclass> <TD align=3Dleft> Poorly differentiated; grade III</TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> 100</TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> 38</TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> =96</TD> <TD align=3Dleft> 32</TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> 100</TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> <50</TD></TR> <TR class=3Dnoclass> <TD align=3Dleft> Undifferentiated; anaplastic grade IV</TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> 94</TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> 54</TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> 45</TD> <TD align=3Dleft> 72</TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> 94</TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> 48</TD></TR> <TR class=3Dnoclass> <TD align=3Dleft> Unknown</TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> 97</TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> 90</TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> 81</TD> <TD align=3Dleft> 298</TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> 98</TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> 93</TD></TR> <TR class=3Dnoclass> <TD align=3Dleft colSpan=3D13> Age</TD></TR> <TR class=3Dnoclass> <TD align=3Dleft> <1=969</TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> 100</TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> 100</TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> 100</TD> <TD align=3Dleft> NR @ 294</TD> <TD align=3Dchar rowSpan=3D5 char=3D"."> <0.00001</TD> <TD align=3Dleft rowSpan=3D5> <0.0001</TD> <TD align=3Dleft rowSpan=3D5> <0.0001</TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> 100</TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> 100</TD> <TD align=3Dchar rowSpan=3D5 char=3D"."> 0.002</TD> <TD align=3Dleft rowSpan=3D5> 0.070</TD> <TD align=3Dleft rowSpan=3D5> 0.002</TD></TR> <TR class=3Dnoclass> <TD align=3Dleft> 10=9619</TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> 95</TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> 80</TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> 73</TD> <TD align=3Dleft> NR @ 390</TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> 96</TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> 84</TD></TR> <TR class=3Dnoclass> <TD align=3Dleft> 20=9639</TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> 100</TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> 95</TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> 90</TD> <TD align=3Dleft> NR @ 386</TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> 100</TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> 94</TD></TR> <TR class=3Dnoclass> <TD align=3Dleft> 40=9659</TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> 98</TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> 92</TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> 84</TD> <TD align=3Dleft> 278</TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> 100</TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> 94</TD></TR> <TR class=3Dnoclass> <TD align=3Dleft> ≥60</TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> 89</TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> 78</TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> 49</TD> <TD align=3Dleft> 119</TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> 94</TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> 85</TD></TR> <TR class=3Dnoclass> <TD align=3Dleft colSpan=3D13> Decade diagnosed</TD></TR> <TR class=3Dnoclass> <TD align=3Dleft> 1970s</TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> 98</TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> 81</TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> 69</TD> <TD align=3Dleft> 215</TD> <TD align=3Dchar rowSpan=3D4 char=3D"."> 0.002</TD> <TD align=3Dleft> </TD> <TD align=3Dleft> </TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> 98</TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> 78</TD> <TD align=3Dchar rowSpan=3D4 char=3D"."> <0.00001</TD> <TD align=3Dleft> </TD> <TD align=3Dleft> </TD></TR> <TR class=3Dnoclass> <TD align=3Dleft> 1980s</TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> 95</TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> 87</TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> 77</TD> <TD align=3Dleft> 280</TD> <TD align=3Dleft> </TD> <TD align=3Dleft> </TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> 96</TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> 89</TD> <TD align=3Dleft> </TD> <TD align=3Dleft> </TD></TR> <TR class=3Dnoclass> <TD align=3Dleft> 1990s</TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> 96</TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> 90</TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> 82</TD> <TD align=3Dleft> NR @ 190</TD> <TD align=3Dleft> </TD> <TD align=3Dleft> </TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> 98</TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> 94</TD> <TD align=3Dleft> </TD> <TD align=3Dleft> </TD></TR> <TR class=3Dnoclass> <TD align=3Dleft> 2000s</TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> 98</TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> 92</TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> =96</TD> <TD align=3Dleft> NR @ 71</TD> <TD align=3Dleft> </TD> <TD align=3Dleft> </TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> 99</TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> =96</TD> <TD align=3Dleft> </TD> <TD align=3Dleft> </TD></TR> <TR class=3Dnoclass> <TD align=3Dleft> Year of diagnosis</TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> </TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> </TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> </TD> <TD align=3Dleft> </TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> </TD> <TD align=3Dleft> 0.11</TD> <TD align=3Dleft> 0.013</TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> </TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> </TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> </TD> <TD align=3Dleft> 0.11</TD> <TD align=3Dleft> 0.003</TD></TR> <TR class=3Dnoclass> <TD align=3Dleft colSpan=3D13> Resection</TD></TR> <TR class=3Dnoclass> <TD align=3Dleft> No resection</TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> 86</TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> 71</TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> 65</TD> <TD align=3Dleft> 292</TD> <TD align=3Dchar rowSpan=3D2 char=3D"."> 0.002</TD> <TD align=3Dleft rowSpan=3D2> 0.005</TD> <TD align=3Dleft rowSpan=3D2> 0.001</TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> 94</TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> 77</TD> <TD align=3Dchar rowSpan=3D2 char=3D"."> 0.003</TD> <TD align=3Dleft rowSpan=3D2> 0.011</TD> <TD align=3Dleft rowSpan=3D2> 0.003</TD></TR> <TR class=3Dnoclass> <TD align=3Dleft> Resection</TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> 98</TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> 92</TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> 82</TD> <TD align=3Dleft> 296</TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> 99</TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> 94</TD></TR> <TR class=3Dnoclass> <TD align=3Dleft colSpan=3D13> Radiotherapy</TD></TR> <TR class=3Dnoclass> <TD align=3Dleft> No radiotherapy</TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> 97</TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> 92</TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> 84</TD> <TD align=3Dleft> NR @ 390</TD> <TD align=3Dchar rowSpan=3D2 char=3D"."> 0.002</TD> <TD align=3Dleft rowSpan=3D2> 0.056</TD> <TD align=3Dleft rowSpan=3D2> 0.045</TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> 99</TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> 96</TD> <TD align=3Dchar rowSpan=3D2 char=3D"."> 0.001</TD> <TD align=3Dleft rowSpan=3D2> 0.66</TD> <TD align=3Dleft rowSpan=3D2> 0.17</TD></TR> <TR class=3Dnoclass> <TD align=3Dleft> Radiation delivered</TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> 98</TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> 89</TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> 75</TD> <TD align=3Dleft> 249</TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> 99</TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> 87</TD></TR></TBODY></TABLE> <DIV class=3DCapt> <DIV class=3DCaptCont> <DIV class=3D"">aMVA model in which grade unknown is = reassigned as=20 grade 2 </DIV></DIV> <DIV class=3DCaptCont> <DIV class=3D"">*When grade was included as a continuous variable, grade = was not=20 significant for OS (P > 0.1), while it was = significant for=20 CSS (P ≤ 0.001). The MVA models shown include = grade as a=20 discrete variable (1=962 vs. 3) </DIV></DIV> <DIV class=3DCaptCont> <DIV class=3D"">MS Median survival, NOS not otherwise = specified,=20 NR not reached, UVA univariate analyses, MVA = multivariate=20 analyses </DIV></DIV> <DIV class=3DCaptCont> <DIV class=3D"">? =3D unknown</DIV></DIV></DIV> <DIV class=3DFigure><A name=3DFig2></A><IMG=20 alt=3DMediaObjects/11060_2009_54_Fig2_HTML.gif=20 src=3D"http://www.springerlink.com/content/7624132h1854406j/MediaObjects/= 11060_2009_54_Fig2_HTML.gif"></DIV> <DIV class=3DCapt>Fig. 2 Kaplan=96Meier overall=20 survival of spinal cord ependymoma by grade. Beyond 25 years, the = total=20 number of patients at risk is small (25), so survival is shown only up = to=20 25 years </DIV> <HR> </DIV></DIV> The survival outcomes by grade as classified in the SEER = database=20 were comparable to survival outcomes by grade as described in the =93<A=20 href=3D"http://www.springerlink.com/content/7624132h1854406j/fulltext.htm= l#Sec2">Methods</A>=94.=20 Interestingly, patients classified as having grade 1 SCE experienced a=20 non-significant trend towards worse OS versus those with grade 2 SCE=20 (P =3D 0.063), though CSS was more similar. Multivariate analyses of OS and CSS were run, in which age = and year=20 of diagnosis were treated as continuous variables, while grade (1=962 = vs. 3),=20 radiation (yes/no) and any resection (yes/no) were treated as discrete=20 variables. Additional MVA models were performed for OS and CSS, in which = unknown=20 grade was reclassified as grade 2. Grade 1=962 versus 3 was significant = in all MVA=20 models. Younger age was favorable for OS and CSS. No radiation delivery = was=20 favorable for OS; resection was significantly favorable for OS and CSS. = A more=20 recent year of diagnosis was significantly favorable for OS and CSS in = the=20 =93grade unknown → 2=94 MVA models. To explore the potential impact of SCE tumor size, = additional MVA=20 models were run in which tumor size was included as a continuous = variable. For=20 OS, tumor size was not significant (P =3D 0.56) in the = MVA model=20 in which unknown grade was excluded (154 patients analyzed) or in the = =93grade=20 unknown → 2=94 MVA model (P =3D 0.24; = 352 patients=20 analyzed). In both MVA models of OS, in which size was included, grade = was not=20 significant (P =3D 0.20 and 0.13), while younger age=20 (P =3D 0.038 and <0.0001) and resection=20 (P =3D <0.0001 and 0.001) were significant; = radiotherapy=20 delivery was significant (P =3D 0.050) in the =93grade=20 unknown → 2=94 model. For CSS, no variable, including = tumor size=20 (P =3D 0.91) was significant = (P > 0.2 for all=20 variables) in the MVA model in which unknown grade was excluded. For the = =93grade=20 unknown → 2=94 CSS MVA model, grade = (P =3D 0.025),=20 younger age (P =3D 0.017), more recent year of = diagnosis=20 (P =3D 0.002), and resection = (P =3D 0.010) were=20 significantly favorable, while smaller tumor size = (P =3D 0.12)=20 and radiotherapy (P =3D 0.12) were not. </DIV> <DIV class=3D""><A name=3DSec9></A> <DIV class=3DHeading3>Patient outcome: use of radiotherapy</DIV> <DIV class=3DPara> <DIV class=3D"">Table <A=20 href=3D"http://www.springerlink.com/content/7624132h1854406j/fulltext.htm= l#Tab5">5</A>=20 summarize the OS and CSS of patients with grade 2=964 SCG, treated with = resection=20 with or without adjuvant radiotherapy. Patients with resected grade 2 = SCE=20 treated with radiotherapy experienced a worse OS compared to those not = treated=20 with radiotherapy, though CSS was similar. Patients with resected grade = 2 SCA=20 treated with radiotherapy experienced a worse OS and CSS compared to = those not=20 treated with radiotherapy. In patients with resected high grade SCG, OS = and CSS=20 were not significantly impacted by whether or not radiotherapy was = delivered.<A=20 name=3DTab5></A> <DIV class=3DCapt>Table 5 Radiotherapy </DIV> <TABLE border=3D1> <COLGROUP> <COL align=3Dleft> <COL align=3Dchar char=3D"."> <COL align=3Dchar char=3D"."> <COL align=3Dchar char=3D"."> <COL align=3Dchar char=3D"."> <COL align=3Dchar char=3D"."></COLGROUP> <THEAD> <TR class=3Dheader> <TH align=3Dleft> </TH> <TH align=3Dleft char=3D"."> Number</TH> <TH align=3Dleft char=3D"."> 10-year OS (%)</TH> <TH align=3Dleft char=3D"."> P value </TH> <TH align=3Dleft char=3D"."> 10-year CSS (%)</TH> <TH align=3Dleft char=3D"."> P value </TH></TR></THEAD> <TBODY> <TR class=3Dnoclass> <TD align=3Dleft colSpan=3D6> Grade 2 ependymoma s/p resection</TD></TR> <TR class=3Dnoclass> <TD align=3Dleft> No radiotherapy</TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> 97</TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> 99</TD> <TD align=3Dchar rowSpan=3D2 char=3D"."> 0.041</TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> 99</TD> <TD align=3Dchar rowSpan=3D2 char=3D"."> 0.88</TD></TR> <TR class=3Dnoclass> <TD align=3Dleft> Radiotherapy</TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> 41</TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> 80</TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> 100</TD></TR></TBODY></TABLE> <TABLE border=3D1> <COLGROUP> <COL align=3Dleft> <COL align=3Dchar char=3D"."> <COL align=3Dchar char=3D"."> <COL align=3Dchar char=3D"."> <COL align=3Dchar char=3D"."> <COL align=3Dchar char=3D"."></COLGROUP> <THEAD> <TR class=3Dheader> <TH align=3Dleft> </TH> <TH align=3Dleft char=3D"."> Number</TH> <TH align=3Dleft char=3D"."> 5-year OS (%)</TH> <TH align=3Dleft char=3D"."> P value </TH> <TH align=3Dleft char=3D"."> 5-year CSS (%)</TH> <TH align=3Dleft char=3D"."> P value </TH></TR></THEAD> <TBODY> <TR class=3Dnoclass> <TD align=3Dleft colSpan=3D6> Grade 2 astrocytoma s/p resection</TD></TR> <TR class=3Dnoclass> <TD align=3Dleft> No radiotherapy</TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> 48</TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> 86</TD> <TD align=3Dchar rowSpan=3D2 char=3D"."> 0.042</TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> 92</TD> <TD align=3Dchar rowSpan=3D2 char=3D"."> 0.083</TD></TR> <TR class=3Dnoclass> <TD align=3Dleft> Radiotherapy</TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> 61</TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> 74</TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> 79</TD></TR> <TR class=3Dnoclass> <TD align=3Dleft colSpan=3D6> Grade 3=964 astrocytoma s/p resection</TD></TR> <TR class=3Dnoclass> <TD align=3Dleft> No radiotherapy</TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> 29</TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> 29</TD> <TD align=3Dchar rowSpan=3D2 char=3D"."> 0.94</TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> 47</TD> <TD align=3Dchar rowSpan=3D2 char=3D"."> 0.50</TD></TR> <TR class=3Dnoclass> <TD align=3Dleft> Radiotherapy</TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> 116</TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> 21</TD> <TD align=3Dchar char=3D"."> 28</TD></TR></TBODY></TABLE></DIV></DIV></DIV></DIV> <DIV class=3D""><A name=3DSec10></A> <HR> <DIV class=3Dheading2>Discussion</DIV> Spinal cord glioma is a rare malignancy, for which the = management is=20 challenging due to potentially devastating consequences of the disease = as well=20 as paucity of published data. Given the relative rarity, SCG is = well-suited for=20 retrospective studies, and the SEER database provides a large study = cohort with=20 long follow-up. Several retrospective studies suggest that grade and = histology are=20 significant predictors of survival and disease control, with lower grade = tumors=20 and ependymomas having the best prognosis. The present study confirms = these=20 findings. Nevertheless, comparing outcomes of like-graded tumors between = different studies, and even within the same study, can be a challenge = due to the=20 difficulty in accurately and reproducibly assigning a grade. Several = factors=20 complicate glioma grading, including: (1) tissue sampling errors; (2) = variable=20 levels of pathology expertise; (3) differing criteria with which grade = is=20 assigned; (4) availability and use different pathologic staging systems = over the=20 course of decades. Database discrepancies, inconsistencies and/or coding = errors=20 can also be problematic. Major limitations of this study are (1) a large = percentage of patients with unknown grade; and (2) among those who were = assigned=20 a grade, a uniform grading system was not used. While after 2004, WHO = grading=20 was to be recorded in the optional =93CS Site-Specific Factor 1=94 = field, this field=20 was scored as unknown for all patients, even if a grade was assigned in = the SEER=20 grade field, suggesting that registries did not opt to use the =93CS = Site-Specific=20 Factor 1=94 field and/or used other grading systems. In our study, greater age was an adverse predictor of OS = and CSS for=20 SCA and SCE, a finding which contradicts a recent multi-institutional = pooled=20 analysis [<CITE><A=20 href=3D"http://www.springerlink.com/content/7624132h1854406j/fulltext.htm= l#CR39">39</A></CITE>].=20 Interestingly, the subgroup of patients aged 10=9619 experienced a=20 non-significantly worse OS and CSS as compared to younger children and=20 non-elderly adults. These differences do not appear to be attributable = to=20 differences in the distribution of grade or histology (data not shown). = Possible=20 reasons for these differences are unknown. Grade was highly significant for OS and CSS of SCG, = consistent with=20 innumerable other studies (see =93<A=20 href=3D"http://www.springerlink.com/content/7624132h1854406j/fulltext.htm= l#Sec1">Introduction</A>=94).=20 Interestingly, the OS for grade 1 SCE was non-significantly worse than = grade 2=20 SCE, which resulted in grade being non-significant when treated as a = continuous=20 variable in the MVA for SCE (Table <A=20 href=3D"http://www.springerlink.com/content/7624132h1854406j/fulltext.htm= l#Tab4">4</A>).=20 Low grade (grade 1=962) versus grade 3 SCE was highly significant in MVA = models=20 for OS and CSS. Grade 1 myxopapillary ependymomas can be characterized by = early=20 progression, and relatively poor OS [<CITE><A=20 href=3D"http://www.springerlink.com/content/7624132h1854406j/fulltext.htm= l#CR48">48</A></CITE>],=20 perhaps contributing to the relatively worse OS of grade 1 SCE. Most = (>95%)=20 of the patients identified as having myxopapillary ependymoma in the = SEER=20 database were diagnosed after 2000, and thus a meaningful comparison = could not=20 be made in our analysis. Grade as a continuous variable was significant = in MVA=20 models for CSS, suggesting that the worse OS of grade 1 SCE in this = study may=20 also reflect confounding variables. This discrepancy may also reflect = the=20 difficulty in grading gliomas (as described above), as well as the = manner in=20 which grade was assigned in this study. As described in the =93<A=20 href=3D"http://www.springerlink.com/content/7624132h1854406j/fulltext.htm= l#Sec2">Methods</A>=94,=20 from 2004, ependymomas were characterized as =91malignant=92, = =91borderline=92 or=20 =91benign=92, while prior to 2004, only =91malignant=92 ependymomas were = included. While=20 tumors which would have been scored as =91borderline=92 or =91benign=92 = after 2004, may=20 have been included as grade 1 =91malignant=92 tumors prior to 2004 = (since the=20 classification of grade 1 ependymomas as =91malignant=92, = =91borderline=92 or =91benign=92=20 is a matter of semantics), perhaps many of these tumors were not = included in the=20 SEER database prior to 2004. This would potentially create a different = patient=20 population of grade 1 tumors after 2004. The long-term survival of = patients in=20 this study reflects patients registered when registries were instructed = to=20 include only =91malignant=92 gliomas. In our study, <35% of grade 1 = tumors were=20 diagnosed prior to 2004 (data not shown). Tumor size was explored as a variable potentially = affecting outcome.=20 For SCA, smaller tumor size appears to favorably impact OS, but not CSS. = Interestingly, whether patients underwent resection or radiotherapy were = not=20 significant when SCA tumor size was included in the MVA. For SCE, tumor = size did=20 not appear to impact survival outcomes; whether patients underwent = resection=20 remained significant when SCE tumor size was included in the MVA models. = Because=20 many patients did not have tumor size recorded (111 patients with SCA = and 352=20 patients with SCE were analyzed for tumor size), and because tumor size, = in=20 general, is not a reliable variable, caution should be used in = interpreting=20 these results. The role of adjuvant radiotherapy after resection of SCG = is not well=20 understood. For high grade SCG, given the relative rarity and generally = poor=20 prognosis, the incremental benefit radiotherapy offers in terms of tumor = control=20 and survival is not well characterized. In our retrospective analysis, = the OS=20 and CSS of patients with grade 3=964 SCG were not significantly impacted = by=20 radiation delivery, albeit perhaps partially attributable to biases = inherent in=20 retrospective analyses. Nevertheless, radiotherapy is known to be = effective=20 against gliomas and remains a standard adjuvant treatment for high grade = SCG.=20 For grade 2 SCG, the benefit of adjuvant radiotherapy is = more=20 controversial. Several retrospective studies have shown that after gross = total=20 resection of grade 2 SCG, post-operative radiotherapy is not needed = [<CITE><A=20 href=3D"http://www.springerlink.com/content/7624132h1854406j/fulltext.htm= l#CR16">16</A></CITE>,=20 <CITE><A=20 href=3D"http://www.springerlink.com/content/7624132h1854406j/fulltext.htm= l#CR18">18</A></CITE>,=20 <CITE><A=20 href=3D"http://www.springerlink.com/content/7624132h1854406j/fulltext.htm= l#CR19">19</A></CITE>,=20 <CITE><A=20 href=3D"http://www.springerlink.com/content/7624132h1854406j/fulltext.htm= l#CR25">25</A></CITE>,=20 <CITE><A=20 href=3D"http://www.springerlink.com/content/7624132h1854406j/fulltext.htm= l#CR32">32</A></CITE>].=20 Certainly, with modern surgical and imaging techniques, total resection = of grade=20 2 SCG is more readily attainable, and close observation with serial = imaging is=20 reasonable [<CITE><A=20 href=3D"http://www.springerlink.com/content/7624132h1854406j/fulltext.htm= l#CR15">15</A></CITE>,=20 <CITE><A=20 href=3D"http://www.springerlink.com/content/7624132h1854406j/fulltext.htm= l#CR16">16</A></CITE>,=20 <CITE><A=20 href=3D"http://www.springerlink.com/content/7624132h1854406j/fulltext.htm= l#CR19">19</A></CITE>,=20 <CITE><A=20 href=3D"http://www.springerlink.com/content/7624132h1854406j/fulltext.htm= l#CR25">25</A></CITE>,=20 <CITE><A=20 href=3D"http://www.springerlink.com/content/7624132h1854406j/fulltext.htm= l#CR28">28</A></CITE>,=20 <CITE><A=20 href=3D"http://www.springerlink.com/content/7624132h1854406j/fulltext.htm= l#CR29">29</A></CITE>,=20 <CITE><A=20 href=3D"http://www.springerlink.com/content/7624132h1854406j/fulltext.htm= l#CR31">31</A></CITE>=96<CITE><A=20 href=3D"http://www.springerlink.com/content/7624132h1854406j/fulltext.htm= l#CR33">33</A></CITE>,=20 <CITE><A=20 href=3D"http://www.springerlink.com/content/7624132h1854406j/fulltext.htm= l#CR39">39</A></CITE>].=20 After subtotal resection of low grade SCG, several studies = advocate=20 post-operative radiotherapy [<CITE><A=20 href=3D"http://www.springerlink.com/content/7624132h1854406j/fulltext.htm= l#CR2">2</A></CITE>,=20 <CITE><A=20 href=3D"http://www.springerlink.com/content/7624132h1854406j/fulltext.htm= l#CR12">12</A></CITE>,=20 <CITE><A=20 href=3D"http://www.springerlink.com/content/7624132h1854406j/fulltext.htm= l#CR16">16</A></CITE>,=20 <CITE><A=20 href=3D"http://www.springerlink.com/content/7624132h1854406j/fulltext.htm= l#CR17">17</A></CITE>,=20 <CITE><A=20 href=3D"http://www.springerlink.com/content/7624132h1854406j/fulltext.htm= l#CR21">21</A></CITE>,=20 <CITE><A=20 href=3D"http://www.springerlink.com/content/7624132h1854406j/fulltext.htm= l#CR23">23</A></CITE>,=20 <CITE><A=20 href=3D"http://www.springerlink.com/content/7624132h1854406j/fulltext.htm= l#CR25">25</A></CITE>,=20 <CITE><A=20 href=3D"http://www.springerlink.com/content/7624132h1854406j/fulltext.htm= l#CR34">34</A></CITE>,=20 <CITE><A=20 href=3D"http://www.springerlink.com/content/7624132h1854406j/fulltext.htm= l#CR35">35</A></CITE>]=20 and/or treated all (or nearly all) patients in their series with = radiotherapy=20 (and therefore cannot assess the efficacy of withholding radiation) = [<CITE><A=20 href=3D"http://www.springerlink.com/content/7624132h1854406j/fulltext.htm= l#CR4">4</A></CITE>,=20 <CITE><A=20 href=3D"http://www.springerlink.com/content/7624132h1854406j/fulltext.htm= l#CR6">6</A></CITE>=96<CITE><A=20 href=3D"http://www.springerlink.com/content/7624132h1854406j/fulltext.htm= l#CR8">8</A></CITE>,=20 <CITE><A=20 href=3D"http://www.springerlink.com/content/7624132h1854406j/fulltext.htm= l#CR10">10</A></CITE>,=20 <CITE><A=20 href=3D"http://www.springerlink.com/content/7624132h1854406j/fulltext.htm= l#CR11">11</A></CITE>,=20 <CITE><A=20 href=3D"http://www.springerlink.com/content/7624132h1854406j/fulltext.htm= l#CR13">13</A></CITE>,=20 <CITE><A=20 href=3D"http://www.springerlink.com/content/7624132h1854406j/fulltext.htm= l#CR14">14</A></CITE>,=20 <CITE><A=20 href=3D"http://www.springerlink.com/content/7624132h1854406j/fulltext.htm= l#CR22">22</A></CITE>,=20 <CITE><A=20 href=3D"http://www.springerlink.com/content/7624132h1854406j/fulltext.htm= l#CR29">29</A></CITE>,=20 <CITE><A=20 href=3D"http://www.springerlink.com/content/7624132h1854406j/fulltext.htm= l#CR30">30</A></CITE>,=20 <CITE><A=20 href=3D"http://www.springerlink.com/content/7624132h1854406j/fulltext.htm= l#CR33">33</A></CITE>,=20 <CITE><A=20 href=3D"http://www.springerlink.com/content/7624132h1854406j/fulltext.htm= l#CR38">38</A></CITE>].=20 However, it is not known which patients might benefit from close = observation,=20 reserving radiotherapy or additional surgery for salvage, as opposed to = upfront=20 radiotherapy [<CITE><A=20 href=3D"http://www.springerlink.com/content/7624132h1854406j/fulltext.htm= l#CR26">26</A></CITE>].=20 At least one study demonstrates no benefit from radiotherapy after = subtotal=20 resection of low grade SCE [<CITE><A=20 href=3D"http://www.springerlink.com/content/7624132h1854406j/fulltext.htm= l#CR26">26</A></CITE>].=20 A modern pooled analysis has advocated deferring radiotherapy in = patients with=20 subtotally resected low grade SCE, while offering upfront radiotherapy = for low=20 grade SCA (which yielded a significantly improved progression-free = survival)=20 [<CITE><A=20 href=3D"http://www.springerlink.com/content/7624132h1854406j/fulltext.htm= l#CR39">39</A></CITE>].=20 In a recent retrospective study, post-operative radiotherapy for all=20 infiltrative (grade 2=964) SCA yielded a significantly improved OS = [<CITE><A=20 href=3D"http://www.springerlink.com/content/7624132h1854406j/fulltext.htm= l#CR43">43</A></CITE>].=20 In our analysis, patients with resected grade 2 SCG, = specifically=20 SCA, who underwent radiotherapy fared worse than patients who did not = undergo=20 radiotherapy. This most likely reflects a bias in that patients who were = offered=20 therapeutic radiotherapy perhaps had more adverse risk factors (i.e. = larger=20 tumor, close or positive margins, multifocal disease), a notion = confirmed by a=20 large multi-institutional pooled analysis [<CITE><A=20 href=3D"http://www.springerlink.com/content/7624132h1854406j/fulltext.htm= l#CR39">39</A></CITE>].=20 Therefore retrospectively comparing the outcome of those treated with = upfront=20 radiotherapy versus those not undergoing upfront radiotherapy is likely = impacted=20 by this bias. </DIV> <DIV class=3D""><A name=3DSec11></A> <HR> <DIV class=3Dheading2>Conclusions</DIV> For patients with SCG, age, histology and grade are = significant=20 predictors of outcome. Though treatment with radiotherapy was associated = with=20 worse outcomes, this likely reflects a bias in that patients who = received=20 radiotherapy were perhaps more likely to have had adverse risk factors = (i.e.=20 larger tumor, close or positive margins). Patients with grade 2 SCG who = did not=20 undergo radiotherapy after resection fared quite well with respect to OS = and=20 CSS. Given the retrospective nature of this study, specific = recommendations=20 about which situations warrant radiotherapy cannot be derived from our = analyses.=20 </DIV> <HR> <H2><A name=3DBib1></A>References </H2> <TABLE> <TBODY class=3DCitation> <TR vAlign=3Dtop> <TD>1.</TD> <TD><A name=3DCR1></A>Schellinger KA, Propp JM, Villano JL, McCarthy = BJ=20 (2008) Descriptive epidemiology of primary spinal cord tumors. 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