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Subject: Progress on Antiangiogenic Therapy for Patients with Malignant Glioma
Date: Wed, 5 May 2010 23:41:27 +0200
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            <DIV class=3Dfm-citation>
            <DIV><SPAN class=3Dcitation-version></SPAN><SPAN=20
            class=3Dcitation-abbreviation>J Oncol. </SPAN><SPAN=20
            class=3Dcitation-publication-date>2010; </SPAN><SPAN=20
            class=3Dcitation-volume>2010</SPAN><SPAN=20
            class=3Dcitation-issue></SPAN><SPAN =
class=3Dcitation-flpages>: 689018.=20
            </SPAN></DIV>
            <DIV><SPAN class=3Dfm-vol-iss-date>Published online 2010 =
April 6.=20
            </SPAN><SPAN class=3Dfm-vol-iss-date></SPAN><SPAN=20
            class=3Dfm-vol-iss-date>doi:=20
10.1155/2010/689018.</SPAN></DIV></DIV></TD>
          <TD class=3Dfm-citation-ids>
            <DIV class=3Dfm-citation-pmcid><SPAN=20
            class=3Dfm-citation-ids-label>PMCID:=20
            =
</SPAN><SPAN>PMC2850510</SPAN></DIV></TD></TR></TBODY></TABLE>
      <DIV class=3Dfm-copyright><A class=3Dint-reflink=20
      =
href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/about/copyright.html">Copyright</=
A>=20
      =C2=A9 2010 M. S. Ahluwalia and C. L. Gladson.</DIV>
      <DIV class=3Dfm-title>Progress on Antiangiogenic Therapy for =
Patients with=20
      Malignant Glioma</DIV>
      <DIV class=3D"contrib-group fm-author">Manmeet S. Ahluwalia<SUP>1, =

      2</SUP><SUP></SUP> and Candece L. Gladson<SUP>1,=20
      3</SUP><SUP></SUP><SUP>*</SUP></DIV>
      <DIV class=3Dfm-affl><SUP>1</SUP>Brain Tumor Neuro-Oncology =
Center,=20
      Neurological Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio 44195, =
USA</DIV>
      <DIV class=3Dfm-affl><SUP>2</SUP>Department of Solid Tumor =
Oncology, Taussig=20
      Cancer Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio 44195, =
USA</DIV>
      <DIV class=3Dfm-affl><SUP>3</SUP>Department of Cancer Biology, =
Lerner=20
      Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio 44195, =
USA</DIV>
      <DIV class=3Dfm-footnote id=3Dcor1>*Candece L. Gladson: <SPAN=20
      class=3Dbefore-email-separator></SPAN><SPAN =
class=3Demail-label>Email:=20
      </SPAN><SPAN class=3De_id597481>gladsoc/at/ccf.org</SPAN>
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      <DIV class=3Dfm-footnote id=3D__fnid678073>
      <DIV class=3D"p p-first-last" id=3D__pid678077>Academic Editor: =
Arkadiusz=20
      Dudek</DIV></DIV>
      <DIV class=3Dfm-pubdate>Received November 21, 2009; Revised =
January 25,=20
      2010; Accepted February 11, 2010.</DIV>
      <DIV class=3Dfm-copyright>This is an open access article =
distributed under=20
      the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits =
unrestricted use,=20
      distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the =
original work=20
      is properly cited.</DIV></DIV>
      <DIV class=3Dsec id=3D__abstractid506503>
      <DIV class=3D"head1 section-title" =
id=3D__abstractid506503titletitle=20
      style=3D"TEXT-TRANSFORM: none">
      <DIV class=3Dother-sections>
      <UL class=3D"noext-menu noext-menu-hidden">
        <LI><A class=3Dfirst-link=20
        =
href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2850510/?tool=3Dpubme=
d#">&nbsp;Other=20
        Sections=E2=96=BC</A>
        <UL class=3D"submenu head1">
          <LI class=3D"submenu-item current-item"><A class=3D""=20
          style=3D"TEXT-TRANSFORM: none" onclick=3Dreturn(false)=20
          =
href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2850510/?tool=3Dpubme=
d#">Abstract</A>
          <LI class=3Dsubmenu-item><A class=3D"" =
style=3D"TEXT-TRANSFORM: none"=20
          =
href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2850510/?tool=3Dpubme=
d#sec1">1.=20
          Introduction</A>
          <LI class=3Dsubmenu-item><A class=3D"" =
style=3D"TEXT-TRANSFORM: none"=20
          =
href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2850510/?tool=3Dpubme=
d#sec2">2.=20
          The Biology of Brain Tumor Vascularization</A>
          <LI class=3Dsubmenu-item><A class=3D"" =
style=3D"TEXT-TRANSFORM: none"=20
          =
href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2850510/?tool=3Dpubme=
d#sec3">3.=20
          Clinical Use of Antiangiogenic Agents</A>
          <LI class=3Dsubmenu-item><A class=3D"" =
style=3D"TEXT-TRANSFORM: none"=20
          =
href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2850510/?tool=3Dpubme=
d#sec4">4.=20
          Multikinase Receptors Inhibitors (MTKI)</A>
          <LI class=3Dsubmenu-item><A class=3D"" =
style=3D"TEXT-TRANSFORM: none"=20
          =
href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2850510/?tool=3Dpubme=
d#sec5">5.=20
          Other Anti-<IMG=20
          style=3D"BORDER-TOP-STYLE: none; BORDER-RIGHT-STYLE: none; =
BORDER-LEFT-STYLE: none; BORDER-BOTTOM-STYLE: none"=20
          =
src=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/corehtml/pmc/pmcents/dot.gif">Angiogen=
ic=20
          Agents</A>
          <LI class=3Dsubmenu-item><A class=3D"" =
style=3D"TEXT-TRANSFORM: none"=20
          =
href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2850510/?tool=3Dpubme=
d#sec6">6.=20
          Challenges in Evaluating the Response to Anti-<IMG=20
          style=3D"BORDER-TOP-STYLE: none; BORDER-RIGHT-STYLE: none; =
BORDER-LEFT-STYLE: none; BORDER-BOTTOM-STYLE: none"=20
          =
src=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/corehtml/pmc/pmcents/dot.gif">Angiogen=
ic=20
          Therapy with Imaging</A>
          <LI class=3Dsubmenu-item><A class=3D"" =
style=3D"TEXT-TRANSFORM: none"=20
          =
href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2850510/?tool=3Dpubme=
d#sec7">7.=20
          Resistance to Anti-<IMG=20
          style=3D"BORDER-TOP-STYLE: none; BORDER-RIGHT-STYLE: none; =
BORDER-LEFT-STYLE: none; BORDER-BOTTOM-STYLE: none"=20
          =
src=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/corehtml/pmc/pmcents/dot.gif">Angiogen=
ic=20
          Therapy</A>
          <LI class=3Dsubmenu-item><A class=3D"" =
style=3D"TEXT-TRANSFORM: none"=20
          =
href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2850510/?tool=3Dpubme=
d#sec8">8.=20
          The Blood-<IMG=20
          style=3D"BORDER-TOP-STYLE: none; BORDER-RIGHT-STYLE: none; =
BORDER-LEFT-STYLE: none; BORDER-BOTTOM-STYLE: none"=20
          =
src=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/corehtml/pmc/pmcents/dot.gif">Brain=20
          Barrier (BBB) and the Challenges of Drug Delivery</A>
          <LI class=3Dsubmenu-item><A class=3D"" =
style=3D"TEXT-TRANSFORM: none"=20
          =
href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2850510/?tool=3Dpubme=
d#sec9">9.=20
          Biomarkers of Angiogenesis</A>
          <LI class=3Dsubmenu-item><A class=3D"" =
style=3D"TEXT-TRANSFORM: none"=20
          =
href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2850510/?tool=3Dpubme=
d#sec10">10.=20
          Unanswered Questions</A>
          <LI class=3Dsubmenu-item><A class=3D"" =
style=3D"TEXT-TRANSFORM: none"=20
          =
href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2850510/?tool=3Dpubme=
d#sec11">11.=20
          Conclusions</A>
          <LI class=3Dsubmenu-item><A class=3D"" =
style=3D"TEXT-TRANSFORM: none"=20
          =
href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2850510/?tool=3Dpubme=
d#__ref-listid505652">References</A></LI></UL></LI></UL></DIV>
      <DIV>Abstract</DIV></DIV>
      <DIV class=3Dsection-content =
id=3D__abstractid506503content><!--article-meta-->
      <DIV class=3D"p p-first-last" id=3D__pid506504>Glioblastoma (GBM) =
is the most=20
      common primary brain tumor occurring in America. Despite recent =
advances=20
      in therapeutics, the prognosis for patients with newly diagnosed =
GBM=20
      remains dismal. As these tumors characteristically show evidence =
of=20
      angiogenesis (neovascularization) there has been great interest in =

      developing anti-angiogenic therapeutic strategies for the =
treatment of=20
      patients with this disease and some anti-angiogenic agents have =
now been=20
      used for the treatment of patients with malignant glioma tumors. =
Although=20
      the results of these clinical trials are promising in that they =
indicate=20
      an initial therapeutic response, the anti-angiogenic therapies =
tested to=20
      date have not changed the overall survival of patients with =
malignant=20
      glioma tumors. This is due, in large part, to the development of=20
      resistance to these therapies. Ongoing research into key features =
of the=20
      neovasculature in malignant glioma tumors, as well as the general=20
      angiogenesis process, is suggesting additional molecules that may =
be=20
      targeted and an improved response when both the neovasculature and =
the=20
      tumor cells are targeted. Prevention of the development of =
resistance may=20
      require the development of anti-angiogenic strategies that induce=20
      apoptosis or cell death of the neovasculature, as well as an =
improved=20
      understanding of the potential roles of circulating endothelial =
progenitor=20
      cells and vascular co-option by tumor cells, in the development of =

      resistance.</DIV></DIV></DIV>
      <DIV class=3Dsec id=3Dsec1><SPAN></SPAN>
      <DIV class=3D"head1 section-title" id=3Dsec1titletitle=20
      style=3D"TEXT-TRANSFORM: none">
      <DIV class=3Dother-sections>
      <UL class=3D"noext-menu noext-menu-hidden">
        <LI><A class=3Dfirst-link=20
        =
href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2850510/?tool=3Dpubme=
d#">&nbsp;Other=20
        Sections=E2=96=BC</A>
        <UL class=3D"submenu head1">
          <LI class=3Dsubmenu-item><A class=3D"" =
style=3D"TEXT-TRANSFORM: none"=20
          =
href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2850510/?tool=3Dpubme=
d#__abstractid506503">Abstract</A>
          <LI class=3D"submenu-item current-item"><A class=3D""=20
          style=3D"TEXT-TRANSFORM: none" onclick=3Dreturn(false)=20
          =
href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2850510/?tool=3Dpubme=
d#">1.=20
          Introduction</A>
          <LI class=3Dsubmenu-item><A class=3D"" =
style=3D"TEXT-TRANSFORM: none"=20
          =
href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2850510/?tool=3Dpubme=
d#sec2">2.=20
          The Biology of Brain Tumor Vascularization</A>
          <LI class=3Dsubmenu-item><A class=3D"" =
style=3D"TEXT-TRANSFORM: none"=20
          =
href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2850510/?tool=3Dpubme=
d#sec3">3.=20
          Clinical Use of Antiangiogenic Agents</A>
          <LI class=3Dsubmenu-item><A class=3D"" =
style=3D"TEXT-TRANSFORM: none"=20
          =
href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2850510/?tool=3Dpubme=
d#sec4">4.=20
          Multikinase Receptors Inhibitors (MTKI)</A>
          <LI class=3Dsubmenu-item><A class=3D"" =
style=3D"TEXT-TRANSFORM: none"=20
          =
href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2850510/?tool=3Dpubme=
d#sec5">5.=20
          Other Anti-<IMG=20
          style=3D"BORDER-TOP-STYLE: none; BORDER-RIGHT-STYLE: none; =
BORDER-LEFT-STYLE: none; BORDER-BOTTOM-STYLE: none"=20
          =
src=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/corehtml/pmc/pmcents/dot.gif">Angiogen=
ic=20
          Agents</A>
          <LI class=3Dsubmenu-item><A class=3D"" =
style=3D"TEXT-TRANSFORM: none"=20
          =
href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2850510/?tool=3Dpubme=
d#sec6">6.=20
          Challenges in Evaluating the Response to Anti-<IMG=20
          style=3D"BORDER-TOP-STYLE: none; BORDER-RIGHT-STYLE: none; =
BORDER-LEFT-STYLE: none; BORDER-BOTTOM-STYLE: none"=20
          =
src=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/corehtml/pmc/pmcents/dot.gif">Angiogen=
ic=20
          Therapy with Imaging</A>
          <LI class=3Dsubmenu-item><A class=3D"" =
style=3D"TEXT-TRANSFORM: none"=20
          =
href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2850510/?tool=3Dpubme=
d#sec7">7.=20
          Resistance to Anti-<IMG=20
          style=3D"BORDER-TOP-STYLE: none; BORDER-RIGHT-STYLE: none; =
BORDER-LEFT-STYLE: none; BORDER-BOTTOM-STYLE: none"=20
          =
src=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/corehtml/pmc/pmcents/dot.gif">Angiogen=
ic=20
          Therapy</A>
          <LI class=3Dsubmenu-item><A class=3D"" =
style=3D"TEXT-TRANSFORM: none"=20
          =
href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2850510/?tool=3Dpubme=
d#sec8">8.=20
          The Blood-<IMG=20
          style=3D"BORDER-TOP-STYLE: none; BORDER-RIGHT-STYLE: none; =
BORDER-LEFT-STYLE: none; BORDER-BOTTOM-STYLE: none"=20
          =
src=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/corehtml/pmc/pmcents/dot.gif">Brain=20
          Barrier (BBB) and the Challenges of Drug Delivery</A>
          <LI class=3Dsubmenu-item><A class=3D"" =
style=3D"TEXT-TRANSFORM: none"=20
          =
href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2850510/?tool=3Dpubme=
d#sec9">9.=20
          Biomarkers of Angiogenesis</A>
          <LI class=3Dsubmenu-item><A class=3D"" =
style=3D"TEXT-TRANSFORM: none"=20
          =
href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2850510/?tool=3Dpubme=
d#sec10">10.=20
          Unanswered Questions</A>
          <LI class=3Dsubmenu-item><A class=3D"" =
style=3D"TEXT-TRANSFORM: none"=20
          =
href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2850510/?tool=3Dpubme=
d#sec11">11.=20
          Conclusions</A>
          <LI class=3Dsubmenu-item><A class=3D"" =
style=3D"TEXT-TRANSFORM: none"=20
          =
href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2850510/?tool=3Dpubme=
d#__ref-listid505652">References</A></LI></UL></LI></UL></DIV>
      <DIV>1. Introduction</DIV></DIV>
      <DIV class=3Dsection-content id=3Dsec1content>
      <DIV class=3D"p p-first-last" id=3D__pid506530>Malignant gliomas =
include WHO=20
      grade IV gliomas, also known as glioblastomas (GBM), and WHO grade =
III=20
      gliomas referred to as anaplastic gliomas (AG) (anaplastic =
astrocytoma,=20
      anaplastic oligodendroglioma, and anaplastic oligoastrocytoma). =
GBM is the=20
      most common primary brain tumor occurring in the United States of =
America;=20
      approximately 10,000 new cases are diagnosed each year [<A=20
      class=3D"cite-reflink bibr popnode"=20
      href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18669428"=20
      =
ref=3D"reftype=3Dpubmed&amp;article-id=3D2850510&amp;issue-id=3D180269&am=
p;journal-id=3D859&amp;FROM=3DArticle%7CBody&amp;TO=3DEntrez%7CPubMed%7CR=
ecord&amp;rendering-type=3Dnormal"=20
      rid=3D"B1">1</A>, <A class=3D"cite-reflink bibr popnode"=20
      =
href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2850510/?tool=3Dpubme=
d#B2"=20
      rid=3D"B2">2</A>]. In this review, we will focus on the status of=20
      antiangiogenic therapy for GBM, as these tumors characteristically =
show=20
      evidence of angiogenesis (neovascularization) on histologic =
examination.=20
      Despite recent advances in therapeutics, the prognosis for =
patients with=20
      newly diagnosed GBM remains dismal; the median survival is 15 =
months when=20
      treated with the current standard of therapy, which is a =
combination of=20
      maximal surgical resection followed by concurrent chemoradiation =
and six=20
      months of adjuvant temozolomide [<A class=3D"cite-reflink bibr =
popnode"=20
      href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15758009"=20
      =
ref=3D"reftype=3Dpubmed&amp;article-id=3D2850510&amp;issue-id=3D180269&am=
p;journal-id=3D859&amp;FROM=3DArticle%7CBody&amp;TO=3DEntrez%7CPubMed%7CR=
ecord&amp;rendering-type=3Dnormal"=20
      rid=3D"B3">3</A>]. Most patients with GBM develop tumor recurrence =
after the=20
      above therapy, and many centers are now treating these patients =
with=20
      bevacizumab (a monoclonal antibody to vascular endothelial growth =
factor=20
      (VEGF) that was recently approved by the FDA). Although clearly of =
benefit=20
      to some patients, the majority die within 6-9 months after =
initiation of=20
      anti-VEGF therapy [<A class=3D"cite-reflink bibr popnode"=20
      href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18438609"=20
      =
ref=3D"reftype=3Dpubmed&amp;article-id=3D2850510&amp;issue-id=3D180269&am=
p;journal-id=3D859&amp;FROM=3DArticle%7CBody&amp;TO=3DEntrez%7CPubMed%7CR=
ecord&amp;rendering-type=3Dnormal"=20
      rid=3D"B4">4</A>=E2=80=93<A class=3D"cite-reflink bibr popnode"=20
      href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19720927"=20
      =
ref=3D"reftype=3Dpubmed&amp;article-id=3D2850510&amp;issue-id=3D180269&am=
p;journal-id=3D859&amp;FROM=3DArticle%7CBody&amp;TO=3DEntrez%7CPubMed%7CR=
ecord&amp;rendering-type=3Dnormal"=20
      rid=3D"B6">6</A>]. Other antiangiogenic agents also have been =
examined in=20
      phase I or II clinical trials for patients with GBM, and promising =
results=20
      have emerged; however, a statistically significant increase in =
overall=20
      survival has not been reported to date. It is now becoming =
apparent that=20
      tumors also can act to enhance their vasculature through other =
mechanisms=20
      such as =E2=80=9Cco-option=E2=80=9D of the existing vasculature. =
The contribution of these=20
      processes to tumor vascularization and their potential effects on=20
      anti-angiogenic therapies is an emerging field of great=20
      interest.</DIV></DIV></DIV>
      <DIV class=3Dsec id=3Dsec2><SPAN></SPAN>
      <DIV class=3D"head1 section-title" id=3Dsec2titletitle=20
      style=3D"TEXT-TRANSFORM: none">
      <DIV class=3Dother-sections>
      <UL class=3D"noext-menu noext-menu-hidden">
        <LI><A class=3Dfirst-link=20
        =
href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2850510/?tool=3Dpubme=
d#">&nbsp;Other=20
        Sections=E2=96=BC</A>
        <UL class=3D"submenu head1">
          <LI class=3Dsubmenu-item><A class=3D"" =
style=3D"TEXT-TRANSFORM: none"=20
          =
href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2850510/?tool=3Dpubme=
d#__abstractid506503">Abstract</A>
          <LI class=3Dsubmenu-item><A class=3D"" =
style=3D"TEXT-TRANSFORM: none"=20
          =
href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2850510/?tool=3Dpubme=
d#sec1">1.=20
          Introduction</A>
          <LI class=3D"submenu-item current-item"><A class=3D""=20
          style=3D"TEXT-TRANSFORM: none" onclick=3Dreturn(false)=20
          =
href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2850510/?tool=3Dpubme=
d#">2.=20
          The Biology of Brain Tumor Vascularization</A>
          <LI class=3Dsubmenu-item><A class=3D"" =
style=3D"TEXT-TRANSFORM: none"=20
          =
href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2850510/?tool=3Dpubme=
d#sec3">3.=20
          Clinical Use of Antiangiogenic Agents</A>
          <LI class=3Dsubmenu-item><A class=3D"" =
style=3D"TEXT-TRANSFORM: none"=20
          =
href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2850510/?tool=3Dpubme=
d#sec4">4.=20
          Multikinase Receptors Inhibitors (MTKI)</A>
          <LI class=3Dsubmenu-item><A class=3D"" =
style=3D"TEXT-TRANSFORM: none"=20
          =
href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2850510/?tool=3Dpubme=
d#sec5">5.=20
          Other Anti-<IMG=20
          style=3D"BORDER-TOP-STYLE: none; BORDER-RIGHT-STYLE: none; =
BORDER-LEFT-STYLE: none; BORDER-BOTTOM-STYLE: none"=20
          =
src=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/corehtml/pmc/pmcents/dot.gif">Angiogen=
ic=20
          Agents</A>
          <LI class=3Dsubmenu-item><A class=3D"" =
style=3D"TEXT-TRANSFORM: none"=20
          =
href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2850510/?tool=3Dpubme=
d#sec6">6.=20
          Challenges in Evaluating the Response to Anti-<IMG=20
          style=3D"BORDER-TOP-STYLE: none; BORDER-RIGHT-STYLE: none; =
BORDER-LEFT-STYLE: none; BORDER-BOTTOM-STYLE: none"=20
          =
src=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/corehtml/pmc/pmcents/dot.gif">Angiogen=
ic=20
          Therapy with Imaging</A>
          <LI class=3Dsubmenu-item><A class=3D"" =
style=3D"TEXT-TRANSFORM: none"=20
          =
href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2850510/?tool=3Dpubme=
d#sec7">7.=20
          Resistance to Anti-<IMG=20
          style=3D"BORDER-TOP-STYLE: none; BORDER-RIGHT-STYLE: none; =
BORDER-LEFT-STYLE: none; BORDER-BOTTOM-STYLE: none"=20
          =
src=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/corehtml/pmc/pmcents/dot.gif">Angiogen=
ic=20
          Therapy</A>
          <LI class=3Dsubmenu-item><A class=3D"" =
style=3D"TEXT-TRANSFORM: none"=20
          =
href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2850510/?tool=3Dpubme=
d#sec8">8.=20
          The Blood-<IMG=20
          style=3D"BORDER-TOP-STYLE: none; BORDER-RIGHT-STYLE: none; =
BORDER-LEFT-STYLE: none; BORDER-BOTTOM-STYLE: none"=20
          =
src=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/corehtml/pmc/pmcents/dot.gif">Brain=20
          Barrier (BBB) and the Challenges of Drug Delivery</A>
          <LI class=3Dsubmenu-item><A class=3D"" =
style=3D"TEXT-TRANSFORM: none"=20
          =
href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2850510/?tool=3Dpubme=
d#sec9">9.=20
          Biomarkers of Angiogenesis</A>
          <LI class=3Dsubmenu-item><A class=3D"" =
style=3D"TEXT-TRANSFORM: none"=20
          =
href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2850510/?tool=3Dpubme=
d#sec10">10.=20
          Unanswered Questions</A>
          <LI class=3Dsubmenu-item><A class=3D"" =
style=3D"TEXT-TRANSFORM: none"=20
          =
href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2850510/?tool=3Dpubme=
d#sec11">11.=20
          Conclusions</A>
          <LI class=3Dsubmenu-item><A class=3D"" =
style=3D"TEXT-TRANSFORM: none"=20
          =
href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2850510/?tool=3Dpubme=
d#__ref-listid505652">References</A></LI></UL></LI></UL></DIV>
      <DIV>2. The Biology of Brain Tumor Vascularization</DIV></DIV>
      <DIV class=3Dsection-content id=3Dsec2content>
      <DIV class=3D"p p-first-last" id=3D__pid588181>GBMs are among the =
most=20
      vascular tumors known and hence the tumor-associated vasculature =
is an=20
      attractive therapeutic target [<A class=3D"cite-reflink bibr =
popnode"=20
      href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11895036"=20
      =
ref=3D"reftype=3Dpubmed&amp;article-id=3D2850510&amp;issue-id=3D180269&am=
p;journal-id=3D859&amp;FROM=3DArticle%7CBody&amp;TO=3DEntrez%7CPubMed%7CR=
ecord&amp;rendering-type=3Dnormal"=20
      rid=3D"B7">7</A>]. It is now well established that tumors can =
promote the=20
      formation of new vessels through the process of angiogenesis. It =
is=20
      thought that when a tumor reaches a certain size, the requirements =
for=20
      oxygen and nutrients lead to the growth of new blood vessels [<A=20
      class=3D"cite-reflink bibr popnode"=20
      href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16376330"=20
      =
ref=3D"reftype=3Dpubmed&amp;article-id=3D2850510&amp;issue-id=3D180269&am=
p;journal-id=3D859&amp;FROM=3DArticle%7CBody&amp;TO=3DEntrez%7CPubMed%7CR=
ecord&amp;rendering-type=3Dnormal"=20
      rid=3D"B8">8</A>, <A class=3D"cite-reflink bibr popnode"=20
      href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8756718"=20
      =
ref=3D"reftype=3Dpubmed&amp;article-id=3D2850510&amp;issue-id=3D180269&am=
p;journal-id=3D859&amp;FROM=3DArticle%7CBody&amp;TO=3DEntrez%7CPubMed%7CR=
ecord&amp;rendering-type=3Dnormal"=20
      rid=3D"B9">9</A>]. The neovasculature that is formed in GBM never =
completely=20
      matures; however, this leads to an atypical vasculature that is =
constantly=20
      undergoing remodeling. There also is evidence to suggest that =
prior to the=20
      triggering of the process of formation of new vessels, tumor cells =
can=20
      obtain the necessary nutrients and oxygen by =
=E2=80=9Cco-opting=E2=80=9D existing blood=20
      vessels [<A class=3D"cite-reflink bibr popnode"=20
      href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10373119"=20
      =
ref=3D"reftype=3Dpubmed&amp;article-id=3D2850510&amp;issue-id=3D180269&am=
p;journal-id=3D859&amp;FROM=3DArticle%7CBody&amp;TO=3DEntrez%7CPubMed%7CR=
ecord&amp;rendering-type=3Dnormal"=20
      rid=3D"B10">10</A>]. This process appears to occur in very small =
tumors and=20
      appears to be dependent on the microenvironment in the specific =
organ and=20
      perhaps on the tumor type. In transplanted C6 rat gliomas in the =
rat brain=20
      co-option of existing blood vessels by tumor cells occurred =
initially when=20
      the tumors were several mm in diameter, and this was followed by =
vascular=20
      regression and ultimately by the development of a neovasculature =
[<A=20
      class=3D"cite-reflink bibr popnode"=20
      href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10373119"=20
      =
ref=3D"reftype=3Dpubmed&amp;article-id=3D2850510&amp;issue-id=3D180269&am=
p;journal-id=3D859&amp;FROM=3DArticle%7CBody&amp;TO=3DEntrez%7CPubMed%7CR=
ecord&amp;rendering-type=3Dnormal"=20
      rid=3D"B10">10</A>]. Moreover, the process of vasculogenic mimicry =
[<A=20
      class=3D"cite-reflink bibr popnode"=20
      href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17717633"=20
      =
ref=3D"reftype=3Dpubmed&amp;article-id=3D2850510&amp;issue-id=3D180269&am=
p;journal-id=3D859&amp;FROM=3DArticle%7CBody&amp;TO=3DEntrez%7CPubMed%7CR=
ecord&amp;rendering-type=3Dnormal"=20
      rid=3D"B11">11</A>], in which tumor cells function as blood vessel =
lining=20
      cells, may contribute to the blood supply in malignant tumors. =
Most of the=20
      research concerning tumor vasculature has focused on the =
mechanisms that=20
      promote the formation of new blood vessels through the process of=20
      angiogenesis and it is these mechanisms that have been targeted in =
the=20
      development of antiangiogenic therapies. Currently, relatively =
little is=20
      known concerning the mechanisms underlying co-option of blood =
vessels and=20
      vasculogenic mimicry, the effects of anti-angiogenic therapies on =
these=20
      processes, or the role of these processes in the activity of, or=20
      resistance to, the anti-angiogenic therapies that have been =
developed.=20
      </DIV>
      <DIV class=3Dsec id=3Dsec2.1><SPAN></SPAN>
      <DIV class=3D"head2 head-separate">2.1. Angiogenic Growth Factors: =
Their=20
      Receptors and Function</DIV>
      <DIV class=3D"p p-first" id=3D__pid482389>The signaling of VEGF, a =

      proangiogenic growth factor, is important for GBM angiogenesis and =

      involves paracrine interactions between the glioma cells, and the=20
      inflammatory cells that secrete VEGF, and the tumor-associated =
endothelial=20
      cells (EC) that express receptors for VEGF (VEGFR) [<A=20
      class=3D"cite-reflink bibr popnode"=20
      href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8756718"=20
      =
ref=3D"reftype=3Dpubmed&amp;article-id=3D2850510&amp;issue-id=3D180269&am=
p;journal-id=3D859&amp;FROM=3DArticle%7CBody&amp;TO=3DEntrez%7CPubMed%7CR=
ecord&amp;rendering-type=3Dnormal"=20
      rid=3D"B9">9</A>]. The VEGF gene family is composed of five =
members: VEGF-A,=20
      VEGF-B, VEGF-C, VEGF-D, and the placental-derived growth factor =
(PlGF) [<A=20
      class=3D"cite-reflink bibr popnode"=20
      href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10373119"=20
      =
ref=3D"reftype=3Dpubmed&amp;article-id=3D2850510&amp;issue-id=3D180269&am=
p;journal-id=3D859&amp;FROM=3DArticle%7CBody&amp;TO=3DEntrez%7CPubMed%7CR=
ecord&amp;rendering-type=3Dnormal"=20
      rid=3D"B10">10</A>=E2=80=93<A class=3D"cite-reflink bibr popnode"=20
      href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6823562"=20
      =
ref=3D"reftype=3Dpubmed&amp;article-id=3D2850510&amp;issue-id=3D180269&am=
p;journal-id=3D859&amp;FROM=3DArticle%7CBody&amp;TO=3DEntrez%7CPubMed%7CR=
ecord&amp;rendering-type=3Dnormal"=20
      rid=3D"B12">12</A>]. Of these, family members VEGF-A, VEGF-B, and =
PlGF are=20
      involved in vascular angiogenesis, whereas VEGF-C and -D regulate=20
      lymphatic angiogenesis [<A class=3D"cite-reflink bibr popnode"=20
      href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8756718"=20
      =
ref=3D"reftype=3Dpubmed&amp;article-id=3D2850510&amp;issue-id=3D180269&am=
p;journal-id=3D859&amp;FROM=3DArticle%7CBody&amp;TO=3DEntrez%7CPubMed%7CR=
ecord&amp;rendering-type=3Dnormal"=20
      rid=3D"B9">9</A>]. VEGF-A was originally discovered as a factor =
that induces=20
      vascular permeability, and has since been shown to be an important =
EC=20
      mitogen [<A class=3D"cite-reflink bibr popnode"=20
      href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2479987"=20
      =
ref=3D"reftype=3Dpubmed&amp;article-id=3D2850510&amp;issue-id=3D180269&am=
p;journal-id=3D859&amp;FROM=3DArticle%7CBody&amp;TO=3DEntrez%7CPubMed%7CR=
ecord&amp;rendering-type=3Dnormal"=20
      rid=3D"B13">13</A>, <A class=3D"cite-reflink bibr popnode"=20
      href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2479986"=20
      =
ref=3D"reftype=3Dpubmed&amp;article-id=3D2850510&amp;issue-id=3D180269&am=
p;journal-id=3D859&amp;FROM=3DArticle%7CBody&amp;TO=3DEntrez%7CPubMed%7CR=
ecord&amp;rendering-type=3Dnormal"=20
      rid=3D"B14">14</A>]. It belongs to the platelet-derived growth =
factor (PDGF)=20
      superfamily and is located on chromosome 6 [<A=20
      class=3D"cite-reflink bibr popnode"=20
      =
href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2850510/?tool=3Dpubme=
d#B15"=20
      rid=3D"B15">15</A>]. Once secreted by the tumor cells, stromal =
cells or ECs,=20
      VEGF can be tethered in the extracellular matrix (ECM) due to an=20
      association with proteoglycans or glycosaminoglycans [<A=20
      class=3D"cite-reflink bibr popnode"=20
      href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8626565"=20
      =
ref=3D"reftype=3Dpubmed&amp;article-id=3D2850510&amp;issue-id=3D180269&am=
p;journal-id=3D859&amp;FROM=3DArticle%7CBody&amp;TO=3DEntrez%7CPubMed%7CR=
ecord&amp;rendering-type=3Dnormal"=20
      rid=3D"B16">16</A>, <A class=3D"cite-reflink bibr popnode"=20
      href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12591930"=20
      =
ref=3D"reftype=3Dpubmed&amp;article-id=3D2850510&amp;issue-id=3D180269&am=
p;journal-id=3D859&amp;FROM=3DArticle%7CBody&amp;TO=3DEntrez%7CPubMed%7CR=
ecord&amp;rendering-type=3Dnormal"=20
      rid=3D"B17">17</A>].</DIV>
      <DIV class=3Dp id=3D__pid482494>The main receptors for VEGF-A are =
VEGFR1 and=20
      VEGFR2 [<A class=3D"cite-reflink bibr popnode"=20
      =
href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2850510/?tool=3Dpubme=
d#B15"=20
      rid=3D"B15">15</A>]. These receptors are upregulated on the ECs in =
GBM as=20
      compared to the ECs of normal brain [<A class=3D"cite-reflink bibr =
popnode"=20
      href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12019293"=20
      =
ref=3D"reftype=3Dpubmed&amp;article-id=3D2850510&amp;issue-id=3D180269&am=
p;journal-id=3D859&amp;FROM=3DArticle%7CBody&amp;TO=3DEntrez%7CPubMed%7CR=
ecord&amp;rendering-type=3Dnormal"=20
      rid=3D"B18">18</A>]. VEGFR-2 is a major mediator of the mitogenic =
and=20
      angiogenic effects of VEGF through its activation of the =
phosphatidyl=20
      inositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/protein kinase B (AKT) and RAF-MAPK =
kinase-(MEK-)=20
      extracellular signal-regulated (ERK) MAP kinase pathways [<A=20
      class=3D"cite-reflink bibr popnode"=20
      =
href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2850510/?tool=3Dpubme=
d#B15"=20
      rid=3D"B15">15</A>]. </DIV>
      <DIV class=3Dp id=3D__pid592664>Basic fibroblast growth factor =
(bFGF) is=20
      another proangiogenic growth factor that is upregulated in GBM, in =
which=20
      it is expressed focally by tumor cells and also is expressed by =
the=20
      vasculature [<A class=3D"cite-reflink bibr popnode"=20
      href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7964981"=20
      =
ref=3D"reftype=3Dpubmed&amp;article-id=3D2850510&amp;issue-id=3D180269&am=
p;journal-id=3D859&amp;FROM=3DArticle%7CBody&amp;TO=3DEntrez%7CPubMed%7CR=
ecord&amp;rendering-type=3Dnormal"=20
      rid=3D"B19">19</A>, <A class=3D"cite-reflink bibr popnode"=20
      href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8168112"=20
      =
ref=3D"reftype=3Dpubmed&amp;article-id=3D2850510&amp;issue-id=3D180269&am=
p;journal-id=3D859&amp;FROM=3DArticle%7CBody&amp;TO=3DEntrez%7CPubMed%7CR=
ecord&amp;rendering-type=3Dnormal"=20
      rid=3D"B20">20</A>]. The receptors for bFGF include FGFR1, FGFR2, =
and FGFR4.=20
      FGFR1 is upregulated in GBM and is expressed by both the tumor =
cells and=20
      the tumor ECs. FGFR4 is expressed only by the tumor cells, and =
FGFR2 is=20
      not expressed in the tumors but it is expressed in the normal =
brain [<A=20
      class=3D"cite-reflink bibr popnode"=20
      href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11958417"=20
      =
ref=3D"reftype=3Dpubmed&amp;article-id=3D2850510&amp;issue-id=3D180269&am=
p;journal-id=3D859&amp;FROM=3DArticle%7CBody&amp;TO=3DEntrez%7CPubMed%7CR=
ecord&amp;rendering-type=3Dnormal"=20
      rid=3D"B21">21</A>, <A class=3D"cite-reflink bibr popnode"=20
      href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8177381"=20
      =
ref=3D"reftype=3Dpubmed&amp;article-id=3D2850510&amp;issue-id=3D180269&am=
p;journal-id=3D859&amp;FROM=3DArticle%7CBody&amp;TO=3DEntrez%7CPubMed%7CR=
ecord&amp;rendering-type=3Dnormal"=20
      rid=3D"B22">22</A>]. As is the case for VEGF, once secreted by the =
tumor=20
      cells, stromal cells or ECs, bFGF can be tethered in the ECM due =
to an=20
      association with proteoglycans or glycosaminoglycans [<A=20
      class=3D"cite-reflink bibr popnode"=20
      href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8626565"=20
      =
ref=3D"reftype=3Dpubmed&amp;article-id=3D2850510&amp;issue-id=3D180269&am=
p;journal-id=3D859&amp;FROM=3DArticle%7CBody&amp;TO=3DEntrez%7CPubMed%7CR=
ecord&amp;rendering-type=3Dnormal"=20
      rid=3D"B16">16</A>, <A class=3D"cite-reflink bibr popnode"=20
      href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12591930"=20
      =
ref=3D"reftype=3Dpubmed&amp;article-id=3D2850510&amp;issue-id=3D180269&am=
p;journal-id=3D859&amp;FROM=3DArticle%7CBody&amp;TO=3DEntrez%7CPubMed%7CR=
ecord&amp;rendering-type=3Dnormal"=20
      rid=3D"B17">17</A>]. Binding of bFGF to its receptor results in =
activation=20
      of the protein kinase C<EM>=CE=B1</EM> (PKC<EM>=CE=B1</EM>) =
pathway [<A=20
      class=3D"cite-reflink bibr popnode"=20
      href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15544039"=20
      =
ref=3D"reftype=3Dpubmed&amp;article-id=3D2850510&amp;issue-id=3D180269&am=
p;journal-id=3D859&amp;FROM=3DArticle%7CBody&amp;TO=3DEntrez%7CPubMed%7CR=
ecord&amp;rendering-type=3Dnormal"=20
      rid=3D"B23">23</A>, <A class=3D"cite-reflink bibr popnode"=20
      href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11919166"=20
      =
ref=3D"reftype=3Dpubmed&amp;article-id=3D2850510&amp;issue-id=3D180269&am=
p;journal-id=3D859&amp;FROM=3DArticle%7CBody&amp;TO=3DEntrez%7CPubMed%7CR=
ecord&amp;rendering-type=3Dnormal"=20
      rid=3D"B24">24</A>] and the ERK pathway [<A=20
      class=3D"cite-reflink bibr popnode"=20
      href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15544039"=20
      =
ref=3D"reftype=3Dpubmed&amp;article-id=3D2850510&amp;issue-id=3D180269&am=
p;journal-id=3D859&amp;FROM=3DArticle%7CBody&amp;TO=3DEntrez%7CPubMed%7CR=
ecord&amp;rendering-type=3Dnormal"=20
      rid=3D"B23">23</A>, <A class=3D"cite-reflink bibr popnode"=20
      href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12377207"=20
      =
ref=3D"reftype=3Dpubmed&amp;article-id=3D2850510&amp;issue-id=3D180269&am=
p;journal-id=3D859&amp;FROM=3DArticle%7CBody&amp;TO=3DEntrez%7CPubMed%7CR=
ecord&amp;rendering-type=3Dnormal"=20
      rid=3D"B25">25</A>].</DIV>
      <DIV class=3Dp id=3D__pid592787>In addition to VEGF and bFGF, =
several other=20
      proangiogenic molecules have been implicated in the initiation or=20
      amplification of angiogenesis in GBM including stem cell factor =
(SCF) and=20
      interleukin-8 (IL-8), hepatocyte growth factor and urokinase [<A=20
      class=3D"cite-reflink bibr popnode"=20
      =
href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2850510/?tool=3Dpubme=
d#B26"=20
      rid=3D"B26">26</A>=E2=80=93<A class=3D"cite-reflink bibr popnode"=20
      href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17634529"=20
      =
ref=3D"reftype=3Dpubmed&amp;article-id=3D2850510&amp;issue-id=3D180269&am=
p;journal-id=3D859&amp;FROM=3DArticle%7CBody&amp;TO=3DEntrez%7CPubMed%7CR=
ecord&amp;rendering-type=3Dnormal"=20
      rid=3D"B30">30</A>]. SCF mediates its signals through activation =
of the=20
      c-KIT receptor and may be of particular interest in GBM as its=20
      overexpression is associated with a shorter survival in patients =
with=20
      malignant glioma [<A class=3D"cite-reflink bibr popnode"=20
      href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16616334"=20
      =
ref=3D"reftype=3Dpubmed&amp;article-id=3D2850510&amp;issue-id=3D180269&am=
p;journal-id=3D859&amp;FROM=3DArticle%7CBody&amp;TO=3DEntrez%7CPubMed%7CR=
ecord&amp;rendering-type=3Dnormal"=20
      rid=3D"B31">31</A>]. IL-8 is a chemokine that is synthesized by =
macrophages,=20
      ECs (where it is stored in the Weibel-Palade bodies), and other =
cell types=20
      (such as epithelial cells) [<A class=3D"cite-reflink bibr popnode" =

      href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9802987"=20
      =
ref=3D"reftype=3Dpubmed&amp;article-id=3D2850510&amp;issue-id=3D180269&am=
p;journal-id=3D859&amp;FROM=3DArticle%7CBody&amp;TO=3DEntrez%7CPubMed%7CR=
ecord&amp;rendering-type=3Dnormal"=20
      rid=3D"B32">32</A>, <A class=3D"cite-reflink bibr popnode"=20
      href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9802986"=20
      =
ref=3D"reftype=3Dpubmed&amp;article-id=3D2850510&amp;issue-id=3D180269&am=
p;journal-id=3D859&amp;FROM=3DArticle%7CBody&amp;TO=3DEntrez%7CPubMed%7CR=
ecord&amp;rendering-type=3Dnormal"=20
      rid=3D"B33">33</A>]. IL-8 is released from macrophages as a result =
of a host=20
      inflammatory response and activates ECs through the chemokine-1 =
and 2=20
      receptors (CXCR1 and CXCR2) [<A class=3D"cite-reflink bibr =
popnode"=20
      href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15831231"=20
      =
ref=3D"reftype=3Dpubmed&amp;article-id=3D2850510&amp;issue-id=3D180269&am=
p;journal-id=3D859&amp;FROM=3DArticle%7CBody&amp;TO=3DEntrez%7CPubMed%7CR=
ecord&amp;rendering-type=3Dnormal"=20
      rid=3D"B34">34</A>].</DIV>
      <DIV class=3D"p p-last" id=3D__pid423859>Finally, in normal blood =
vessels,=20
      angiopoietin-1 (Ang-1) is expressed by pericytes, binds the Tie2 =
tyrosine=20
      kinase receptor expressed on the associated EC and signals for =
survival=20
      and stabilization of the blood vessel [<A=20
      class=3D"cite-reflink bibr popnode"=20
      href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16225862"=20
      =
ref=3D"reftype=3Dpubmed&amp;article-id=3D2850510&amp;issue-id=3D180269&am=
p;journal-id=3D859&amp;FROM=3DArticle%7CBody&amp;TO=3DEntrez%7CPubMed%7CR=
ecord&amp;rendering-type=3Dnormal"=20
      rid=3D"B35">35</A>, <A class=3D"cite-reflink bibr popnode"=20
      href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16212810"=20
      =
ref=3D"reftype=3Dpubmed&amp;article-id=3D2850510&amp;issue-id=3D180269&am=
p;journal-id=3D859&amp;FROM=3DArticle%7CBody&amp;TO=3DEntrez%7CPubMed%7CR=
ecord&amp;rendering-type=3Dnormal"=20
      rid=3D"B36">36</A>]. In GBM there is increased expression of both =
Ang-1 and=20
      its antagonist angiopoietin-2 (Ang-2); Ang-2 is expressed by the =
ECs,=20
      whereas Ang-1 is expressed by the tumor cells and is not expressed =
by the=20
      tumor blood vessels [<A class=3D"cite-reflink bibr popnode"=20
      href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10879735"=20
      =
ref=3D"reftype=3Dpubmed&amp;article-id=3D2850510&amp;issue-id=3D180269&am=
p;journal-id=3D859&amp;FROM=3DArticle%7CBody&amp;TO=3DEntrez%7CPubMed%7CR=
ecord&amp;rendering-type=3Dnormal"=20
      rid=3D"B37">37</A>]. This has led investigators to speculate that =
Ang-2 may=20
      have a proangiogenic function in the neovasculature of tumors. Of =
note,=20
      Ang-2 expression has been implicated in the co-option process as =
described=20
      below [<A class=3D"cite-reflink bibr popnode"=20
      href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10373119"=20
      =
ref=3D"reftype=3Dpubmed&amp;article-id=3D2850510&amp;issue-id=3D180269&am=
p;journal-id=3D859&amp;FROM=3DArticle%7CBody&amp;TO=3DEntrez%7CPubMed%7CR=
ecord&amp;rendering-type=3Dnormal"=20
      rid=3D"B10">10</A>].</DIV></DIV>
      <DIV class=3Dsec id=3Dsec2.2><SPAN></SPAN>
      <DIV class=3D"head2 head-separate">2.2. Proteolytic Degradation of =
the=20
      Basement Membrane, Endothelial Cell Sprouting, and Tube =
Formation</DIV>
      <DIV class=3D"p p-first" id=3D__pid423920>Proteolytic degradation =
of the EC=20
      basement membrane by matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) exposes the =
ECs to=20
      ECM proteins that can regulate angiogenesis and promote EC =
movement or=20
      sprouting [<A class=3D"cite-reflink bibr popnode"=20
      href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17717633"=20
      =
ref=3D"reftype=3Dpubmed&amp;article-id=3D2850510&amp;issue-id=3D180269&am=
p;journal-id=3D859&amp;FROM=3DArticle%7CBody&amp;TO=3DEntrez%7CPubMed%7CR=
ecord&amp;rendering-type=3Dnormal"=20
      rid=3D"B11">11</A>, <A class=3D"cite-reflink bibr popnode"=20
      href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16389945"=20
      =
ref=3D"reftype=3Dpubmed&amp;article-id=3D2850510&amp;issue-id=3D180269&am=
p;journal-id=3D859&amp;FROM=3DArticle%7CBody&amp;TO=3DEntrez%7CPubMed%7CR=
ecord&amp;rendering-type=3Dnormal"=20
      rid=3D"B28">28</A>, <A class=3D"cite-reflink bibr popnode"=20
      href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16616334"=20
      =
ref=3D"reftype=3Dpubmed&amp;article-id=3D2850510&amp;issue-id=3D180269&am=
p;journal-id=3D859&amp;FROM=3DArticle%7CBody&amp;TO=3DEntrez%7CPubMed%7CR=
ecord&amp;rendering-type=3Dnormal"=20
      rid=3D"B31">31</A>]. These cell-ECM interactions occur through =
specific=20
      receptors and binding partners expressed on the EC surface, such =
as=20
      integrin cell adhesion receptors that recognize specific ECM =
molecules [<A=20
      class=3D"cite-reflink bibr popnode"=20
      href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8756718"=20
      =
ref=3D"reftype=3Dpubmed&amp;article-id=3D2850510&amp;issue-id=3D180269&am=
p;journal-id=3D859&amp;FROM=3DArticle%7CBody&amp;TO=3DEntrez%7CPubMed%7CR=
ecord&amp;rendering-type=3Dnormal"=20
      rid=3D"B9">9</A>, <A class=3D"cite-reflink bibr popnode"=20
      href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16389945"=20
      =
ref=3D"reftype=3Dpubmed&amp;article-id=3D2850510&amp;issue-id=3D180269&am=
p;journal-id=3D859&amp;FROM=3DArticle%7CBody&amp;TO=3DEntrez%7CPubMed%7CR=
ecord&amp;rendering-type=3Dnormal"=20
      rid=3D"B28">28</A>, <A class=3D"cite-reflink bibr popnode"=20
      href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15831231"=20
      =
ref=3D"reftype=3Dpubmed&amp;article-id=3D2850510&amp;issue-id=3D180269&am=
p;journal-id=3D859&amp;FROM=3DArticle%7CBody&amp;TO=3DEntrez%7CPubMed%7CR=
ecord&amp;rendering-type=3Dnormal"=20
      rid=3D"B34">34</A>, <A class=3D"cite-reflink bibr popnode"=20
      =
href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2850510/?tool=3Dpubme=
d#B38"=20
      rid=3D"B38">38</A>, <A class=3D"cite-reflink bibr popnode"=20
      href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12952943"=20
      =
ref=3D"reftype=3Dpubmed&amp;article-id=3D2850510&amp;issue-id=3D180269&am=
p;journal-id=3D859&amp;FROM=3DArticle%7CBody&amp;TO=3DEntrez%7CPubMed%7CR=
ecord&amp;rendering-type=3Dnormal"=20
      rid=3D"B39">39</A>]. In addition, integrin receptors cooperate, =
collaborate,=20
      or cross-talk with growth factor receptors in a specific manner to =
enhance=20
      the signaling of both the integrin and the growth factor receptor. =
For=20
      example, in the chick chorioallantoic membrane model of =
angiogenesis,=20
      integrins <EM>=CE=B1</EM>v<EM>=CE=B2</EM>5 and =
<EM>=CE=B1</EM>v<EM>=CE=B2</EM>3, which are=20
      expressed on the EC, bind ligands in the chorioallantoic membrane =
and=20
      promote EC survival, proliferation, and sprouting (migration) by=20
      cooperating with VEGFR2 and FGFR, respectively [<A=20
      class=3D"cite-reflink bibr popnode"=20
      href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12952943"=20
      =
ref=3D"reftype=3Dpubmed&amp;article-id=3D2850510&amp;issue-id=3D180269&am=
p;journal-id=3D859&amp;FROM=3DArticle%7CBody&amp;TO=3DEntrez%7CPubMed%7CR=
ecord&amp;rendering-type=3Dnormal"=20
      rid=3D"B39">39</A>]. At the same time, activation of the =
platelet-derived=20
      growth factor (PDGF) receptor signaling pathway recruits pericytes =
to the=20
      new EC tube, where they deposit ECM proteins that aid in the =
formation of=20
      a new EC basement membrane, inducing the expression of fibronectin =
and=20
      nidogen-1 by the ECs [<A class=3D"cite-reflink bibr popnode"=20
      href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15831232"=20
      =
ref=3D"reftype=3Dpubmed&amp;article-id=3D2850510&amp;issue-id=3D180269&am=
p;journal-id=3D859&amp;FROM=3DArticle%7CBody&amp;TO=3DEntrez%7CPubMed%7CR=
ecord&amp;rendering-type=3Dnormal"=20
      rid=3D"B40">40</A>=E2=80=93<A class=3D"cite-reflink bibr popnode"=20
      href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19339693"=20
      =
ref=3D"reftype=3Dpubmed&amp;article-id=3D2850510&amp;issue-id=3D180269&am=
p;journal-id=3D859&amp;FROM=3DArticle%7CBody&amp;TO=3DEntrez%7CPubMed%7CR=
ecord&amp;rendering-type=3Dnormal"=20
      rid=3D"B43">43</A>]. Pericyte recruitment to the EC tube also =
promotes the=20
      upregulation of certain integrin receptors =
(<EM>=CE=B1</EM>6<EM>=CE=B2</EM>1,=20
      <EM>=CE=B1</EM>3<EM>=CE=B2</EM>1, =
<EM>=CE=B1</EM>1<EM>=CE=B2</EM>1, and=20
      <EM>=CE=B1</EM>5<EM>=CE=B2</EM>1) on the ECs that mediate the =
interaction of the EC=20
      with fibronectin, nidogen-1, and laminin in the new basement =
membrane [<A=20
      class=3D"cite-reflink bibr popnode"=20
      href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19822899"=20
      =
ref=3D"reftype=3Dpubmed&amp;article-id=3D2850510&amp;issue-id=3D180269&am=
p;journal-id=3D859&amp;FROM=3DArticle%7CBody&amp;TO=3DEntrez%7CPubMed%7CR=
ecord&amp;rendering-type=3Dnormal"=20
      rid=3D"B42">42</A>, <A class=3D"cite-reflink bibr popnode"=20
      href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19339693"=20
      =
ref=3D"reftype=3Dpubmed&amp;article-id=3D2850510&amp;issue-id=3D180269&am=
p;journal-id=3D859&amp;FROM=3DArticle%7CBody&amp;TO=3DEntrez%7CPubMed%7CR=
ecord&amp;rendering-type=3Dnormal"=20
      rid=3D"B43">43</A>]. </DIV>
      <DIV class=3Dp id=3D__pid649684>Pericytes are necessary for =
stabilization of=20
      the new EC tube. The finding that EC tubes lacking pericyte =
coverage=20
      become dilated [<A class=3D"cite-reflink bibr popnode"=20
      href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19822899"=20
      =
ref=3D"reftype=3Dpubmed&amp;article-id=3D2850510&amp;issue-id=3D180269&am=
p;journal-id=3D859&amp;FROM=3DArticle%7CBody&amp;TO=3DEntrez%7CPubMed%7CR=
ecord&amp;rendering-type=3Dnormal"=20
      rid=3D"B42">42</A>] suggests that pericyte coverage of the EC tube =
is=20
      necessary for maintaining the appropriate vessel diameter. This =
concept is=20
      consistent with the dilated and tortuous blood vessels that are =
observed=20
      on histologic examination of many GBM tumors and suggests that =
this may be=20
      associated with the reduced pericyte coverage of blood vessels =
observed in=20
      these tumors [<A class=3D"cite-reflink bibr popnode"=20
      href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16212810"=20
      =
ref=3D"reftype=3Dpubmed&amp;article-id=3D2850510&amp;issue-id=3D180269&am=
p;journal-id=3D859&amp;FROM=3DArticle%7CBody&amp;TO=3DEntrez%7CPubMed%7CR=
ecord&amp;rendering-type=3Dnormal"=20
      rid=3D"B36">36</A>, <A class=3D"cite-reflink bibr popnode"=20
      =
href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2850510/?tool=3Dpubme=
d#B44"=20
      rid=3D"B44">44</A>].</DIV>
      <DIV class=3D"p p-last" id=3D__pid649722>Endothelial progenitor =
cells (EPCs)=20
      from the bone marrow may also contribute to the neovasculature. =
EPCs are=20
      mobilized from the bone marrow by the cytokine stromal-derived=20
      factor-1<EM>=CE=B1</EM> (SDF-1<EM>=CE=B1</EM>) [<A =
class=3D"cite-reflink bibr popnode"=20
      =
href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2850510/?tool=3Dpubme=
d#B45"=20
      rid=3D"B45">45</A>] that is expressed by angiogenic vessels in =
GBM,=20
      SDF1<EM>=CE=B1</EM> binds to the G protein-coupled chemokine 4 =
receptor (CXCR4)=20
      expressed on circulating EPCs and also on tumor vessels [<A=20
      class=3D"cite-reflink bibr popnode"=20
      href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10656438"=20
      =
ref=3D"reftype=3Dpubmed&amp;article-id=3D2850510&amp;issue-id=3D180269&am=
p;journal-id=3D859&amp;FROM=3DArticle%7CBody&amp;TO=3DEntrez%7CPubMed%7CR=
ecord&amp;rendering-type=3Dnormal"=20
      rid=3D"B46">46</A>]. A role for the SDF1<EM>=CE=B1</EM>/CXCR4 =
signaling pathway=20
      in the development or maintenance of the GBM neovasculature is =
suggested=20
      by a report that demonstrated that the administration of a CXCR4=20
      antagonist to an orthotopic xenograft mouse model of GBM inhibited =
tumor=20
      growth [<A class=3D"cite-reflink bibr popnode"=20
      href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14595012"=20
      =
ref=3D"reftype=3Dpubmed&amp;article-id=3D2850510&amp;issue-id=3D180269&am=
p;journal-id=3D859&amp;FROM=3DArticle%7CBody&amp;TO=3DEntrez%7CPubMed%7CR=
ecord&amp;rendering-type=3Dnormal"=20
      rid=3D"B47">47</A>].</DIV></DIV>
      <DIV class=3Dsec id=3Dsec2.3><SPAN></SPAN>
      <DIV class=3D"head2 head-separate">2.3. Abnormalities in the =
Neovasculature=20
      of GBM and Hypoxia</DIV>
      <DIV class=3D"p p-first" id=3D__pid649787>The failure of the GBM=20
      neovasculature to mature completely results in an atypical =
neovasculature=20
      that demonstrates excessive leakiness and lacks a normal blood =
brain=20
      barrier (BBB). Electron microscopic examination of the =
neovasculature in=20
      GBM has revealed that the tight junctions and adherens junctions=20
      (important contributors to the BBB) are abnormal and that the =
actin=20
      filaments associated with the junctions are disorganized [<A=20
      class=3D"cite-reflink bibr popnode"=20
      href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15980971"=20
      =
ref=3D"reftype=3Dpubmed&amp;article-id=3D2850510&amp;issue-id=3D180269&am=
p;journal-id=3D859&amp;FROM=3DArticle%7CBody&amp;TO=3DEntrez%7CPubMed%7CR=
ecord&amp;rendering-type=3Dnormal"=20
      rid=3D"B48">48</A>]. These changes likely decrease the osmotic =
gradient=20
      between the vasculature and interstitium, elevating the =
interstitial fluid=20
      pressure in the tumor [<A class=3D"cite-reflink bibr popnode"=20
      href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8797602"=20
      =
ref=3D"reftype=3Dpubmed&amp;article-id=3D2850510&amp;issue-id=3D180269&am=
p;journal-id=3D859&amp;FROM=3DArticle%7CBody&amp;TO=3DEntrez%7CPubMed%7CR=
ecord&amp;rendering-type=3Dnormal"=20
      rid=3D"B49">49</A>]. This has certain important clinical =
implications.=20
      First, the elevated interstitial fluid pressure can compromise =
drug=20
      delivery to the GBM. Second, the abnormalities in the =
neovasculature may=20
      enhance tumor cell access to the vasculature and aid in tumor cell =

      migration and invasion along the EC basement membrane to =
previously=20
      uninvolved brain tissue. </DIV>
      <DIV class=3D"p p-last" id=3D__pid647619>In addition, the =
neovasculature in=20
      GBM demonstrates prominent thrombosis, promoting local hypoxia =
within the=20
      tumor. This local hypoxia is exacerbated by the rapid growth of =
these=20
      tumors, which frequently results in an extensive necrotic core =
that=20
      further accentuates the hypoxic microenvironment. Hypoxia can =
promote=20
      tumor angiogenesis through activation of the transcription factor=20
      hypoxia-inducible factor -1<EM>=CE=B1</EM> (HIF-1<EM>=CE=B1</EM>) =
which, in turn,=20
      enhances production of proangiogenic growth factors. Normally, the =
von=20
      Hippel-Lindau (VHL) molecule inhibits the function of =
HIF-1<EM>=CE=B1</EM> but=20
      hypoxia destabilizes VHL causing it to dissociate from =
HIF-1<EM>=CE=B1</EM>.=20
      This results in HIF-1<EM>=CE=B1</EM> binding to the hypoxia =
response element=20
      (HRE) in the promoter of several proangiogenic factors (i.e., VEGF =
and=20
      SDF-1<EM>=CE=B1</EM>) thereby initiating their transcription [<A=20
      class=3D"cite-reflink bibr popnode"=20
      =
href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2850510/?tool=3Dpubme=
d#B45"=20
      rid=3D"B45">45</A>, <A class=3D"cite-reflink bibr popnode"=20
      href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15831232"=20
      =
ref=3D"reftype=3Dpubmed&amp;article-id=3D2850510&amp;issue-id=3D180269&am=
p;journal-id=3D859&amp;FROM=3DArticle%7CBody&amp;TO=3DEntrez%7CPubMed%7CR=
ecord&amp;rendering-type=3Dnormal"=20
      rid=3D"B50">50</A>]. A second HIF family member, =
HIF-2<EM>=CE=B1</EM>, is also=20
      activated by hypoxia and likely plays a role in promoting tumor=20
      angiogenesis in GBM [<A class=3D"cite-reflink bibr popnode"=20
      href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19477429"=20
      =
ref=3D"reftype=3Dpubmed&amp;article-id=3D2850510&amp;issue-id=3D180269&am=
p;journal-id=3D859&amp;FROM=3DArticle%7CBody&amp;TO=3DEntrez%7CPubMed%7CR=
ecord&amp;rendering-type=3Dnormal"=20
      rid=3D"B51">51</A>]. Li and colleagues [<A class=3D"cite-reflink =
bibr popnode"=20
      href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19477429"=20
      =
ref=3D"reftype=3Dpubmed&amp;article-id=3D2850510&amp;issue-id=3D180269&am=
p;journal-id=3D859&amp;FROM=3DArticle%7CBody&amp;TO=3DEntrez%7CPubMed%7CR=
ecord&amp;rendering-type=3Dnormal"=20
      rid=3D"B51">51</A>] have recently demonstrated that =
HIF-2<EM>=CE=B1</EM> is=20
      preferentially expressed in glioma stem cells, in comparison to =
nonstem=20
      tumor cells and normal neural progenitors. Their work showed that=20
      HIF2<EM>=CE=B1</EM>, not HIF1<EM>=CE=B1</EM>, is selectively =
activated in glioma=20
      stem cells by hypoxia, inducing the expression of VEGF. In tumor=20
      specimens, HIF2<EM>=CE=B1</EM> colocalized with markers of cancer =
stem cells.=20
      Furthermore, targeting HIF in glioma stem cells inhibited =
self-renewal,=20
      proliferation, and survival in vitro, and attenuated the tumor =
initiation=20
      potential of glioma stem cells in mouse xenografts. Therefore,=20
      HIF2<EM>=CE=B1</EM> likely represents a promising new therapeutic =
target in=20
      patients with GBM [<A class=3D"cite-reflink bibr popnode"=20
      href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19477429"=20
      =
ref=3D"reftype=3Dpubmed&amp;article-id=3D2850510&amp;issue-id=3D180269&am=
p;journal-id=3D859&amp;FROM=3DArticle%7CBody&amp;TO=3DEntrez%7CPubMed%7CR=
ecord&amp;rendering-type=3Dnormal"=20
      rid=3D"B51">51</A>].</DIV></DIV>
      <DIV class=3Dsec id=3Dsec2.4><SPAN></SPAN>
      <DIV class=3D"head2 head-separate">2.4. Role of Cancer Stem Cells =
in Tumor=20
      Angiogenesis</DIV>
      <DIV class=3D"p p-first-last" id=3D__pid647743>In recent years, a =
minor=20
      population of cells has been identified in GBM and other malignant =
tumors=20
      that has characteristics of tumor-initiating cells. These cells =
have been=20
      referred to as cancer stem cells (CSCs) and in the case of GBM are =

      referred to as glioma stem cells [<A class=3D"cite-reflink bibr =
popnode"=20
      href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7509044"=20
      =
ref=3D"reftype=3Dpubmed&amp;article-id=3D2850510&amp;issue-id=3D180269&am=
p;journal-id=3D859&amp;FROM=3DArticle%7CBody&amp;TO=3DEntrez%7CPubMed%7CR=
ecord&amp;rendering-type=3Dnormal"=20
      rid=3D"B52">52</A>=E2=80=93<A class=3D"cite-reflink bibr popnode"=20
      href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12629218"=20
      =
ref=3D"reftype=3Dpubmed&amp;article-id=3D2850510&amp;issue-id=3D180269&am=
p;journal-id=3D859&amp;FROM=3DArticle%7CBody&amp;TO=3DEntrez%7CPubMed%7CR=
ecord&amp;rendering-type=3Dnormal"=20
      rid=3D"B54">54</A>]. There is still some debate regarding the =
appropriate=20
      definition of CSCs, but an emerging consensus holds that these =
cells are=20
      capable of self-renewal, sustained proliferation, and initiating =
tumor=20
      formation when injected in very low numbers into an =
immunocompromised=20
      mouse host [<A class=3D"cite-reflink bibr popnode"=20
      href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16990346"=20
      =
ref=3D"reftype=3Dpubmed&amp;article-id=3D2850510&amp;issue-id=3D180269&am=
p;journal-id=3D859&amp;FROM=3DArticle%7CBody&amp;TO=3DEntrez%7CPubMed%7CR=
ecord&amp;rendering-type=3Dnormal"=20
      rid=3D"B55">55</A>]. Of particular relevance to this review, a =
small but=20
      growing number of papers have suggested that CSCs promote =
angiogenesis in=20
      tumors. For example, Bao and colleagues (2006) demonstrated that=20
      conditioned media from glioma stem cells significantly promoted EC =

      migration, proliferation, and tube formation as compared to =
conditioned=20
      media from nonstem glioma cells [<A class=3D"cite-reflink bibr =
popnode"=20
      href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16912155"=20
      =
ref=3D"reftype=3Dpubmed&amp;article-id=3D2850510&amp;issue-id=3D180269&am=
p;journal-id=3D859&amp;FROM=3DArticle%7CBody&amp;TO=3DEntrez%7CPubMed%7CR=
ecord&amp;rendering-type=3Dnormal"=20
      rid=3D"B56">56</A>]. Consistent with this observation, Calabrese =
and=20
      colleagues (2007) showed that ECs interact closely with brain =
tumor stem=20
      cells in the perivascular location (this has been termed a =
vascular niche)=20
      and secrete factors that maintain these cells in a stem cell-like =
state=20
      [<A class=3D"cite-reflink bibr popnode"=20
      href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17222791"=20
      =
ref=3D"reftype=3Dpubmed&amp;article-id=3D2850510&amp;issue-id=3D180269&am=
p;journal-id=3D859&amp;FROM=3DArticle%7CBody&amp;TO=3DEntrez%7CPubMed%7CR=
ecord&amp;rendering-type=3Dnormal"=20
      rid=3D"B57">57</A>]. Investigators have speculated that this =
vascular niche=20
      is an important target for therapeutic intervention, as disruption =
of the=20
      niche microenvironment can ablate the growth of CSCs and arrest =
tumor=20
      growth [<A class=3D"cite-reflink bibr popnode"=20
      href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17222791"=20
      =
ref=3D"reftype=3Dpubmed&amp;article-id=3D2850510&amp;issue-id=3D180269&am=
p;journal-id=3D859&amp;FROM=3DArticle%7CBody&amp;TO=3DEntrez%7CPubMed%7CR=
ecord&amp;rendering-type=3Dnormal"=20
      rid=3D"B57">57</A>, <A class=3D"cite-reflink bibr popnode"=20
      =
href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2850510/?tool=3Dpubme=
d#B58"=20
      rid=3D"B58">58</A>]. It should therefore be borne in mind that =
this is a=20
      potential mechanism by which anti-angiogenic drugs could inhibit =
brain=20
      tumor growth [<A class=3D"cite-reflink bibr popnode"=20
      href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17222791"=20
      =
ref=3D"reftype=3Dpubmed&amp;article-id=3D2850510&amp;issue-id=3D180269&am=
p;journal-id=3D859&amp;FROM=3DArticle%7CBody&amp;TO=3DEntrez%7CPubMed%7CR=
ecord&amp;rendering-type=3Dnormal"=20
      rid=3D"B57">57</A>]. Most recently, Folkins and colleagues (2009) =
compared=20
      the angiogenesis in tumor xenografts from C6 glioma cells =
containing=20
      either a low or a high fraction of CSCs, and found that CSC-high =
xenograft=20
      tumors demonstrated an increased microvessel density and blood =
perfusion,=20
      as well as inducing greater mobilization and recruitment of bone=20
      marrow-derived EPCs to the tumors [<A class=3D"cite-reflink bibr =
popnode"=20
      href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19738068"=20
      =
ref=3D"reftype=3Dpubmed&amp;article-id=3D2850510&amp;issue-id=3D180269&am=
p;journal-id=3D859&amp;FROM=3DArticle%7CBody&amp;TO=3DEntrez%7CPubMed%7CR=
ecord&amp;rendering-type=3Dnormal"=20
      rid=3D"B59">59</A>]. Also, the CSC-high C6 cultures and xenograft =
tumors=20
      expressed higher levels of VEGF and SDF1, and blocking of these=20
      proangiogenic factors resulted in a reduction in the growth of the =
tumors=20
      compared to that observed with CSC low C6 cells [<A=20
      class=3D"cite-reflink bibr popnode"=20
      href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19738068"=20
      =
ref=3D"reftype=3Dpubmed&amp;article-id=3D2850510&amp;issue-id=3D180269&am=
p;journal-id=3D859&amp;FROM=3DArticle%7CBody&amp;TO=3DEntrez%7CPubMed%7CR=
ecord&amp;rendering-type=3Dnormal"=20
      rid=3D"B59">59</A>]. These data suggest that CSCs do contribute to =
tumor=20
      angiogenesis by promoting both local EC activity and systemic =
angiogenic=20
      processes that involve the recruitment of bone marrow-derived EPC =
in a=20
      VEGF-and SDF1-dependent manner [<A class=3D"cite-reflink bibr =
popnode"=20
      href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19738068"=20
      =
ref=3D"reftype=3Dpubmed&amp;article-id=3D2850510&amp;issue-id=3D180269&am=
p;journal-id=3D859&amp;FROM=3DArticle%7CBody&amp;TO=3DEntrez%7CPubMed%7CR=
ecord&amp;rendering-type=3Dnormal"=20
      rid=3D"B59">59</A>].</DIV></DIV>
      <DIV class=3Dsec id=3Dsec2.5><SPAN></SPAN>
      <DIV class=3D"head2 head-separate">2.5. Role of Bone =
Marrow-Derived=20
      Progenitor Cells in Tumor Angiogenesis</DIV>
      <DIV class=3D"p p-first" id=3D__pid511473>There is evidence that =
the adult=20
      bone marrow plays a significant role in endothelial and lymphatic=20
      neovessel formation that supports tumor growth and invasion [<A=20
      class=3D"cite-reflink bibr popnode"=20
      href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16567962"=20
      =
ref=3D"reftype=3Dpubmed&amp;article-id=3D2850510&amp;issue-id=3D180269&am=
p;journal-id=3D859&amp;FROM=3DArticle%7CBody&amp;TO=3DEntrez%7CPubMed%7CR=
ecord&amp;rendering-type=3Dnormal"=20
      rid=3D"B60">60</A>, <A class=3D"cite-reflink bibr popnode"=20
      href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16355210"=20
      =
ref=3D"reftype=3Dpubmed&amp;article-id=3D2850510&amp;issue-id=3D180269&am=
p;journal-id=3D859&amp;FROM=3DArticle%7CBody&amp;TO=3DEntrez%7CPubMed%7CR=
ecord&amp;rendering-type=3Dnormal"=20
      rid=3D"B61">61</A>]. As the brain lacks a lymphatic system, =
lymphatic=20
      neovessel formation is not relevant for GBM. The nonhematopoietic=20
      (CD45<STRONG><SUP>=E2=88=92</SUP></STRONG>) bone marrow-derived =
population of=20
      cells that likely contribute to tumor angiogenesis, bone =
marrow-derived=20
      EPCs, may directly contribute to the EC layer by merging with the =
wall of=20
      a growing blood vessel and differentiating into ECs, thereby =
providing an=20
      alternative source of ECs [<A class=3D"cite-reflink bibr popnode"=20
      href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9020076"=20
      =
ref=3D"reftype=3Dpubmed&amp;article-id=3D2850510&amp;issue-id=3D180269&am=
p;journal-id=3D859&amp;FROM=3DArticle%7CBody&amp;TO=3DEntrez%7CPubMed%7CR=
ecord&amp;rendering-type=3Dnormal"=20
      rid=3D"B62">62</A>]. The circulating EPCs originally reported by =
Asahara et=20
      al. (1997) (defined as CD34<SUP>+/</SUP> VEGFR2<SUP>+</SUP>) were =
shown to=20
      be capable of differentiating into an EC phenotype that expressed =
EC=20
      markers in vitro, and to be capable of incorporating into =
neovessels at=20
      sites of ischemia [<A class=3D"cite-reflink bibr popnode"=20
      href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9020076"=20
      =
ref=3D"reftype=3Dpubmed&amp;article-id=3D2850510&amp;issue-id=3D180269&am=
p;journal-id=3D859&amp;FROM=3DArticle%7CBody&amp;TO=3DEntrez%7CPubMed%7CR=
ecord&amp;rendering-type=3Dnormal"=20
      rid=3D"B62">62</A>]. Shaked and colleagues (2006) showed that =
administration=20
      of a vascular disrupting agent, such as combretastatin, or=20
      chemotherapeutic drugs, such as Paclitaxel or 5-fluorouracil, to a =
mouse=20
      model of cancer resulted in the recruitment of bone marrow-derived =
EPCs to=20
      the tumor as well as severe tumor necrosis [<A=20
      class=3D"cite-reflink bibr popnode"=20
      href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16990548"=20
      =
ref=3D"reftype=3Dpubmed&amp;article-id=3D2850510&amp;issue-id=3D180269&am=
p;journal-id=3D859&amp;FROM=3DArticle%7CBody&amp;TO=3DEntrez%7CPubMed%7CR=
ecord&amp;rendering-type=3Dnormal"=20
      rid=3D"B63">63</A>]. Other studies have suggested that circulating =
EPCs may=20
      contribute to tumor neovascularization in mouse models of cancer =
[<A=20
      class=3D"cite-reflink bibr popnode"=20
      href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16339405"=20
      =
ref=3D"reftype=3Dpubmed&amp;article-id=3D2850510&amp;issue-id=3D180269&am=
p;journal-id=3D859&amp;FROM=3DArticle%7CBody&amp;TO=3DEntrez%7CPubMed%7CR=
ecord&amp;rendering-type=3Dnormal"=20
      rid=3D"B64">64</A>]. </DIV>
      <DIV class=3Dp id=3D__pid471692>It should be noted that the =
contribution of=20
      circulating EPCs to neoangiogenesis has been questioned and the =
markers=20
      that identify bone marrow-derived EPCs have been debated =
vigorously [<A=20
      class=3D"cite-reflink bibr popnode"=20
      =
href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2850510/?tool=3Dpubme=
d#B65"=20
      rid=3D"B65">65</A>, <A class=3D"cite-reflink bibr popnode"=20
      =
href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2850510/?tool=3Dpubme=
d#B66"=20
      rid=3D"B66">66</A>]. The reported level of incorporation of =
circulating EPCs=20
      into new blood vessels varies considerably and ranges in different =
studies=20
      from 5% to 50% [<A class=3D"cite-reflink bibr popnode"=20
      =
href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2850510/?tool=3Dpubme=
d#B53"=20
      rid=3D"B53">53</A>, <A class=3D"cite-reflink bibr popnode"=20
      href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16990548"=20
      =
ref=3D"reftype=3Dpubmed&amp;article-id=3D2850510&amp;issue-id=3D180269&am=
p;journal-id=3D859&amp;FROM=3DArticle%7CBody&amp;TO=3DEntrez%7CPubMed%7CR=
ecord&amp;rendering-type=3Dnormal"=20
      rid=3D"B63">63</A>, <A class=3D"cite-reflink bibr popnode"=20
      =
href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2850510/?tool=3Dpubme=
d#B65"=20
      rid=3D"B65">65</A>, <A class=3D"cite-reflink bibr popnode"=20
      href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16326806"=20
      =
ref=3D"reftype=3Dpubmed&amp;article-id=3D2850510&amp;issue-id=3D180269&am=
p;journal-id=3D859&amp;FROM=3DArticle%7CBody&amp;TO=3DEntrez%7CPubMed%7CR=
ecord&amp;rendering-type=3Dnormal"=20
      rid=3D"B67">67</A>]. In addition, technical challenges exist in =
identifying=20
      vessel-incorporated bone marrow-derived EPCs. Most recently, Rafat =
and=20
      colleagues (2009) suggested that in 12 patients with GBM higher =
numbers of=20
      circulating EPCs appeared to correlate with a significantly higher =
tumor=20
      vessel density, as compared to patients with lower numbers of =
circulating=20
      EPCs [<A class=3D"cite-reflink bibr popnode"=20
      href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19522573"=20
      =
ref=3D"reftype=3Dpubmed&amp;article-id=3D2850510&amp;issue-id=3D180269&am=
p;journal-id=3D859&amp;FROM=3DArticle%7CBody&amp;TO=3DEntrez%7CPubMed%7CR=
ecord&amp;rendering-type=3Dnormal"=20
      rid=3D"B68">68</A>]; however, this observation needs to be =
validated in a=20
      larger study. </DIV>
      <DIV class=3D"p p-last" id=3D__pid471774>Bone marrow-derived =
hematopoietic=20
      cells have also been reported to contribute to tumor angiogenesis =
and=20
      invasion. Unlike the circulating EPCs discussed above, these cells =
are=20
      CD45<SUP>+</SUP>, and they include myeloid progenitor cells =
identified as=20
      GR1<SUP>+</SUP>CD11b<SUP>+</SUP> in the mouse (in the human=20
      CD3<SUP>+</SUP>, CD14<SUP>+</SUP>, CD19<SUP>+</SUP>, =
CD57<SUP>+</SUP> and=20
      HLA-DR negative) [<A class=3D"cite-reflink bibr popnode"=20
      href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18167337"=20
      =
ref=3D"reftype=3Dpubmed&amp;article-id=3D2850510&amp;issue-id=3D180269&am=
p;journal-id=3D859&amp;FROM=3DArticle%7CBody&amp;TO=3DEntrez%7CPubMed%7CR=
ecord&amp;rendering-type=3Dnormal"=20
      rid=3D"B69">69</A>], CD11b<SUP>+</SUP>F4/80<SUP>+</SUP> =
tumor-associated=20
      macrophages (TAMs) [<A class=3D"cite-reflink bibr popnode"=20
      =
href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2850510/?tool=3Dpubme=
d#B70"=20
      rid=3D"B70">70</A>], Tie2-expressing monocytes [<A=20
      class=3D"cite-reflink bibr popnode"=20
      href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16169466"=20
      =
ref=3D"reftype=3Dpubmed&amp;article-id=3D2850510&amp;issue-id=3D180269&am=
p;journal-id=3D859&amp;FROM=3DArticle%7CBody&amp;TO=3DEntrez%7CPubMed%7CR=
ecord&amp;rendering-type=3Dnormal"=20
      rid=3D"B71">71</A>], CXCR4<SUP>+</SUP>VEGFR1<SUP>+</SUP> =
hemangiocytes [<A=20
      class=3D"cite-reflink bibr popnode"=20
      =
href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2850510/?tool=3Dpubme=
d#B72"=20
      rid=3D"B72">72</A>], bone marrow-derived circulating cells that =
comprise a=20
      heterogeneous population of myeloid cells identified as=20
      CD45<SUP>+</SUP>CD11b<SUP>+</SUP> in the mouse and human [<A=20
      class=3D"cite-reflink bibr popnode"=20
      href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16413490"=20
      =
ref=3D"reftype=3Dpubmed&amp;article-id=3D2850510&amp;issue-id=3D180269&am=
p;journal-id=3D859&amp;FROM=3DArticle%7CBody&amp;TO=3DEntrez%7CPubMed%7CR=
ecord&amp;rendering-type=3Dnormal"=20
      rid=3D"B73">73</A>], platelet-derived growth factor receptor=20
      (PDGFR)<SUP>+</SUP> pericyte progenitors [<A=20
      class=3D"cite-reflink bibr popnode"=20
      =
href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2850510/?tool=3Dpubme=
d#B74"=20
      rid=3D"B74">74</A>], and vascular endothelial-(VE-) =
cadherin<SUP>+</SUP>=20
      CD45<SUP>+</SUP> leukocytes [<A class=3D"cite-reflink bibr =
popnode"=20
      href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15358628"=20
      =
ref=3D"reftype=3Dpubmed&amp;article-id=3D2850510&amp;issue-id=3D180269&am=
p;journal-id=3D859&amp;FROM=3DArticle%7CBody&amp;TO=3DEntrez%7CPubMed%7CR=
ecord&amp;rendering-type=3Dnormal"=20
      rid=3D"B75">75</A>]. Supporting their potential importance in the =
response=20
      of the tumor to therapy, Shojaei and Ferrara reported that the =
recruitment=20
      of bone marrow-derived GR1<SUP>+</SUP> myeloid cells resulted in a =
tumor=20
      that was refractory to treatment with inhibitors of VEGF [<A=20
      class=3D"cite-reflink bibr popnode"=20
      href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18632597"=20
      =
ref=3D"reftype=3Dpubmed&amp;article-id=3D2850510&amp;issue-id=3D180269&am=
p;journal-id=3D859&amp;FROM=3DArticle%7CBody&amp;TO=3DEntrez%7CPubMed%7CR=
ecord&amp;rendering-type=3Dnormal"=20
      rid=3D"B76">76</A>]. In general, the above CD45<SUP>+</SUP> bone=20
      marrow-derived cells are not thought to incorporate into the EC =
layer of=20
      the new vasculature; rather, some of the above cells are thought =
to=20
      incorporate into the tumor neovasculature as perivascular cells =
where they=20
      function to promote angiogenesis through paracrine mechanisms, =
such as=20
      local secretion of VEGF [<A class=3D"cite-reflink bibr popnode"=20
      href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16413490"=20
      =
ref=3D"reftype=3Dpubmed&amp;article-id=3D2850510&amp;issue-id=3D180269&am=
p;journal-id=3D859&amp;FROM=3DArticle%7CBody&amp;TO=3DEntrez%7CPubMed%7CR=
ecord&amp;rendering-type=3Dnormal"=20
      rid=3D"B73">73</A>].</DIV></DIV>
      <DIV class=3D"sec sec-last" id=3Dsec2.6><SPAN></SPAN>
      <DIV class=3D"head2 head-separate">2.6. Co-Option of Existing =
Blood Vessels=20
      Occurs in Very Small Tumors</DIV>
      <DIV class=3D"p p-first" id=3D__pid681645>As discussed above, =
there is=20
      evidence to suggest that in small tumors, in which the =
neovasculature has=20
      not developed, the tumor cells obtain the necessary nutrients and =
oxygen=20
      needed for growth by co-opting existing blood vessels [<A=20
      class=3D"cite-reflink bibr popnode"=20
      href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10373119"=20
      =
ref=3D"reftype=3Dpubmed&amp;article-id=3D2850510&amp;issue-id=3D180269&am=
p;journal-id=3D859&amp;FROM=3DArticle%7CBody&amp;TO=3DEntrez%7CPubMed%7CR=
ecord&amp;rendering-type=3Dnormal"=20
      rid=3D"B10">10</A>]. Of note, in transplanted C6 rat gliomas in =
the rat=20
      brain co-option of existing blood vessels by tumor cells occurred=20
      initially when the tumors were several mm in diameter, and this =
was=20
      followed by vascular regression and ultimately by the development =
of a=20
      neovasculature [<A class=3D"cite-reflink bibr popnode"=20
      href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10373119"=20
      =
ref=3D"reftype=3Dpubmed&amp;article-id=3D2850510&amp;issue-id=3D180269&am=
p;journal-id=3D859&amp;FROM=3DArticle%7CBody&amp;TO=3DEntrez%7CPubMed%7CR=
ecord&amp;rendering-type=3Dnormal"=20
      rid=3D"B10">10</A>]. The same study also showed co-option of =
existing blood=20
      vessels with the propagation of rat mammary cancer cells in the =
rat brain=20
      and with the metastasis of Lewis lung cancer cells to the lung =
after=20
      intravenous injection. In each of these models, Ang-2 expression =
was=20
      upregulated at the co-opted blood vessels, suggesting a role for =
Ang-2=20
      signaling in the co-option process [<A class=3D"cite-reflink bibr =
popnode"=20
      href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10373119"=20
      =
ref=3D"reftype=3Dpubmed&amp;article-id=3D2850510&amp;issue-id=3D180269&am=
p;journal-id=3D859&amp;FROM=3DArticle%7CBody&amp;TO=3DEntrez%7CPubMed%7CR=
ecord&amp;rendering-type=3Dnormal"=20
      rid=3D"B10">10</A>]. Vessel co-option has been observed in several =
other=20
      tumors, including melanoma, ovarian carcinoma, and Kaposi sarcoma=20
      (reviewed in [<A class=3D"cite-reflink bibr popnode"=20
      href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17717633"=20
      =
ref=3D"reftype=3Dpubmed&amp;article-id=3D2850510&amp;issue-id=3D180269&am=
p;journal-id=3D859&amp;FROM=3DArticle%7CBody&amp;TO=3DEntrez%7CPubMed%7CR=
ecord&amp;rendering-type=3Dnormal"=20
      rid=3D"B11">11</A>]). </DIV>
      <DIV class=3D"p p-last" id=3D__pid681696>Another mechanism =
contributing to the=20
      blood supply in malignant tumors is vasculogenic mimicry [<A=20
      class=3D"cite-reflink bibr popnode"=20
      href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17717633"=20
      =
ref=3D"reftype=3Dpubmed&amp;article-id=3D2850510&amp;issue-id=3D180269&am=
p;journal-id=3D859&amp;FROM=3DArticle%7CBody&amp;TO=3DEntrez%7CPubMed%7CR=
ecord&amp;rendering-type=3Dnormal"=20
      rid=3D"B11">11</A>]. In vasculogenic mimicry, tumor cells function =
as blood=20
      vessel lining cells and this has been described in several types =
of=20
      malignant tumors, including melanoma [<A class=3D"cite-reflink =
bibr popnode"=20
      href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17717633"=20
      =
ref=3D"reftype=3Dpubmed&amp;article-id=3D2850510&amp;issue-id=3D180269&am=
p;journal-id=3D859&amp;FROM=3DArticle%7CBody&amp;TO=3DEntrez%7CPubMed%7CR=
ecord&amp;rendering-type=3Dnormal"=20
      rid=3D"B11">11</A>].</DIV></DIV></DIV></DIV>
      <DIV class=3Dsec id=3Dsec3><SPAN></SPAN>
      <DIV class=3D"head1 section-title" id=3Dsec3titletitle=20
      style=3D"TEXT-TRANSFORM: none">
      <DIV class=3Dother-sections>
      <UL class=3D"noext-menu noext-menu-hidden">
        <LI><A class=3Dfirst-link=20
        =
href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2850510/?tool=3Dpubme=
d#">&nbsp;Other=20
        Sections=E2=96=BC</A>
        <UL class=3D"submenu head1">
          <LI class=3Dsubmenu-item><A class=3D"" =
style=3D"TEXT-TRANSFORM: none"=20
          =
href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2850510/?tool=3Dpubme=
d#__abstractid506503">Abstract</A>
          <LI class=3Dsubmenu-item><A class=3D"" =
style=3D"TEXT-TRANSFORM: none"=20
          =
href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2850510/?tool=3Dpubme=
d#sec1">1.=20
          Introduction</A>
          <LI class=3Dsubmenu-item><A class=3D"" =
style=3D"TEXT-TRANSFORM: none"=20
          =
href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2850510/?tool=3Dpubme=
d#sec2">2.=20
          The Biology of Brain Tumor Vascularization</A>
          <LI class=3D"submenu-item current-item"><A class=3D""=20
          style=3D"TEXT-TRANSFORM: none" onclick=3Dreturn(false)=20
          =
href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2850510/?tool=3Dpubme=
d#">3.=20
          Clinical Use of Antiangiogenic Agents</A>
          <LI class=3Dsubmenu-item><A class=3D"" =
style=3D"TEXT-TRANSFORM: none"=20
          =
href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2850510/?tool=3Dpubme=
d#sec4">4.=20
          Multikinase Receptors Inhibitors (MTKI)</A>
          <LI class=3Dsubmenu-item><A class=3D"" =
style=3D"TEXT-TRANSFORM: none"=20
          =
href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2850510/?tool=3Dpubme=
d#sec5">5.=20
          Other Anti-<IMG=20
          style=3D"BORDER-TOP-STYLE: none; BORDER-RIGHT-STYLE: none; =
BORDER-LEFT-STYLE: none; BORDER-BOTTOM-STYLE: none"=20
          =
src=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/corehtml/pmc/pmcents/dot.gif">Angiogen=
ic=20
          Agents</A>
          <LI class=3Dsubmenu-item><A class=3D"" =
style=3D"TEXT-TRANSFORM: none"=20
          =
href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2850510/?tool=3Dpubme=
d#sec6">6.=20
          Challenges in Evaluating the Response to Anti-<IMG=20
          style=3D"BORDER-TOP-STYLE: none; BORDER-RIGHT-STYLE: none; =
BORDER-LEFT-STYLE: none; BORDER-BOTTOM-STYLE: none"=20
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ic=20
          Therapy with Imaging</A>
          <LI class=3Dsubmenu-item><A class=3D"" =
style=3D"TEXT-TRANSFORM: none"=20
          =
href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2850510/?tool=3Dpubme=
d#sec7">7.=20
          Resistance to Anti-<IMG=20
          style=3D"BORDER-TOP-STYLE: none; BORDER-RIGHT-STYLE: none; =
BORDER-LEFT-STYLE: none; BORDER-BOTTOM-STYLE: none"=20
          =
src=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/corehtml/pmc/pmcents/dot.gif">Angiogen=
ic=20
          Therapy</A>
          <LI class=3Dsubmenu-item><A class=3D"" =
style=3D"TEXT-TRANSFORM: none"=20
          =
href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2850510/?tool=3Dpubme=
d#sec8">8.=20
          The Blood-<IMG=20
          style=3D"BORDER-TOP-STYLE: none; BORDER-RIGHT-STYLE: none; =
BORDER-LEFT-STYLE: none; BORDER-BOTTOM-STYLE: none"=20
          =
src=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/corehtml/pmc/pmcents/dot.gif">Brain=20
          Barrier (BBB) and the Challenges of Drug Delivery</A>
          <LI class=3Dsubmenu-item><A class=3D"" =
style=3D"TEXT-TRANSFORM: none"=20
          =
href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2850510/?tool=3Dpubme=
d#sec9">9.=20
          Biomarkers of Angiogenesis</A>
          <LI class=3Dsubmenu-item><A class=3D"" =
style=3D"TEXT-TRANSFORM: none"=20
          =
href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2850510/?tool=3Dpubme=
d#sec10">10.=20
          Unanswered Questions</A>
          <LI class=3Dsubmenu-item><A class=3D"" =
style=3D"TEXT-TRANSFORM: none"=20
          =
href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2850510/?tool=3Dpubme=
d#sec11">11.=20
          Conclusions</A>
          <LI class=3Dsubmenu-item><A class=3D"" =
style=3D"TEXT-TRANSFORM: none"=20
          =
href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2850510/?tool=3Dpubme=
d#__ref-listid505652">References</A></LI></UL></LI></UL></DIV>
      <DIV>3. Clinical Use of Antiangiogenic Agents</DIV></DIV>
      <DIV class=3Dsection-content id=3Dsec3content>
      <DIV class=3D"sec sec-first-last" id=3Dsec3.1><SPAN></SPAN>
      <DIV class=3D"head2 head-separate">3.1. VEGF Inhibitors</DIV>
      <DIV class=3D"p p-first" id=3D__pid681741><EM>Bevacizumab </EM>is =
a monoclonal=20
      antibody directed toward VEGF that has become the prototype of=20
      anti-angiogenic agents in clinical use for treatment of GBM (see =
<A=20
      class=3D"fig-table-link table" style=3D"TEXT-DECORATION: none"=20
      onclick=3D"startTarget(this, 'true', 1024, 800)"=20
      =
href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2850510/table/tab1/">=
<SPAN=20
      style=3D"TEXT-DECORATION: underline">Table 1</SPAN></A>). In a =
phase II=20
      clinical trial, 68 patients with recurrent malignant glioma =
(33<IMG=20
      title=3D"" alt=3D" " src=3D"" border=3D0>AG and 35<IMG title=3D"" =
alt=3D" " src=3D""=20
      border=3D0>GBM) were treated with bevacizumab and irinotecan in =
two cohorts=20
      (see <A class=3D"fig-table-link table" style=3D"TEXT-DECORATION: =
none"=20
      onclick=3D"startTarget(this, 'true', 1024, 800)"=20
      =
href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2850510/table/tab2/">=
<SPAN=20
      style=3D"TEXT-DECORATION: underline">Table 2</SPAN></A>). The =
combination=20
      therapy produced an impressive initial radiographic response rate =
of 57%=20
      for GBM and 61% for AG [<A class=3D"cite-reflink bibr popnode"=20
      href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17947719"=20
      =
ref=3D"reftype=3Dpubmed&amp;article-id=3D2850510&amp;issue-id=3D180269&am=
p;journal-id=3D859&amp;FROM=3DArticle%7CBody&amp;TO=3DEntrez%7CPubMed%7CR=
ecord&amp;rendering-type=3Dnormal"=20
      rid=3D"B5">5</A>, <A class=3D"cite-reflink bibr popnode"=20
      href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17317837"=20
      =
ref=3D"reftype=3Dpubmed&amp;article-id=3D2850510&amp;issue-id=3D180269&am=
p;journal-id=3D859&amp;FROM=3DArticle%7CBody&amp;TO=3DEntrez%7CPubMed%7CR=
ecord&amp;rendering-type=3Dnormal"=20
      rid=3D"B77">77</A>]. This compared favorably with the benchmark =
response=20
      rate for temozolomide therapy at the first tumor recurrence, 5% =
for=20
      patients with recurrent GBM and 35% for patients with recurrent AG =
[<A=20
      class=3D"cite-reflink bibr popnode"=20
      href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10561324"=20
      =
ref=3D"reftype=3Dpubmed&amp;article-id=3D2850510&amp;issue-id=3D180269&am=
p;journal-id=3D859&amp;FROM=3DArticle%7CBody&amp;TO=3DEntrez%7CPubMed%7CR=
ecord&amp;rendering-type=3Dnormal"=20
      rid=3D"B78">78</A>=E2=80=93<A class=3D"cite-reflink bibr popnode"=20
      href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10944597"=20
      =
ref=3D"reftype=3Dpubmed&amp;article-id=3D2850510&amp;issue-id=3D180269&am=
p;journal-id=3D859&amp;FROM=3DArticle%7CBody&amp;TO=3DEntrez%7CPubMed%7CR=
ecord&amp;rendering-type=3Dnormal"=20
      rid=3D"B80">80</A>]. With the combination of bevacizumab and =
irinotecan the=20
      progression-free survival at six months (PFS-6) was 43% for =
recurrent GBM=20
      patients and 59% for AG patients, and this was an improvement over =
the=20
      accepted PFS-6 standard of 15% for GBM patients and 31% for AG =
patients=20
      treated with temozolomide [<A class=3D"cite-reflink bibr popnode"=20
      href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10561351"=20
      =
ref=3D"reftype=3Dpubmed&amp;article-id=3D2850510&amp;issue-id=3D180269&am=
p;journal-id=3D859&amp;FROM=3DArticle%7CBody&amp;TO=3DEntrez%7CPubMed%7CR=
ecord&amp;rendering-type=3Dnormal"=20
      rid=3D"B79">79</A>, <A class=3D"cite-reflink bibr popnode"=20
      href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10944597"=20
      =
ref=3D"reftype=3Dpubmed&amp;article-id=3D2850510&amp;issue-id=3D180269&am=
p;journal-id=3D859&amp;FROM=3DArticle%7CBody&amp;TO=3DEntrez%7CPubMed%7CR=
ecord&amp;rendering-type=3Dnormal"=20
      rid=3D"B80">80</A>]. Therapy with bevacizumab and irinotecan also =
resulted=20
      in neurological improvement and a reduction or discontinuation in =
the use=20
      of corticosteroid treatment in 31% of patients. The regimen was =
well=20
      tolerated; only one CNS hemorrhage was reported in 68 patients =
treated,=20
      eight patients were taken off of the study for thrombotic =
complications=20
      (four patients with pulmonary embolism (PE), two with deep vein=20
      thrombosis, one with thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura, and one =
with=20
      thrombotic stroke), and two patients died (one with PE and one =
with a=20
      thrombotic stroke). Other side effects reported included, =
proteinuria,=20
      fatigue, and gastro-intestinal toxicity; these have been described =
with=20
      bevacizumab therapy for other types of cancer. Other prospective =
and=20
      retrospective studies have demonstrated initial radiographic =
response=20
      rates of between 35% and 50% with the combination of bevacizumab =
and=20
      cytotoxic chemotherapy [<A class=3D"cite-reflink bibr popnode"=20
      href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18438609"=20
      =
ref=3D"reftype=3Dpubmed&amp;article-id=3D2850510&amp;issue-id=3D180269&am=
p;journal-id=3D859&amp;FROM=3DArticle%7CBody&amp;TO=3DEntrez%7CPubMed%7CR=
ecord&amp;rendering-type=3Dnormal"=20
      rid=3D"B4">4</A>, <A class=3D"cite-reflink bibr popnode"=20
      href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17947718"=20
      =
ref=3D"reftype=3Dpubmed&amp;article-id=3D2850510&amp;issue-id=3D180269&am=
p;journal-id=3D859&amp;FROM=3DArticle%7CBody&amp;TO=3DEntrez%7CPubMed%7CR=
ecord&amp;rendering-type=3Dnormal"=20
      rid=3D"B81">81</A>=E2=80=93<A class=3D"cite-reflink bibr popnode"=20
      href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18565358"=20
      =
ref=3D"reftype=3Dpubmed&amp;article-id=3D2850510&amp;issue-id=3D180269&am=
p;journal-id=3D859&amp;FROM=3DArticle%7CBody&amp;TO=3DEntrez%7CPubMed%7CR=
ecord&amp;rendering-type=3Dnormal"=20
      rid=3D"B83">83</A>]. </DIV>
      <DIV class=3Dcanvas-table-ref-outer>
      <DIV class=3Dcanvas-table-ref-inner><A id=3Dtab1 name=3Dtab1></A>
      <TABLE class=3Dthumb-caption style=3D"CLEAR: both; WIDTH: 100%" =
cellSpacing=3D0=20
      cellPadding=3D0 border=3D0>
        <TBODY>
        <TR vAlign=3Dtop align=3Dleft>
          <TD class=3Dthumb-cell><A=20
            onclick=3D"startTarget(this, 'table', 1024, 800)"=20
            =
href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2850510/table/tab1/">=

            <DIV class=3Dthumb-ph><IMG class=3Dicon-reflink =
title=3D"Table 1"=20
            style=3D"BORDER-RIGHT: 1px solid; BORDER-TOP: 1px solid; =
BORDER-LEFT: 1px solid; BORDER-BOTTOM: 1px solid"=20
            alt=3D"Table 1"=20
            =
src=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/corehtml/pmc/pmcgifs/table-icon.gif"><=
/DIV></A></TD>
          <TD class=3Dcaption-cell>
            <DIV class=3Dcaption-ph><A class=3Dside-caption=20
            onclick=3D"startTarget(this, 'figure', 1024, 800)"=20
            =
href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2850510/table/tab1/">=
<STRONG>Table=20
            1</STRONG></A>
            <DIV class=3Dfigure-table-caption-in-article><SPAN>Examples =
of=20
            antiangiogenic agents in clinical trial for patients with =
high grade=20
            glioma.</SPAN></DIV>
            <DIV=20
      =
class=3Dfigure-table-caption-in-article></DIV></DIV></TD></TR></TBODY></T=
ABLE></DIV></DIV>
      <DIV style=3D"CLEAR: both"></DIV>
      <DIV class=3Dcanvas-table-ref-outer>
      <DIV class=3Dcanvas-table-ref-inner><A id=3Dtab2 name=3Dtab2></A>
      <TABLE class=3Dthumb-caption style=3D"CLEAR: both; WIDTH: 100%" =
cellSpacing=3D0=20
      cellPadding=3D0 border=3D0>
        <TBODY>
        <TR vAlign=3Dtop align=3Dleft>
          <TD class=3Dthumb-cell><A=20
            onclick=3D"startTarget(this, 'table', 1024, 800)"=20
            =
href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2850510/table/tab2/">=

            <DIV class=3Dthumb-ph><IMG class=3Dicon-reflink =
title=3D"Table 2"=20
            style=3D"BORDER-RIGHT: 1px solid; BORDER-TOP: 1px solid; =
BORDER-LEFT: 1px solid; BORDER-BOTTOM: 1px solid"=20
            alt=3D"Table 2"=20
            =
src=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/corehtml/pmc/pmcgifs/table-icon.gif"><=
/DIV></A></TD>
          <TD class=3Dcaption-cell>
            <DIV class=3Dcaption-ph><A class=3Dside-caption=20
            onclick=3D"startTarget(this, 'figure', 1024, 800)"=20
            =
href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2850510/table/tab2/">=
<STRONG>Table=20
            2</STRONG></A>
            <DIV class=3Dfigure-table-caption-in-article><SPAN>Selected =
clinical=20
            trials in patients with recurrent high grade =
glioma.</SPAN></DIV>
            <DIV=20
      =
class=3Dfigure-table-caption-in-article></DIV></DIV></TD></TR></TBODY></T=
ABLE></DIV></DIV>
      <DIV style=3D"CLEAR: both"></DIV>
      <DIV class=3Dp id=3D__pid142825>As irinotecan has limited activity =
as a single=20
      agent, a phase II randomized clinical trial was performed to =
evaluate the=20
      benefit of the addition of irinotecan to bevacizumab. In this =
clinical=20
      trial 167 patients with recurrent GBM received either bevacizumab =
alone or=20
      bevacizumab in combination with irinotecan; there was no =
statistically=20
      significant difference in the median overall survival (OS) for =
bevacizumab=20
      therapy alone (9.2 months) when compared to the combination =
bevacizumab=20
      and irinotecan therapy (8.7 months) [<A class=3D"cite-reflink bibr =
popnode"=20
      href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19720927"=20
      =
ref=3D"reftype=3Dpubmed&amp;article-id=3D2850510&amp;issue-id=3D180269&am=
p;journal-id=3D859&amp;FROM=3DArticle%7CBody&amp;TO=3DEntrez%7CPubMed%7CR=
ecord&amp;rendering-type=3Dnormal"=20
      rid=3D"B6">6</A>]. A recent study evaluated the approach of =
bevacizumab=20
      monotherapy in patients with recurrent GBM followed by irinotecan =
combined=20
      with bevacizumab [<A class=3D"cite-reflink bibr popnode"=20
      href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19114704"=20
      =
ref=3D"reftype=3Dpubmed&amp;article-id=3D2850510&amp;issue-id=3D180269&am=
p;journal-id=3D859&amp;FROM=3DArticle%7CBody&amp;TO=3DEntrez%7CPubMed%7CR=
ecord&amp;rendering-type=3Dnormal"=20
      rid=3D"B84">84</A>]. In this study, 17/48 patients (35%) achieved =
an initial=20
      radiographic response and the PFS-6 was reported to be 29%. =
Addition of=20
      irinotecan to patients who progress on bevacizumab monotherapy =
failed to=20
      produce an objective radiographic response in any of the 19 =
patients [<A=20
      class=3D"cite-reflink bibr popnode"=20
      href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19114704"=20
      =
ref=3D"reftype=3Dpubmed&amp;article-id=3D2850510&amp;issue-id=3D180269&am=
p;journal-id=3D859&amp;FROM=3DArticle%7CBody&amp;TO=3DEntrez%7CPubMed%7CR=
ecord&amp;rendering-type=3Dnormal"=20
      rid=3D"B84">84</A>]. Bevacizumab is presently being evaluated in =
the upfront=20
      setting with temozolomide and radiation in two randomized phase =
III trials=20
      sponsored by the Radiation Therapy Oncology Group and Hoffmann-La =
Roche=20
      [<A class=3D"cite-reflink bibr popnode"=20
      =
href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2850510/?tool=3Dpubme=
d#B85"=20
      rid=3D"B85">85</A>, <A class=3D"cite-reflink bibr popnode"=20
      =
href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2850510/?tool=3Dpubme=
d#B86"=20
      rid=3D"B86">86</A>]. </DIV>
      <DIV class=3D"p p-last" id=3D__pid665522>Other VEGF/VEGFR-targeted =
inhibitors=20
      include<EM>, Aflibercept</EM>, a soluble VEGF decoy or hybrid =
receptor=20
      that consists of portions of VEGFR-1 and -2 fused to an =
immunoglobulin G1=20
      Fc region [<A class=3D"cite-reflink bibr popnode"=20
      href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12177445"=20
      =
ref=3D"reftype=3Dpubmed&amp;article-id=3D2850510&amp;issue-id=3D180269&am=
p;journal-id=3D859&amp;FROM=3DArticle%7CBody&amp;TO=3DEntrez%7CPubMed%7CR=
ecord&amp;rendering-type=3Dnormal"=20
      rid=3D"B87">87</A>=E2=80=93<A class=3D"cite-reflink bibr popnode"=20
      =
href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2850510/?tool=3Dpubme=
d#B89"=20
      rid=3D"B89">89</A>] and <EM>Cediranib</EM> (AZD2171), a pan-VEGFR =
tyrosine=20
      kinase inhibitor with activity against PDGFR and c-KIT [<A=20
      class=3D"cite-reflink bibr popnode"=20
      href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17222792"=20
      =
ref=3D"reftype=3Dpubmed&amp;article-id=3D2850510&amp;issue-id=3D180269&am=
p;journal-id=3D859&amp;FROM=3DArticle%7CBody&amp;TO=3DEntrez%7CPubMed%7CR=
ecord&amp;rendering-type=3Dnormal"=20
      rid=3D"B90">90</A>] (see <A class=3D"fig-table-link table"=20
      style=3D"TEXT-DECORATION: none"=20
      onclick=3D"startTarget(this, 'true', 1024, 800)"=20
      =
href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2850510/table/tab1/">=
<SPAN=20
      style=3D"TEXT-DECORATION: underline">Table=20
      1</SPAN></A>).</DIV></DIV></DIV></DIV>
      <DIV class=3Dsec id=3Dsec4><SPAN></SPAN>
      <DIV class=3D"head1 section-title" id=3Dsec4titletitle=20
      style=3D"TEXT-TRANSFORM: none">
      <DIV>4. Multikinase Receptors Inhibitors (MTKI)</DIV></DIV>
      <DIV class=3Dsection-content id=3Dsec4content>
      <DIV class=3D"p p-first-last" id=3D__pid665588>A number of MTKIs =
have been=20
      studied in GBM patients (see Tables <A class=3D"fig-table-link =
table"=20
      style=3D"TEXT-DECORATION: none"=20
      onclick=3D"startTarget(this, 'true', 1024, 800)"=20
      =
href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2850510/table/tab1/">=
<SPAN=20
      style=3D"TEXT-DECORATION: underline">1 </SPAN></A>and <A=20
      class=3D"fig-table-link table" style=3D"TEXT-DECORATION: none"=20
      onclick=3D"startTarget(this, 'true', 1024, 800)"=20
      =
href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2850510/table/tab2/">=
<SPAN=20
      style=3D"TEXT-DECORATION: underline">2</SPAN></A>) including<EM>,=20
      Imatinib</EM> [<A class=3D"cite-reflink bibr popnode"=20
      href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11016641"=20
      =
ref=3D"reftype=3Dpubmed&amp;article-id=3D2850510&amp;issue-id=3D180269&am=
p;journal-id=3D859&amp;FROM=3DArticle%7CBody&amp;TO=3DEntrez%7CPubMed%7CR=
ecord&amp;rendering-type=3Dnormal"=20
      rid=3D"B91">95</A>=E2=80=93<A class=3D"cite-reflink bibr popnode"=20
      href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18359865"=20
      =
ref=3D"reftype=3Dpubmed&amp;article-id=3D2850510&amp;issue-id=3D180269&am=
p;journal-id=3D859&amp;FROM=3DArticle%7CBody&amp;TO=3DEntrez%7CPubMed%7CR=
ecord&amp;rendering-type=3Dnormal"=20
      rid=3D"B95">99</A>], <EM>Sorafenib </EM>[<A=20
      class=3D"cite-reflink bibr popnode"=20
      =
href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2850510/?tool=3Dpubme=
d#B96"=20
      rid=3D"B96">100</A>=E2=80=93<A class=3D"cite-reflink bibr popnode" =

      href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16985072"=20
      =
ref=3D"reftype=3Dpubmed&amp;article-id=3D2850510&amp;issue-id=3D180269&am=
p;journal-id=3D859&amp;FROM=3DArticle%7CBody&amp;TO=3DEntrez%7CPubMed%7CR=
ecord&amp;rendering-type=3Dnormal"=20
      rid=3D"B98">102</A>], <EM>Sunitinib</EM> [<A=20
      class=3D"cite-reflink bibr popnode"=20
      href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18971416"=20
      =
ref=3D"reftype=3Dpubmed&amp;article-id=3D2850510&amp;issue-id=3D180269&am=
p;journal-id=3D859&amp;FROM=3DArticle%7CBody&amp;TO=3DEntrez%7CPubMed%7CR=
ecord&amp;rendering-type=3Dnormal"=20
      rid=3D"B99">103</A>], <EM>Vandetanib</EM> (ZD6474) [<A=20
      class=3D"cite-reflink bibr popnode"=20
      href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17136225"=20
      =
ref=3D"reftype=3Dpubmed&amp;article-id=3D2850510&amp;issue-id=3D180269&am=
p;journal-id=3D859&amp;FROM=3DArticle%7CBody&amp;TO=3DEntrez%7CPubMed%7CR=
ecord&amp;rendering-type=3Dnormal"=20
      rid=3D"B100">104</A>=E2=80=93<A class=3D"cite-reflink bibr =
popnode"=20
      href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16061883"=20
      =
ref=3D"reftype=3Dpubmed&amp;article-id=3D2850510&amp;issue-id=3D180269&am=
p;journal-id=3D859&amp;FROM=3DArticle%7CBody&amp;TO=3DEntrez%7CPubMed%7CR=
ecord&amp;rendering-type=3Dnormal"=20
      rid=3D"B103">107</A>], <EM>Vatalanib</EM> (PTK787) [<A=20
      class=3D"cite-reflink bibr popnode"=20
      =
href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2850510/?tool=3Dpubme=
d#B109"=20
      rid=3D"B109">91</A>, <A class=3D"cite-reflink bibr popnode"=20
      href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16882767"=20
      =
ref=3D"reftype=3Dpubmed&amp;article-id=3D2850510&amp;issue-id=3D180269&am=
p;journal-id=3D859&amp;FROM=3DArticle%7CBody&amp;TO=3DEntrez%7CPubMed%7CR=
ecord&amp;rendering-type=3Dnormal"=20
      rid=3D"B104">108</A>=E2=80=93<A class=3D"cite-reflink bibr =
popnode"=20
      href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19248046"=20
      =
ref=3D"reftype=3Dpubmed&amp;article-id=3D2850510&amp;issue-id=3D180269&am=
p;journal-id=3D859&amp;FROM=3DArticle%7CBody&amp;TO=3DEntrez%7CPubMed%7CR=
ecord&amp;rendering-type=3Dnormal"=20
      rid=3D"B111">114</A>], and <EM>XL184</EM> [<A=20
      class=3D"cite-reflink bibr popnode"=20
      =
href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2850510/?tool=3Dpubme=
d#B115"=20
      rid=3D"B115">92</A>, <A class=3D"cite-reflink bibr popnode"=20
      =
href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2850510/?tool=3Dpubme=
d#B112"=20
      rid=3D"B112">115</A>=E2=80=93<A class=3D"cite-reflink bibr =
popnode"=20
      href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16212809"=20
      =
ref=3D"reftype=3Dpubmed&amp;article-id=3D2850510&amp;issue-id=3D180269&am=
p;journal-id=3D859&amp;FROM=3DArticle%7CBody&amp;TO=3DEntrez%7CPubMed%7CR=
ecord&amp;rendering-type=3Dnormal"=20
      rid=3D"B114">117</A>].</DIV></DIV></DIV>
      <DIV class=3Dsec id=3Dsec5><SPAN></SPAN>
      <DIV class=3D"head1 section-title" id=3Dsec5titletitle=20
      style=3D"TEXT-TRANSFORM: none">
      <DIV>5. Other Anti-Angiogenic Agents</DIV></DIV>
      <DIV class=3Dsection-content id=3Dsec5content>
      <DIV class=3D"p p-first-last" id=3D__pid682607>Other =
anti-angiogenic agents=20
      evaluated in GBM (see Tables <A class=3D"fig-table-link table"=20
      style=3D"TEXT-DECORATION: none"=20
      onclick=3D"startTarget(this, 'true', 1024, 800)"=20
      =
href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2850510/table/tab1/">=
<SPAN=20
      style=3D"TEXT-DECORATION: underline">1 </SPAN></A>and <A=20
      class=3D"fig-table-link table" style=3D"TEXT-DECORATION: none"=20
      onclick=3D"startTarget(this, 'true', 1024, 800)"=20
      =
href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2850510/table/tab2/">=
<SPAN=20
      style=3D"TEXT-DECORATION: underline">2</SPAN></A>) include,<EM>=20
      Thalidomide</EM> [<A class=3D"cite-reflink bibr popnode"=20
      href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10673511"=20
      =
ref=3D"reftype=3Dpubmed&amp;article-id=3D2850510&amp;issue-id=3D180269&am=
p;journal-id=3D859&amp;FROM=3DArticle%7CBody&amp;TO=3DEntrez%7CPubMed%7CR=
ecord&amp;rendering-type=3Dnormal"=20
      rid=3D"B118">93</A>, <A class=3D"cite-reflink bibr popnode"=20
      href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7513432"=20
      =
ref=3D"reftype=3Dpubmed&amp;article-id=3D2850510&amp;issue-id=3D180269&am=
p;journal-id=3D859&amp;FROM=3DArticle%7CBody&amp;TO=3DEntrez%7CPubMed%7CR=
ecord&amp;rendering-type=3Dnormal"=20
      rid=3D"B116">118</A>=E2=80=93<A class=3D"cite-reflink bibr =
popnode"=20
      href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15072467"=20
      =
ref=3D"reftype=3Dpubmed&amp;article-id=3D2850510&amp;issue-id=3D180269&am=
p;journal-id=3D859&amp;FROM=3DArticle%7CBody&amp;TO=3DEntrez%7CPubMed%7CR=
ecord&amp;rendering-type=3Dnormal"=20
      rid=3D"B122">123</A>], <EM>Lenalidomide</EM> [<A=20
      class=3D"cite-reflink bibr popnode"=20
      href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18056189"=20
      =
ref=3D"reftype=3Dpubmed&amp;article-id=3D2850510&amp;issue-id=3D180269&am=
p;journal-id=3D859&amp;FROM=3DArticle%7CBody&amp;TO=3DEntrez%7CPubMed%7CR=
ecord&amp;rendering-type=3Dnormal"=20
      rid=3D"B123">124</A>, <A class=3D"cite-reflink bibr popnode"=20
      =
href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2850510/?tool=3Dpubme=
d#B124"=20
      rid=3D"B124">125</A>], <EM>Tamoxifen </EM>[<A=20
      class=3D"cite-reflink bibr popnode"=20
      href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11854544"=20
      =
ref=3D"reftype=3Dpubmed&amp;article-id=3D2850510&amp;issue-id=3D180269&am=
p;journal-id=3D859&amp;FROM=3DArticle%7CBody&amp;TO=3DEntrez%7CPubMed%7CR=
ecord&amp;rendering-type=3Dnormal"=20
      rid=3D"B125">126</A>=E2=80=93<A class=3D"cite-reflink bibr =
popnode"=20
      href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10369310"=20
      =
ref=3D"reftype=3Dpubmed&amp;article-id=3D2850510&amp;issue-id=3D180269&am=
p;journal-id=3D859&amp;FROM=3DArticle%7CBody&amp;TO=3DEntrez%7CPubMed%7CR=
ecord&amp;rendering-type=3Dnormal"=20
      rid=3D"B128">129</A>], <EM>Enzastaurin</EM> (LY317615) [<A=20
      class=3D"cite-reflink bibr popnode"=20
      =
href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2850510/?tool=3Dpubme=
d#B129"=20
      rid=3D"B129">130</A>, <A class=3D"cite-reflink bibr popnode"=20
      href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16103100"=20
      =
ref=3D"reftype=3Dpubmed&amp;article-id=3D2850510&amp;issue-id=3D180269&am=
p;journal-id=3D859&amp;FROM=3DArticle%7CBody&amp;TO=3DEntrez%7CPubMed%7CR=
ecord&amp;rendering-type=3Dnormal"=20
      rid=3D"B130">131</A>], and the integrin inhibitor =
<EM>Cilengitide</EM> [<A=20
      class=3D"cite-reflink bibr popnode"=20
      href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18981465"=20
      =
ref=3D"reftype=3Dpubmed&amp;article-id=3D2850510&amp;issue-id=3D180269&am=
p;journal-id=3D859&amp;FROM=3DArticle%7CBody&amp;TO=3DEntrez%7CPubMed%7CR=
ecord&amp;rendering-type=3Dnormal"=20
      rid=3D"B132">94</A>, <A class=3D"cite-reflink bibr popnode"=20
      =
href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2850510/?tool=3Dpubme=
d#B131"=20
      rid=3D"B131">132</A>, <A class=3D"cite-reflink bibr popnode"=20
      =
href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2850510/?tool=3Dpubme=
d#B133"=20
      rid=3D"B133">133</A>].</DIV></DIV></DIV>
      <DIV class=3Dsec id=3Dsec6><SPAN></SPAN>
      <DIV class=3D"head1 section-title" id=3Dsec6titletitle=20
      style=3D"TEXT-TRANSFORM: none">
      <DIV class=3Dother-sections>
      <UL class=3D"noext-menu noext-menu-hidden">
        <LI><A class=3Dfirst-link=20
        =
href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2850510/?tool=3Dpubme=
d#">&nbsp;Other=20
        Sections=E2=96=BC</A>
        <UL class=3D"submenu head1">
          <LI class=3Dsubmenu-item><A class=3D"" =
style=3D"TEXT-TRANSFORM: none"=20
          =
href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2850510/?tool=3Dpubme=
d#__abstractid506503">Abstract</A>
          <LI class=3Dsubmenu-item><A class=3D"" =
style=3D"TEXT-TRANSFORM: none"=20
          =
href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2850510/?tool=3Dpubme=
d#sec1">1.=20
          Introduction</A>
          <LI class=3Dsubmenu-item><A class=3D"" =
style=3D"TEXT-TRANSFORM: none"=20
          =
href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2850510/?tool=3Dpubme=
d#sec2">2.=20
          The Biology of Brain Tumor Vascularization</A>
          <LI class=3Dsubmenu-item><A class=3D"" =
style=3D"TEXT-TRANSFORM: none"=20
          =
href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2850510/?tool=3Dpubme=
d#sec3">3.=20
          Clinical Use of Antiangiogenic Agents</A>
          <LI class=3Dsubmenu-item><A class=3D"" =
style=3D"TEXT-TRANSFORM: none"=20
          =
href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2850510/?tool=3Dpubme=
d#sec4">4.=20
          Multikinase Receptors Inhibitors (MTKI)</A>
          <LI class=3Dsubmenu-item><A class=3D"" =
style=3D"TEXT-TRANSFORM: none"=20
          =
href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2850510/?tool=3Dpubme=
d#sec5">5.=20
          Other Anti-<IMG=20
          style=3D"BORDER-TOP-STYLE: none; BORDER-RIGHT-STYLE: none; =
BORDER-LEFT-STYLE: none; BORDER-BOTTOM-STYLE: none"=20
          =
src=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/corehtml/pmc/pmcents/dot.gif">Angiogen=
ic=20
          Agents</A>
          <LI class=3D"submenu-item current-item"><A class=3D""=20
          style=3D"TEXT-TRANSFORM: none" onclick=3Dreturn(false)=20
          =
href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2850510/?tool=3Dpubme=
d#">6.=20
          Challenges in Evaluating the Response to Anti-<IMG=20
          style=3D"BORDER-TOP-STYLE: none; BORDER-RIGHT-STYLE: none; =
BORDER-LEFT-STYLE: none; BORDER-BOTTOM-STYLE: none"=20
          =
src=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/corehtml/pmc/pmcents/dot.gif">Angiogen=
ic=20
          Therapy with Imaging</A>
          <LI class=3Dsubmenu-item><A class=3D"" =
style=3D"TEXT-TRANSFORM: none"=20
          =
href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2850510/?tool=3Dpubme=
d#sec7">7.=20
          Resistance to Anti-<IMG=20
          style=3D"BORDER-TOP-STYLE: none; BORDER-RIGHT-STYLE: none; =
BORDER-LEFT-STYLE: none; BORDER-BOTTOM-STYLE: none"=20
          =
src=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/corehtml/pmc/pmcents/dot.gif">Angiogen=
ic=20
          Therapy</A>
          <LI class=3Dsubmenu-item><A class=3D"" =
style=3D"TEXT-TRANSFORM: none"=20
          =
href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2850510/?tool=3Dpubme=
d#sec8">8.=20
          The Blood-<IMG=20
          style=3D"BORDER-TOP-STYLE: none; BORDER-RIGHT-STYLE: none; =
BORDER-LEFT-STYLE: none; BORDER-BOTTOM-STYLE: none"=20
          =
src=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/corehtml/pmc/pmcents/dot.gif">Brain=20
          Barrier (BBB) and the Challenges of Drug Delivery</A>
          <LI class=3Dsubmenu-item><A class=3D"" =
style=3D"TEXT-TRANSFORM: none"=20
          =
href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2850510/?tool=3Dpubme=
d#sec9">9.=20
          Biomarkers of Angiogenesis</A>
          <LI class=3Dsubmenu-item><A class=3D"" =
style=3D"TEXT-TRANSFORM: none"=20
          =
href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2850510/?tool=3Dpubme=
d#sec10">10.=20
          Unanswered Questions</A>
          <LI class=3Dsubmenu-item><A class=3D"" =
style=3D"TEXT-TRANSFORM: none"=20
          =
href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2850510/?tool=3Dpubme=
d#sec11">11.=20
          Conclusions</A>
          <LI class=3Dsubmenu-item><A class=3D"" =
style=3D"TEXT-TRANSFORM: none"=20
          =
href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2850510/?tool=3Dpubme=
d#__ref-listid505652">References</A></LI></UL></LI></UL></DIV>
      <DIV>6. Challenges in Evaluating the Response to Anti-Angiogenic =
Therapy=20
      with Imaging</DIV></DIV>
      <DIV class=3Dsection-content id=3Dsec6content>
      <DIV class=3D"p p-first" id=3D__pid690486>The Macdonald Criteria =
have been=20
      used since 1990 to define response or progression in clinical =
trials of=20
      malignant glioma [<A class=3D"cite-reflink bibr popnode"=20
      href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2358840"=20
      =
ref=3D"reftype=3Dpubmed&amp;article-id=3D2850510&amp;issue-id=3D180269&am=
p;journal-id=3D859&amp;FROM=3DArticle%7CBody&amp;TO=3DEntrez%7CPubMed%7CR=
ecord&amp;rendering-type=3Dnormal"=20
      rid=3D"B134">134</A>]. The Macdonald Criteria, based on WHO =
Criteria,=20
      utilizes measurement of the largest cross-sectional area of tumor =
on=20
      contrast-enhanced CT or MRI scan. Malignant gliomas can be =
irregular in=20
      shape, include large necrotic cavities, or be partially or =
completely=20
      nonenhancing, creating difficulty in accurately measuring the =
largest=20
      cross-sectional area on contrast-enhanced CT or MRI scan. In =
addition, the=20
      interpreter needs to take into account concurrent corticosteroid =
use and=20
      changes in neurological function. Thus, response evaluation based =
on=20
      finding a difference in the largest cross-sectional area of tumor =
on=20
      contrast-enhanced CT or MRI is even more difficult with =
anti-angiogenic=20
      therapy. </DIV>
      <DIV class=3D"p p-last" id=3D__pid690506>Clinical trials with =
drugs that=20
      modify signal transduction through the VEGF signaling pathway =
(e.g.,=20
      bevacizumab, and cediranib) can produce a rapid decrease in =
enhancement=20
      after initiation of therapy [<A class=3D"cite-reflink bibr =
popnode"=20
      href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17947719"=20
      =
ref=3D"reftype=3Dpubmed&amp;article-id=3D2850510&amp;issue-id=3D180269&am=
p;journal-id=3D859&amp;FROM=3DArticle%7CBody&amp;TO=3DEntrez%7CPubMed%7CR=
ecord&amp;rendering-type=3Dnormal"=20
      rid=3D"B5">5</A>, <A class=3D"cite-reflink bibr popnode"=20
      =
href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2850510/?tool=3Dpubme=
d#B135"=20
      rid=3D"B135">135</A>], resulting in an apparent high response =
rate. Some of=20
      the changes observed on contrast-enhanced CT or MRI scan result =
from a=20
      rapid normalization of abnormally permeable blood vessels and are =
not due=20
      to an antitumor effect. Anti-angiogenic therapy likely decreases =
vascular=20
      permeability and restores at least in part the integrity of the =
BBB, this=20
      leads to less contrast leakage from the vasculature. There is =
evidence=20
      that VEGF pathway-targeted anti-angiogenic drugs likely alter the =
image=20
      characteristics of enhancing tumor more effectively than of =
nonenhancing=20
      tumor. Hence the extent of reduction in contrast enhancement may =
not=20
      reflect true antitumor activity of the anti-angiogenic agent. Not=20
      infrequently, the radiographic image observed after =
anti-angiogenic=20
      therapy suggests a radiographic response that is more impressive =
than the=20
      clinical benefit derived from the therapy. The term =
=E2=80=9Cpseudoresponse=E2=80=9D has=20
      been used to define the situation wherein the contrast-enhanced =
MRI=20
      suggests an antitumor effect that does not correlate with a true =
clinical=20
      benefit [<A class=3D"cite-reflink bibr popnode"=20
      href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19451418"=20
      =
ref=3D"reftype=3Dpubmed&amp;article-id=3D2850510&amp;issue-id=3D180269&am=
p;journal-id=3D859&amp;FROM=3DArticle%7CBody&amp;TO=3DEntrez%7CPubMed%7CR=
ecord&amp;rendering-type=3Dnormal"=20
      rid=3D"B136">136</A>]. Therefore, treatment response based on =
radiographic=20
      images is probably not an optimal end point for clinical trials =
evaluating=20
      anti-angiogenic agents. The international Response Assessment in=20
      Neuro-Oncology (RANO) Working Group has developed new criteria for =

      evaluating tumor response in malignant gliomas that take into =
account both=20
      enhancing and nonenhancing tumor (best visualized on T2 and=20
      fluid-attenuated inversion recovery (FLAIR) MRI sequences) images =
[<A=20
      class=3D"cite-reflink bibr popnode"=20
      href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19451418"=20
      =
ref=3D"reftype=3Dpubmed&amp;article-id=3D2850510&amp;issue-id=3D180269&am=
p;journal-id=3D859&amp;FROM=3DArticle%7CBody&amp;TO=3DEntrez%7CPubMed%7CR=
ecord&amp;rendering-type=3Dnormal"=20
      rid=3D"B136">136</A>]. This working group proposes that increased =
T2-FLAIR=20
      signal likely reflects growing tumor, such as when it appears =
outside of=20
      the radiation field, it produces mass effect, or it involves the =
cortical=20
      ribbon, and when it occurs in the absence of other potential=20
      explanation.</DIV></DIV></DIV>
      <DIV class=3Dsec id=3Dsec7><SPAN></SPAN>
      <DIV class=3D"head1 section-title" id=3Dsec7titletitle=20
      style=3D"TEXT-TRANSFORM: none">
      <DIV class=3Dother-sections>
      <UL class=3D"noext-menu noext-menu-hidden">
        <LI><A class=3Dfirst-link=20
        =
href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2850510/?tool=3Dpubme=
d#">&nbsp;Other=20
        Sections=E2=96=BC</A>
        <UL class=3D"submenu head1">
          <LI class=3Dsubmenu-item><A class=3D"" =
style=3D"TEXT-TRANSFORM: none"=20
          =
href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2850510/?tool=3Dpubme=
d#__abstractid506503">Abstract</A>
          <LI class=3Dsubmenu-item><A class=3D"" =
style=3D"TEXT-TRANSFORM: none"=20
          =
href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2850510/?tool=3Dpubme=
d#sec1">1.=20
          Introduction</A>
          <LI class=3Dsubmenu-item><A class=3D"" =
style=3D"TEXT-TRANSFORM: none"=20
          =
href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2850510/?tool=3Dpubme=
d#sec2">2.=20
          The Biology of Brain Tumor Vascularization</A>
          <LI class=3Dsubmenu-item><A class=3D"" =
style=3D"TEXT-TRANSFORM: none"=20
          =
href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2850510/?tool=3Dpubme=
d#sec3">3.=20
          Clinical Use of Antiangiogenic Agents</A>
          <LI class=3Dsubmenu-item><A class=3D"" =
style=3D"TEXT-TRANSFORM: none"=20
          =
href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2850510/?tool=3Dpubme=
d#sec4">4.=20
          Multikinase Receptors Inhibitors (MTKI)</A>
          <LI class=3Dsubmenu-item><A class=3D"" =
style=3D"TEXT-TRANSFORM: none"=20
          =
href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2850510/?tool=3Dpubme=
d#sec5">5.=20
          Other Anti-<IMG=20
          style=3D"BORDER-TOP-STYLE: none; BORDER-RIGHT-STYLE: none; =
BORDER-LEFT-STYLE: none; BORDER-BOTTOM-STYLE: none"=20
          =
src=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/corehtml/pmc/pmcents/dot.gif">Angiogen=
ic=20
          Agents</A>
          <LI class=3Dsubmenu-item><A class=3D"" =
style=3D"TEXT-TRANSFORM: none"=20
          =
href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2850510/?tool=3Dpubme=
d#sec6">6.=20
          Challenges in Evaluating the Response to Anti-<IMG=20
          style=3D"BORDER-TOP-STYLE: none; BORDER-RIGHT-STYLE: none; =
BORDER-LEFT-STYLE: none; BORDER-BOTTOM-STYLE: none"=20
          =
src=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/corehtml/pmc/pmcents/dot.gif">Angiogen=
ic=20
          Therapy with Imaging</A>
          <LI class=3D"submenu-item current-item"><A class=3D""=20
          style=3D"TEXT-TRANSFORM: none" onclick=3Dreturn(false)=20
          =
href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2850510/?tool=3Dpubme=
d#">7.=20
          Resistance to Anti-<IMG=20
          style=3D"BORDER-TOP-STYLE: none; BORDER-RIGHT-STYLE: none; =
BORDER-LEFT-STYLE: none; BORDER-BOTTOM-STYLE: none"=20
          =
src=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/corehtml/pmc/pmcents/dot.gif">Angiogen=
ic=20
          Therapy</A>
          <LI class=3Dsubmenu-item><A class=3D"" =
style=3D"TEXT-TRANSFORM: none"=20
          =
href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2850510/?tool=3Dpubme=
d#sec8">8.=20
          The Blood-<IMG=20
          style=3D"BORDER-TOP-STYLE: none; BORDER-RIGHT-STYLE: none; =
BORDER-LEFT-STYLE: none; BORDER-BOTTOM-STYLE: none"=20
          =
src=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/corehtml/pmc/pmcents/dot.gif">Brain=20
          Barrier (BBB) and the Challenges of Drug Delivery</A>
          <LI class=3Dsubmenu-item><A class=3D"" =
style=3D"TEXT-TRANSFORM: none"=20
          =
href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2850510/?tool=3Dpubme=
d#sec9">9.=20
          Biomarkers of Angiogenesis</A>
          <LI class=3Dsubmenu-item><A class=3D"" =
style=3D"TEXT-TRANSFORM: none"=20
          =
href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2850510/?tool=3Dpubme=
d#sec10">10.=20
          Unanswered Questions</A>
          <LI class=3Dsubmenu-item><A class=3D"" =
style=3D"TEXT-TRANSFORM: none"=20
          =
href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2850510/?tool=3Dpubme=
d#sec11">11.=20
          Conclusions</A>
          <LI class=3Dsubmenu-item><A class=3D"" =
style=3D"TEXT-TRANSFORM: none"=20
          =
href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2850510/?tool=3Dpubme=
d#__ref-listid505652">References</A></LI></UL></LI></UL></DIV>
      <DIV>7. Resistance to Anti-Angiogenic Therapy</DIV></DIV>
      <DIV class=3Dsection-content id=3Dsec7content>
      <DIV class=3D"p p-first" id=3D__pid690577>Although the =
anti-angiogenic therapy=20
      of patients with malignant glioma has resulted in a small increase =
in the=20
      PFS-6, in general these agents have failed to produce a sustained =
clinical=20
      response. For example, patients with malignant glioma treated with =
a VEGF=20
      inhibitor have shown temporary improvements, seen as reduced edema =
on=20
      imaging or tumor stabilization on imaging; however, the tumors =
ultimately=20
      progress after a brief response. In patients with tumor =
progression during=20
      treatment with bevacizumab, the downhill clinical course is often =
rapid,=20
      and may be fueled by discontinuing the agent. In a retrospective =
analysis,=20
      patients with malignant glioma who were treated with a second line =
regimen=20
      containing bevacizumab after failure of treatment with an initial =
therapy=20
      combination of bevacizumab and a cytotoxic agent had a median PFS =
of only=20
      37.5 days [<A class=3D"cite-reflink bibr popnode"=20
      href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19332770"=20
      =
ref=3D"reftype=3Dpubmed&amp;article-id=3D2850510&amp;issue-id=3D180269&am=
p;journal-id=3D859&amp;FROM=3DArticle%7CBody&amp;TO=3DEntrez%7CPubMed%7CR=
ecord&amp;rendering-type=3Dnormal"=20
      rid=3D"B137">137</A>]. Shaked and colleagues showed that treatment =

      withdrawal of a vascular disrupting agent, such as combrestatin, =
to a=20
      mouse model of cancer resulted in the development of an aggressive =
and=20
      angiogenic tumor [<A class=3D"cite-reflink bibr popnode"=20
      href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16990548"=20
      =
ref=3D"reftype=3Dpubmed&amp;article-id=3D2850510&amp;issue-id=3D180269&am=
p;journal-id=3D859&amp;FROM=3DArticle%7CBody&amp;TO=3DEntrez%7CPubMed%7CR=
ecord&amp;rendering-type=3Dnormal"=20
      rid=3D"B63">63</A>]. Supporting the concept that malignant tumors =
ultimately=20
      develop resistance to therapy with a VEGF inhibitor, two recent =
studies=20
      (one of which included a xenograft mouse model of GBM) suggested =
that=20
      treatment with a VEGF inhibitor alters the natural history of the =
tumor=20
      and promotes a highly invasive and metastatic phenotype [<A=20
      class=3D"cite-reflink bibr popnode"=20
      href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19249680"=20
      =
ref=3D"reftype=3Dpubmed&amp;article-id=3D2850510&amp;issue-id=3D180269&am=
p;journal-id=3D859&amp;FROM=3DArticle%7CBody&amp;TO=3DEntrez%7CPubMed%7CR=
ecord&amp;rendering-type=3Dnormal"=20
      rid=3D"B138">138</A>, <A class=3D"cite-reflink bibr popnode"=20
      href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19249681"=20
      =
ref=3D"reftype=3Dpubmed&amp;article-id=3D2850510&amp;issue-id=3D180269&am=
p;journal-id=3D859&amp;FROM=3DArticle%7CBody&amp;TO=3DEntrez%7CPubMed%7CR=
ecord&amp;rendering-type=3Dnormal"=20
      rid=3D"B139">139</A>].</DIV>
      <DIV class=3Dp id=3D__pid690634>The anti-angiogenic therapy =
failures described=20
      above are thought to be due to the development of resistance to=20
      anti-angiogenic therapy. Resistance to anti-angiogenic therapy has =
been=20
      broadly classified as either adaptive or intrinsic [<A=20
      class=3D"cite-reflink bibr popnode"=20
      =
href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2850510/?tool=3Dpubme=
d#B140"=20
      rid=3D"B140">140</A>]. Animal models of malignant glioma and of =
other=20
      malignant tumors have shown that tumors adapt to treatment with=20
      angiogenesis inhibitors by upregulating, or acquiring, an =
alternate=20
      mechanism(s) to sustain tumor growth, which has been termed =
=E2=80=9Cadaptive=20
      evasive resistance=E2=80=9D. This can occur even when the specific =
target of the=20
      anti-angiogenic agent remains successfully inhibited. Adaptive =
resistance=20
      along with intrinsic resistance is thought to be the reason for =
the=20
      progression of malignant tumors treated with anti-angiogenic =
therapy. In=20
      tumors that show an initial response to anti-angiogenic therapy, =
adaptive=20
      evasive resistance is thought to be the main mechanism for the =
development=20
      of resistance, that is, blockade of one proangiogenic growth =
factor can=20
      lead to upregulation of an alternate proangiogenic growth factor =
[<A=20
      class=3D"cite-reflink bibr popnode"=20
      href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18927275"=20
      =
ref=3D"reftype=3Dpubmed&amp;article-id=3D2850510&amp;issue-id=3D180269&am=
p;journal-id=3D859&amp;FROM=3DArticle%7CBody&amp;TO=3DEntrez%7CPubMed%7CR=
ecord&amp;rendering-type=3Dnormal"=20
      rid=3D"B141">141</A>]. For example, in a study of GBM patients =
treated with=20
      the pan-VEGFR inhibitor cediranib (AZD 2171), blood levels of the=20
      proangiogenic factors bFGF and SDF1<EM>=CE=B1</EM> were noted to =
be higher in=20
      patients at the time of tumor progression or relapse as compared =
to the=20
      levels observed during the phase in which the patients showed a =
response=20
      to cediranib therapy [<A class=3D"cite-reflink bibr popnode"=20
      href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16212809"=20
      =
ref=3D"reftype=3Dpubmed&amp;article-id=3D2850510&amp;issue-id=3D180269&am=
p;journal-id=3D859&amp;FROM=3DArticle%7CBody&amp;TO=3DEntrez%7CPubMed%7CR=
ecord&amp;rendering-type=3Dnormal"=20
      rid=3D"B142">142</A>].</DIV>
      <DIV class=3Dp id=3D__pid133497>Recruitment of vascular progenitor =
cells from=20
      the bone marrow may aid in the process of adaptive evasive =
resistance.=20
      Certain anti-angiogenic therapies can cause regression of tumor =
vessels=20
      resulting in hypoxia and lead to the recruitment of various bone=20
      marrow-derived progenitor cells. Bone marrow-derived progenitor =
cells=20
      (including both vascular progenitor cells and vascular modulatory =
cells)=20
      can be recruited through hypoxia-induced HIF1<EM>=CE=B1</EM> =
activation=20
      resulting in the expression of the downstream effector =
SDF1<EM>=CE=B1</EM> [<A=20
      class=3D"cite-reflink bibr popnode"=20
      =
href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2850510/?tool=3Dpubme=
d#B45"=20
      rid=3D"B45">45</A>, <A class=3D"cite-reflink bibr popnode"=20
      href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17560169"=20
      =
ref=3D"reftype=3Dpubmed&amp;article-id=3D2850510&amp;issue-id=3D180269&am=
p;journal-id=3D859&amp;FROM=3DArticle%7CBody&amp;TO=3DEntrez%7CPubMed%7CR=
ecord&amp;rendering-type=3Dnormal"=20
      rid=3D"B143">143</A>=E2=80=93<A class=3D"cite-reflink bibr =
popnode"=20
      href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18328425"=20
      =
ref=3D"reftype=3Dpubmed&amp;article-id=3D2850510&amp;issue-id=3D180269&am=
p;journal-id=3D859&amp;FROM=3DArticle%7CBody&amp;TO=3DEntrez%7CPubMed%7CR=
ecord&amp;rendering-type=3Dnormal"=20
      rid=3D"B146">146</A>]. GBM tumors with low HIF1<EM>=CE=B1</EM> =
levels contain=20
      fewer bone marrow-derived cells and exhibit lower levels of =
angiogenesis=20
      and tumor growth, as compared to GBM tumors with high =
HIF1<EM>=CE=B1</EM>=20
      levels [<A class=3D"cite-reflink bibr popnode"=20
      href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18328425"=20
      =
ref=3D"reftype=3Dpubmed&amp;article-id=3D2850510&amp;issue-id=3D180269&am=
p;journal-id=3D859&amp;FROM=3DArticle%7CBody&amp;TO=3DEntrez%7CPubMed%7CR=
ecord&amp;rendering-type=3Dnormal"=20
      rid=3D"B146">146</A>]. This suggests that the recruitment of bone=20
      marrow-derived progenitor cells may constitute a mechanism for the =

      development of adaptive evasive resistance to anti-angiogenic =
therapy.=20
      </DIV>
      <DIV class=3Dp id=3D__pid133564>One reason for the initial =
response to=20
      bevacizumab therapy reported for some patients with GBM may be =
that the=20
      GBM neovasculature typically contains a reduced density of =
pericyte=20
      coverage [<A class=3D"cite-reflink bibr popnode"=20
      href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16212810"=20
      =
ref=3D"reftype=3Dpubmed&amp;article-id=3D2850510&amp;issue-id=3D180269&am=
p;journal-id=3D859&amp;FROM=3DArticle%7CBody&amp;TO=3DEntrez%7CPubMed%7CR=
ecord&amp;rendering-type=3Dnormal"=20
      rid=3D"B36">36</A>]. Pericytes are important constituents of blood =
vessels=20
      in general and of tumor blood vessels, they provide prosurvival =
signals to=20
      ECs. ECs are thought to induce pericyte recruitment, thereby =
promoting=20
      their own survival. Two of the best characterized prosurvival =
signals for=20
      ECs are VEGF and the signals derived from pericyte association =
with ECs=20
      [<A class=3D"cite-reflink bibr popnode"=20
      href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16212810"=20
      =
ref=3D"reftype=3Dpubmed&amp;article-id=3D2850510&amp;issue-id=3D180269&am=
p;journal-id=3D859&amp;FROM=3DArticle%7CBody&amp;TO=3DEntrez%7CPubMed%7CR=
ecord&amp;rendering-type=3Dnormal"=20
      rid=3D"B36">36</A>]. Tumor vessels lacking adequate pericyte =
coverage are=20
      more vulnerable to VEGF inhibition as they lack the pro-survival =
signal=20
      from pericytes [<A class=3D"cite-reflink bibr popnode"=20
      href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12727920"=20
      =
ref=3D"reftype=3Dpubmed&amp;article-id=3D2850510&amp;issue-id=3D180269&am=
p;journal-id=3D859&amp;FROM=3DArticle%7CBody&amp;TO=3DEntrez%7CPubMed%7CR=
ecord&amp;rendering-type=3Dnormal"=20
      rid=3D"B147">147</A>]. Blood vessels covered with the normal =
density of=20
      pericytes probably survive therapy with a VEGF inhibitor as the =
pericytes=20
      can signal for EC survival or quiescence [<A=20
      class=3D"cite-reflink bibr popnode"=20
      =
href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2850510/?tool=3Dpubme=
d#B148"=20
      rid=3D"B148">148</A>, <A class=3D"cite-reflink bibr popnode"=20
      href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14623248"=20
      =
ref=3D"reftype=3Dpubmed&amp;article-id=3D2850510&amp;issue-id=3D180269&am=
p;journal-id=3D859&amp;FROM=3DArticle%7CBody&amp;TO=3DEntrez%7CPubMed%7CR=
ecord&amp;rendering-type=3Dnormal"=20
      rid=3D"B149">149</A>].</DIV>
      <DIV class=3Dp id=3D__pid574889>Finally, the possibility of the =
development of=20
      an alternative mechanism, such as co-option, for tumor cells to =
acquire=20
      oxygen and nutrients must be considered in terms of resistance. =
Notably,=20
      in an orthotopic mouse model of GBM treated with a VEGFR selective =
kinase=20
      inhibitor or with a multitarget VEGFR kinase inhibitor, tumor =
progression=20
      (growth) ultimately occurred that was highly invasive. =
Perivascular tumor=20
      invasion similar to tumor co-option of blood vessels was observed =
at=20
      autopsy. Moreover, two other recent studies have suggested that =
tumor=20
      co-option of pre-existing blood vessels can support a more =
invasive tumor=20
      cell phenotype and tumor growth after VEGF- or VEGFR2-targeted =
therapy [<A=20
      class=3D"cite-reflink bibr popnode"=20
      href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11559524"=20
      =
ref=3D"reftype=3Dpubmed&amp;article-id=3D2850510&amp;issue-id=3D180269&am=
p;journal-id=3D859&amp;FROM=3DArticle%7CBody&amp;TO=3DEntrez%7CPubMed%7CR=
ecord&amp;rendering-type=3Dnormal"=20
      rid=3D"B150">150</A>, <A class=3D"cite-reflink bibr popnode"=20
      href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11005565"=20
      =
ref=3D"reftype=3Dpubmed&amp;article-id=3D2850510&amp;issue-id=3D180269&am=
p;journal-id=3D859&amp;FROM=3DArticle%7CBody&amp;TO=3DEntrez%7CPubMed%7CR=
ecord&amp;rendering-type=3Dnormal"=20
      rid=3D"B151">151</A>]. As Ang-2 signaling has been implicated in =
mediating=20
      blood vessel co-option in the untreated early C6 rat glioma model =
of=20
      malignant glioma [<A class=3D"cite-reflink bibr popnode"=20
      href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10373119"=20
      =
ref=3D"reftype=3Dpubmed&amp;article-id=3D2850510&amp;issue-id=3D180269&am=
p;journal-id=3D859&amp;FROM=3DArticle%7CBody&amp;TO=3DEntrez%7CPubMed%7CR=
ecord&amp;rendering-type=3Dnormal"=20
      rid=3D"B10">10</A>], human GBM tumors were immunostained for Ang-1 =
and Ang-2=20
      and it was reported that Ang-2 expression was upregulated at tumor =

      co-opted blood vessels. Whether the co-opted blood vessels that =
were=20
      observed post anti-angiogenic therapy also showed upregulation of =
Ang-2=20
      remains to be determined.</DIV>
      <DIV class=3D"p p-last" id=3D__pid574933>The second mechanism of =
resistance to=20
      anti-angiogenic therapy that has been suggested is an intrinsic or =

      inherent resistance [<A class=3D"cite-reflink bibr popnode"=20
      =
href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2850510/?tool=3Dpubme=
d#B140"=20
      rid=3D"B140">140</A>]. This concept stems from the observation =
that a=20
      minority of patients do not appear to respond to anti-angiogenic =
therapy.=20
      It has been suggested that this may be due to the pre-existing =
activation=20
      of multiple proangiogenic signaling pathways or a pre-existing=20
      inflammatory cell infiltrate that provides a source of tumor VEGF=20
      resulting in vascular protection [<A class=3D"cite-reflink bibr =
popnode"=20
      =
href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2850510/?tool=3Dpubme=
d#B140"=20
      rid=3D"B140">140</A>].</DIV></DIV></DIV>
      <DIV class=3Dsec id=3Dsec8><SPAN></SPAN>
      <DIV class=3D"head1 section-title" id=3Dsec8titletitle=20
      style=3D"TEXT-TRANSFORM: none">
      <DIV class=3Dother-sections>
      <UL class=3D"noext-menu noext-menu-hidden">
        <LI><A class=3Dfirst-link=20
        =
href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2850510/?tool=3Dpubme=
d#">&nbsp;Other=20
        Sections=E2=96=BC</A>
        <UL class=3D"submenu head1">
          <LI class=3Dsubmenu-item><A class=3D"" =
style=3D"TEXT-TRANSFORM: none"=20
          =
href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2850510/?tool=3Dpubme=
d#__abstractid506503">Abstract</A>
          <LI class=3Dsubmenu-item><A class=3D"" =
style=3D"TEXT-TRANSFORM: none"=20
          =
href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2850510/?tool=3Dpubme=
d#sec1">1.=20
          Introduction</A>
          <LI class=3Dsubmenu-item><A class=3D"" =
style=3D"TEXT-TRANSFORM: none"=20
          =
href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2850510/?tool=3Dpubme=
d#sec2">2.=20
          The Biology of Brain Tumor Vascularization</A>
          <LI class=3Dsubmenu-item><A class=3D"" =
style=3D"TEXT-TRANSFORM: none"=20
          =
href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2850510/?tool=3Dpubme=
d#sec3">3.=20
          Clinical Use of Antiangiogenic Agents</A>
          <LI class=3Dsubmenu-item><A class=3D"" =
style=3D"TEXT-TRANSFORM: none"=20
          =
href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2850510/?tool=3Dpubme=
d#sec4">4.=20
          Multikinase Receptors Inhibitors (MTKI)</A>
          <LI class=3Dsubmenu-item><A class=3D"" =
style=3D"TEXT-TRANSFORM: none"=20
          =
href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2850510/?tool=3Dpubme=
d#sec5">5.=20
          Other Anti-<IMG=20
          style=3D"BORDER-TOP-STYLE: none; BORDER-RIGHT-STYLE: none; =
BORDER-LEFT-STYLE: none; BORDER-BOTTOM-STYLE: none"=20
          =
src=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/corehtml/pmc/pmcents/dot.gif">Angiogen=
ic=20
          Agents</A>
          <LI class=3Dsubmenu-item><A class=3D"" =
style=3D"TEXT-TRANSFORM: none"=20
          =
href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2850510/?tool=3Dpubme=
d#sec6">6.=20
          Challenges in Evaluating the Response to Anti-<IMG=20
          style=3D"BORDER-TOP-STYLE: none; BORDER-RIGHT-STYLE: none; =
BORDER-LEFT-STYLE: none; BORDER-BOTTOM-STYLE: none"=20
          =
src=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/corehtml/pmc/pmcents/dot.gif">Angiogen=
ic=20
          Therapy with Imaging</A>
          <LI class=3Dsubmenu-item><A class=3D"" =
style=3D"TEXT-TRANSFORM: none"=20
          =
href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2850510/?tool=3Dpubme=
d#sec7">7.=20
          Resistance to Anti-<IMG=20
          style=3D"BORDER-TOP-STYLE: none; BORDER-RIGHT-STYLE: none; =
BORDER-LEFT-STYLE: none; BORDER-BOTTOM-STYLE: none"=20
          =
src=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/corehtml/pmc/pmcents/dot.gif">Angiogen=
ic=20
          Therapy</A>
          <LI class=3D"submenu-item current-item"><A class=3D""=20
          style=3D"TEXT-TRANSFORM: none" onclick=3Dreturn(false)=20
          =
href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2850510/?tool=3Dpubme=
d#">8.=20
          The Blood-<IMG=20
          style=3D"BORDER-TOP-STYLE: none; BORDER-RIGHT-STYLE: none; =
BORDER-LEFT-STYLE: none; BORDER-BOTTOM-STYLE: none"=20
          =
src=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/corehtml/pmc/pmcents/dot.gif">Brain=20
          Barrier (BBB) and the Challenges of Drug Delivery</A>
          <LI class=3Dsubmenu-item><A class=3D"" =
style=3D"TEXT-TRANSFORM: none"=20
          =
href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2850510/?tool=3Dpubme=
d#sec9">9.=20
          Biomarkers of Angiogenesis</A>
          <LI class=3Dsubmenu-item><A class=3D"" =
style=3D"TEXT-TRANSFORM: none"=20
          =
href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2850510/?tool=3Dpubme=
d#sec10">10.=20
          Unanswered Questions</A>
          <LI class=3Dsubmenu-item><A class=3D"" =
style=3D"TEXT-TRANSFORM: none"=20
          =
href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2850510/?tool=3Dpubme=
d#sec11">11.=20
          Conclusions</A>
          <LI class=3Dsubmenu-item><A class=3D"" =
style=3D"TEXT-TRANSFORM: none"=20
          =
href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2850510/?tool=3Dpubme=
d#__ref-listid505652">References</A></LI></UL></LI></UL></DIV>
      <DIV>8. The Blood-Brain Barrier (BBB) and the Challenges of Drug=20
      Delivery</DIV></DIV>
      <DIV class=3Dsection-content id=3Dsec8content>
      <DIV class=3D"p p-first" id=3D__pid574970>Drug concentrations =
within the=20
      central nervous system are dependent on multiple factors that =
include, the=20
      permeability of the agent across the BBB, the extent to which it =
is=20
      actively transported out of the brain, and the volume of =
distribution in=20
      the brain parenchyma [<A class=3D"cite-reflink bibr popnode"=20
      href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17538176"=20
      =
ref=3D"reftype=3Dpubmed&amp;article-id=3D2850510&amp;issue-id=3D180269&am=
p;journal-id=3D859&amp;FROM=3DArticle%7CBody&amp;TO=3DEntrez%7CPubMed%7CR=
ecord&amp;rendering-type=3Dnormal"=20
      rid=3D"B152">152</A>]. The BBB is an anatomic- physiologic barrier =
that is=20
      formed by multiple components, including tight junctions between=20
      endothelial cells, pericytes, and the astrocytic foot processes. =
This=20
      barrier selectively allows entry of some substances, such as =
glucose,=20
      lipid-soluble molecules, and oxygen, while preventing entry of =
other=20
      substances. It is important to understand that although the BBB =
may be=20
      disrupted in some areas of a GBM, a substantial proportion of =
glioma cells=20
      can be located in areas with an intact BBB. The magnitude of tumor =

      vascular permeability varies within these tumors, with the =
greatest=20
      permeability being found in the tumor core and a relatively intact =
BBB at=20
      the proliferating tumor edge. The presence of an intact BBB in =
some areas=20
      of the tumor and the presence of a partially functional BBB in =
other areas=20
      of the tumor can prevent the effective delivery of active =
therapeutic=20
      compounds. </DIV>
      <DIV class=3D"p p-last" id=3D__pid574993>The BBB expresses high =
levels of drug=20
      efflux pumps such as P-glycoprotein (P-gp), breast =
cancer-resistance=20
      protein (BCRP), and other multiple drug resistance proteins (MRPs) =
that=20
      actively remove chemotherapeutic drugs from the brain [<A=20
      class=3D"cite-reflink bibr popnode"=20
      href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16193381"=20
      =
ref=3D"reftype=3Dpubmed&amp;article-id=3D2850510&amp;issue-id=3D180269&am=
p;journal-id=3D859&amp;FROM=3DArticle%7CBody&amp;TO=3DEntrez%7CPubMed%7CR=
ecord&amp;rendering-type=3Dnormal"=20
      rid=3D"B153">153</A>]. Efflux transport systems such as by P-gp =
and the MRPs=20
      at the brain capillary ECs may play a role in limiting the passage =
of=20
      therapeutic agents across the BBB [<A class=3D"cite-reflink bibr =
popnode"=20
      href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18443033"=20
      =
ref=3D"reftype=3Dpubmed&amp;article-id=3D2850510&amp;issue-id=3D180269&am=
p;journal-id=3D859&amp;FROM=3DArticle%7CBody&amp;TO=3DEntrez%7CPubMed%7CR=
ecord&amp;rendering-type=3Dnormal"=20
      rid=3D"B154">154</A>]. For example, the brain distribution of the =
tyrosine=20
      kinase inhibitor imatinib is reduced by active efflux via the=20
      P-glycoprotein [<A class=3D"cite-reflink bibr popnode"=20
      href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12604685"=20
      =
ref=3D"reftype=3Dpubmed&amp;article-id=3D2850510&amp;issue-id=3D180269&am=
p;journal-id=3D859&amp;FROM=3DArticle%7CBody&amp;TO=3DEntrez%7CPubMed%7CR=
ecord&amp;rendering-type=3Dnormal"=20
      rid=3D"B155">155</A>]. The BCRP drug efflux transport pump is =
expressed in a=20
      number of normal tissues, in addition to the BBB [<A=20
      class=3D"cite-reflink bibr popnode"=20
      href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14576842"=20
      =
ref=3D"reftype=3Dpubmed&amp;article-id=3D2850510&amp;issue-id=3D180269&am=
p;journal-id=3D859&amp;FROM=3DArticle%7CBody&amp;TO=3DEntrez%7CPubMed%7CR=
ecord&amp;rendering-type=3Dnormal"=20
      rid=3D"B156">156</A>]. Modulation of drug transporters represents =
a new=20
      potential strategy to improve efficacy of targeted agents. =
Anti-angiogenic=20
      agents such bevacizumab that mainly target the EC on the luminal =
side of=20
      the vessel may not depend on the ability to cross the BBB; =
however, this=20
      remains a concern for tyrosine kinase inhibitors like=20
      imatinib.</DIV></DIV></DIV>
      <DIV class=3Dsec id=3Dsec9><SPAN></SPAN>
      <DIV class=3D"head1 section-title" id=3Dsec9titletitle=20
      style=3D"TEXT-TRANSFORM: none">
      <DIV class=3Dother-sections>
      <UL class=3D"noext-menu noext-menu-hidden">
        <LI><A class=3Dfirst-link=20
        =
href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2850510/?tool=3Dpubme=
d#">&nbsp;Other=20
        Sections=E2=96=BC</A>
        <UL class=3D"submenu head1">
          <LI class=3Dsubmenu-item><A class=3D"" =
style=3D"TEXT-TRANSFORM: none"=20
          =
href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2850510/?tool=3Dpubme=
d#__abstractid506503">Abstract</A>
          <LI class=3Dsubmenu-item><A class=3D"" =
style=3D"TEXT-TRANSFORM: none"=20
          =
href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2850510/?tool=3Dpubme=
d#sec1">1.=20
          Introduction</A>
          <LI class=3Dsubmenu-item><A class=3D"" =
style=3D"TEXT-TRANSFORM: none"=20
          =
href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2850510/?tool=3Dpubme=
d#sec2">2.=20
          The Biology of Brain Tumor Vascularization</A>
          <LI class=3Dsubmenu-item><A class=3D"" =
style=3D"TEXT-TRANSFORM: none"=20
          =
href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2850510/?tool=3Dpubme=
d#sec3">3.=20
          Clinical Use of Antiangiogenic Agents</A>
          <LI class=3Dsubmenu-item><A class=3D"" =
style=3D"TEXT-TRANSFORM: none"=20
          =
href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2850510/?tool=3Dpubme=
d#sec4">4.=20
          Multikinase Receptors Inhibitors (MTKI)</A>
          <LI class=3Dsubmenu-item><A class=3D"" =
style=3D"TEXT-TRANSFORM: none"=20
          =
href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2850510/?tool=3Dpubme=
d#sec5">5.=20
          Other Anti-<IMG=20
          style=3D"BORDER-TOP-STYLE: none; BORDER-RIGHT-STYLE: none; =
BORDER-LEFT-STYLE: none; BORDER-BOTTOM-STYLE: none"=20
          =
src=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/corehtml/pmc/pmcents/dot.gif">Angiogen=
ic=20
          Agents</A>
          <LI class=3Dsubmenu-item><A class=3D"" =
style=3D"TEXT-TRANSFORM: none"=20
          =
href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2850510/?tool=3Dpubme=
d#sec6">6.=20
          Challenges in Evaluating the Response to Anti-<IMG=20
          style=3D"BORDER-TOP-STYLE: none; BORDER-RIGHT-STYLE: none; =
BORDER-LEFT-STYLE: none; BORDER-BOTTOM-STYLE: none"=20
          =
src=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/corehtml/pmc/pmcents/dot.gif">Angiogen=
ic=20
          Therapy with Imaging</A>
          <LI class=3Dsubmenu-item><A class=3D"" =
style=3D"TEXT-TRANSFORM: none"=20
          =
href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2850510/?tool=3Dpubme=
d#sec7">7.=20
          Resistance to Anti-<IMG=20
          style=3D"BORDER-TOP-STYLE: none; BORDER-RIGHT-STYLE: none; =
BORDER-LEFT-STYLE: none; BORDER-BOTTOM-STYLE: none"=20
          =
src=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/corehtml/pmc/pmcents/dot.gif">Angiogen=
ic=20
          Therapy</A>
          <LI class=3Dsubmenu-item><A class=3D"" =
style=3D"TEXT-TRANSFORM: none"=20
          =
href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2850510/?tool=3Dpubme=
d#sec8">8.=20
          The Blood-<IMG=20
          style=3D"BORDER-TOP-STYLE: none; BORDER-RIGHT-STYLE: none; =
BORDER-LEFT-STYLE: none; BORDER-BOTTOM-STYLE: none"=20
          =
src=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/corehtml/pmc/pmcents/dot.gif">Brain=20
          Barrier (BBB) and the Challenges of Drug Delivery</A>
          <LI class=3D"submenu-item current-item"><A class=3D""=20
          style=3D"TEXT-TRANSFORM: none" onclick=3Dreturn(false)=20
          =
href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2850510/?tool=3Dpubme=
d#">9.=20
          Biomarkers of Angiogenesis</A>
          <LI class=3Dsubmenu-item><A class=3D"" =
style=3D"TEXT-TRANSFORM: none"=20
          =
href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2850510/?tool=3Dpubme=
d#sec10">10.=20
          Unanswered Questions</A>
          <LI class=3Dsubmenu-item><A class=3D"" =
style=3D"TEXT-TRANSFORM: none"=20
          =
href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2850510/?tool=3Dpubme=
d#sec11">11.=20
          Conclusions</A>
          <LI class=3Dsubmenu-item><A class=3D"" =
style=3D"TEXT-TRANSFORM: none"=20
          =
href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2850510/?tool=3Dpubme=
d#__ref-listid505652">References</A></LI></UL></LI></UL></DIV>
      <DIV>9. Biomarkers of Angiogenesis</DIV></DIV>
      <DIV class=3Dsection-content id=3Dsec9content>
      <DIV class=3D"p p-first" id=3D__pid612418>Currently, there are no =
validated=20
      biomarkers to monitor the progress or response to anti-angiogenic =
therapy=20
      in patients with malignant glioma or other cancers [<A=20
      class=3D"cite-reflink bibr popnode"=20
      =
href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2850510/?tool=3Dpubme=
d#B157"=20
      rid=3D"B157">157</A>]. Two promising biomarkers for assessment of=20
      angiogenesis in malignant tumors are the number of circulating =
endothelial=20
      cells (CECs) and the number of circulating endothelial progenitor =
cells=20
      (EPCs). A growing body of literature suggests that the number of =
CECs and=20
      circulating EPCs is significantly elevated in patients with =
different=20
      types of cancer [<A class=3D"cite-reflink bibr popnode"=20
      =
href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2850510/?tool=3Dpubme=
d#B65"=20
      rid=3D"B65">65</A>]. Furthermore, in a small number of preclinical =
animal=20
      studies successful antitumor response to anti-angiogenic therapy =
was=20
      correlated with changes in the number of CECs and circulating EPCs =
[<A=20
      class=3D"cite-reflink bibr popnode"=20
      href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19825805"=20
      =
ref=3D"reftype=3Dpubmed&amp;article-id=3D2850510&amp;issue-id=3D180269&am=
p;journal-id=3D859&amp;FROM=3DArticle%7CBody&amp;TO=3DEntrez%7CPubMed%7CR=
ecord&amp;rendering-type=3Dnormal"=20
      rid=3D"B158">158</A>]. Rafat and colleagues have evaluated the =
number of=20
      circulating EPCs in the blood of patients with malignant glioma, =
and=20
      reported that they were higher in patients with GBM as compared to =
healthy=20
      volunteers [<A class=3D"cite-reflink bibr popnode"=20
      href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19522573"=20
      =
ref=3D"reftype=3Dpubmed&amp;article-id=3D2850510&amp;issue-id=3D180269&am=
p;journal-id=3D859&amp;FROM=3DArticle%7CBody&amp;TO=3DEntrez%7CPubMed%7CR=
ecord&amp;rendering-type=3Dnormal"=20
      rid=3D"B68">68</A>]. Higher tumor blood vessel densities were =
noted in the=20
      patients with GBM having higher numbers of circulating EPCs as =
compared to=20
      those patients with lower numbers of circulating EPCs [<A=20
      class=3D"cite-reflink bibr popnode"=20
      href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19522573"=20
      =
ref=3D"reftype=3Dpubmed&amp;article-id=3D2850510&amp;issue-id=3D180269&am=
p;journal-id=3D859&amp;FROM=3DArticle%7CBody&amp;TO=3DEntrez%7CPubMed%7CR=
ecord&amp;rendering-type=3Dnormal"=20
      rid=3D"B68">68</A>]. This supports the further evaluation of =
circulating=20
      EPCs as a novel biomarker for the assessment of angiogenesis and =
for the=20
      assessment of the response to anti-angiogenic therapy in patients =
with=20
      GBM. </DIV>
      <DIV class=3D"p p-last" id=3D__pid612482>Measurement of VEGF =
plasma levels may=20
      not be a generally useful biomarker of tumor angiogenesis. For =
example,=20
      baseline plasma VEGF levels are not correlated with survival =
outcome for=20
      patients with metastatic colorectal cancer or for patients with =
metastatic=20
      nonsmall cell lung cancer [<A class=3D"cite-reflink bibr popnode"=20
      href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16365183"=20
      =
ref=3D"reftype=3Dpubmed&amp;article-id=3D2850510&amp;issue-id=3D180269&am=
p;journal-id=3D859&amp;FROM=3DArticle%7CBody&amp;TO=3DEntrez%7CPubMed%7CR=
ecord&amp;rendering-type=3Dnormal"=20
      rid=3D"B159">159</A>, <A class=3D"cite-reflink bibr popnode"=20
      href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18316562"=20
      =
ref=3D"reftype=3Dpubmed&amp;article-id=3D2850510&amp;issue-id=3D180269&am=
p;journal-id=3D859&amp;FROM=3DArticle%7CBody&amp;TO=3DEntrez%7CPubMed%7CR=
ecord&amp;rendering-type=3Dnormal"=20
      rid=3D"B160">160</A>]. As expected, the plasma level of VEGF in =
patients=20
      with GBM and brain metastases is elevated as compared to normal =
healthy=20
      volunteers. In patients with metastatic breast cancer higher =
plasma levels=20
      of VEGF were associated with shorter time of progression [<A=20
      class=3D"cite-reflink bibr popnode"=20
      href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19047116"=20
      =
ref=3D"reftype=3Dpubmed&amp;article-id=3D2850510&amp;issue-id=3D180269&am=
p;journal-id=3D859&amp;FROM=3DArticle%7CBody&amp;TO=3DEntrez%7CPubMed%7CR=
ecord&amp;rendering-type=3Dnormal"=20
      rid=3D"B161">161</A>]. Thus, additional studies need to be =
performed to=20
      determine whether the measurement of plasma VEGF levels is useful =
in=20
      monitoring the response to anti-angiogenic therapy in general and =
to VEGF=20
      inhibitor therapy. As previously noted, blood levels of bFGF and=20
      SDF1<EM>=CE=B1</EM> were noted to be higher in patients at the =
time of relapse=20
      as compared to levels observed in the response phase in patients =
with=20
      recurrent GBM treated with cediranib [<A class=3D"cite-reflink =
bibr popnode"=20
      href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16212809"=20
      =
ref=3D"reftype=3Dpubmed&amp;article-id=3D2850510&amp;issue-id=3D180269&am=
p;journal-id=3D859&amp;FROM=3DArticle%7CBody&amp;TO=3DEntrez%7CPubMed%7CR=
ecord&amp;rendering-type=3Dnormal"=20
      rid=3D"B142">142</A>].</DIV></DIV></DIV>
      <DIV class=3Dsec id=3Dsec10><SPAN></SPAN>
      <DIV class=3D"head1 section-title" id=3Dsec10titletitle=20
      style=3D"TEXT-TRANSFORM: none">
      <DIV class=3Dother-sections>
      <UL class=3D"noext-menu noext-menu-hidden">
        <LI><A class=3Dfirst-link=20
        =
href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2850510/?tool=3Dpubme=
d#">&nbsp;Other=20
        Sections=E2=96=BC</A>
        <UL class=3D"submenu head1">
          <LI class=3Dsubmenu-item><A class=3D"" =
style=3D"TEXT-TRANSFORM: none"=20
          =
href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2850510/?tool=3Dpubme=
d#__abstractid506503">Abstract</A>
          <LI class=3Dsubmenu-item><A class=3D"" =
style=3D"TEXT-TRANSFORM: none"=20
          =
href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2850510/?tool=3Dpubme=
d#sec1">1.=20
          Introduction</A>
          <LI class=3Dsubmenu-item><A class=3D"" =
style=3D"TEXT-TRANSFORM: none"=20
          =
href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2850510/?tool=3Dpubme=
d#sec2">2.=20
          The Biology of Brain Tumor Vascularization</A>
          <LI class=3Dsubmenu-item><A class=3D"" =
style=3D"TEXT-TRANSFORM: none"=20
          =
href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2850510/?tool=3Dpubme=
d#sec3">3.=20
          Clinical Use of Antiangiogenic Agents</A>
          <LI class=3Dsubmenu-item><A class=3D"" =
style=3D"TEXT-TRANSFORM: none"=20
          =
href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2850510/?tool=3Dpubme=
d#sec4">4.=20
          Multikinase Receptors Inhibitors (MTKI)</A>
          <LI class=3Dsubmenu-item><A class=3D"" =
style=3D"TEXT-TRANSFORM: none"=20
          =
href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2850510/?tool=3Dpubme=
d#sec5">5.=20
          Other Anti-<IMG=20
          style=3D"BORDER-TOP-STYLE: none; BORDER-RIGHT-STYLE: none; =
BORDER-LEFT-STYLE: none; BORDER-BOTTOM-STYLE: none"=20
          =
src=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/corehtml/pmc/pmcents/dot.gif">Angiogen=
ic=20
          Agents</A>
          <LI class=3Dsubmenu-item><A class=3D"" =
style=3D"TEXT-TRANSFORM: none"=20
          =
href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2850510/?tool=3Dpubme=
d#sec6">6.=20
          Challenges in Evaluating the Response to Anti-<IMG=20
          style=3D"BORDER-TOP-STYLE: none; BORDER-RIGHT-STYLE: none; =
BORDER-LEFT-STYLE: none; BORDER-BOTTOM-STYLE: none"=20
          =
src=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/corehtml/pmc/pmcents/dot.gif">Angiogen=
ic=20
          Therapy with Imaging</A>
          <LI class=3Dsubmenu-item><A class=3D"" =
style=3D"TEXT-TRANSFORM: none"=20
          =
href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2850510/?tool=3Dpubme=
d#sec7">7.=20
          Resistance to Anti-<IMG=20
          style=3D"BORDER-TOP-STYLE: none; BORDER-RIGHT-STYLE: none; =
BORDER-LEFT-STYLE: none; BORDER-BOTTOM-STYLE: none"=20
          =
src=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/corehtml/pmc/pmcents/dot.gif">Angiogen=
ic=20
          Therapy</A>
          <LI class=3Dsubmenu-item><A class=3D"" =
style=3D"TEXT-TRANSFORM: none"=20
          =
href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2850510/?tool=3Dpubme=
d#sec8">8.=20
          The Blood-<IMG=20
          style=3D"BORDER-TOP-STYLE: none; BORDER-RIGHT-STYLE: none; =
BORDER-LEFT-STYLE: none; BORDER-BOTTOM-STYLE: none"=20
          =
src=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/corehtml/pmc/pmcents/dot.gif">Brain=20
          Barrier (BBB) and the Challenges of Drug Delivery</A>
          <LI class=3Dsubmenu-item><A class=3D"" =
style=3D"TEXT-TRANSFORM: none"=20
          =
href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2850510/?tool=3Dpubme=
d#sec9">9.=20
          Biomarkers of Angiogenesis</A>
          <LI class=3D"submenu-item current-item"><A class=3D""=20
          style=3D"TEXT-TRANSFORM: none" onclick=3Dreturn(false)=20
          =
href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2850510/?tool=3Dpubme=
d#">10.=20
          Unanswered Questions</A>
          <LI class=3Dsubmenu-item><A class=3D"" =
style=3D"TEXT-TRANSFORM: none"=20
          =
href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2850510/?tool=3Dpubme=
d#sec11">11.=20
          Conclusions</A>
          <LI class=3Dsubmenu-item><A class=3D"" =
style=3D"TEXT-TRANSFORM: none"=20
          =
href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2850510/?tool=3Dpubme=
d#__ref-listid505652">References</A></LI></UL></LI></UL></DIV>
      <DIV>10. Unanswered Questions</DIV></DIV>
      <DIV class=3Dsection-content id=3Dsec10content>
      <DIV class=3D"p p-first" id=3D__pid612549>Despite the remarkable =
progress in=20
      our understanding of the process of angiogenesis and the potential =
promise=20
      of targeting these processes for the treatment of GBM, several =
critical=20
      questions need to be addressed. These include questions regarding =
the=20
      fundamental processes involved in GBM vascularization and their =
role in=20
      the failure of therapy. Pressing questions in this category are: =
(1) are=20
      the GBM tumors in patients that have failed bevacizumab or other=20
      anti-angiogenic therapy avascular, or are the tumors co-opting the =

      existing blood vessels to obtain the oxygen and nutrients needed?, =
(2) is=20
      the angiopoietin signaling pathway driving a blood vessel =
co-option=20
      process in human GBM that have failed therapy with a VEGF =
inhibitor or=20
      other anti-angiogenic agent?, and (3) do cancer stem cells (or =
glioma stem=20
      cells) promote angiogenesis in malignant gliomas and could we =
target them=20
      specifically with novel therapy?</DIV>
      <DIV class=3D"p p-last" id=3D__pid612559>There also is an urgent =
need to=20
      improve the ability to assess the effects of the anti-angiogenic =
therapies=20
      on angiogenesis (rather than tumor growth). Questions in this =
category=20
      include: (1) does the number of CECs and circulating EPCs in =
patients with=20
      tumors correlate with the tumor grade, and could their number be =
used to=20
      monitor anti-angiogenic therapy? (Phenotyping circulating EPCs =
with a=20
      comprehensive set of endothelial, progenitor, and hematopoietic =
markers=20
      should be performed to address the issue of what are the =
appropriate=20
      markers to be used to identify circulating EPCs in patients [<A=20
      class=3D"cite-reflink bibr popnode"=20
      =
href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2850510/?tool=3Dpubme=
d#B65"=20
      rid=3D"B65">65</A>]), (2) what is the contribution of circulating =
EPCs to=20
      angiogenesis in untreated virgin tumors?, and (3) could a =
biomarker be=20
      identified that would aid in identifying adaptive evasive =
resistance=20
      (escape pathways) that should be targeted when a patient's tumor =
develops=20
      resistance to anti-angiogenic therapy?</DIV></DIV></DIV>
      <DIV class=3Dsec id=3Dsec11><SPAN></SPAN>
      <DIV class=3D"head1 section-title" id=3Dsec11titletitle=20
      style=3D"TEXT-TRANSFORM: none">
      <DIV class=3Dother-sections>
      <UL class=3D"noext-menu noext-menu-hidden">
        <LI><A class=3Dfirst-link=20
        =
href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2850510/?tool=3Dpubme=
d#">&nbsp;Other=20
        Sections=E2=96=BC</A>
        <UL class=3D"submenu head1">
          <LI class=3Dsubmenu-item><A class=3D"" =
style=3D"TEXT-TRANSFORM: none"=20
          =
href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2850510/?tool=3Dpubme=
d#__abstractid506503">Abstract</A>
          <LI class=3Dsubmenu-item><A class=3D"" =
style=3D"TEXT-TRANSFORM: none"=20
          =
href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2850510/?tool=3Dpubme=
d#sec1">1.=20
          Introduction</A>
          <LI class=3Dsubmenu-item><A class=3D"" =
style=3D"TEXT-TRANSFORM: none"=20
          =
href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2850510/?tool=3Dpubme=
d#sec2">2.=20
          The Biology of Brain Tumor Vascularization</A>
          <LI class=3Dsubmenu-item><A class=3D"" =
style=3D"TEXT-TRANSFORM: none"=20
          =
href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2850510/?tool=3Dpubme=
d#sec3">3.=20
          Clinical Use of Antiangiogenic Agents</A>
          <LI class=3Dsubmenu-item><A class=3D"" =
style=3D"TEXT-TRANSFORM: none"=20
          =
href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2850510/?tool=3Dpubme=
d#sec4">4.=20
          Multikinase Receptors Inhibitors (MTKI)</A>
          <LI class=3Dsubmenu-item><A class=3D"" =
style=3D"TEXT-TRANSFORM: none"=20
          =
href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2850510/?tool=3Dpubme=
d#sec5">5.=20
          Other Anti-<IMG=20
          style=3D"BORDER-TOP-STYLE: none; BORDER-RIGHT-STYLE: none; =
BORDER-LEFT-STYLE: none; BORDER-BOTTOM-STYLE: none"=20
          =
src=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/corehtml/pmc/pmcents/dot.gif">Angiogen=
ic=20
          Agents</A>
          <LI class=3Dsubmenu-item><A class=3D"" =
style=3D"TEXT-TRANSFORM: none"=20
          =
href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2850510/?tool=3Dpubme=
d#sec6">6.=20
          Challenges in Evaluating the Response to Anti-<IMG=20
          style=3D"BORDER-TOP-STYLE: none; BORDER-RIGHT-STYLE: none; =
BORDER-LEFT-STYLE: none; BORDER-BOTTOM-STYLE: none"=20
          =
src=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/corehtml/pmc/pmcents/dot.gif">Angiogen=
ic=20
          Therapy with Imaging</A>
          <LI class=3Dsubmenu-item><A class=3D"" =
style=3D"TEXT-TRANSFORM: none"=20
          =
href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2850510/?tool=3Dpubme=
d#sec7">7.=20
          Resistance to Anti-<IMG=20
          style=3D"BORDER-TOP-STYLE: none; BORDER-RIGHT-STYLE: none; =
BORDER-LEFT-STYLE: none; BORDER-BOTTOM-STYLE: none"=20
          =
src=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/corehtml/pmc/pmcents/dot.gif">Angiogen=
ic=20
          Therapy</A>
          <LI class=3Dsubmenu-item><A class=3D"" =
style=3D"TEXT-TRANSFORM: none"=20
          =
href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2850510/?tool=3Dpubme=
d#sec8">8.=20
          The Blood-<IMG=20
          style=3D"BORDER-TOP-STYLE: none; BORDER-RIGHT-STYLE: none; =
BORDER-LEFT-STYLE: none; BORDER-BOTTOM-STYLE: none"=20
          =
src=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/corehtml/pmc/pmcents/dot.gif">Brain=20
          Barrier (BBB) and the Challenges of Drug Delivery</A>
          <LI class=3Dsubmenu-item><A class=3D"" =
style=3D"TEXT-TRANSFORM: none"=20
          =
href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2850510/?tool=3Dpubme=
d#sec9">9.=20
          Biomarkers of Angiogenesis</A>
          <LI class=3Dsubmenu-item><A class=3D"" =
style=3D"TEXT-TRANSFORM: none"=20
          =
href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2850510/?tool=3Dpubme=
d#sec10">10.=20
          Unanswered Questions</A>
          <LI class=3D"submenu-item current-item"><A class=3D""=20
          style=3D"TEXT-TRANSFORM: none" onclick=3Dreturn(false)=20
          =
href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2850510/?tool=3Dpubme=
d#">11.=20
          Conclusions</A>
          <LI class=3Dsubmenu-item><A class=3D"" =
style=3D"TEXT-TRANSFORM: none"=20
          =
href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2850510/?tool=3Dpubme=
d#__ref-listid505652">References</A></LI></UL></LI></UL></DIV>
      <DIV>11. Conclusions</DIV></DIV>
      <DIV class=3Dsection-content id=3Dsec11content>
      <DIV class=3D"p p-first-last" id=3D__pid505628>Anti-angiogenic =
therapy appears=20
      to be a promising and novel approach for the treatment of =
malignant brain=20
      tumors. Clinical trials have shown improvement in the short-term=20
      progression-free survival. The response of patients with GBM to =
therapy=20
      with a VEGF inhibitor likely depends, at least in part, on whether =
the=20
      tumor neovasculature contains a normal density of pericytes, how =
capable=20
      the tumor is in co-opting pre-existing blood vessels, and whether=20
      previously co-opted blood vessels exist in the tumor. A better=20
      understanding of the mechanisms of resistance to anti-angiogenic =
therapy=20
      is needed such that we can improve our treatment strategies for =
these=20
      patients. The development and optimization of biomarkers to =
measure=20
      angiogenesis in tumors, such as quantitation of the numbers of =
CECs and=20
      circulating EPCs, will potentially help us identify patients that =
are=20
      responding to, or failing, anti-angiogenic therapy. Theoretically, =
these=20
      markers could also be used to identify the subset of patients that =
would=20
      benefit from anti-angiogenic therapy and thereby individualizing =
therapy=20
      for patients with malignant tumors, such as GBM. In addition, new=20
      anti-angiogenic therapies that induce apoptosis of the ECs in the=20
      neovasculature are needed, as this type of anti-angiogenic therapy =
may be=20
      less likely to induce therapeutic resistance.</DIV></DIV></DIV>
      <DIV class=3Dsec id=3D__ackid505643>
      <DIV class=3D"head1 section-title" id=3D__ackid505643titletitle=20
      style=3D"TEXT-TRANSFORM: none">
      <DIV>Acknowledgments</DIV></DIV>
      <DIV class=3Dsection-content id=3D__ackid505643content>
      <DIV class=3Dsec>
      <DIV class=3Dp id=3D__pid505647>We thank Drs. Gene Barnett, Derek =
Raghavan,=20
      and Fiona Hunter for critical review of this manuscript. This work =
was=20
      supported by grants CA 109748 and CA 127620 from the National =
Institutes=20
      of Health-National Cancer Institute to =
CLG.</DIV></DIV></DIV></DIV>
      <DIV class=3Dsec id=3D__ref-listid505652>
      <DIV class=3D"head1 section-title" =
id=3D__ref-listid505652titletitle=20
      style=3D"TEXT-TRANSFORM: none">
      <DIV class=3Dother-sections>
      <UL class=3D"noext-menu noext-menu-hidden">
        <LI><A class=3Dfirst-link=20
        =
href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2850510/?tool=3Dpubme=
d#">&nbsp;Other=20
        Sections=E2=96=BC</A>
        <UL class=3D"submenu head1">
          <LI class=3Dsubmenu-item><A class=3D"" =
style=3D"TEXT-TRANSFORM: none"=20
          =
href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2850510/?tool=3Dpubme=
d#__abstractid506503">Abstract</A>
          <LI class=3Dsubmenu-item><A class=3D"" =
style=3D"TEXT-TRANSFORM: none"=20
          =
href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2850510/?tool=3Dpubme=
d#sec1">1.=20
          Introduction</A>
          <LI class=3Dsubmenu-item><A class=3D"" =
style=3D"TEXT-TRANSFORM: none"=20
          =
href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2850510/?tool=3Dpubme=
d#sec2">2.=20
          The Biology of Brain Tumor Vascularization</A>
          <LI class=3Dsubmenu-item><A class=3D"" =
style=3D"TEXT-TRANSFORM: none"=20
          =
href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2850510/?tool=3Dpubme=
d#sec3">3.=20
          Clinical Use of Antiangiogenic Agents</A>
          <LI class=3Dsubmenu-item><A class=3D"" =
style=3D"TEXT-TRANSFORM: none"=20
          =
href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2850510/?tool=3Dpubme=
d#sec4">4.=20
          Multikinase Receptors Inhibitors (MTKI)</A>
          <LI class=3Dsubmenu-item><A class=3D"" =
style=3D"TEXT-TRANSFORM: none"=20
          =
href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2850510/?tool=3Dpubme=
d#sec5">5.=20
          Other Anti-<IMG=20
          style=3D"BORDER-TOP-STYLE: none; BORDER-RIGHT-STYLE: none; =
BORDER-LEFT-STYLE: none; BORDER-BOTTOM-STYLE: none"=20
          =
src=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/corehtml/pmc/pmcents/dot.gif">Angiogen=
ic=20
          Agents</A>
          <LI class=3Dsubmenu-item><A class=3D"" =
style=3D"TEXT-TRANSFORM: none"=20
          =
href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2850510/?tool=3Dpubme=
d#sec6">6.=20
          Challenges in Evaluating the Response to Anti-<IMG=20
          style=3D"BORDER-TOP-STYLE: none; BORDER-RIGHT-STYLE: none; =
BORDER-LEFT-STYLE: none; BORDER-BOTTOM-STYLE: none"=20
          =
src=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/corehtml/pmc/pmcents/dot.gif">Angiogen=
ic=20
          Therapy with Imaging</A>
          <LI class=3Dsubmenu-item><A class=3D"" =
style=3D"TEXT-TRANSFORM: none"=20
          =
href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2850510/?tool=3Dpubme=
d#sec7">7.=20
          Resistance to Anti-<IMG=20
          style=3D"BORDER-TOP-STYLE: none; BORDER-RIGHT-STYLE: none; =
BORDER-LEFT-STYLE: none; BORDER-BOTTOM-STYLE: none"=20
          =
src=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/corehtml/pmc/pmcents/dot.gif">Angiogen=
ic=20
          Therapy</A>
          <LI class=3Dsubmenu-item><A class=3D"" =
style=3D"TEXT-TRANSFORM: none"=20
          =
href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2850510/?tool=3Dpubme=
d#sec8">8.=20
          The Blood-<IMG=20
          style=3D"BORDER-TOP-STYLE: none; BORDER-RIGHT-STYLE: none; =
BORDER-LEFT-STYLE: none; BORDER-BOTTOM-STYLE: none"=20
          =
src=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/corehtml/pmc/pmcents/dot.gif">Brain=20
          Barrier (BBB) and the Challenges of Drug Delivery</A>
          <LI class=3Dsubmenu-item><A class=3D"" =
style=3D"TEXT-TRANSFORM: none"=20
          =
href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2850510/?tool=3Dpubme=
d#sec9">9.=20
          Biomarkers of Angiogenesis</A>
          <LI class=3Dsubmenu-item><A class=3D"" =
style=3D"TEXT-TRANSFORM: none"=20
          =
href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2850510/?tool=3Dpubme=
d#sec10">10.=20
          Unanswered Questions</A>
          <LI class=3Dsubmenu-item><A class=3D"" =
style=3D"TEXT-TRANSFORM: none"=20
          =
href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2850510/?tool=3Dpubme=
d#sec11">11.=20
          Conclusions</A>
          <LI class=3D"submenu-item current-item"><A class=3D""=20
          style=3D"TEXT-TRANSFORM: none" onclick=3Dreturn(false)=20
          =
href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2850510/?tool=3Dpubme=
d#">References</A></LI></UL></LI></UL></DIV>
      <DIV>References</DIV></DIV>
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        =
ref=3D"reftype=3DPubMed&amp;article-id=3D2850510&amp;issue-id=3D180269&am=
p;journal-id=3D859&amp;FROM=3DArticle|DiscoveryLinks&amp;TO=3DEntrez|PubM=
ed|Record&amp;rendering-type=3Dnormal">PubMed</A>=20
        </LI></UL></DIV></DIV></DIV></TD></TR></TBODY></TABLE>
<DIV class=3DArticleRefDocsums id=3DArticleRefDocsums>
<DIV class=3Dcited-ref id=3Dcite-__pid506530 rid=3D"__pid506530"=20
pmids=3D"18669428 15758009 18438609 19720927">
<UL>
  <LI class=3Dovfl><A class=3D"pl popnode"=20
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ref=3D"reftype=3Dpubmed&amp;article-id=3D2850510&amp;issue-id=3D180269&am=
p;journal-id=3D859&amp;FROM=3DArticle|CitedRefBlock&amp;TO=3DEntrez|Pubme=
d|Record&amp;rendering-type=3Dnormal"><SPAN=20
  class=3Dflag>Review</SPAN>Malignant gliomas in adults.</A>
  <P class=3Ddesc><EM class=3Dcit>N Engl J Med. 2008 Jul 31;=20
  359(5):492-507.</EM></P><SPAN class=3Dpub>[N Engl J Med. =
2008]</SPAN></LI>
  <LI class=3Dovfl><A class=3D"pl popnode"=20
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ref=3D"reftype=3Dpubmed&amp;article-id=3D2850510&amp;issue-id=3D180269&am=
p;journal-id=3D859&amp;FROM=3DArticle|CitedRefBlock&amp;TO=3DEntrez|Pubme=
d|Record&amp;rendering-type=3Dnormal">Radiotherapy=20
  plus concomitant and adjuvant temozolomide for glioblastoma.</A>
  <P class=3Ddesc><EM class=3Dcit>N Engl J Med. 2005 Mar 10;=20
  352(10):987-96.</EM></P><SPAN class=3Dpub>[N Engl J Med. =
2005]</SPAN></LI>
  <LI class=3Dovfl><A class=3D"pl popnode"=20
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ref=3D"reftype=3Dpubmed&amp;article-id=3D2850510&amp;issue-id=3D180269&am=
p;journal-id=3D859&amp;FROM=3DArticle|CitedRefBlock&amp;TO=3DEntrez|Pubme=
d|Record&amp;rendering-type=3Dnormal">Irinotecan=20
  and bevacizumab in progressive primary brain tumors, an evaluation of =
efficacy=20
  and safety.</A>
  <P class=3Ddesc><EM class=3Dcit>J Neurooncol. 2008 Aug; =
89(1):113-8.</EM></P><SPAN=20
  class=3Dpub>[J Neurooncol. 2008]</SPAN></LI>
  <LI class=3Dovfl><A class=3D"pl popnode"=20
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ref=3D"reftype=3Dpubmed&amp;article-id=3D2850510&amp;issue-id=3D180269&am=
p;journal-id=3D859&amp;FROM=3DArticle|CitedRefBlock&amp;TO=3DEntrez|Pubme=
d|Record&amp;rendering-type=3Dnormal">Bevacizumab=20
  alone and in combination with irinotecan in recurrent =
glioblastoma.</A>
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  27(28):4733-40.</EM></P><SPAN class=3Dpub>[J Clin Oncol. =
2009]</SPAN></LI></UL><A=20
class=3Dall-articles=20
href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18669428,15758009,18438609,197=
20927/?report=3Dsummary"=20
ref=3D"reftype=3Dpubmed&amp;article-id=3D2850510&amp;issue-id=3D180269&am=
p;journal-id=3D859&amp;FROM=3DArticle|CitedRefBlock&amp;TO=3DEntrez|Pubme=
d|Record&amp;rendering-type=3Dnormal">See=20
more articles cited in this paragraph</A></DIV>
<DIV class=3Dcited-ref id=3Dcite-__pid588181 rid=3D"__pid588181"=20
pmids=3D"11895036 16376330 8756718 10373119 17717633">
<UL>
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ref=3D"reftype=3Dpubmed&amp;article-id=3D2850510&amp;issue-id=3D180269&am=
p;journal-id=3D859&amp;FROM=3DArticle|CitedRefBlock&amp;TO=3DEntrez|Pubme=
d|Record&amp;rendering-type=3Dnormal"><SPAN=20
  class=3Dflag>Review</SPAN>The WHO classification of tumors of the =
nervous=20
  system.</A>
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61(3):215-25;=20
  discussion 226-9.</EM></P><SPAN class=3Dpub>[J Neuropathol Exp Neurol. =

  2002]</SPAN></LI>
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  href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16376330"=20
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ref=3D"reftype=3Dpubmed&amp;article-id=3D2850510&amp;issue-id=3D180269&am=
p;journal-id=3D859&amp;FROM=3DArticle|CitedRefBlock&amp;TO=3DEntrez|Pubme=
d|Record&amp;rendering-type=3Dnormal"><SPAN=20
  class=3Dflag>Review</SPAN>Antiangiogenesis in cancer =
therapy--endostatin and its=20
  mechanisms of action.</A>
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  312(5):594-607.</EM></P><SPAN class=3Dpub>[Exp Cell Res. =
2006]</SPAN></LI>
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  href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8756718"=20
  =
ref=3D"reftype=3Dpubmed&amp;article-id=3D2850510&amp;issue-id=3D180269&am=
p;journal-id=3D859&amp;FROM=3DArticle|CitedRefBlock&amp;TO=3DEntrez|Pubme=
d|Record&amp;rendering-type=3Dnormal"><SPAN=20
  class=3Dflag>Review</SPAN>Patterns and emerging mechanisms of the =
angiogenic=20
  switch during tumorigenesis.</A>
  <P class=3Ddesc><EM class=3Dcit>Cell. 1996 Aug 9; =
86(3):353-64.</EM></P><SPAN=20
  class=3Dpub>[Cell. 1996]</SPAN></LI>
  <LI class=3Dovfl><A class=3D"pl popnode"=20
  href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10373119"=20
  =
ref=3D"reftype=3Dpubmed&amp;article-id=3D2850510&amp;issue-id=3D180269&am=
p;journal-id=3D859&amp;FROM=3DArticle|CitedRefBlock&amp;TO=3DEntrez|Pubme=
d|Record&amp;rendering-type=3Dnormal">Vessel=20
  cooption, regression, and growth in tumors mediated by angiopoietins =
and=20
  VEGF.</A>
  <P class=3Ddesc><EM class=3Dcit>Science. 1999 Jun 18;=20
  284(5422):1994-8.</EM></P><SPAN class=3Dpub>[Science. =
1999]</SPAN></LI>
  <LI class=3Dovfl><A class=3D"pl popnode"=20
  href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17717633"=20
  =
ref=3D"reftype=3Dpubmed&amp;article-id=3D2850510&amp;issue-id=3D180269&am=
p;journal-id=3D859&amp;FROM=3DArticle|CitedRefBlock&amp;TO=3DEntrez|Pubme=
d|Record&amp;rendering-type=3Dnormal"><SPAN=20
  class=3Dflag>Review</SPAN>Tumour vascularization: sprouting =
angiogenesis and=20
  beyond.</A>
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  26(3-4):489-502.</EM></P><SPAN class=3Dpub>[Cancer Metastasis Rev.=20
  2007]</SPAN></LI></UL><A class=3Dall-articles=20
href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11895036,16376330,8756718,1037=
3119,17717633/?report=3Dsummary"=20
ref=3D"reftype=3Dpubmed&amp;article-id=3D2850510&amp;issue-id=3D180269&am=
p;journal-id=3D859&amp;FROM=3DArticle|CitedRefBlock&amp;TO=3DEntrez|Pubme=
d|Record&amp;rendering-type=3Dnormal">See=20
more articles cited in this paragraph</A></DIV>
<DIV class=3Dcited-ref id=3Dcite-__pid482389 rid=3D"__pid482389"=20
pmids=3D"8756718 10373119 6823562 2479987 2479986 8626565 12591930">
<UL>
  <LI class=3Dovfl><A class=3D"pl popnode"=20
  href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8756718"=20
  =
ref=3D"reftype=3Dpubmed&amp;article-id=3D2850510&amp;issue-id=3D180269&am=
p;journal-id=3D859&amp;FROM=3DArticle|CitedRefBlock&amp;TO=3DEntrez|Pubme=
d|Record&amp;rendering-type=3Dnormal"><SPAN=20
  class=3Dflag>Review</SPAN>Patterns and emerging mechanisms of the =
angiogenic=20
  switch during tumorigenesis.</A>
  <P class=3Ddesc><EM class=3Dcit>Cell. 1996 Aug 9; =
86(3):353-64.</EM></P><SPAN=20
  class=3Dpub>[Cell. 1996]</SPAN></LI>
  <LI class=3Dovfl><A class=3D"pl popnode"=20
  href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10373119"=20
  =
ref=3D"reftype=3Dpubmed&amp;article-id=3D2850510&amp;issue-id=3D180269&am=
p;journal-id=3D859&amp;FROM=3DArticle|CitedRefBlock&amp;TO=3DEntrez|Pubme=
d|Record&amp;rendering-type=3Dnormal">Vessel=20
  cooption, regression, and growth in tumors mediated by angiopoietins =
and=20
  VEGF.</A>
  <P class=3Ddesc><EM class=3Dcit>Science. 1999 Jun 18;=20
  284(5422):1994-8.</EM></P><SPAN class=3Dpub>[Science. =
1999]</SPAN></LI>
  <LI class=3Dovfl><A class=3D"pl popnode"=20
  href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6823562"=20
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ref=3D"reftype=3Dpubmed&amp;article-id=3D2850510&amp;issue-id=3D180269&am=
p;journal-id=3D859&amp;FROM=3DArticle|CitedRefBlock&amp;TO=3DEntrez|Pubme=
d|Record&amp;rendering-type=3Dnormal">Tumor=20
  cells secrete a vascular permeability factor that promotes =
accumulation of=20
  ascites fluid.</A>
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  <LI class=3Dovfl><A class=3D"pl popnode"=20
  href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2479987"=20
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ref=3D"reftype=3Dpubmed&amp;article-id=3D2850510&amp;issue-id=3D180269&am=
p;journal-id=3D859&amp;FROM=3DArticle|CitedRefBlock&amp;TO=3DEntrez|Pubme=
d|Record&amp;rendering-type=3Dnormal">Vascular=20
  permeability factor, an endothelial cell mitogen related to PDGF.</A>
  <P class=3Ddesc><EM class=3Dcit>Science. 1989 Dec 8;=20
  246(4935):1309-12.</EM></P><SPAN class=3Dpub>[Science. =
1989]</SPAN></LI>
  <LI class=3Dovfl><A class=3D"pl popnode"=20
  href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2479986"=20
  =
ref=3D"reftype=3Dpubmed&amp;article-id=3D2850510&amp;issue-id=3D180269&am=
p;journal-id=3D859&amp;FROM=3DArticle|CitedRefBlock&amp;TO=3DEntrez|Pubme=
d|Record&amp;rendering-type=3Dnormal">Vascular=20
  endothelial growth factor is a secreted angiogenic mitogen.</A>
  <P class=3Ddesc><EM class=3Dcit>Science. 1989 Dec 8;=20
  246(4935):1306-9.</EM></P><SPAN class=3Dpub>[Science. =
1989]</SPAN></LI></UL><A=20
class=3Dall-articles=20
href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8756718,10373119,6823562,24799=
87,2479986,8626565,12591930/?report=3Dsummary"=20
ref=3D"reftype=3Dpubmed&amp;article-id=3D2850510&amp;issue-id=3D180269&am=
p;journal-id=3D859&amp;FROM=3DArticle|CitedRefBlock&amp;TO=3DEntrez|Pubme=
d|Record&amp;rendering-type=3Dnormal">See=20
more articles cited in this paragraph</A></DIV>
<DIV class=3Dcited-ref id=3Dcite-__pid482494 rid=3D"__pid482494" =
pmids=3D"12019293">
<UL>
  <LI class=3Dovfl><A class=3D"pl popnode"=20
  href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12019293"=20
  =
ref=3D"reftype=3Dpubmed&amp;article-id=3D2850510&amp;issue-id=3D180269&am=
p;journal-id=3D859&amp;FROM=3DArticle|CitedRefBlock&amp;TO=3DEntrez|Pubme=
d|Record&amp;rendering-type=3Dnormal">Expression=20
  of vascular endothelial growth factor receptors 1, 2, and 3 in =
quiescent=20
  endothelia.</A>
  <P class=3Ddesc><EM class=3Dcit>J Histochem Cytochem. 2002 Jun;=20
  50(6):767-77.</EM></P><SPAN class=3Dpub>[J Histochem Cytochem.=20
2002]</SPAN></LI></UL><A class=3Dall-articles=20
href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12019293/?report=3Dsummary"=20
ref=3D"reftype=3Dpubmed&amp;article-id=3D2850510&amp;issue-id=3D180269&am=
p;journal-id=3D859&amp;FROM=3DArticle|CitedRefBlock&amp;TO=3DEntrez|Pubme=
d|Record&amp;rendering-type=3Dnormal">See=20
more articles cited in this paragraph</A></DIV>
<DIV class=3Dcited-ref id=3Dcite-__pid592664 rid=3D"__pid592664"=20
pmids=3D"7964981 8168112 11958417 8177381 8626565 12591930 15544039 =
11919166 12377207">
<UL>
  <LI class=3Dovfl><A class=3D"pl popnode"=20
  href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7964981"=20
  =
ref=3D"reftype=3Dpubmed&amp;article-id=3D2850510&amp;issue-id=3D180269&am=
p;journal-id=3D859&amp;FROM=3DArticle|CitedRefBlock&amp;TO=3DEntrez|Pubme=
d|Record&amp;rendering-type=3Dnormal"><SPAN=20
  class=3Dflag>Review</SPAN>Basic fibroblast growth factor and =
fibroblast growth=20
  factor receptor I are implicated in the growth of human =
astrocytomas.</A>
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18(3):207-16.</EM></P><SPAN=20
  class=3Dpub>[J Neurooncol. 1994]</SPAN></LI>
  <LI class=3Dovfl><A class=3D"pl popnode"=20
  href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8168112"=20
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ref=3D"reftype=3Dpubmed&amp;article-id=3D2850510&amp;issue-id=3D180269&am=
p;journal-id=3D859&amp;FROM=3DArticle|CitedRefBlock&amp;TO=3DEntrez|Pubme=
d|Record&amp;rendering-type=3Dnormal">Fibroblast=20
  growth factor receptor gene expression and immunoreactivity are =
elevated in=20
  human glioblastoma multiforme.</A>
  <P class=3Ddesc><EM class=3Dcit>Cancer Res. 1994 May 15;=20
  54(10):2794-9.</EM></P><SPAN class=3Dpub>[Cancer Res. =
1994]</SPAN></LI>
  <LI class=3Dovfl><A class=3D"pl popnode"=20
  href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11958417"=20
  =
ref=3D"reftype=3Dpubmed&amp;article-id=3D2850510&amp;issue-id=3D180269&am=
p;journal-id=3D859&amp;FROM=3DArticle|CitedRefBlock&amp;TO=3DEntrez|Pubme=
d|Record&amp;rendering-type=3Dnormal">Fibroblast=20
  growth factor receptor (FGFR) 4 correlated with the malignancy of =
human=20
  astrocytomas.</A>
  <P class=3Ddesc><EM class=3Dcit>Neurol Res. 2002 Apr; =
24(3):244-8.</EM></P><SPAN=20
  class=3Dpub>[Neurol Res. 2002]</SPAN></LI>
  <LI class=3Dovfl><A class=3D"pl popnode"=20
  href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8177381"=20
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ref=3D"reftype=3Dpubmed&amp;article-id=3D2850510&amp;issue-id=3D180269&am=
p;journal-id=3D859&amp;FROM=3DArticle|CitedRefBlock&amp;TO=3DEntrez|Pubme=
d|Record&amp;rendering-type=3Dnormal">Expression=20
  of fibroblast growth factor receptor-1 in human glioma and meningioma=20
  tissues.</A>
  <P class=3Ddesc><EM class=3Dcit>Neurosurgery. 1994 Feb; 34(2):221-5; =
discussion=20
  225-6.</EM></P><SPAN class=3Dpub>[Neurosurgery. 1994]</SPAN></LI>
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  href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8626565"=20
  =
ref=3D"reftype=3Dpubmed&amp;article-id=3D2850510&amp;issue-id=3D180269&am=
p;journal-id=3D859&amp;FROM=3DArticle|CitedRefBlock&amp;TO=3DEntrez|Pubme=
d|Record&amp;rendering-type=3Dnormal">The=20
  degradation of human endothelial cell-derived perlecan and release of =
bound=20
  basic fibroblast growth factor by stromelysin, collagenase, plasmin, =
and=20
  heparanases.</A>
  <P class=3Ddesc><EM class=3Dcit>J Biol Chem. 1996 Apr 26;=20
  271(17):10079-86.</EM></P><SPAN class=3Dpub>[J Biol Chem. =
1996]</SPAN></LI></UL><A=20
class=3Dall-articles=20
href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7964981,8168112,11958417,81773=
81,8626565,12591930,15544039,11919166,12377207/?report=3Dsummary"=20
ref=3D"reftype=3Dpubmed&amp;article-id=3D2850510&amp;issue-id=3D180269&am=
p;journal-id=3D859&amp;FROM=3DArticle|CitedRefBlock&amp;TO=3DEntrez|Pubme=
d|Record&amp;rendering-type=3Dnormal">See=20
more articles cited in this paragraph</A></DIV>
<DIV class=3Dcited-ref id=3Dcite-__pid592787 rid=3D"__pid592787"=20
pmids=3D"17634529 16616334 9802987 9802986 15831231">
<UL>
  <LI class=3Dovfl><A class=3D"pl popnode"=20
  href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17634529"=20
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ref=3D"reftype=3Dpubmed&amp;article-id=3D2850510&amp;issue-id=3D180269&am=
p;journal-id=3D859&amp;FROM=3DArticle|CitedRefBlock&amp;TO=3DEntrez|Pubme=
d|Record&amp;rendering-type=3Dnormal">Intraperitoneal=20
  injection of a hairpin RNA-expressing plasmid targeting urokinase-type =

  plasminogen activator (uPA) receptor and uPA retards angiogenesis and =
inhibits=20
  intracranial tumor growth in nude mice.</A>
  <P class=3Ddesc><EM class=3Dcit>Clin Cancer Res. 2007 Jul 15;=20
  13(14):4051-60.</EM></P><SPAN class=3Dpub>[Clin Cancer Res. =
2007]</SPAN></LI>
  <LI class=3Dovfl><A class=3D"pl popnode"=20
  href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16616334"=20
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ref=3D"reftype=3Dpubmed&amp;article-id=3D2850510&amp;issue-id=3D180269&am=
p;journal-id=3D859&amp;FROM=3DArticle|CitedRefBlock&amp;TO=3DEntrez|Pubme=
d|Record&amp;rendering-type=3Dnormal">Neuronal=20
  and glioma-derived stem cell factor induces angiogenesis within the =
brain.</A>
  <P class=3Ddesc><EM class=3Dcit>Cancer Cell. 2006 Apr; =
9(4):287-300.</EM></P><SPAN=20
  class=3Dpub>[Cancer Cell. 2006]</SPAN></LI>
  <LI class=3Dovfl><A class=3D"pl popnode"=20
  href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9802987"=20
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ref=3D"reftype=3Dpubmed&amp;article-id=3D2850510&amp;issue-id=3D180269&am=
p;journal-id=3D859&amp;FROM=3DArticle|CitedRefBlock&amp;TO=3DEntrez|Pubme=
d|Record&amp;rendering-type=3Dnormal">Endothelial=20
  cell "memory" of inflammatory stimulation: human venular endothelial =
cells=20
  store interleukin 8 in Weibel-Palade bodies.</A>
  <P class=3Ddesc><EM class=3Dcit>J Exp Med. 1998 Nov 2;=20
  188(9):1757-62.</EM></P><SPAN class=3Dpub>[J Exp Med. =
1998]</SPAN></LI>
  <LI class=3Dovfl><A class=3D"pl popnode"=20
  href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9802986"=20
  =
ref=3D"reftype=3Dpubmed&amp;article-id=3D2850510&amp;issue-id=3D180269&am=
p;journal-id=3D859&amp;FROM=3DArticle|CitedRefBlock&amp;TO=3DEntrez|Pubme=
d|Record&amp;rendering-type=3Dnormal">Rapid=20
  secretion of prestored interleukin 8 from Weibel-Palade bodies of=20
  microvascular endothelial cells.</A>
  <P class=3Ddesc><EM class=3Dcit>J Exp Med. 1998 Nov 2;=20
  188(9):1751-6.</EM></P><SPAN class=3Dpub>[J Exp Med. 1998]</SPAN></LI>
  <LI class=3Dovfl><A class=3D"pl popnode"=20
  href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15831231"=20
  =
ref=3D"reftype=3Dpubmed&amp;article-id=3D2850510&amp;issue-id=3D180269&am=
p;journal-id=3D859&amp;FROM=3DArticle|CitedRefBlock&amp;TO=3DEntrez|Pubme=
d|Record&amp;rendering-type=3Dnormal"><SPAN=20
  class=3Dflag>Review</SPAN>The role of interleukin-8 and its receptors =
in=20
  gliomagenesis and tumoral angiogenesis.</A>
  <P class=3Ddesc><EM class=3Dcit>Neuro Oncol. 2005 Apr; =
7(2):122-33.</EM></P><SPAN=20
  class=3Dpub>[Neuro Oncol. 2005]</SPAN></LI></UL><A =
class=3Dall-articles=20
href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17634529,16616334,9802987,9802=
986,15831231/?report=3Dsummary"=20
ref=3D"reftype=3Dpubmed&amp;article-id=3D2850510&amp;issue-id=3D180269&am=
p;journal-id=3D859&amp;FROM=3DArticle|CitedRefBlock&amp;TO=3DEntrez|Pubme=
d|Record&amp;rendering-type=3Dnormal">See=20
more articles cited in this paragraph</A></DIV>
<DIV class=3Dcited-ref id=3Dcite-__pid423859 rid=3D"__pid423859"=20
pmids=3D"16225862 16212810 10879735 10373119">
<UL>
  <LI class=3Dovfl><A class=3D"pl popnode"=20
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ref=3D"reftype=3Dpubmed&amp;article-id=3D2850510&amp;issue-id=3D180269&am=
p;journal-id=3D859&amp;FROM=3DArticle|CitedRefBlock&amp;TO=3DEntrez|Pubme=
d|Record&amp;rendering-type=3Dnormal"><SPAN=20
  class=3Dflag>Review</SPAN>Tie receptors and their angiopoietin ligands =
are=20
  context-dependent regulators of vascular remodeling.</A>
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ref=3D"reftype=3Dpubmed&amp;article-id=3D2850510&amp;issue-id=3D180269&am=
p;journal-id=3D859&amp;FROM=3DArticle|CitedRefBlock&amp;TO=3DEntrez|Pubme=
d|Record&amp;rendering-type=3Dnormal"><SPAN=20
  class=3Dflag>Review</SPAN>The role of pericytes in blood-vessel =
formation and=20
  maintenance.</A>
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7(4):452-64.</EM></P><SPAN=20
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ref=3D"reftype=3Dpubmed&amp;article-id=3D2850510&amp;issue-id=3D180269&am=
p;journal-id=3D859&amp;FROM=3DArticle|CitedRefBlock&amp;TO=3DEntrez|Pubme=
d|Record&amp;rendering-type=3Dnormal">Vascular=20
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novel=20
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80(6):837-49.</EM></P><SPAN=20
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ref=3D"reftype=3Dpubmed&amp;article-id=3D2850510&amp;issue-id=3D180269&am=
p;journal-id=3D859&amp;FROM=3DArticle|CitedRefBlock&amp;TO=3DEntrez|Pubme=
d|Record&amp;rendering-type=3Dnormal">Vessel=20
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1999]</SPAN></LI></UL><A=20
class=3Dall-articles=20
href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16225862,16212810,10879735,103=
73119/?report=3Dsummary"=20
ref=3D"reftype=3Dpubmed&amp;article-id=3D2850510&amp;issue-id=3D180269&am=
p;journal-id=3D859&amp;FROM=3DArticle|CitedRefBlock&amp;TO=3DEntrez|Pubme=
d|Record&amp;rendering-type=3Dnormal">See=20
more articles cited in this paragraph</A></DIV>
<DIV class=3Dcited-ref id=3Dcite-__pid423920 rid=3D"__pid423920"=20
pmids=3D"17717633 16389945 16616334 8756718 15831231 12952943 15831232 =
19339693 19822899">
<UL>
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ref=3D"reftype=3Dpubmed&amp;article-id=3D2850510&amp;issue-id=3D180269&am=
p;journal-id=3D859&amp;FROM=3DArticle|CitedRefBlock&amp;TO=3DEntrez|Pubme=
d|Record&amp;rendering-type=3Dnormal"><SPAN=20
  class=3Dflag>Review</SPAN>Tumour vascularization: sprouting =
angiogenesis and=20
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ref=3D"reftype=3Dpubmed&amp;article-id=3D2850510&amp;issue-id=3D180269&am=
p;journal-id=3D859&amp;FROM=3DArticle|CitedRefBlock&amp;TO=3DEntrez|Pubme=
d|Record&amp;rendering-type=3Dnormal"><SPAN=20
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ref=3D"reftype=3Dpubmed&amp;article-id=3D2850510&amp;issue-id=3D180269&am=
p;journal-id=3D859&amp;FROM=3DArticle|CitedRefBlock&amp;TO=3DEntrez|Pubme=
d|Record&amp;rendering-type=3Dnormal">Neuronal=20
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ref=3D"reftype=3Dpubmed&amp;article-id=3D2850510&amp;issue-id=3D180269&am=
p;journal-id=3D859&amp;FROM=3DArticle|CitedRefBlock&amp;TO=3DEntrez|Pubme=
d|Record&amp;rendering-type=3Dnormal"><SPAN=20
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angiogenic=20
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ref=3D"reftype=3Dpubmed&amp;article-id=3D2850510&amp;issue-id=3D180269&am=
p;journal-id=3D859&amp;FROM=3DArticle|CitedRefBlock&amp;TO=3DEntrez|Pubme=
d|Record&amp;rendering-type=3Dnormal"><SPAN=20
  class=3Dflag>Review</SPAN>The role of interleukin-8 and its receptors =
in=20
  gliomagenesis and tumoral angiogenesis.</A>
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7(2):122-33.</EM></P><SPAN=20
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class=3Dall-articles=20
href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17717633,16389945,16616334,875=
6718,15831231,12952943,15831232,19339693,19822899/?report=3Dsummary"=20
ref=3D"reftype=3Dpubmed&amp;article-id=3D2850510&amp;issue-id=3D180269&am=
p;journal-id=3D859&amp;FROM=3DArticle|CitedRefBlock&amp;TO=3DEntrez|Pubme=
d|Record&amp;rendering-type=3Dnormal">See=20
more articles cited in this paragraph</A></DIV>
<DIV class=3Dcited-ref id=3Dcite-__pid649684 rid=3D"__pid649684"=20
pmids=3D"19822899 16212810">
<UL>
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ref=3D"reftype=3Dpubmed&amp;article-id=3D2850510&amp;issue-id=3D180269&am=
p;journal-id=3D859&amp;FROM=3DArticle|CitedRefBlock&amp;TO=3DEntrez|Pubme=
d|Record&amp;rendering-type=3Dnormal">Pericyte=20
  recruitment during vasculogenic tube assembly stimulates endothelial =
basement=20
  membrane matrix formation.</A>
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114(24):5091-101.</EM></P><SPAN=20
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  <LI class=3Dovfl><A class=3D"pl popnode"=20
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ref=3D"reftype=3Dpubmed&amp;article-id=3D2850510&amp;issue-id=3D180269&am=
p;journal-id=3D859&amp;FROM=3DArticle|CitedRefBlock&amp;TO=3DEntrez|Pubme=
d|Record&amp;rendering-type=3Dnormal"><SPAN=20
  class=3Dflag>Review</SPAN>The role of pericytes in blood-vessel =
formation and=20
  maintenance.</A>
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7(4):452-64.</EM></P><SPAN=20
  class=3Dpub>[Neuro Oncol. 2005]</SPAN></LI></UL><A =
class=3Dall-articles=20
href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19822899,16212810/?report=3Dsu=
mmary"=20
ref=3D"reftype=3Dpubmed&amp;article-id=3D2850510&amp;issue-id=3D180269&am=
p;journal-id=3D859&amp;FROM=3DArticle|CitedRefBlock&amp;TO=3DEntrez|Pubme=
d|Record&amp;rendering-type=3Dnormal">See=20
more articles cited in this paragraph</A></DIV>
<DIV class=3Dcited-ref id=3Dcite-__pid649722 rid=3D"__pid649722"=20
pmids=3D"10656438 14595012">
<UL>
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p;journal-id=3D859&amp;FROM=3DArticle|CitedRefBlock&amp;TO=3DEntrez|Pubme=
d|Record&amp;rendering-type=3Dnormal">Identification=20
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ref=3D"reftype=3Dpubmed&amp;article-id=3D2850510&amp;issue-id=3D180269&am=
p;journal-id=3D859&amp;FROM=3DArticle|CitedRefBlock&amp;TO=3DEntrez|Pubme=
d|Record&amp;rendering-type=3Dnormal">A=20
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href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10656438,14595012/?report=3Dsu=
mmary"=20
ref=3D"reftype=3Dpubmed&amp;article-id=3D2850510&amp;issue-id=3D180269&am=
p;journal-id=3D859&amp;FROM=3DArticle|CitedRefBlock&amp;TO=3DEntrez|Pubme=
d|Record&amp;rendering-type=3Dnormal">See=20
more articles cited in this paragraph</A></DIV>
<DIV class=3Dcited-ref id=3Dcite-__pid649787 rid=3D"__pid649787"=20
pmids=3D"15980971 8797602">
<UL>
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p;journal-id=3D859&amp;FROM=3DArticle|CitedRefBlock&amp;TO=3DEntrez|Pubme=
d|Record&amp;rendering-type=3Dnormal">Tumoral=20
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ref=3D"reftype=3Dpubmed&amp;article-id=3D2850510&amp;issue-id=3D180269&am=
p;journal-id=3D859&amp;FROM=3DArticle|CitedRefBlock&amp;TO=3DEntrez|Pubme=
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href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15980971,8797602/?report=3Dsum=
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ref=3D"reftype=3Dpubmed&amp;article-id=3D2850510&amp;issue-id=3D180269&am=
p;journal-id=3D859&amp;FROM=3DArticle|CitedRefBlock&amp;TO=3DEntrez|Pubme=
d|Record&amp;rendering-type=3Dnormal">See=20
more articles cited in this paragraph</A></DIV>
<DIV class=3Dcited-ref id=3Dcite-__pid647619 rid=3D"__pid647619"=20
pmids=3D"15831232 19477429">
<UL>
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ref=3D"reftype=3Dpubmed&amp;article-id=3D2850510&amp;issue-id=3D180269&am=
p;journal-id=3D859&amp;FROM=3DArticle|CitedRefBlock&amp;TO=3DEntrez|Pubme=
d|Record&amp;rendering-type=3Dnormal"><SPAN=20
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pathway in=20
  glioma growth and angiogenesis.</A>
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  class=3Dpub>[Neuro Oncol. 2005]</SPAN></LI>
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ref=3D"reftype=3Dpubmed&amp;article-id=3D2850510&amp;issue-id=3D180269&am=
p;journal-id=3D859&amp;FROM=3DArticle|CitedRefBlock&amp;TO=3DEntrez|Pubme=
d|Record&amp;rendering-type=3Dnormal">Hypoxia-inducible=20
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class=3Dall-articles=20
href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15831232,19477429/?report=3Dsu=
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ref=3D"reftype=3Dpubmed&amp;article-id=3D2850510&amp;issue-id=3D180269&am=
p;journal-id=3D859&amp;FROM=3DArticle|CitedRefBlock&amp;TO=3DEntrez|Pubme=
d|Record&amp;rendering-type=3Dnormal">See=20
more articles cited in this paragraph</A></DIV>
<DIV class=3Dcited-ref id=3Dcite-__pid647743 rid=3D"__pid647743"=20
pmids=3D"7509044 12629218 16990346 16912155 17222791 19738068">
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p;journal-id=3D859&amp;FROM=3DArticle|CitedRefBlock&amp;TO=3DEntrez|Pubme=
d|Record&amp;rendering-type=3Dnormal">A=20
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p;journal-id=3D859&amp;FROM=3DArticle|CitedRefBlock&amp;TO=3DEntrez|Pubme=
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d|Record&amp;rendering-type=3Dnormal">Cancer=20
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p;journal-id=3D859&amp;FROM=3DArticle|CitedRefBlock&amp;TO=3DEntrez|Pubme=
d|Record&amp;rendering-type=3Dnormal">Stem=20
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ref=3D"reftype=3Dpubmed&amp;article-id=3D2850510&amp;issue-id=3D180269&am=
p;journal-id=3D859&amp;FROM=3DArticle|CitedRefBlock&amp;TO=3DEntrez|Pubme=
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  class=3Dpub>[Cancer Cell. 2007]</SPAN></LI></UL><A =
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href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7509044,12629218,16990346,1691=
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ref=3D"reftype=3Dpubmed&amp;article-id=3D2850510&amp;issue-id=3D180269&am=
p;journal-id=3D859&amp;FROM=3DArticle|CitedRefBlock&amp;TO=3DEntrez|Pubme=
d|Record&amp;rendering-type=3Dnormal">See=20
more articles cited in this paragraph</A></DIV>
<DIV class=3Dcited-ref id=3Dcite-__pid511473 rid=3D"__pid511473"=20
pmids=3D"16567962 16355210 9020076 16990548 16339405">
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d|Record&amp;rendering-type=3Dnormal"><SPAN=20
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d|Record&amp;rendering-type=3Dnormal"><SPAN=20
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ref=3D"reftype=3Dpubmed&amp;article-id=3D2850510&amp;issue-id=3D180269&am=
p;journal-id=3D859&amp;FROM=3DArticle|CitedRefBlock&amp;TO=3DEntrez|Pubme=
d|Record&amp;rendering-type=3Dnormal">Isolation=20
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p;journal-id=3D859&amp;FROM=3DArticle|CitedRefBlock&amp;TO=3DEntrez|Pubme=
d|Record&amp;rendering-type=3Dnormal">Therapy-induced=20
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tumors.</A>
  <P class=3Ddesc><EM class=3Dcit>Science. 2006 Sep 22;=20
  313(5794):1785-7.</EM></P><SPAN class=3Dpub>[Science. =
2006]</SPAN></LI>
  <LI class=3Dovfl><A class=3D"pl popnode"=20
  href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16339405"=20
  =
ref=3D"reftype=3Dpubmed&amp;article-id=3D2850510&amp;issue-id=3D180269&am=
p;journal-id=3D859&amp;FROM=3DArticle|CitedRefBlock&amp;TO=3DEntrez|Pubme=
d|Record&amp;rendering-type=3Dnormal">Evidence=20
  for incorporation of bone marrow-derived endothelial cells into =
perfused blood=20
  vessels in tumors.</A>
  <P class=3Ddesc><EM class=3Dcit>Blood. 2006 Apr 1; =
107(7):2774-6.</EM></P><SPAN=20
  class=3Dpub>[Blood. 2006]</SPAN></LI></UL><A class=3Dall-articles=20
href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16567962,16355210,9020076,1699=
0548,16339405/?report=3Dsummary"=20
ref=3D"reftype=3Dpubmed&amp;article-id=3D2850510&amp;issue-id=3D180269&am=
p;journal-id=3D859&amp;FROM=3DArticle|CitedRefBlock&amp;TO=3DEntrez|Pubme=
d|Record&amp;rendering-type=3Dnormal">See=20
more articles cited in this paragraph</A></DIV>
<DIV class=3Dcited-ref id=3Dcite-__pid471692 rid=3D"__pid471692"=20
pmids=3D"16990548 16326806 19522573">
<UL>
  <LI class=3Dovfl><A class=3D"pl popnode"=20
  href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16990548"=20
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ref=3D"reftype=3Dpubmed&amp;article-id=3D2850510&amp;issue-id=3D180269&am=
p;journal-id=3D859&amp;FROM=3DArticle|CitedRefBlock&amp;TO=3DEntrez|Pubme=
d|Record&amp;rendering-type=3Dnormal">Therapy-induced=20
  acute recruitment of circulating endothelial progenitor cells to =
tumors.</A>
  <P class=3Ddesc><EM class=3Dcit>Science. 2006 Sep 22;=20
  313(5794):1785-7.</EM></P><SPAN class=3Dpub>[Science. =
2006]</SPAN></LI>
  <LI class=3Dovfl><A class=3D"pl popnode"=20
  href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16326806"=20
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ref=3D"reftype=3Dpubmed&amp;article-id=3D2850510&amp;issue-id=3D180269&am=
p;journal-id=3D859&amp;FROM=3DArticle|CitedRefBlock&amp;TO=3DEntrez|Pubme=
d|Record&amp;rendering-type=3Dnormal">Chemokines=20
  direct endothelial progenitors into tumor neovessels.</A>
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  102(50):18111-6.</EM></P><SPAN class=3Dpub>[Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A.=20
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ref=3D"reftype=3Dpubmed&amp;article-id=3D2850510&amp;issue-id=3D180269&am=
p;journal-id=3D859&amp;FROM=3DArticle|CitedRefBlock&amp;TO=3DEntrez|Pubme=
d|Record&amp;rendering-type=3Dnormal">Circulating=20
  endothelial progenitor cells in malignant gliomas.</A>
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112(1):43-9.</EM></P><SPAN=20
  class=3Dpub>[J Neurosurg. 2010]</SPAN></LI></UL><A =
class=3Dall-articles=20
href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16990548,16326806,19522573/?re=
port=3Dsummary"=20
ref=3D"reftype=3Dpubmed&amp;article-id=3D2850510&amp;issue-id=3D180269&am=
p;journal-id=3D859&amp;FROM=3DArticle|CitedRefBlock&amp;TO=3DEntrez|Pubme=
d|Record&amp;rendering-type=3Dnormal">See=20
more articles cited in this paragraph</A></DIV>
<DIV class=3Dcited-ref id=3Dcite-__pid471774 rid=3D"__pid471774"=20
pmids=3D"18167337 16169466 16413490 15358628 18632597">
<UL>
  <LI class=3Dovfl><A class=3D"pl popnode"=20
  href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18167337"=20
  =
ref=3D"reftype=3Dpubmed&amp;article-id=3D2850510&amp;issue-id=3D180269&am=
p;journal-id=3D859&amp;FROM=3DArticle|CitedRefBlock&amp;TO=3DEntrez|Pubme=
d|Record&amp;rendering-type=3Dnormal">Abrogation=20
  of TGF beta signaling in mammary carcinomas recruits Gr-1+CD11b+ =
myeloid cells=20
  that promote metastasis.</A>
  <P class=3Ddesc><EM class=3Dcit>Cancer Cell. 2008 Jan; =
13(1):23-35.</EM></P><SPAN=20
  class=3Dpub>[Cancer Cell. 2008]</SPAN></LI>
  <LI class=3Dovfl><A class=3D"pl popnode"=20
  href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16169466"=20
  =
ref=3D"reftype=3Dpubmed&amp;article-id=3D2850510&amp;issue-id=3D180269&am=
p;journal-id=3D859&amp;FROM=3DArticle|CitedRefBlock&amp;TO=3DEntrez|Pubme=
d|Record&amp;rendering-type=3Dnormal">Tie2=20
  identifies a hematopoietic lineage of proangiogenic monocytes required =
for=20
  tumor vessel formation and a mesenchymal population of pericyte=20
  progenitors.</A>
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8(3):211-26.</EM></P><SPAN=20
  class=3Dpub>[Cancer Cell. 2005]</SPAN></LI>
  <LI class=3Dovfl><A class=3D"pl popnode"=20
  href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16413490"=20
  =
ref=3D"reftype=3Dpubmed&amp;article-id=3D2850510&amp;issue-id=3D180269&am=
p;journal-id=3D859&amp;FROM=3DArticle|CitedRefBlock&amp;TO=3DEntrez|Pubme=
d|Record&amp;rendering-type=3Dnormal">VEGF-induced=20
  adult neovascularization: recruitment, retention, and role of =
accessory=20
  cells.</A>
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124(1):175-89.</EM></P><SPAN=20
  class=3Dpub>[Cell. 2006]</SPAN></LI>
  <LI class=3Dovfl><A class=3D"pl popnode"=20
  href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15358628"=20
  =
ref=3D"reftype=3Dpubmed&amp;article-id=3D2850510&amp;issue-id=3D180269&am=
p;journal-id=3D859&amp;FROM=3DArticle|CitedRefBlock&amp;TO=3DEntrez|Pubme=
d|Record&amp;rendering-type=3Dnormal">Vascular=20
  leukocytes contribute to tumor vascularization.</A>
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105(2):679-81.</EM></P><SPAN=20
  class=3Dpub>[Blood. 2005]</SPAN></LI>
  <LI class=3Dovfl><A class=3D"pl popnode"=20
  href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18632597"=20
  =
ref=3D"reftype=3Dpubmed&amp;article-id=3D2850510&amp;issue-id=3D180269&am=
p;journal-id=3D859&amp;FROM=3DArticle|CitedRefBlock&amp;TO=3DEntrez|Pubme=
d|Record&amp;rendering-type=3Dnormal"><SPAN=20
  class=3Dflag>Review</SPAN>Refractoriness to antivascular endothelial =
growth=20
  factor treatment: role of myeloid cells.</A>
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  68(14):5501-4.</EM></P><SPAN class=3Dpub>[Cancer Res. =
2008]</SPAN></LI></UL><A=20
class=3Dall-articles=20
href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18167337,16169466,16413490,153=
58628,18632597/?report=3Dsummary"=20
ref=3D"reftype=3Dpubmed&amp;article-id=3D2850510&amp;issue-id=3D180269&am=
p;journal-id=3D859&amp;FROM=3DArticle|CitedRefBlock&amp;TO=3DEntrez|Pubme=
d|Record&amp;rendering-type=3Dnormal">See=20
more articles cited in this paragraph</A></DIV>
<DIV class=3Dcited-ref id=3Dcite-__pid681645 rid=3D"__pid681645"=20
pmids=3D"10373119 17717633">
<UL>
  <LI class=3Dovfl><A class=3D"pl popnode"=20
  href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10373119"=20
  =
ref=3D"reftype=3Dpubmed&amp;article-id=3D2850510&amp;issue-id=3D180269&am=
p;journal-id=3D859&amp;FROM=3DArticle|CitedRefBlock&amp;TO=3DEntrez|Pubme=
d|Record&amp;rendering-type=3Dnormal">Vessel=20
  cooption, regression, and growth in tumors mediated by angiopoietins =
and=20
  VEGF.</A>
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  284(5422):1994-8.</EM></P><SPAN class=3Dpub>[Science. =
1999]</SPAN></LI>
  <LI class=3Dovfl><A class=3D"pl popnode"=20
  href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17717633"=20
  =
ref=3D"reftype=3Dpubmed&amp;article-id=3D2850510&amp;issue-id=3D180269&am=
p;journal-id=3D859&amp;FROM=3DArticle|CitedRefBlock&amp;TO=3DEntrez|Pubme=
d|Record&amp;rendering-type=3Dnormal"><SPAN=20
  class=3Dflag>Review</SPAN>Tumour vascularization: sprouting =
angiogenesis and=20
  beyond.</A>
  <P class=3Ddesc><EM class=3Dcit>Cancer Metastasis Rev. 2007 Dec;=20
  26(3-4):489-502.</EM></P><SPAN class=3Dpub>[Cancer Metastasis Rev.=20
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href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10373119,17717633/?report=3Dsu=
mmary"=20
ref=3D"reftype=3Dpubmed&amp;article-id=3D2850510&amp;issue-id=3D180269&am=
p;journal-id=3D859&amp;FROM=3DArticle|CitedRefBlock&amp;TO=3DEntrez|Pubme=
d|Record&amp;rendering-type=3Dnormal">See=20
more articles cited in this paragraph</A></DIV>
<DIV class=3Dcited-ref id=3Dcite-__pid681696 rid=3D"__pid681696" =
pmids=3D"17717633">
<UL>
  <LI class=3Dovfl><A class=3D"pl popnode"=20
  href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17717633"=20
  =
ref=3D"reftype=3Dpubmed&amp;article-id=3D2850510&amp;issue-id=3D180269&am=
p;journal-id=3D859&amp;FROM=3DArticle|CitedRefBlock&amp;TO=3DEntrez|Pubme=
d|Record&amp;rendering-type=3Dnormal"><SPAN=20
  class=3Dflag>Review</SPAN>Tumour vascularization: sprouting =
angiogenesis and=20
  beyond.</A>
  <P class=3Ddesc><EM class=3Dcit>Cancer Metastasis Rev. 2007 Dec;=20
  26(3-4):489-502.</EM></P><SPAN class=3Dpub>[Cancer Metastasis Rev.=20
  2007]</SPAN></LI></UL><A class=3Dall-articles=20
href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17717633/?report=3Dsummary"=20
ref=3D"reftype=3Dpubmed&amp;article-id=3D2850510&amp;issue-id=3D180269&am=
p;journal-id=3D859&amp;FROM=3DArticle|CitedRefBlock&amp;TO=3DEntrez|Pubme=
d|Record&amp;rendering-type=3Dnormal">See=20
more articles cited in this paragraph</A></DIV>
<DIV class=3Dcited-ref id=3Dcite-__pid681741 rid=3D"__pid681741"=20
pmids=3D"17947719 17317837 10561324 10944597 10561351 18438609 17947718 =
18565358">
<UL>
  <LI class=3Dovfl><A class=3D"pl popnode"=20
  href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17947719"=20
  =
ref=3D"reftype=3Dpubmed&amp;article-id=3D2850510&amp;issue-id=3D180269&am=
p;journal-id=3D859&amp;FROM=3DArticle|CitedRefBlock&amp;TO=3DEntrez|Pubme=
d|Record&amp;rendering-type=3Dnormal">Bevacizumab=20
  plus irinotecan in recurrent glioblastoma multiforme.</A>
  <P class=3Ddesc><EM class=3Dcit>J Clin Oncol. 2007 Oct 20;=20
  25(30):4722-9.</EM></P><SPAN class=3Dpub>[J Clin Oncol. =
2007]</SPAN></LI>
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  href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17317837"=20
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ref=3D"reftype=3Dpubmed&amp;article-id=3D2850510&amp;issue-id=3D180269&am=
p;journal-id=3D859&amp;FROM=3DArticle|CitedRefBlock&amp;TO=3DEntrez|Pubme=
d|Record&amp;rendering-type=3Dnormal">Phase=20
  II trial of bevacizumab and irinotecan in recurrent malignant =
glioma.</A>
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2007]</SPAN></LI>
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  href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10561324"=20
  =
ref=3D"reftype=3Dpubmed&amp;article-id=3D2850510&amp;issue-id=3D180269&am=
p;journal-id=3D859&amp;FROM=3DArticle|CitedRefBlock&amp;TO=3DEntrez|Pubme=
d|Record&amp;rendering-type=3Dnormal">Outcomes=20
  and prognostic factors in recurrent glioma patients enrolled onto =
phase II=20
  clinical trials.</A>
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1999]</SPAN></LI>
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ref=3D"reftype=3Dpubmed&amp;article-id=3D2850510&amp;issue-id=3D180269&am=
p;journal-id=3D859&amp;FROM=3DArticle|CitedRefBlock&amp;TO=3DEntrez|Pubme=
d|Record&amp;rendering-type=3Dnormal">A=20
  phase II study of temozolomide vs. procarbazine in patients with =
glioblastoma=20
  multiforme at first relapse.</A>
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83(5):588-93.</EM></P><SPAN=20
  class=3Dpub>[Br J Cancer. 2000]</SPAN></LI>
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  href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10561351"=20
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ref=3D"reftype=3Dpubmed&amp;article-id=3D2850510&amp;issue-id=3D180269&am=
p;journal-id=3D859&amp;FROM=3DArticle|CitedRefBlock&amp;TO=3DEntrez|Pubme=
d|Record&amp;rendering-type=3Dnormal">Multicenter=20
  phase II trial of temozolomide in patients with anaplastic astrocytoma =
or=20
  anaplastic oligoastrocytoma at first relapse. Temodal Brain Tumor =
Group.</A>
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  17(9):2762-71.</EM></P><SPAN class=3Dpub>[J Clin Oncol. =
1999]</SPAN></LI></UL><A=20
class=3Dall-articles=20
href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17947719,17317837,10561324,109=
44597,10561351,18438609,17947718,18565358/?report=3Dsummary"=20
ref=3D"reftype=3Dpubmed&amp;article-id=3D2850510&amp;issue-id=3D180269&am=
p;journal-id=3D859&amp;FROM=3DArticle|CitedRefBlock&amp;TO=3DEntrez|Pubme=
d|Record&amp;rendering-type=3Dnormal">See=20
more articles cited in this paragraph</A></DIV>
<DIV class=3Dcited-ref id=3Dcite-__pid142825 rid=3D"__pid142825"=20
pmids=3D"19720927 19114704">
<UL>
  <LI class=3Dovfl><A class=3D"pl popnode"=20
  href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19720927"=20
  =
ref=3D"reftype=3Dpubmed&amp;article-id=3D2850510&amp;issue-id=3D180269&am=
p;journal-id=3D859&amp;FROM=3DArticle|CitedRefBlock&amp;TO=3DEntrez|Pubme=
d|Record&amp;rendering-type=3Dnormal">Bevacizumab=20
  alone and in combination with irinotecan in recurrent =
glioblastoma.</A>
  <P class=3Ddesc><EM class=3Dcit>J Clin Oncol. 2009 Oct 1;=20
  27(28):4733-40.</EM></P><SPAN class=3Dpub>[J Clin Oncol. =
2009]</SPAN></LI>
  <LI class=3Dovfl><A class=3D"pl popnode"=20
  href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19114704"=20
  =
ref=3D"reftype=3Dpubmed&amp;article-id=3D2850510&amp;issue-id=3D180269&am=
p;journal-id=3D859&amp;FROM=3DArticle|CitedRefBlock&amp;TO=3DEntrez|Pubme=
d|Record&amp;rendering-type=3Dnormal">Phase=20
  II trial of single-agent bevacizumab followed by bevacizumab plus =
irinotecan=20
  at tumor progression in recurrent glioblastoma.</A>
  <P class=3Ddesc><EM class=3Dcit>J Clin Oncol. 2009 Feb 10;=20
  27(5):740-5.</EM></P><SPAN class=3Dpub>[J Clin Oncol. =
2009]</SPAN></LI></UL><A=20
class=3Dall-articles=20
href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19720927,19114704/?report=3Dsu=
mmary"=20
ref=3D"reftype=3Dpubmed&amp;article-id=3D2850510&amp;issue-id=3D180269&am=
p;journal-id=3D859&amp;FROM=3DArticle|CitedRefBlock&amp;TO=3DEntrez|Pubme=
d|Record&amp;rendering-type=3Dnormal">See=20
more articles cited in this paragraph</A></DIV>
<DIV class=3Dcited-ref id=3Dcite-__pid665522 rid=3D"__pid665522"=20
pmids=3D"12177445 17222792">
<UL>
  <LI class=3Dovfl><A class=3D"pl popnode"=20
  href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12177445"=20
  =
ref=3D"reftype=3Dpubmed&amp;article-id=3D2850510&amp;issue-id=3D180269&am=
p;journal-id=3D859&amp;FROM=3DArticle|CitedRefBlock&amp;TO=3DEntrez|Pubme=
d|Record&amp;rendering-type=3Dnormal">VEGF-Trap:=20
  a VEGF blocker with potent antitumor effects.</A>
  <P class=3Ddesc><EM class=3Dcit>Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2002 Aug 20; =

  99(17):11393-8.</EM></P><SPAN class=3Dpub>[Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A.=20
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  <LI class=3Dovfl><A class=3D"pl popnode"=20
  href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17222792"=20
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ref=3D"reftype=3Dpubmed&amp;article-id=3D2850510&amp;issue-id=3D180269&am=
p;journal-id=3D859&amp;FROM=3DArticle|CitedRefBlock&amp;TO=3DEntrez|Pubme=
d|Record&amp;rendering-type=3Dnormal">AZD2171,=20
  a pan-VEGF receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor, normalizes tumor =
vasculature=20
  and alleviates edema in glioblastoma patients.</A>
  <P class=3Ddesc><EM class=3Dcit>Cancer Cell. 2007 Jan; =
11(1):83-95.</EM></P><SPAN=20
  class=3Dpub>[Cancer Cell. 2007]</SPAN></LI></UL><A =
class=3Dall-articles=20
href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12177445,17222792/?report=3Dsu=
mmary"=20
ref=3D"reftype=3Dpubmed&amp;article-id=3D2850510&amp;issue-id=3D180269&am=
p;journal-id=3D859&amp;FROM=3DArticle|CitedRefBlock&amp;TO=3DEntrez|Pubme=
d|Record&amp;rendering-type=3Dnormal">See=20
more articles cited in this paragraph</A></DIV>
<DIV class=3Dcited-ref id=3Dcite-__pid665588 rid=3D"__pid665588"=20
pmids=3D"11016641 18359865 16985072 18971416 17136225 16061883 16882767 =
19248046 16212809">
<UL>
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p;journal-id=3D859&amp;FROM=3DArticle|CitedRefBlock&amp;TO=3DEntrez|Pubme=
d|Record&amp;rendering-type=3Dnormal">Intracranial=20
  inhibition of platelet-derived growth factor-mediated glioblastoma =
cell growth=20
  by an orally active kinase inhibitor of the 2-phenylaminopyrimidine =
class.</A>
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  60(18):5143-50.</EM></P><SPAN class=3Dpub>[Cancer Res. =
2000]</SPAN></LI>
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  href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18359865"=20
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ref=3D"reftype=3Dpubmed&amp;article-id=3D2850510&amp;issue-id=3D180269&am=
p;journal-id=3D859&amp;FROM=3DArticle|CitedRefBlock&amp;TO=3DEntrez|Pubme=
d|Record&amp;rendering-type=3Dnormal">Safety=20
  and pharmacokinetics of dose-intensive imatinib mesylate plus =
temozolomide:=20
  phase 1 trial in adults with malignant glioma.</A>
  <P class=3Ddesc><EM class=3Dcit>Neuro Oncol. 2008 Jun; =
10(3):330-40.</EM></P><SPAN=20
  class=3Dpub>[Neuro Oncol. 2008]</SPAN></LI>
  <LI class=3Dovfl><A class=3D"pl popnode"=20
  href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16985072"=20
  =
ref=3D"reftype=3Dpubmed&amp;article-id=3D2850510&amp;issue-id=3D180269&am=
p;journal-id=3D859&amp;FROM=3DArticle|CitedRefBlock&amp;TO=3DEntrez|Pubme=
d|Record&amp;rendering-type=3Dnormal">Cytotoxic=20
  synergy between the multikinase inhibitor sorafenib and the proteasome =

  inhibitor bortezomib in vitro: induction of apoptosis through Akt and =
c-Jun=20
  NH2-terminal kinase pathways.</A>
  <P class=3Ddesc><EM class=3Dcit>Mol Cancer Ther. 2006 Sep;=20
  5(9):2378-87.</EM></P><SPAN class=3Dpub>[Mol Cancer Ther. =
2006]</SPAN></LI>
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ref=3D"reftype=3Dpubmed&amp;article-id=3D2850510&amp;issue-id=3D180269&am=
p;journal-id=3D859&amp;FROM=3DArticle|CitedRefBlock&amp;TO=3DEntrez|Pubme=
d|Record&amp;rendering-type=3Dnormal">Differential=20
  effect of sunitinib on the distribution of temozolomide in an =
orthotopic=20
  glioma model.</A>
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11(3):301-10.</EM></P><SPAN=20
  class=3Dpub>[Neuro Oncol. 2009]</SPAN></LI>
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  href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17136225"=20
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ref=3D"reftype=3Dpubmed&amp;article-id=3D2850510&amp;issue-id=3D180269&am=
p;journal-id=3D859&amp;FROM=3DArticle|CitedRefBlock&amp;TO=3DEntrez|Pubme=
d|Record&amp;rendering-type=3Dnormal"><SPAN=20
  class=3Dflag>Review</SPAN>Vandetanib, a novel multitargeted kinase =
inhibitor, in=20
  cancer therapy.</A>
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2006]</SPAN></LI></UL><A class=3Dall-articles=20
href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11016641,18359865,16985072,189=
71416,17136225,16061883,16882767,19248046,16212809/?report=3Dsummary"=20
ref=3D"reftype=3Dpubmed&amp;article-id=3D2850510&amp;issue-id=3D180269&am=
p;journal-id=3D859&amp;FROM=3DArticle|CitedRefBlock&amp;TO=3DEntrez|Pubme=
d|Record&amp;rendering-type=3Dnormal">See=20
more articles cited in this paragraph</A></DIV>
<DIV class=3Dcited-ref id=3Dcite-__pid682607 rid=3D"__pid682607"=20
pmids=3D"10673511 7513432 15072467 18056189 11854544 10369310 16103100 =
18981465">
<UL>
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ref=3D"reftype=3Dpubmed&amp;article-id=3D2850510&amp;issue-id=3D180269&am=
p;journal-id=3D859&amp;FROM=3DArticle|CitedRefBlock&amp;TO=3DEntrez|Pubme=
d|Record&amp;rendering-type=3Dnormal">Phase=20
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recurrent=20
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ref=3D"reftype=3Dpubmed&amp;article-id=3D2850510&amp;issue-id=3D180269&am=
p;journal-id=3D859&amp;FROM=3DArticle|CitedRefBlock&amp;TO=3DEntrez|Pubme=
d|Record&amp;rendering-type=3Dnormal">Thalidomide=20
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ref=3D"reftype=3Dpubmed&amp;article-id=3D2850510&amp;issue-id=3D180269&am=
p;journal-id=3D859&amp;FROM=3DArticle|CitedRefBlock&amp;TO=3DEntrez|Pubme=
d|Record&amp;rendering-type=3Dnormal">Combined=20
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ref=3D"reftype=3Dpubmed&amp;article-id=3D2850510&amp;issue-id=3D180269&am=
p;journal-id=3D859&amp;FROM=3DArticle|CitedRefBlock&amp;TO=3DEntrez|Pubme=
d|Record&amp;rendering-type=3Dnormal">A=20
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ref=3D"reftype=3Dpubmed&amp;article-id=3D2850510&amp;issue-id=3D180269&am=
p;journal-id=3D859&amp;FROM=3DArticle|CitedRefBlock&amp;TO=3DEntrez|Pubme=
d|Record&amp;rendering-type=3Dnormal"><SPAN=20
  class=3Dflag>Review</SPAN>Targeting protein kinase C: new therapeutic=20
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7(1):17-33.</EM></P><SPAN=20
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6189,11854544,10369310,16103100,18981465/?report=3Dsummary"=20
ref=3D"reftype=3Dpubmed&amp;article-id=3D2850510&amp;issue-id=3D180269&am=
p;journal-id=3D859&amp;FROM=3DArticle|CitedRefBlock&amp;TO=3DEntrez|Pubme=
d|Record&amp;rendering-type=3Dnormal">See=20
more articles cited in this paragraph</A></DIV>
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pmids=3D"2358840">
<UL>
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ref=3D"reftype=3Dpubmed&amp;article-id=3D2850510&amp;issue-id=3D180269&am=
p;journal-id=3D859&amp;FROM=3DArticle|CitedRefBlock&amp;TO=3DEntrez|Pubme=
d|Record&amp;rendering-type=3Dnormal">Response=20
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class=3Dall-articles=20
href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2358840/?report=3Dsummary"=20
ref=3D"reftype=3Dpubmed&amp;article-id=3D2850510&amp;issue-id=3D180269&am=
p;journal-id=3D859&amp;FROM=3DArticle|CitedRefBlock&amp;TO=3DEntrez|Pubme=
d|Record&amp;rendering-type=3Dnormal">See=20
more articles cited in this paragraph</A></DIV>
<DIV class=3Dcited-ref id=3Dcite-__pid690506 rid=3D"__pid690506"=20
pmids=3D"17947719 19451418">
<UL>
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ref=3D"reftype=3Dpubmed&amp;article-id=3D2850510&amp;issue-id=3D180269&am=
p;journal-id=3D859&amp;FROM=3DArticle|CitedRefBlock&amp;TO=3DEntrez|Pubme=
d|Record&amp;rendering-type=3Dnormal">Bevacizumab=20
  plus irinotecan in recurrent glioblastoma multiforme.</A>
  <P class=3Ddesc><EM class=3Dcit>J Clin Oncol. 2007 Oct 20;=20
  25(30):4722-9.</EM></P><SPAN class=3Dpub>[J Clin Oncol. =
2007]</SPAN></LI>
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  href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19451418"=20
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ref=3D"reftype=3Dpubmed&amp;article-id=3D2850510&amp;issue-id=3D180269&am=
p;journal-id=3D859&amp;FROM=3DArticle|CitedRefBlock&amp;TO=3DEntrez|Pubme=
d|Record&amp;rendering-type=3Dnormal">End=20
  point assessment in gliomas: novel treatments limit usefulness of =
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2009]</SPAN></LI></UL><A=20
class=3Dall-articles=20
href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17947719,19451418/?report=3Dsu=
mmary"=20
ref=3D"reftype=3Dpubmed&amp;article-id=3D2850510&amp;issue-id=3D180269&am=
p;journal-id=3D859&amp;FROM=3DArticle|CitedRefBlock&amp;TO=3DEntrez|Pubme=
d|Record&amp;rendering-type=3Dnormal">See=20
more articles cited in this paragraph</A></DIV>
<DIV class=3Dcited-ref id=3Dcite-__pid690577 rid=3D"__pid690577"=20
pmids=3D"19332770 16990548 19249680 19249681">
<UL>
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  href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19332770"=20
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ref=3D"reftype=3Dpubmed&amp;article-id=3D2850510&amp;issue-id=3D180269&am=
p;journal-id=3D859&amp;FROM=3DArticle|CitedRefBlock&amp;TO=3DEntrez|Pubme=
d|Record&amp;rendering-type=3Dnormal">Role=20
  of a second chemotherapy in recurrent malignant glioma patients who =
progress=20
  on bevacizumab.</A>
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11(5):550-5.</EM></P><SPAN=20
  class=3Dpub>[Neuro Oncol. 2009]</SPAN></LI>
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  href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16990548"=20
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ref=3D"reftype=3Dpubmed&amp;article-id=3D2850510&amp;issue-id=3D180269&am=
p;journal-id=3D859&amp;FROM=3DArticle|CitedRefBlock&amp;TO=3DEntrez|Pubme=
d|Record&amp;rendering-type=3Dnormal">Therapy-induced=20
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ref=3D"reftype=3Dpubmed&amp;article-id=3D2850510&amp;issue-id=3D180269&am=
p;journal-id=3D859&amp;FROM=3DArticle|CitedRefBlock&amp;TO=3DEntrez|Pubme=
d|Record&amp;rendering-type=3Dnormal">Antiangiogenic=20
  therapy elicits malignant progression of tumors to increased local =
invasion=20
  and distant metastasis.</A>
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  15(3):220-31.</EM></P><SPAN class=3Dpub>[Cancer Cell. =
2009]</SPAN></LI>
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ref=3D"reftype=3Dpubmed&amp;article-id=3D2850510&amp;issue-id=3D180269&am=
p;journal-id=3D859&amp;FROM=3DArticle|CitedRefBlock&amp;TO=3DEntrez|Pubme=
d|Record&amp;rendering-type=3Dnormal">Accelerated=20
  metastasis after short-term treatment with a potent inhibitor of tumor =

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  15(3):232-9.</EM></P><SPAN class=3Dpub>[Cancer Cell. =
2009]</SPAN></LI></UL><A=20
class=3Dall-articles=20
href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19332770,16990548,19249680,192=
49681/?report=3Dsummary"=20
ref=3D"reftype=3Dpubmed&amp;article-id=3D2850510&amp;issue-id=3D180269&am=
p;journal-id=3D859&amp;FROM=3DArticle|CitedRefBlock&amp;TO=3DEntrez|Pubme=
d|Record&amp;rendering-type=3Dnormal">See=20
more articles cited in this paragraph</A></DIV>
<DIV class=3Dcited-ref id=3Dcite-__pid690634 rid=3D"__pid690634"=20
pmids=3D"18927275 16212809">
<UL>
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ref=3D"reftype=3Dpubmed&amp;article-id=3D2850510&amp;issue-id=3D180269&am=
p;journal-id=3D859&amp;FROM=3DArticle|CitedRefBlock&amp;TO=3DEntrez|Pubme=
d|Record&amp;rendering-type=3Dnormal"><SPAN=20
  class=3Dflag>Review</SPAN>Pathways mediating resistance to vascular =
endothelial=20
  growth factor-targeted therapy.</A>
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  14(20):6371-5.</EM></P><SPAN class=3Dpub>[Clin Cancer Res. =
2008]</SPAN></LI>
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ref=3D"reftype=3Dpubmed&amp;article-id=3D2850510&amp;issue-id=3D180269&am=
p;journal-id=3D859&amp;FROM=3DArticle|CitedRefBlock&amp;TO=3DEntrez|Pubme=
d|Record&amp;rendering-type=3Dnormal"><SPAN=20
  class=3Dflag>Review</SPAN>Scatter factor/hepatocyte growth factor in =
brain tumor=20
  growth and angiogenesis.</A>
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  class=3Dpub>[Neuro Oncol. 2005]</SPAN></LI></UL><A =
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href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18927275,16212809/?report=3Dsu=
mmary"=20
ref=3D"reftype=3Dpubmed&amp;article-id=3D2850510&amp;issue-id=3D180269&am=
p;journal-id=3D859&amp;FROM=3DArticle|CitedRefBlock&amp;TO=3DEntrez|Pubme=
d|Record&amp;rendering-type=3Dnormal">See=20
more articles cited in this paragraph</A></DIV>
<DIV class=3Dcited-ref id=3Dcite-__pid133497 rid=3D"__pid133497"=20
pmids=3D"17560169 18328425">
<UL>
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p;journal-id=3D859&amp;FROM=3DArticle|CitedRefBlock&amp;TO=3DEntrez|Pubme=
d|Record&amp;rendering-type=3Dnormal">The=20
  SDF-1-CXCR4 signaling pathway: a molecular hub modulating=20
neo-angiogenesis.</A>
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2007]</SPAN></LI>
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ref=3D"reftype=3Dpubmed&amp;article-id=3D2850510&amp;issue-id=3D180269&am=
p;journal-id=3D859&amp;FROM=3DArticle|CitedRefBlock&amp;TO=3DEntrez|Pubme=
d|Record&amp;rendering-type=3Dnormal">HIF1alpha=20
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cells to=20
  regulate tumor angiogenesis and invasion.</A>
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  class=3Dpub>[Cancer Cell. 2008]</SPAN></LI></UL><A =
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href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17560169,18328425/?report=3Dsu=
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ref=3D"reftype=3Dpubmed&amp;article-id=3D2850510&amp;issue-id=3D180269&am=
p;journal-id=3D859&amp;FROM=3DArticle|CitedRefBlock&amp;TO=3DEntrez|Pubme=
d|Record&amp;rendering-type=3Dnormal">See=20
more articles cited in this paragraph</A></DIV>
<DIV class=3Dcited-ref id=3Dcite-__pid133564 rid=3D"__pid133564"=20
pmids=3D"16212810 12727920 14623248">
<UL>
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ref=3D"reftype=3Dpubmed&amp;article-id=3D2850510&amp;issue-id=3D180269&am=
p;journal-id=3D859&amp;FROM=3DArticle|CitedRefBlock&amp;TO=3DEntrez|Pubme=
d|Record&amp;rendering-type=3Dnormal"><SPAN=20
  class=3Dflag>Review</SPAN>The role of pericytes in blood-vessel =
formation and=20
  maintenance.</A>
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  class=3Dpub>[Neuro Oncol. 2005]</SPAN></LI>
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ref=3D"reftype=3Dpubmed&amp;article-id=3D2850510&amp;issue-id=3D180269&am=
p;journal-id=3D859&amp;FROM=3DArticle|CitedRefBlock&amp;TO=3DEntrez|Pubme=
d|Record&amp;rendering-type=3Dnormal">Benefits=20
  of targeting both pericytes and endothelial cells in the tumor =
vasculature=20
  with kinase inhibitors.</A>
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2003]</SPAN></LI>
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ref=3D"reftype=3Dpubmed&amp;article-id=3D2850510&amp;issue-id=3D180269&am=
p;journal-id=3D859&amp;FROM=3DArticle|CitedRefBlock&amp;TO=3DEntrez|Pubme=
d|Record&amp;rendering-type=3Dnormal">Pericyte=20
  production of cell-associated VEGF is differentiation-dependent and is =

  associated with endothelial survival.</A>
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264(1):275-88.</EM></P><SPAN=20
  class=3Dpub>[Dev Biol. 2003]</SPAN></LI></UL><A class=3Dall-articles=20
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port=3Dsummary"=20
ref=3D"reftype=3Dpubmed&amp;article-id=3D2850510&amp;issue-id=3D180269&am=
p;journal-id=3D859&amp;FROM=3DArticle|CitedRefBlock&amp;TO=3DEntrez|Pubme=
d|Record&amp;rendering-type=3Dnormal">See=20
more articles cited in this paragraph</A></DIV>
<DIV class=3Dcited-ref id=3Dcite-__pid574889 rid=3D"__pid574889"=20
pmids=3D"11559524 11005565 10373119">
<UL>
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p;journal-id=3D859&amp;FROM=3DArticle|CitedRefBlock&amp;TO=3DEntrez|Pubme=
d|Record&amp;rendering-type=3Dnormal">Inhibition=20
  of glioma angiogenesis and growth in vivo by systemic treatment with a =

  monoclonal antibody against vascular endothelial growth factor =
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ref=3D"reftype=3Dpubmed&amp;article-id=3D2850510&amp;issue-id=3D180269&am=
p;journal-id=3D859&amp;FROM=3DArticle|CitedRefBlock&amp;TO=3DEntrez|Pubme=
d|Record&amp;rendering-type=3Dnormal">Anti-VEGF=20
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  vascular cooption.</A>
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ref=3D"reftype=3Dpubmed&amp;article-id=3D2850510&amp;issue-id=3D180269&am=
p;journal-id=3D859&amp;FROM=3DArticle|CitedRefBlock&amp;TO=3DEntrez|Pubme=
d|Record&amp;rendering-type=3Dnormal">Vessel=20
  cooption, regression, and growth in tumors mediated by angiopoietins =
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  VEGF.</A>
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1999]</SPAN></LI></UL><A=20
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href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11559524,11005565,10373119/?re=
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ref=3D"reftype=3Dpubmed&amp;article-id=3D2850510&amp;issue-id=3D180269&am=
p;journal-id=3D859&amp;FROM=3DArticle|CitedRefBlock&amp;TO=3DEntrez|Pubme=
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<DIV class=3Dcited-ref id=3Dcite-__pid574970 rid=3D"__pid574970" =
pmids=3D"17538176">
<UL>
  <LI class=3Dovfl><A class=3D"pl popnode"=20
  href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17538176"=20
  =
ref=3D"reftype=3Dpubmed&amp;article-id=3D2850510&amp;issue-id=3D180269&am=
p;journal-id=3D859&amp;FROM=3DArticle|CitedRefBlock&amp;TO=3DEntrez|Pubme=
d|Record&amp;rendering-type=3Dnormal"><SPAN=20
  class=3Dflag>Review</SPAN>Chemotherapy delivery issues in central =
nervous system=20
  malignancy: a reality check.</A>
  <P class=3Ddesc><EM class=3Dcit>J Clin Oncol. 2007 Jun 1;=20
  25(16):2295-305.</EM></P><SPAN class=3Dpub>[J Clin Oncol. =
2007]</SPAN></LI></UL><A=20
class=3Dall-articles=20
href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17538176/?report=3Dsummary"=20
ref=3D"reftype=3Dpubmed&amp;article-id=3D2850510&amp;issue-id=3D180269&am=
p;journal-id=3D859&amp;FROM=3DArticle|CitedRefBlock&amp;TO=3DEntrez|Pubme=
d|Record&amp;rendering-type=3Dnormal">See=20
more articles cited in this paragraph</A></DIV>
<DIV class=3Dcited-ref id=3Dcite-__pid574993 rid=3D"__pid574993"=20
pmids=3D"16193381 18443033 12604685 14576842">
<UL>
  <LI class=3Dovfl><A class=3D"pl popnode"=20
  href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16193381"=20
  =
ref=3D"reftype=3Dpubmed&amp;article-id=3D2850510&amp;issue-id=3D180269&am=
p;journal-id=3D859&amp;FROM=3DArticle|CitedRefBlock&amp;TO=3DEntrez|Pubme=
d|Record&amp;rendering-type=3Dnormal">Expression=20
  of drug resistance proteins Pgp, MRP1, MRP3, MRP5 and GST-pi in human=20
  glioma.</A>
  <P class=3Ddesc><EM class=3Dcit>J Neurooncol. 2005 Sep;=20
  74(2):113-21.</EM></P><SPAN class=3Dpub>[J Neurooncol. =
2005]</SPAN></LI>
  <LI class=3Dovfl><A class=3D"pl popnode"=20
  href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18443033"=20
  =
ref=3D"reftype=3Dpubmed&amp;article-id=3D2850510&amp;issue-id=3D180269&am=
p;journal-id=3D859&amp;FROM=3DArticle|CitedRefBlock&amp;TO=3DEntrez|Pubme=
d|Record&amp;rendering-type=3Dnormal">Investigation=20
  of the role of breast cancer resistance protein (Bcrp/Abcg2) on=20
  pharmacokinetics and central nervous system penetration of abacavir =
and=20
  zidovudine in the mouse.</A>
  <P class=3Ddesc><EM class=3Dcit>Drug Metab Dispos. 2008 Aug;=20
  36(8):1476-84.</EM></P><SPAN class=3Dpub>[Drug Metab Dispos. =
2008]</SPAN></LI>
  <LI class=3Dovfl><A class=3D"pl popnode"=20
  href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12604685"=20
  =
ref=3D"reftype=3Dpubmed&amp;article-id=3D2850510&amp;issue-id=3D180269&am=
p;journal-id=3D859&amp;FROM=3DArticle|CitedRefBlock&amp;TO=3DEntrez|Pubme=
d|Record&amp;rendering-type=3Dnormal">Distribution=20
  of STI-571 to the brain is limited by P-glycoprotein-mediated =
efflux.</A>
  <P class=3Ddesc><EM class=3Dcit>J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2003 Mar;=20
  304(3):1085-92.</EM></P><SPAN class=3Dpub>[J Pharmacol Exp Ther.=20
  2003]</SPAN></LI>
  <LI class=3Dovfl><A class=3D"pl popnode"=20
  href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14576842"=20
  =
ref=3D"reftype=3Dpubmed&amp;article-id=3D2850510&amp;issue-id=3D180269&am=
p;journal-id=3D859&amp;FROM=3DArticle|CitedRefBlock&amp;TO=3DEntrez|Pubme=
d|Record&amp;rendering-type=3Dnormal"><SPAN=20
  class=3Dflag>Review</SPAN>Multidrug resistance mediated by the breast =
cancer=20
  resistance protein BCRP (ABCG2).</A>
  <P class=3Ddesc><EM class=3Dcit>Oncogene. 2003 Oct 20;=20
  22(47):7340-58.</EM></P><SPAN class=3Dpub>[Oncogene. =
2003]</SPAN></LI></UL><A=20
class=3Dall-articles=20
href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16193381,18443033,12604685,145=
76842/?report=3Dsummary"=20
ref=3D"reftype=3Dpubmed&amp;article-id=3D2850510&amp;issue-id=3D180269&am=
p;journal-id=3D859&amp;FROM=3DArticle|CitedRefBlock&amp;TO=3DEntrez|Pubme=
d|Record&amp;rendering-type=3Dnormal">See=20
more articles cited in this paragraph</A></DIV>
<DIV class=3Dcited-ref id=3Dcite-__pid612418 rid=3D"__pid612418"=20
pmids=3D"19825805 19522573">
<UL>
  <LI class=3Dovfl><A class=3D"pl popnode"=20
  href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19825805"=20
  =
ref=3D"reftype=3Dpubmed&amp;article-id=3D2850510&amp;issue-id=3D180269&am=
p;journal-id=3D859&amp;FROM=3DArticle|CitedRefBlock&amp;TO=3DEntrez|Pubme=
d|Record&amp;rendering-type=3Dnormal">Low-dose=20
  metronomic cyclophosphamide combined with vascular disrupting therapy =
induces=20
  potent antitumor activity in preclinical human tumor xenograft =
models.</A>
  <P class=3Ddesc><EM class=3Dcit>Mol Cancer Ther. 2009 Oct;=20
  8(10):2872-81.</EM></P><SPAN class=3Dpub>[Mol Cancer Ther. =
2009]</SPAN></LI>
  <LI class=3Dovfl><A class=3D"pl popnode"=20
  href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19522573"=20
  =
ref=3D"reftype=3Dpubmed&amp;article-id=3D2850510&amp;issue-id=3D180269&am=
p;journal-id=3D859&amp;FROM=3DArticle|CitedRefBlock&amp;TO=3DEntrez|Pubme=
d|Record&amp;rendering-type=3Dnormal">Circulating=20
  endothelial progenitor cells in malignant gliomas.</A>
  <P class=3Ddesc><EM class=3Dcit>J Neurosurg. 2010 Jan; =
112(1):43-9.</EM></P><SPAN=20
  class=3Dpub>[J Neurosurg. 2010]</SPAN></LI></UL><A =
class=3Dall-articles=20
href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19825805,19522573/?report=3Dsu=
mmary"=20
ref=3D"reftype=3Dpubmed&amp;article-id=3D2850510&amp;issue-id=3D180269&am=
p;journal-id=3D859&amp;FROM=3DArticle|CitedRefBlock&amp;TO=3DEntrez|Pubme=
d|Record&amp;rendering-type=3Dnormal">See=20
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<DIV class=3Dcited-ref id=3Dcite-__pid612482 rid=3D"__pid612482"=20
pmids=3D"16365183 18316562 19047116 16212809">
<UL>
  <LI class=3Dovfl><A class=3D"pl popnode"=20
  href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16365183"=20
  =
ref=3D"reftype=3Dpubmed&amp;article-id=3D2850510&amp;issue-id=3D180269&am=
p;journal-id=3D859&amp;FROM=3DArticle|CitedRefBlock&amp;TO=3DEntrez|Pubme=
d|Record&amp;rendering-type=3Dnormal">Impact=20
  of vascular endothelial growth factor-A expression, thrombospondin-2=20
  expression, and microvessel density on the treatment effect of =
bevacizumab in=20
  metastatic colorectal cancer.</A>
  <P class=3Ddesc><EM class=3Dcit>J Clin Oncol. 2006 Jan 10;=20
  24(2):217-27.</EM></P><SPAN class=3Dpub>[J Clin Oncol. =
2006]</SPAN></LI>
  <LI class=3Dovfl><A class=3D"pl popnode"=20
  href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18316562"=20
  =
ref=3D"reftype=3Dpubmed&amp;article-id=3D2850510&amp;issue-id=3D180269&am=
p;journal-id=3D859&amp;FROM=3DArticle|CitedRefBlock&amp;TO=3DEntrez|Pubme=
d|Record&amp;rendering-type=3Dnormal">Cell=20
  adhesion molecules, vascular endothelial growth factor, and basic =
fibroblast=20
  growth factor in patients with non-small cell lung cancer treated with =

  chemotherapy with or without bevacizumab--an Eastern Cooperative =
Oncology=20
  Group Study.</A>
  <P class=3Ddesc><EM class=3Dcit>Clin Cancer Res. 2008 Mar 1;=20
  14(5):1407-12.</EM></P><SPAN class=3Dpub>[Clin Cancer Res. =
2008]</SPAN></LI>
  <LI class=3Dovfl><A class=3D"pl popnode"=20
  href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19047116"=20
  =
ref=3D"reftype=3Dpubmed&amp;article-id=3D2850510&amp;issue-id=3D180269&am=
p;journal-id=3D859&amp;FROM=3DArticle|CitedRefBlock&amp;TO=3DEntrez|Pubme=
d|Record&amp;rendering-type=3Dnormal">VEGF=20
  as a marker for outcome among advanced breast cancer patients =
receiving=20
  anti-VEGF therapy with bevacizumab and vinorelbine chemotherapy.</A>
  <P class=3Ddesc><EM class=3Dcit>Clin Cancer Res. 2008 Dec 1;=20
  14(23):7871-7.</EM></P><SPAN class=3Dpub>[Clin Cancer Res. =
2008]</SPAN></LI>
  <LI class=3Dovfl><A class=3D"pl popnode"=20
  href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16212809"=20
  =
ref=3D"reftype=3Dpubmed&amp;article-id=3D2850510&amp;issue-id=3D180269&am=
p;journal-id=3D859&amp;FROM=3DArticle|CitedRefBlock&amp;TO=3DEntrez|Pubme=
d|Record&amp;rendering-type=3Dnormal"><SPAN=20
  class=3Dflag>Review</SPAN>Scatter factor/hepatocyte growth factor in =
brain tumor=20
  growth and angiogenesis.</A>
  <P class=3Ddesc><EM class=3Dcit>Neuro Oncol. 2005 Oct; =
7(4):436-51.</EM></P><SPAN=20
  class=3Dpub>[Neuro Oncol. 2005]</SPAN></LI></UL><A =
class=3Dall-articles=20
href=3D"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16365183,18316562,19047116,162=
12809/?report=3Dsummary"=20
ref=3D"reftype=3Dpubmed&amp;article-id=3D2850510&amp;issue-id=3D180269&am=
p;journal-id=3D859&amp;FROM=3DArticle|CitedRefBlock&amp;TO=3DEntrez|Pubme=
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	BORDER-RIGHT: #99bbe8 1px solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 0px; BORDER-TOP: =
#99bbe8 0px; DISPLAY: block; PADDING-LEFT: 0px; FONT-SIZE: 0px; =
PADDING-BOTTOM: 0px; MARGIN: 0px; OVERFLOW: hidden; BORDER-LEFT: #99bbe8 =
1px solid; LINE-HEIGHT: 0; PADDING-TOP: 0px; BORDER-BOTTOM: #99bbe8 1px =
solid
}
.x-panel-ghost * {
	CURSOR: move! important
}
.x-panel-dd-spacer {
	BORDER-RIGHT: #99bbe8 2px dashed; BORDER-TOP: #99bbe8 2px dashed; =
BORDER-LEFT: #99bbe8 2px dashed; BORDER-BOTTOM: #99bbe8 2px dashed
}
.x-panel-btns-ct {
	PADDING-RIGHT: 5px; PADDING-LEFT: 5px; PADDING-BOTTOM: 5px; =
PADDING-TOP: 5px
}
.x-panel-btns-ct .x-btn {
	CLEAR: none; FLOAT: right
}
.x-panel-btns-ct .x-panel-btns TD {
	BORDER-TOP-WIDTH: 0px; PADDING-RIGHT: 0px; PADDING-LEFT: 0px; =
BORDER-LEFT-WIDTH: 0px; BORDER-BOTTOM-WIDTH: 0px; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0px; =
PADDING-TOP: 0px; BORDER-RIGHT-WIDTH: 0px
}
.x-panel-btns-ct .x-panel-btns-right TABLE {
	CLEAR: none; FLOAT: right
}
.x-panel-btns-ct .x-panel-btns-left TABLE {
	CLEAR: none; FLOAT: left
}
.x-panel-btns-ct .x-panel-btns-center {
	TEXT-ALIGN: center
}
.x-panel-btns-ct .x-panel-btns-center TABLE {
	MARGIN: 0px auto
}
.x-panel-btns-ct TABLE TD.x-panel-btn-td {
	PADDING-RIGHT: 3px; PADDING-LEFT: 3px; PADDING-BOTTOM: 3px; =
PADDING-TOP: 3px
}
.x-panel-btns-ct .x-btn-focus .x-btn-left {
	BACKGROUND-POSITION: 0px -147px
}
.x-panel-btns-ct .x-btn-focus .x-btn-right {
	BACKGROUND-POSITION: 0px -168px
}
.x-panel-btns-ct .x-btn-focus .x-btn-center {
	BACKGROUND-POSITION: 0px -189px
}
.x-panel-btns-ct .x-btn-over .x-btn-left {
	BACKGROUND-POSITION: 0px -63px
}
.x-panel-btns-ct .x-btn-over .x-btn-right {
	BACKGROUND-POSITION: 0px -84px
}
.x-panel-btns-ct .x-btn-over .x-btn-center {
	BACKGROUND-POSITION: 0px -105px
}
.x-panel-btns-ct .x-btn-click .x-btn-center {
	BACKGROUND-POSITION: 0px -126px
}
.x-panel-btns-ct .x-btn-click .x-btn-right {
	BACKGROUND-POSITION: 0px -84px
}
.x-panel-btns-ct .x-btn-click .x-btn-left {
	BACKGROUND-POSITION: 0px -63px
}

------=_NextPart_000_0000_01CAECAC.7B17FC60
Content-Type: text/css;
	charset="iso-8859-1"
Content-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-printable
Content-Location: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/core/ext.ncbi/1/css/themes/xtheme-oldentrez.css

.x-panel {
	BORDER-LEFT-COLOR: #d0d0d0; BORDER-BOTTOM-COLOR: #d0d0d0; =
BORDER-TOP-STYLE: solid; BORDER-TOP-COLOR: #d0d0d0; BORDER-RIGHT-STYLE: =
solid; BORDER-LEFT-STYLE: solid; BORDER-RIGHT-COLOR: #d0d0d0; =
BORDER-BOTTOM-STYLE: solid
}
.x-panel-header {
	BORDER-RIGHT: #d0d0d0 1px solid; BORDER-TOP: #d0d0d0 1px solid; =
BACKGROUND-IMAGE: url(../../img/oldentrez/panel/white-top-bottom.gif); =
BORDER-LEFT: #d0d0d0 1px solid; COLOR: #333; BORDER-BOTTOM: #d0d0d0 1px =
solid
}
.x-panel-body {
	BORDER-LEFT-COLOR: #d0d0d0; BORDER-BOTTOM-COLOR: #d0d0d0; =
BORDER-TOP-COLOR: #d0d0d0; BORDER-RIGHT-COLOR: #d0d0d0
}
.x-panel-bbar .x-toolbar {
	BORDER-LEFT-COLOR: #d0d0d0; BORDER-BOTTOM-COLOR: #d0d0d0; =
BORDER-TOP-COLOR: #d0d0d0; BORDER-RIGHT-COLOR: #d0d0d0
}
.x-panel-tbar .x-toolbar {
	BORDER-LEFT-COLOR: #d0d0d0; BORDER-BOTTOM-COLOR: #d0d0d0; =
BORDER-TOP-COLOR: #d0d0d0; BORDER-RIGHT-COLOR: #d0d0d0
}
.x-panel-tbar-noheader .x-toolbar {
	BORDER-LEFT-COLOR: #d0d0d0; BORDER-BOTTOM-COLOR: #d0d0d0; =
BORDER-TOP-COLOR: #d0d0d0; BORDER-RIGHT-COLOR: #d0d0d0
}
.x-panel-mc .x-panel-tbar .x-toolbar {
	BORDER-LEFT-COLOR: #d0d0d0; BORDER-BOTTOM-COLOR: #d0d0d0; =
BORDER-TOP-COLOR: #d0d0d0; BORDER-RIGHT-COLOR: #d0d0d0
}
.x-panel-body-noheader {
	BORDER-LEFT-COLOR: #d0d0d0; BORDER-BOTTOM-COLOR: #d0d0d0; =
BORDER-TOP-COLOR: #d0d0d0; BORDER-RIGHT-COLOR: #d0d0d0
}
.x-panel-mc .x-panel-body {
	BORDER-LEFT-COLOR: #d0d0d0; BORDER-BOTTOM-COLOR: #d0d0d0; =
BORDER-TOP-COLOR: #d0d0d0; BORDER-RIGHT-COLOR: #d0d0d0
}
.x-panel-tl .x-panel-header {
	COLOR: #333
}
.x-panel-tc {
	BACKGROUND-IMAGE: url(../../img/oldentrez/panel/top-bottom.gif)
}
.x-panel-tl {
	BORDER-LEFT-COLOR: #d0d0d0; BACKGROUND-IMAGE: =
url(../../img/oldentrez/panel/corners-sprite.gif); BORDER-BOTTOM-COLOR: =
#d0d0d0; BORDER-TOP-COLOR: #d0d0d0; BORDER-RIGHT-COLOR: #d0d0d0
}
.x-panel-tr {
	BACKGROUND-IMAGE: url(../../img/oldentrez/panel/corners-sprite.gif)
}
.x-panel-bc {
	BACKGROUND-IMAGE: url(../../img/oldentrez/panel/top-bottom.gif)
}
.x-panel-bl {
	BACKGROUND-IMAGE: url(../../img/oldentrez/panel/corners-sprite.gif)
}
.x-panel-br {
	BACKGROUND-IMAGE: url(../../img/oldentrez/panel/corners-sprite.gif)
}
.x-panel-mc {
	BACKGROUND: #f1f1f1
}
.x-panel-mc .x-panel-body {
	BORDER-RIGHT: 0px; BORDER-TOP: 0px; BACKGROUND: none transparent scroll =
repeat 0% 0%; BORDER-LEFT: 0px; BORDER-BOTTOM: 0px
}
.x-panel-ml {
	BACKGROUND-IMAGE: url(../../img/oldentrez/panel/left-right.gif)
}
.x-panel-mr {
	BACKGROUND-IMAGE: url(../../img/oldentrez/panel/left-right.gif)
}
.x-tool {
	BACKGROUND-IMAGE: url(../../img/oldentrez/panel/tool-sprites.gif)
}
.x-panel-ghost {
	BACKGROUND: #e0e0e0
}
.x-panel-ghost UL {
	BORDER-LEFT-COLOR: #b0b0b0; BORDER-BOTTOM-COLOR: #b0b0b0; =
BORDER-TOP-COLOR: #b0b0b0; BORDER-RIGHT-COLOR: #b0b0b0
}
.x-grid-panel .x-panel-mc .x-panel-body {
	BORDER-RIGHT: #d0d0d0 1px solid; BORDER-TOP: #d0d0d0 1px solid; =
BORDER-LEFT: #d0d0d0 1px solid; BORDER-BOTTOM: #d0d0d0 1px solid
}
.x-btn-left {
	BACKGROUND-IMAGE: url(../../img/oldentrez/button/btn-sprite.gif)
}
.x-btn-right {
	BACKGROUND-IMAGE: url(../../img/oldentrez/button/btn-sprite.gif)
}
.x-btn-center {
	BACKGROUND-IMAGE: url(../../img/oldentrez/button/btn-sprite.gif)
}
.x-border-layout-ct {
	BACKGROUND: #f0f0f0
}
.x-accordion-hd {
	BACKGROUND-IMAGE: url(../../img/oldentrez/panel/light-hd.gif)
}
.x-layout-collapsed {
	BORDER-LEFT-COLOR: #e0e0e0; BORDER-BOTTOM-COLOR: #e0e0e0; =
BORDER-TOP-COLOR: #e0e0e0; BACKGROUND-COLOR: #eee; BORDER-RIGHT-COLOR: =
#e0e0e0
}
.x-layout-collapsed-over {
	BACKGROUND-COLOR: #fbfbfb
}
.x-tip .x-tip-top {
	BACKGROUND-IMAGE: url(../../img/oldentrez/qtip/tip-sprite.gif)
}
.x-tip .x-tip-top-left {
	BACKGROUND-IMAGE: url(../../img/oldentrez/qtip/tip-sprite.gif)
}
.x-tip .x-tip-top-right {
	BACKGROUND-IMAGE: url(../../img/oldentrez/qtip/tip-sprite.gif)
}
.x-tip .x-tip-ft {
	BACKGROUND-IMAGE: url(../../img/oldentrez/qtip/tip-sprite.gif)
}
.x-tip .x-tip-ft-left {
	BACKGROUND-IMAGE: url(../../img/oldentrez/qtip/tip-sprite.gif)
}
.x-tip .x-tip-ft-right {
	BACKGROUND-IMAGE: url(../../img/oldentrez/qtip/tip-sprite.gif)
}
.x-tip .x-tip-bd-left {
	BACKGROUND-IMAGE: url(../../img/oldentrez/qtip/tip-sprite.gif)
}
.x-tip .x-tip-bd-right {
	BACKGROUND-IMAGE: url(../../img/oldentrez/qtip/tip-sprite.gif)
}
.x-toolbar {
	BORDER-LEFT-COLOR: #d0d0d0; BACKGROUND: =
url(../../img/oldentrez/toolbar/bg.gif) #f0f4f5 repeat-x left top; =
BORDER-BOTTOM-COLOR: #d0d0d0; BORDER-TOP-COLOR: #d0d0d0; =
BORDER-RIGHT-COLOR: #d0d0d0
}
.x-toolbar BUTTON {
	COLOR: #444
}
.x-toolbar .x-btn-menu-arrow-wrap .x-btn-center BUTTON {
	BACKGROUND-IMAGE: url(../../img/oldentrez/toolbar/btn-arrow.gif)
}
.x-toolbar .x-btn-text-icon .x-btn-menu-arrow-wrap .x-btn-center BUTTON =
{
	BACKGROUND-IMAGE: url(../../img/oldentrez/toolbar/btn-arrow.gif)
}
.x-toolbar .x-btn-over .x-btn-left {
	BACKGROUND-IMAGE: url(../../img/oldentrez/toolbar/tb-btn-sprite.gif)
}
.x-toolbar .x-btn-over .x-btn-right {
	BACKGROUND-IMAGE: url(../../img/oldentrez/toolbar/tb-btn-sprite.gif)
}
.x-toolbar .x-btn-over .x-btn-center {
	BACKGROUND-IMAGE: url(../../img/oldentrez/toolbar/tb-btn-sprite.gif)
}
.x-toolbar .x-btn-over BUTTON {
	COLOR: #111
}
.x-toolbar .x-btn-click .x-btn-left {
	BACKGROUND-IMAGE: url(../../img/oldentrez/toolbar/tb-btn-sprite.gif)
}
.x-toolbar .x-btn-pressed .x-btn-left {
	BACKGROUND-IMAGE: url(../../img/oldentrez/toolbar/tb-btn-sprite.gif)
}
.x-toolbar .x-btn-menu-active .x-btn-left {
	BACKGROUND-IMAGE: url(../../img/oldentrez/toolbar/tb-btn-sprite.gif)
}
.x-toolbar .x-btn-click .x-btn-right {
	BACKGROUND-IMAGE: url(../../img/oldentrez/toolbar/tb-btn-sprite.gif)
}
.x-toolbar .x-btn-pressed .x-btn-right {
	BACKGROUND-IMAGE: url(../../img/oldentrez/toolbar/tb-btn-sprite.gif)
}
.x-toolbar .x-btn-menu-active .x-btn-right {
	BACKGROUND-IMAGE: url(../../img/oldentrez/toolbar/tb-btn-sprite.gif)
}
.x-toolbar .x-btn-click .x-btn-center {
	BACKGROUND-IMAGE: url(../../img/oldentrez/toolbar/tb-btn-sprite.gif)
}
.x-toolbar .x-btn-pressed .x-btn-center {
	BACKGROUND-IMAGE: url(../../img/oldentrez/toolbar/tb-btn-sprite.gif)
}
.x-toolbar .x-btn-menu-active .x-btn-center {
	BACKGROUND-IMAGE: url(../../img/oldentrez/toolbar/tb-btn-sprite.gif)
}
.x-toolbar .ytb-sep {
	BACKGROUND-IMAGE: url(../images/default/grid/grid-split.gif)
}
.x-tab-panel-header {
	BORDER-LEFT-COLOR: #d0d0d0; BACKGROUND: #eaeaea; BORDER-BOTTOM-COLOR: =
#d0d0d0; BORDER-TOP-COLOR: #d0d0d0; BORDER-RIGHT-COLOR: #d0d0d0
}
.x-tab-panel-footer {
	BORDER-LEFT-COLOR: #d0d0d0; BACKGROUND: #eaeaea; BORDER-BOTTOM-COLOR: =
#d0d0d0; BORDER-TOP-COLOR: #d0d0d0; BORDER-RIGHT-COLOR: #d0d0d0
}
.x-tab-panel-header {
	BORDER-LEFT-COLOR: #d0d0d0; BORDER-BOTTOM-COLOR: #d0d0d0; =
BORDER-TOP-COLOR: #d0d0d0; BORDER-RIGHT-COLOR: #d0d0d0
}
.x-tab-panel-footer {
	BORDER-LEFT-COLOR: #d0d0d0; BORDER-BOTTOM-COLOR: #d0d0d0; =
BORDER-TOP-COLOR: #d0d0d0; BORDER-RIGHT-COLOR: #d0d0d0
}
UL.x-tab-strip-top {
	BORDER-LEFT-COLOR: #d0d0d0; BACKGROUND: =
url(../../img/oldentrez/tabs/tab-strip-bg.gif) #dbdbdb repeat-x left =
top; BORDER-BOTTOM-COLOR: #d0d0d0; BORDER-TOP-COLOR: #d0d0d0; =
PADDING-TOP: 2px; BORDER-RIGHT-COLOR: #d0d0d0
}
UL.x-tab-strip-bottom {
	BORDER-LEFT-COLOR: #d0d0d0; BACKGROUND-IMAGE: =
url(../../img/oldentrez/tabs/tab-strip-btm-bg.gif); BORDER-BOTTOM-COLOR: =
#d0d0d0; BORDER-TOP-COLOR: #d0d0d0; BORDER-RIGHT-COLOR: #d0d0d0
}
.x-tab-strip SPAN.x-tab-strip-text {
	COLOR: #333
}
.x-tab-strip-over SPAN.x-tab-strip-text {
	COLOR: #111
}
.x-tab-strip-active SPAN.x-tab-strip-text {
	COLOR: #333
}
.x-tab-strip-disabled .x-tabs-text {
	COLOR: #aaaaaa
}
.x-tab-strip-top .x-tab-right {
	BACKGROUND-IMAGE: url(../../img/oldentrez/tabs/tabs-sprite.gif)
}
.x-tab-strip-top .x-tab-left {
	BACKGROUND-IMAGE: url(../../img/oldentrez/tabs/tabs-sprite.gif)
}
.x-tab-strip-top .x-tab-strip-inner {
	BACKGROUND-IMAGE: url(../../img/oldentrez/tabs/tabs-sprite.gif)
}
.x-tab-strip-bottom .x-tab-right {
	BACKGROUND-IMAGE: =
url(../../img/oldentrez/tabs/tab-btm-inactive-right-bg.gif)
}
.x-tab-strip-bottom .x-tab-left {
	BACKGROUND-IMAGE: =
url(../../img/oldentrez/tabs/tab-btm-inactive-left-bg.gif)
}
.x-tab-strip-bottom .x-tab-strip-active .x-tab-right {
	BACKGROUND-IMAGE: url(../../img/oldentrez/tabs/tab-btm-right-bg.gif)
}
.x-tab-strip-bottom .x-tab-strip-active .x-tab-left {
	BACKGROUND-IMAGE: url(../../img/oldentrez/tabs/tab-btm-left-bg.gif)
}
.x-tab-strip .x-tab-strip-closable A.x-tab-strip-close {
	BACKGROUND-IMAGE: url(../../img/oldentrez/tabs/tab-close.gif)
}
.x-tab-strip .x-tab-strip-closable A.x-tab-strip-close:hover {
	BACKGROUND-IMAGE: url(../../img/oldentrez/tabs/tab-close.gif)
}
.x-tab-panel-body {
	BORDER-LEFT-COLOR: #d0d0d0; BACKGROUND: #fff; BORDER-BOTTOM-COLOR: =
#d0d0d0; BORDER-TOP-COLOR: #d0d0d0; BORDER-RIGHT-COLOR: #d0d0d0
}
.x-tab-panel-bbar .x-toolbar {
	BORDER-LEFT-COLOR: #d0d0d0; BORDER-BOTTOM-COLOR: #d0d0d0; =
BORDER-TOP-COLOR: #d0d0d0; BORDER-RIGHT-COLOR: #d0d0d0
}
.x-tab-panel-tbar .x-toolbar {
	BORDER-LEFT-COLOR: #d0d0d0; BORDER-BOTTOM-COLOR: #d0d0d0; =
BORDER-TOP-COLOR: #d0d0d0; BORDER-RIGHT-COLOR: #d0d0d0
}
.x-tab-panel-header-plain .x-tab-strip-spacer {
	BORDER-LEFT-COLOR: #d0d0d0; BACKGROUND: #eaeaea; BORDER-BOTTOM-COLOR: =
#d0d0d0; BORDER-TOP-COLOR: #d0d0d0; BORDER-RIGHT-COLOR: #d0d0d0
}
.x-tab-scroller-left {
	BORDER-LEFT-COLOR: #aeaeae; BACKGROUND-IMAGE: =
url(../../img/oldentrez/tabs/scroll-left.gif); BORDER-BOTTOM-COLOR: =
#aeaeae; BORDER-TOP-COLOR: #aeaeae; BORDER-RIGHT-COLOR: #aeaeae
}
.x-tab-scroller-right {
	BORDER-LEFT-COLOR: #aeaeae; BACKGROUND-IMAGE: =
url(../../img/oldentrez/tabs/scroll-right.gif); BORDER-BOTTOM-COLOR: =
#aeaeae; BORDER-TOP-COLOR: #aeaeae; BORDER-RIGHT-COLOR: #aeaeae
}
.x-window-proxy {
	BORDER-LEFT-COLOR: #b0b0b0; BACKGROUND: #e0e0e0; BORDER-BOTTOM-COLOR: =
#b0b0b0; BORDER-TOP-COLOR: #b0b0b0; BORDER-RIGHT-COLOR: #b0b0b0
}
.x-window-tl .x-window-header {
	COLOR: #555
}
.x-window-tc {
	BACKGROUND-IMAGE: url(../../img/oldentrez/window/top-bottom.png)
}
.x-window-tl {
	BACKGROUND-IMAGE: url(../../img/oldentrez/window/left-corners.png)
}
.x-window-tr {
	BACKGROUND-IMAGE: url(../../img/oldentrez/window/right-corners.png)
}
.x-window-bc {
	BACKGROUND-IMAGE: url(../../img/oldentrez/window/top-bottom.png)
}
.x-window-bl {
	BACKGROUND-IMAGE: url(../../img/oldentrez/window/left-corners.png)
}
.x-window-br {
	BACKGROUND-IMAGE: url(../../img/oldentrez/window/right-corners.png)
}
.x-window-mc {
	BORDER-RIGHT: #d0d0d0 1px solid; BORDER-TOP: #d0d0d0 1px solid; =
BACKGROUND: #e8e8e8; BORDER-LEFT: #d0d0d0 1px solid; BORDER-BOTTOM: =
#d0d0d0 1px solid
}
.x-window-ml {
	BACKGROUND-IMAGE: url(../../img/oldentrez/window/left-right.png)
}
.x-window-mr {
	BACKGROUND-IMAGE: url(../../img/oldentrez/window/left-right.png)
}
.x-panel-ghost .x-window-tl {
	BORDER-LEFT-COLOR: #d0d0d0; BORDER-BOTTOM-COLOR: #d0d0d0; =
BORDER-TOP-COLOR: #d0d0d0; BORDER-RIGHT-COLOR: #d0d0d0
}
.x-panel-collapsed .x-window-tl {
	BORDER-LEFT-COLOR: #d0d0d0; BORDER-BOTTOM-COLOR: #d0d0d0; =
BORDER-TOP-COLOR: #d0d0d0; BORDER-RIGHT-COLOR: #d0d0d0
}
.x-window-plain .x-window-mc {
	BORDER-RIGHT: #eee 1px solid; BORDER-TOP: #d0d0d0 1px solid; =
BACKGROUND: #e8e8e8; BORDER-LEFT: #d0d0d0 1px solid; BORDER-BOTTOM: #eee =
1px solid
}
.x-window-plain .x-window-body {
	BORDER-RIGHT: #d0d0d0 1px solid; BORDER-TOP: #eee 1px solid; =
BACKGROUND: none transparent scroll repeat 0% 0%; BORDER-LEFT: #eee 1px =
solid; BORDER-BOTTOM: #d0d0d0 1px solid
}
BODY.x-body-masked .x-window-mc {
	BACKGROUND-COLOR: #e4e4e4
}
BODY.x-body-masked .x-window-plain .x-window-mc {
	BACKGROUND-COLOR: #e4e4e4
}
.x-html-editor-wrap {
	BORDER-LEFT-COLOR: #d0d0d0; BORDER-BOTTOM-COLOR: #d0d0d0; =
BORDER-TOP-COLOR: #d0d0d0; BORDER-RIGHT-COLOR: #d0d0d0
}
.x-panel-noborder .x-panel-body-noborder {
	BORDER-TOP-WIDTH: 0px; BORDER-LEFT-WIDTH: 0px; BORDER-BOTTOM-WIDTH: =
0px; BORDER-RIGHT-WIDTH: 0px
}
.x-panel-noborder .x-panel-header-noborder {
	BORDER-TOP-WIDTH: 0px; BORDER-LEFT-WIDTH: 0px; BORDER-BOTTOM: #d0d0d0 =
1px solid; BORDER-RIGHT-WIDTH: 0px
}
.x-panel-noborder .x-panel-tbar-noborder .x-toolbar {
	BORDER-TOP-WIDTH: 0px; BORDER-LEFT-WIDTH: 0px; BORDER-BOTTOM: #d0d0d0 =
1px solid; BORDER-RIGHT-WIDTH: 0px
}
.x-panel-noborder .x-panel-bbar-noborder .x-toolbar {
	BORDER-TOP: #d0d0d0 1px solid; BORDER-LEFT-WIDTH: 0px; =
BORDER-BOTTOM-WIDTH: 0px; BORDER-RIGHT-WIDTH: 0px
}
.x-window-noborder .x-window-mc {
	BORDER-TOP-WIDTH: 0px; BORDER-LEFT-WIDTH: 0px; BORDER-BOTTOM-WIDTH: =
0px; BORDER-RIGHT-WIDTH: 0px
}
.x-window-plain .x-window-body-noborder {
	BORDER-TOP-WIDTH: 0px; BORDER-LEFT-WIDTH: 0px; BORDER-BOTTOM-WIDTH: =
0px; BORDER-RIGHT-WIDTH: 0px
}
.x-tab-panel-noborder .x-tab-panel-body-noborder {
	BORDER-TOP-WIDTH: 0px; BORDER-LEFT-WIDTH: 0px; BORDER-BOTTOM-WIDTH: =
0px; BORDER-RIGHT-WIDTH: 0px
}
.x-tab-panel-noborder .x-tab-panel-header-noborder {
	BORDER-TOP-WIDTH: 0px; BORDER-LEFT-WIDTH: 0px; BORDER-RIGHT-WIDTH: 0px
}
.x-tab-panel-noborder .x-tab-panel-footer-noborder {
	BORDER-LEFT-WIDTH: 0px; BORDER-BOTTOM-WIDTH: 0px; BORDER-RIGHT-WIDTH: =
0px
}
.x-tab-panel-bbar-noborder .x-toolbar {
	BORDER-TOP: #d0d0d0 1px solid; BORDER-LEFT-WIDTH: 0px; =
BORDER-BOTTOM-WIDTH: 0px; BORDER-RIGHT-WIDTH: 0px
}
.x-tab-panel-tbar-noborder .x-toolbar {
	BORDER-TOP-WIDTH: 0px; BORDER-LEFT-WIDTH: 0px; BORDER-BOTTOM: #d0d0d0 =
1px solid; BORDER-RIGHT-WIDTH: 0px
}
.x-panel-header {
	FONT-SIZE: 90%; FONT-FAMILY: Arial, Verdana, Sans-Serif; =
BACKGROUND-COLOR: #e3e3e3; xbackground: none
}

------=_NextPart_000_0000_01CAECAC.7B17FC60
Content-Type: text/css;
	charset="iso-8859-1"
Content-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-printable
Content-Location: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/portal/portalrc.fcgi/40468/css/40126/37583.css

.footer {
	CLEAR: both
}
.dynamic_footer {
	FONT-SIZE: 62.5%
}
#footer {
	LINE-HEIGHT: 1.8em; FONT-FAMILY: "Helvetica Neue", GillSans, helvetica, =
"lucida sans", arial, sans-serif
}
#NCBIFooter_dynamic {
	LINE-HEIGHT: 1.8em; FONT-FAMILY: "Helvetica Neue", GillSans, helvetica, =
"lucida sans", arial, sans-serif
}
#footer H3 {
	FONT-SIZE: 1.1em; COLOR: #505050
}
.foot_list H3 {
	FONT-SIZE: 1.1em
}
#footer {
	FONT-SIZE: 1.1em
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	BACKGROUND-POSITION: -15px -165px
}
.x-tool-left {
	BACKGROUND-POSITION: 0px -180px
}
.x-tool-left-over {
	BACKGROUND-POSITION: -15px -180px
}
.x-tool-up {
	BACKGROUND-POSITION: 0px -210px
}
.x-tool-up-over {
	BACKGROUND-POSITION: -15px -210px
}
.x-tool-down {
	BACKGROUND-POSITION: 0px -195px
}
.x-tool-down-over {
	BACKGROUND-POSITION: -15px -195px
}
.x-tool-refresh {
	BACKGROUND-POSITION: 0px -225px
}
.x-tool-refresh-over {
	BACKGROUND-POSITION: -15px -225px
}
.x-tool-minus {
	BACKGROUND-POSITION: 0px -255px
}
.x-tool-minus-over {
	BACKGROUND-POSITION: -15px -255px
}
.x-tool-plus {
	BACKGROUND-POSITION: 0px -240px
}
.x-tool-plus-over {
	BACKGROUND-POSITION: -15px -240px
}
.x-tool-search {
	BACKGROUND-POSITION: 0px -270px
}
.x-tool-search-over {
	BACKGROUND-POSITION: -15px -270px
}
.x-tool-save {
	BACKGROUND-POSITION: 0px -285px
}
.x-tool-save-over {
	BACKGROUND-POSITION: -15px -285px
}
.x-tool-help {
	BACKGROUND-POSITION: 0px -300px
}
.x-tool-help-over {
	BACKGROUND-POSITION: -15px -300px
}
.x-tool-print {
	BACKGROUND-POSITION: 0px -315px
}
.x-tool-print-over {
	BACKGROUND-POSITION: -15px -315px
}
.x-panel-ghost {
	Z-INDEX: 12000; BACKGROUND: #cbddf3; FILTER: alpha(opacity=3D65); LEFT: =
0px; OVERFLOW: hidden; POSITION: absolute; TOP: 0px; opacity: .65; =
-moz-opacity: .65
}
.x-panel-ghost UL {
	BORDER-RIGHT: #99bbe8 1px solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 0px; BORDER-TOP: =
#99bbe8 0px; DISPLAY: block; PADDING-LEFT: 0px; FONT-SIZE: 0px; =
PADDING-BOTTOM: 0px; MARGIN: 0px; OVERFLOW: hidden; BORDER-LEFT: #99bbe8 =
1px solid; LINE-HEIGHT: 0; PADDING-TOP: 0px; BORDER-BOTTOM: #99bbe8 1px =
solid
}
.x-panel-ghost * {
	CURSOR: move! important
}
.x-panel-dd-spacer {
	BORDER-RIGHT: #99bbe8 2px dashed; BORDER-TOP: #99bbe8 2px dashed; =
BORDER-LEFT: #99bbe8 2px dashed; BORDER-BOTTOM: #99bbe8 2px dashed
}
.x-panel-btns-ct {
	PADDING-RIGHT: 5px; PADDING-LEFT: 5px; PADDING-BOTTOM: 5px; =
PADDING-TOP: 5px
}
.x-panel-btns-ct .x-btn {
	CLEAR: none; FLOAT: right
}
.x-panel-btns-ct .x-panel-btns TD {
	BORDER-TOP-WIDTH: 0px; PADDING-RIGHT: 0px; PADDING-LEFT: 0px; =
BORDER-LEFT-WIDTH: 0px; BORDER-BOTTOM-WIDTH: 0px; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0px; =
PADDING-TOP: 0px; BORDER-RIGHT-WIDTH: 0px
}
.x-panel-btns-ct .x-panel-btns-right TABLE {
	CLEAR: none; FLOAT: right
}
.x-panel-btns-ct .x-panel-btns-left TABLE {
	CLEAR: none; FLOAT: left
}
.x-panel-btns-ct .x-panel-btns-center {
	TEXT-ALIGN: center
}
.x-panel-btns-ct .x-panel-btns-center TABLE {
	MARGIN: 0px auto
}
.x-panel-btns-ct TABLE TD.x-panel-btn-td {
	PADDING-RIGHT: 3px; PADDING-LEFT: 3px; PADDING-BOTTOM: 3px; =
PADDING-TOP: 3px
}
.x-panel-btns-ct .x-btn-focus .x-btn-left {
	BACKGROUND-POSITION: 0px -147px
}
.x-panel-btns-ct .x-btn-focus .x-btn-right {
	BACKGROUND-POSITION: 0px -168px
}
.x-panel-btns-ct .x-btn-focus .x-btn-center {
	BACKGROUND-POSITION: 0px -189px
}
.x-panel-btns-ct .x-btn-over .x-btn-left {
	BACKGROUND-POSITION: 0px -63px
}
.x-panel-btns-ct .x-btn-over .x-btn-right {
	BACKGROUND-POSITION: 0px -84px
}
.x-panel-btns-ct .x-btn-over .x-btn-center {
	BACKGROUND-POSITION: 0px -105px
}
.x-panel-btns-ct .x-btn-click .x-btn-center {
	BACKGROUND-POSITION: 0px -126px
}
.x-panel-btns-ct .x-btn-click .x-btn-right {
	BACKGROUND-POSITION: 0px -84px
}
.x-panel-btns-ct .x-btn-click .x-btn-left {
	BACKGROUND-POSITION: 0px -63px
}
.x-btn-menu-wrap {
	WIDTH: 0px! important
}
.x-menu {
	BACKGROUND: #f0f0f0 0px 0px
}
.x-menu-list-item IMG {
	DISPLAY: none
}
.x-menu-list-item A.x-menu-item {
	PADDING-LEFT: 8px
}
.port H1.x-panel-header-text {
	PADDING-RIGHT: 0px; PADDING-LEFT: 0px; FONT-SIZE: 100%; PADDING-BOTTOM: =
0px; MARGIN: 0px; PADDING-TOP: 0px
}
.port H2.x-panel-header-text {
	PADDING-RIGHT: 0px; PADDING-LEFT: 0px; FONT-SIZE: 100%; PADDING-BOTTOM: =
0px; MARGIN: 0px; PADDING-TOP: 0px
}
.port H3.x-panel-header-text {
	PADDING-RIGHT: 0px; PADDING-LEFT: 0px; FONT-SIZE: 100%; PADDING-BOTTOM: =
0px; MARGIN: 0px; PADDING-TOP: 0px
}
.port H4.x-panel-header-text {
	PADDING-RIGHT: 0px; PADDING-LEFT: 0px; FONT-SIZE: 100%; PADDING-BOTTOM: =
0px; MARGIN: 0px; PADDING-TOP: 0px
}
.port H5.x-panel-header-text {
	PADDING-RIGHT: 0px; PADDING-LEFT: 0px; FONT-SIZE: 100%; PADDING-BOTTOM: =
0px; MARGIN: 0px; PADDING-TOP: 0px
}
.port H6.x-panel-header-text {
	PADDING-RIGHT: 0px; PADDING-LEFT: 0px; FONT-SIZE: 100%; PADDING-BOTTOM: =
0px; MARGIN: 0px; PADDING-TOP: 0px
}
DIV.x-panel-body {
	PADDING-RIGHT: 5px; PADDING-LEFT: 5px; PADDING-BOTTOM: 5px; =
PADDING-TOP: 5px
}
.port .x-panel-header {
	PADDING-RIGHT: 3px; PADDING-LEFT: 5px; PADDING-BOTTOM: 4px; =
PADDING-TOP: 5px
}
.x-panel {
	BORDER-LEFT-COLOR: #d0d0d0; BORDER-BOTTOM-COLOR: #d0d0d0; =
BORDER-TOP-STYLE: solid; BORDER-TOP-COLOR: #d0d0d0; BORDER-RIGHT-STYLE: =
solid; BORDER-LEFT-STYLE: solid; BORDER-RIGHT-COLOR: #d0d0d0; =
BORDER-BOTTOM-STYLE: solid
}
.x-panel-header {
	BORDER-RIGHT: #d0d0d0 1px solid; BORDER-TOP: #d0d0d0 1px solid; =
BACKGROUND-IMAGE: =
url(/core/ext.ncbi/1/img/oldentrez/panel/white-top-bottom.gif); =
BORDER-LEFT: #d0d0d0 1px solid; COLOR: #333; BORDER-BOTTOM: #d0d0d0 1px =
solid
}
.x-panel-body {
	BORDER-LEFT-COLOR: #d0d0d0; BORDER-BOTTOM-COLOR: #d0d0d0; =
BORDER-TOP-COLOR: #d0d0d0; BORDER-RIGHT-COLOR: #d0d0d0
}
.x-panel-bbar .x-toolbar {
	BORDER-LEFT-COLOR: #d0d0d0; BORDER-BOTTOM-COLOR: #d0d0d0; =
BORDER-TOP-COLOR: #d0d0d0; BORDER-RIGHT-COLOR: #d0d0d0
}
.x-panel-tbar .x-toolbar {
	BORDER-LEFT-COLOR: #d0d0d0; BORDER-BOTTOM-COLOR: #d0d0d0; =
BORDER-TOP-COLOR: #d0d0d0; BORDER-RIGHT-COLOR: #d0d0d0
}
.x-panel-tbar-noheader .x-toolbar {
	BORDER-LEFT-COLOR: #d0d0d0; BORDER-BOTTOM-COLOR: #d0d0d0; =
BORDER-TOP-COLOR: #d0d0d0; BORDER-RIGHT-COLOR: #d0d0d0
}
.x-panel-mc .x-panel-tbar .x-toolbar {
	BORDER-LEFT-COLOR: #d0d0d0; BORDER-BOTTOM-COLOR: #d0d0d0; =
BORDER-TOP-COLOR: #d0d0d0; BORDER-RIGHT-COLOR: #d0d0d0
}
.x-panel-body-noheader {
	BORDER-LEFT-COLOR: #d0d0d0; BORDER-BOTTOM-COLOR: #d0d0d0; =
BORDER-TOP-COLOR: #d0d0d0; BORDER-RIGHT-COLOR: #d0d0d0
}
.x-panel-mc .x-panel-body {
	BORDER-LEFT-COLOR: #d0d0d0; BORDER-BOTTOM-COLOR: #d0d0d0; =
BORDER-TOP-COLOR: #d0d0d0; BORDER-RIGHT-COLOR: #d0d0d0
}
.x-panel-tl .x-panel-header {
	COLOR: #333
}
.x-panel-tc {
	BACKGROUND-IMAGE: =
url(/core/ext.ncbi/1/img/oldentrez/panel/top-bottom.gif)
}
.x-panel-tl {
	BORDER-LEFT-COLOR: #d0d0d0; BACKGROUND-IMAGE: =
url(/core/ext.ncbi/1/img/oldentrez/panel/corners-sprite.gif); =
BORDER-BOTTOM-COLOR: #d0d0d0; BORDER-TOP-COLOR: #d0d0d0; =
BORDER-RIGHT-COLOR: #d0d0d0
}
.x-panel-tr {
	BACKGROUND-IMAGE: =
url(/core/ext.ncbi/1/img/oldentrez/panel/corners-sprite.gif)
}
.x-panel-bc {
	BACKGROUND-IMAGE: =
url(/core/ext.ncbi/1/img/oldentrez/panel/top-bottom.gif)
}
.x-panel-bl {
	BACKGROUND-IMAGE: =
url(/core/ext.ncbi/1/img/oldentrez/panel/corners-sprite.gif)
}
.x-panel-br {
	BACKGROUND-IMAGE: =
url(/core/ext.ncbi/1/img/oldentrez/panel/corners-sprite.gif)
}
.x-panel-mc {
	BACKGROUND: #f1f1f1
}
.x-panel-mc .x-panel-body {
	BORDER-RIGHT: 0px; BORDER-TOP: 0px; BACKGROUND: none transparent scroll =
repeat 0% 0%; BORDER-LEFT: 0px; BORDER-BOTTOM: 0px
}
.x-panel-ml {
	BACKGROUND-IMAGE: =
url(/core/ext.ncbi/1/img/oldentrez/panel/left-right.gif)
}
.x-panel-mr {
	BACKGROUND-IMAGE: =
url(/core/ext.ncbi/1/img/oldentrez/panel/left-right.gif)
}
.x-tool {
	BACKGROUND-IMAGE: =
url(/core/ext.ncbi/1/img/oldentrez/panel/tool-sprites.gif)
}
.x-panel-ghost {
	BACKGROUND: #e0e0e0
}
.x-panel-ghost UL {
	BORDER-LEFT-COLOR: #b0b0b0; BORDER-BOTTOM-COLOR: #b0b0b0; =
BORDER-TOP-COLOR: #b0b0b0; BORDER-RIGHT-COLOR: #b0b0b0
}
.x-grid-panel .x-panel-mc .x-panel-body {
	BORDER-RIGHT: #d0d0d0 1px solid; BORDER-TOP: #d0d0d0 1px solid; =
BORDER-LEFT: #d0d0d0 1px solid; BORDER-BOTTOM: #d0d0d0 1px solid
}
.x-btn-left {
	BACKGROUND-IMAGE: =
url(/core/ext.ncbi/1/img/oldentrez/button/btn-sprite.gif)
}
.x-btn-right {
	BACKGROUND-IMAGE: =
url(/core/ext.ncbi/1/img/oldentrez/button/btn-sprite.gif)
}
.x-btn-center {
	BACKGROUND-IMAGE: =
url(/core/ext.ncbi/1/img/oldentrez/button/btn-sprite.gif)
}
.x-border-layout-ct {
	BACKGROUND: #f0f0f0
}
.x-accordion-hd {
	BACKGROUND-IMAGE: =
url(/core/ext.ncbi/1/img/oldentrez/panel/light-hd.gif)
}
.x-layout-collapsed {
	BORDER-LEFT-COLOR: #e0e0e0; BORDER-BOTTOM-COLOR: #e0e0e0; =
BORDER-TOP-COLOR: #e0e0e0; BACKGROUND-COLOR: #eee; BORDER-RIGHT-COLOR: =
#e0e0e0
}
.x-layout-collapsed-over {
	BACKGROUND-COLOR: #fbfbfb
}
.x-tip .x-tip-top {
	BACKGROUND-IMAGE: =
url(/core/ext.ncbi/1/img/oldentrez/qtip/tip-sprite.gif)
}
.x-tip .x-tip-top-left {
	BACKGROUND-IMAGE: =
url(/core/ext.ncbi/1/img/oldentrez/qtip/tip-sprite.gif)
}
.x-tip .x-tip-top-right {
	BACKGROUND-IMAGE: =
url(/core/ext.ncbi/1/img/oldentrez/qtip/tip-sprite.gif)
}
.x-tip .x-tip-ft {
	BACKGROUND-IMAGE: =
url(/core/ext.ncbi/1/img/oldentrez/qtip/tip-sprite.gif)
}
.x-tip .x-tip-ft-left {
	BACKGROUND-IMAGE: =
url(/core/ext.ncbi/1/img/oldentrez/qtip/tip-sprite.gif)
}
.x-tip .x-tip-ft-right {
	BACKGROUND-IMAGE: =
url(/core/ext.ncbi/1/img/oldentrez/qtip/tip-sprite.gif)
}
.x-tip .x-tip-bd-left {
	BACKGROUND-IMAGE: =
url(/core/ext.ncbi/1/img/oldentrez/qtip/tip-sprite.gif)
}
.x-tip .x-tip-bd-right {
	BACKGROUND-IMAGE: =
url(/core/ext.ncbi/1/img/oldentrez/qtip/tip-sprite.gif)
}
.x-toolbar {
	BORDER-LEFT-COLOR: #d0d0d0; BACKGROUND: =
url(/core/ext.ncbi/1/img/oldentrez/toolbar/bg.gif) #f0f4f5 repeat-x left =
top; BORDER-BOTTOM-COLOR: #d0d0d0; BORDER-TOP-COLOR: #d0d0d0; =
BORDER-RIGHT-COLOR: #d0d0d0
}
.x-toolbar BUTTON {
	COLOR: #444
}
.x-toolbar .x-btn-menu-arrow-wrap .x-btn-center BUTTON {
	BACKGROUND-IMAGE: =
url(/core/ext.ncbi/1/img/oldentrez/toolbar/btn-arrow.gif)
}
.x-toolbar .x-btn-text-icon .x-btn-menu-arrow-wrap .x-btn-center BUTTON =
{
	BACKGROUND-IMAGE: =
url(/core/ext.ncbi/1/img/oldentrez/toolbar/btn-arrow.gif)
}
.x-toolbar .x-btn-over .x-btn-left {
	BACKGROUND-IMAGE: =
url(/core/ext.ncbi/1/img/oldentrez/toolbar/tb-btn-sprite.gif)
}
.x-toolbar .x-btn-over .x-btn-right {
	BACKGROUND-IMAGE: =
url(/core/ext.ncbi/1/img/oldentrez/toolbar/tb-btn-sprite.gif)
}
.x-toolbar .x-btn-over .x-btn-center {
	BACKGROUND-IMAGE: =
url(/core/ext.ncbi/1/img/oldentrez/toolbar/tb-btn-sprite.gif)
}
.x-toolbar .x-btn-over BUTTON {
	COLOR: #111
}
.x-toolbar .x-btn-click .x-btn-left {
	BACKGROUND-IMAGE: =
url(/core/ext.ncbi/1/img/oldentrez/toolbar/tb-btn-sprite.gif)
}
.x-toolbar .x-btn-pressed .x-btn-left {
	BACKGROUND-IMAGE: =
url(/core/ext.ncbi/1/img/oldentrez/toolbar/tb-btn-sprite.gif)
}
.x-toolbar .x-btn-menu-active .x-btn-left {
	BACKGROUND-IMAGE: =
url(/core/ext.ncbi/1/img/oldentrez/toolbar/tb-btn-sprite.gif)
}
.x-toolbar .x-btn-click .x-btn-right {
	BACKGROUND-IMAGE: =
url(/core/ext.ncbi/1/img/oldentrez/toolbar/tb-btn-sprite.gif)
}
.x-toolbar .x-btn-pressed .x-btn-right {
	BACKGROUND-IMAGE: =
url(/core/ext.ncbi/1/img/oldentrez/toolbar/tb-btn-sprite.gif)
}
.x-toolbar .x-btn-menu-active .x-btn-right {
	BACKGROUND-IMAGE: =
url(/core/ext.ncbi/1/img/oldentrez/toolbar/tb-btn-sprite.gif)
}
.x-toolbar .x-btn-click .x-btn-center {
	BACKGROUND-IMAGE: =
url(/core/ext.ncbi/1/img/oldentrez/toolbar/tb-btn-sprite.gif)
}
.x-toolbar .x-btn-pressed .x-btn-center {
	BACKGROUND-IMAGE: =
url(/core/ext.ncbi/1/img/oldentrez/toolbar/tb-btn-sprite.gif)
}
.x-toolbar .x-btn-menu-active .x-btn-center {
	BACKGROUND-IMAGE: =
url(/core/ext.ncbi/1/img/oldentrez/toolbar/tb-btn-sprite.gif)
}
.x-toolbar .ytb-sep {
	BACKGROUND-IMAGE: =
url(/core/extjs/ext-2.1/resources/images/default/grid/grid-split.gif)
}
.x-tab-panel-header {
	BORDER-LEFT-COLOR: #d0d0d0; BACKGROUND: #eaeaea; BORDER-BOTTOM-COLOR: =
#d0d0d0; BORDER-TOP-COLOR: #d0d0d0; BORDER-RIGHT-COLOR: #d0d0d0
}
.x-tab-panel-footer {
	BORDER-LEFT-COLOR: #d0d0d0; BACKGROUND: #eaeaea; BORDER-BOTTOM-COLOR: =
#d0d0d0; BORDER-TOP-COLOR: #d0d0d0; BORDER-RIGHT-COLOR: #d0d0d0
}
.x-tab-panel-header {
	BORDER-LEFT-COLOR: #d0d0d0; BORDER-BOTTOM-COLOR: #d0d0d0; =
BORDER-TOP-COLOR: #d0d0d0; BORDER-RIGHT-COLOR: #d0d0d0
}
.x-tab-panel-footer {
	BORDER-LEFT-COLOR: #d0d0d0; BORDER-BOTTOM-COLOR: #d0d0d0; =
BORDER-TOP-COLOR: #d0d0d0; BORDER-RIGHT-COLOR: #d0d0d0
}
UL.x-tab-strip-top {
	BORDER-LEFT-COLOR: #d0d0d0; BACKGROUND: =
url(/core/ext.ncbi/1/img/oldentrez/tabs/tab-strip-bg.gif) #dbdbdb =
repeat-x left top; BORDER-BOTTOM-COLOR: #d0d0d0; BORDER-TOP-COLOR: =
#d0d0d0; PADDING-TOP: 2px; BORDER-RIGHT-COLOR: #d0d0d0
}
UL.x-tab-strip-bottom {
	BORDER-LEFT-COLOR: #d0d0d0; BACKGROUND-IMAGE: =
url(/core/ext.ncbi/1/img/oldentrez/tabs/tab-strip-btm-bg.gif); =
BORDER-BOTTOM-COLOR: #d0d0d0; BORDER-TOP-COLOR: #d0d0d0; =
BORDER-RIGHT-COLOR: #d0d0d0
}
.x-tab-strip SPAN.x-tab-strip-text {
	COLOR: #333
}
.x-tab-strip-over SPAN.x-tab-strip-text {
	COLOR: #111
}
.x-tab-strip-active SPAN.x-tab-strip-text {
	COLOR: #333
}
.x-tab-strip-disabled .x-tabs-text {
	COLOR: #aaaaaa
}
.x-tab-strip-top .x-tab-right {
	BACKGROUND-IMAGE: =
url(/core/ext.ncbi/1/img/oldentrez/tabs/tabs-sprite.gif)
}
.x-tab-strip-top .x-tab-left {
	BACKGROUND-IMAGE: =
url(/core/ext.ncbi/1/img/oldentrez/tabs/tabs-sprite.gif)
}
.x-tab-strip-top .x-tab-strip-inner {
	BACKGROUND-IMAGE: =
url(/core/ext.ncbi/1/img/oldentrez/tabs/tabs-sprite.gif)
}
.x-tab-strip-bottom .x-tab-right {
	BACKGROUND-IMAGE: =
url(/core/ext.ncbi/1/img/oldentrez/tabs/tab-btm-inactive-right-bg.gif)
}
.x-tab-strip-bottom .x-tab-left {
	BACKGROUND-IMAGE: =
url(/core/ext.ncbi/1/img/oldentrez/tabs/tab-btm-inactive-left-bg.gif)
}
.x-tab-strip-bottom .x-tab-strip-active .x-tab-right {
	BACKGROUND-IMAGE: =
url(/core/ext.ncbi/1/img/oldentrez/tabs/tab-btm-right-bg.gif)
}
.x-tab-strip-bottom .x-tab-strip-active .x-tab-left {
	BACKGROUND-IMAGE: =
url(/core/ext.ncbi/1/img/oldentrez/tabs/tab-btm-left-bg.gif)
}
.x-tab-strip .x-tab-strip-closable A.x-tab-strip-close {
	BACKGROUND-IMAGE: =
url(/core/ext.ncbi/1/img/oldentrez/tabs/tab-close.gif)
}
.x-tab-strip .x-tab-strip-closable A.x-tab-strip-close:hover {
	BACKGROUND-IMAGE: =
url(/core/ext.ncbi/1/img/oldentrez/tabs/tab-close.gif)
}
.x-tab-panel-body {
	BORDER-LEFT-COLOR: #d0d0d0; BACKGROUND: #fff; BORDER-BOTTOM-COLOR: =
#d0d0d0; BORDER-TOP-COLOR: #d0d0d0; BORDER-RIGHT-COLOR: #d0d0d0
}
.x-tab-panel-bbar .x-toolbar {
	BORDER-LEFT-COLOR: #d0d0d0; BORDER-BOTTOM-COLOR: #d0d0d0; =
BORDER-TOP-COLOR: #d0d0d0; BORDER-RIGHT-COLOR: #d0d0d0
}
.x-tab-panel-tbar .x-toolbar {
	BORDER-LEFT-COLOR: #d0d0d0; BORDER-BOTTOM-COLOR: #d0d0d0; =
BORDER-TOP-COLOR: #d0d0d0; BORDER-RIGHT-COLOR: #d0d0d0
}
.x-tab-panel-header-plain .x-tab-strip-spacer {
	BORDER-LEFT-COLOR: #d0d0d0; BACKGROUND: #eaeaea; BORDER-BOTTOM-COLOR: =
#d0d0d0; BORDER-TOP-COLOR: #d0d0d0; BORDER-RIGHT-COLOR: #d0d0d0
}
.x-tab-scroller-left {
	BORDER-LEFT-COLOR: #aeaeae; BACKGROUND-IMAGE: =
url(/core/ext.ncbi/1/img/oldentrez/tabs/scroll-left.gif); =
BORDER-BOTTOM-COLOR: #aeaeae; BORDER-TOP-COLOR: #aeaeae; =
BORDER-RIGHT-COLOR: #aeaeae
}
.x-tab-scroller-right {
	BORDER-LEFT-COLOR: #aeaeae; BACKGROUND-IMAGE: =
url(/core/ext.ncbi/1/img/oldentrez/tabs/scroll-right.gif); =
BORDER-BOTTOM-COLOR: #aeaeae; BORDER-TOP-COLOR: #aeaeae; =
BORDER-RIGHT-COLOR: #aeaeae
}
.x-window-proxy {
	BORDER-LEFT-COLOR: #b0b0b0; BACKGROUND: #e0e0e0; BORDER-BOTTOM-COLOR: =
#b0b0b0; BORDER-TOP-COLOR: #b0b0b0; BORDER-RIGHT-COLOR: #b0b0b0
}
.x-window-tl .x-window-header {
	COLOR: #555
}
.x-window-tc {
	BACKGROUND-IMAGE: =
url(/core/ext.ncbi/1/img/oldentrez/window/top-bottom.png)
}
.x-window-tl {
	BACKGROUND-IMAGE: =
url(/core/ext.ncbi/1/img/oldentrez/window/left-corners.png)
}
.x-window-tr {
	BACKGROUND-IMAGE: =
url(/core/ext.ncbi/1/img/oldentrez/window/right-corners.png)
}
.x-window-bc {
	BACKGROUND-IMAGE: =
url(/core/ext.ncbi/1/img/oldentrez/window/top-bottom.png)
}
.x-window-bl {
	BACKGROUND-IMAGE: =
url(/core/ext.ncbi/1/img/oldentrez/window/left-corners.png)
}
.x-window-br {
	BACKGROUND-IMAGE: =
url(/core/ext.ncbi/1/img/oldentrez/window/right-corners.png)
}
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DIV.sameauthor-seemore {
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}
DIV.x-panel-body SPAN.separator-bar {
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}
SPAN.review {
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italic; BACKGROUND-COLOR: #a81b0e
}
DIV.messagearea UL.messages LI {
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}

@media Print   =20
{
HTML BODY.pmc-body {
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}
TD.sidebar-cell DIV.port {
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}
#ArticleRefDocsums {
	DISPLAY: none
}
.format-menu {
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}
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}
TD.content-cell {
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}
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}
DIV.sec {
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}
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}
TD.content-cell {
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}
.canvas-media-player-outer .splash-ph {
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}
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.mb {
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0px; LINE-HEIGHT: 1; PADDING-TOP: 0px; LIST-STYLE-TYPE: none
}
.mb UL {
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0px; LINE-HEIGHT: 1; PADDING-TOP: 0px; LIST-STYLE-TYPE: none
}
.mb A {
	DISPLAY: block; WIDTH: 10em; CURSOR: pointer; TEXT-DECORATION: =
underline; outline: none
}
.mb LI {
	FLOAT: left; WIDTH: 10em
}
.mb A.first-link {
	COLOR: #336699; TEXT-DECORATION: none
}
UL.mb LI SPAN.delta {
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}
.mb LI UL.submenu {
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}
.mb LI UL UL {
	MARGIN: -1em 0px 0px 10em
}
UL.mb LI.submenu-item UL {
	BORDER-RIGHT: red 1px solid; BORDER-TOP: red 1px solid; LEFT: -999em; =
BORDER-LEFT: red 1px solid; BORDER-BOTTOM: red 1px solid; POSITION: =
absolute
}
UL.mb LI.active-item UL {
	LEFT: 3px
}
UL.mb LI UL.opened {
	BORDER-RIGHT: #ffffff 1px solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 2px; BORDER-TOP: =
#ffffff 1px solid; MARGIN-TOP: 4px; PADDING-LEFT: 2px; LEFT: auto; =
PADDING-BOTTOM: 2px; BORDER-LEFT: #ffffff 1px solid; PADDING-TOP: 2px; =
BORDER-BOTTOM: #ffffff 1px solid; BACKGROUND-COLOR: #ffffff
}
UL.mb LI UL.opened LI {
	MARGIN-BOTTOM: 3px
}
UL.mb LI UL.opened LI.active-item {
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PADDING-BOTTOM: 0px; PADDING-TOP: 0px
}
UL.opened LI.active-item A {
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}
UL.mb LI UL A {
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3px; COLOR: #222222; PADDING-TOP: 2px; TEXT-DECORATION: none
}
DIV.messagearea {
	CLEAR: both; PADDING-RIGHT: 0px; PADDING-LEFT: 0px; PADDING-BOTTOM: =
0px; MARGIN: 0px; PADDING-TOP: 0px; BORDER-BOTTOM: #888 1px solid
}
.empty#messagearea {
	CLEAR: both; BORDER-TOP-STYLE: none; BORDER-RIGHT-STYLE: none; =
BORDER-LEFT-STYLE: none; BORDER-BOTTOM-STYLE: none
}
UL.messages {
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PADDING-BOTTOM: 0px; MARGIN: 0px; PADDING-TOP: 0px; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; =
LIST-STYLE-TYPE: none
}
UL.messages LI {
	PADDING-RIGHT: 0.25em; BACKGROUND-POSITION: 0.5em 0.3em; PADDING-LEFT: =
28px; FONT-SIZE: 1em; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0.25em; MARGIN: 0.22em 0px; =
PADDING-TOP: 0.25em; BACKGROUND-REPEAT: no-repeat; BACKGROUND-COLOR: =
transparent
}
UL.messages LI.success {
	BORDER-RIGHT: #8c8 1px solid; BORDER-TOP: #8c8 1px solid; =
BACKGROUND-IMAGE: url(/portal/portalrc.fcgi/41902/img/30252); =
BORDER-LEFT: #8c8 1px solid; BORDER-BOTTOM: #8c8 1px solid; =
BACKGROUND-COLOR: #dfd
}
UL.messages LI.error {
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BACKGROUND-IMAGE: url(/portal/portalrc.fcgi/41902/img/30250); =
BORDER-LEFT: #c88 1px solid; BORDER-BOTTOM: #c88 1px solid; =
BACKGROUND-COLOR: #fcc
}
UL.messages LI.warn {
	BORDER-RIGHT: #cc8 1px solid; BORDER-TOP: #cc8 1px solid; =
BACKGROUND-IMAGE: url(/portal/portalrc.fcgi/41902/img/30254); =
BORDER-LEFT: #cc8 1px solid; BORDER-BOTTOM: #cc8 1px solid; =
BACKGROUND-COLOR: #ffc
}
UL.messages LI.info {
	BACKGROUND-IMAGE: url(/portal/portalrc.fcgi/41902/img/30251)
}
UL.messages LI.suggest {
	BACKGROUND-IMAGE: url(/portal/portalrc.fcgi/41902/img/30255)
}
UL.messages LI.hi_warn {
	FONT-WEIGHT: bold; BACKGROUND-IMAGE: =
url(/portal/portalrc.fcgi/41902/img/30254); BORDER-TOP-STYLE: none; =
BORDER-RIGHT-STYLE: none; BORDER-LEFT-STYLE: none; BACKGROUND-COLOR: =
transparent; BORDER-BOTTOM-STYLE: none
}
DIV#messagearea UL.messages LI.hi_warn {
	MARGIN: 2.5em 0px
}
UL.messages LI.hi_warn EM.detail {
	PADDING-LEFT: 0.5em; FONT-WEIGHT: normal; FONT-STYLE: normal
}
TD.content-cell {
	MIN-WIDTH: 550px; WIDTH: 550px
}
#Table3 {
	TABLE-LAYOUT: fixed
}
.col-watermark {
	MIN-WIDTH: 20px; WIDTH: 20px
}
.col-content {
	MIN-WIDTH: 570px; WIDTH: 570px
}
.col-sidebar {
	MIN-WIDTH: 370px; WIDTH: 370px
}

------=_NextPart_000_0000_01CAECAC.7B17FC60
Content-Type: application/octet-stream
Content-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-printable
Content-Location: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/corehtml/pmc/js/jquery-1.3.2.min.js

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'x0ea93':'Q',=0A=
'x0ea94':'q',=0A=
'x0ea95':'q',=0A=
'x0ea96':'q',=0A=
'x0ea97':'Q',=0A=
'x0ea98':'r',=0A=
'x0ea99':'R',=0A=
'x0ea9a':'R',=0A=
'x0ea9b':'r',=0A=
'x0ea9c':'R',=0A=
'x0ea9d':'R',=0A=
'x0ea9e':'r',=0A=
'x0ea9f':'R',=0A=
'x0eaa0':'r',=0A=
'x0eaa1':'ri',=0A=
'x0eaa2':'R',=0A=
'x0eaa3':'r',=0A=
'x0eaa4':'r1',=0A=
'x0eaa5':'RE',=0A=
'x0eaa9':'ri',=0A=
'x0eaaa':'rj',=0A=
'x0eaab':'rN',=0A=
'x0eaac':'s',=0A=
'x0eaad':'S',=0A=
'x0eaae':'S',=0A=
'x0eaaf':'s',=0A=
'x0eab0':'S',=0A=
'x0eab1':'s',=0A=
'x0eab2':'S',=0A=
'x0eab3':'S',=0A=
'x0eab4':'B',=0A=
'x0eab5':'E',=0A=
'x0eab6':'G',=0A=
'x0eab7':'P',=0A=
'x0eab8':'Q',=0A=
'x0eab9':'t',=0A=
'x0eaba':'T',=0A=
'x0eabb':'T',=0A=
'x0eabc':'t',=0A=
'x0eabd':'T',=0A=
'x0eabe':'t',=0A=
'x0eabf':'T',=0A=
'x0eac5':'TT',=0A=
'x0eac6':'u',=0A=
'x0eac7':'u',=0A=
'x0eac8':'U',=0A=
'x0eac9':'u',=0A=
'x0eaca':'u',=0A=
'x0eacc':'V',=0A=
'x0eacd':'v',=0A=
'x0eace':'v',=0A=
'x0eacf':'V',=0A=
'x0ead0':'v',=0A=
'x0ead1':'V',=0A=
'x0ead2':'v',=0A=
'x0ead3':'v',=0A=
'x0ead4':'V',=0A=
'x0ead5':'v',=0A=
'x0eadc':'w',=0A=
'x0eadd':'w',=0A=
'x0eade':'w',=0A=
'x0eadf':'x',=0A=
'x0eae0':'X',=0A=
'x0eae1':'x',=0A=
'x0eae2':'X',=0A=
'x0eae3':'x',=0A=
'x0eae4':'x',=0A=
'x0eae5':'X',=0A=
'x0eae6':'x',=0A=
'x0eae8':'y',=0A=
'x0eae9':'Y',=0A=
'x0eaea':'y',=0A=
'x0eaeb':'Y',=0A=
'x0eaec':'y',=0A=
'x0eaed':'y',=0A=
'x0eaee':'z',=0A=
'x0eaef':'Z',=0A=
'x0eaf0':'z',=0A=
'x0eaf1':'z',=0A=
'x0eaf2':'Z',=0A=
'x0eaf3':'z',=0A=
'x0eaf4':'z',=0A=
'x0eafc':'B',=0A=
'x0eaff':'A',=0A=
'x0eb04':'w',=0A=
'x0eb05':'m',=0A=
'x0eb06':'M',=0A=
'x0eb07':'E',=0A=
'x0eb08':'W',=0A=
'x0eb0a':'h',=0A=
'x0eb0b':'n',=0A=
'x0eb0d':'H',=0A=
'x0eb0f':'M',=0A=
'x0eb10':'m',=0A=
'x0eb11':'Z',=0A=
'x0eb12':'g',=0A=
'x0eb14':'C',=0A=
'x0eb15':'E',=0A=
'x0eb19':'W',=0A=
'x0eb1a':'a',=0A=
'x0eb1b':'b',=0A=
'x0eb1c':'S',=0A=
'x0eb1e':'J',=0A=
'x0eb1f':'b',=0A=
'x0eb20':'Z',=0A=
'x0eb21':'L',=0A=
'x0eb22':'g',=0A=
'x0fb00':'ffi',=0A=
'x0fb01':'fi',=0A=
'x0fb02':'fl',=0A=
'x0fb03':'ffi',=0A=
'x0fb04':'ffl'=0A=
    }=0A=
=0A=
// Called from many places to handle links.=0A=
// Params:=0A=
//     link:         URL. 'this' to reuse same window, else ""=0A=
//     windowname:   Reference name for window=0A=
//     additional:   Attributes for window.open, from:=0A=
//        width, height, resizable, scrollbars, toolbar, location, =
directories,=0A=
//        status, menubar, copyhistory.=0A=
// Notes: Book version always provides menubar, toolbar, etc.=0A=
//=0A=
function startTargetBook(link,windowname,width,height,additional)=0A=
{=0A=
    startTarget(link,windowname,width,height,additional)=0A=
}=0A=
=0A=
=0A=
//=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=
=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=
=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=
=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=0A=
function startTarget(link,windowname,width,height, additional)=0A=
{=0A=
=0A=
    if(! window.focus)=0A=
        return;=0A=
=0A=
    var sizestring =3D ",width=3D" + width + ",height=3D" + height;=0A=
	var opt =3D =
"menubar=3Dno,toolbar=3Dno,status=3Dno,scrollbars=3Dyes,resizable=3Dyes,d=
ependent=3Dyes,location=3Dno";=0A=
    var allOptions =3D opt + sizestring;=0A=
    if (additional) { allOptions =3D allOptions + ',' + additional; }=0A=
=0A=
    windowname =3D String(windowname).replace(/-/g, "_")=0A=
    var moveToXDefault =3D 75=0A=
    var moveToYDefault =3D 50=0A=
=0A=
    var moveToX =3D moveToXDefault=0A=
    var moveToY =3D moveToYDefault=0A=
    var yAdj =3D 50=0A=
    var yAdjDelta =3D 25=0A=
=0A=
    var barNames =3D ['menubar', 'toolbar', 'statusbar']=0A=
    for (var idx in barNames)=0A=
    {=0A=
	if (String(allOptions).lastIndexOf(barNames[idx] + '=3Dyes') >=0A=
	    String(allOptions).lastIndexOf(barNames[idx] + '=3Dno'))=0A=
		yAdj +=3D yAdjDelta=0A=
    }=0A=
=0A=
    try {=0A=
        if (window.screen.width && width > 0)=0A=
            moveToX =3D Math.ceil((window.screen.width - width)) - 15=0A=
        moveToX =3D (moveToX > 0 ? moveToX : moveToXDefault)=0A=
=0A=
        if (window.screen.height && height > 0)=0A=
            moveToY =3D Math.ceil((window.screen.height - height)) - yAdj=0A=
        moveToY =3D (moveToY > 0 ? moveToY : moveToYDefault)=0A=
    }=0A=
    catch (e) {}=0A=
=0A=
    var wLeftTopCornerOptions =3D ',left=3D' + moveToX + ',top=3D' + =
moveToY + ',screenX=3D' + moveToX + ',screenY=3D' + moveToY=0A=
=0A=
    allOptions =3D allOptions + wLeftTopCornerOptions=0A=
=0A=
    w =3D window.open (link, windowname, allOptions)=0A=
    w.focus()=0A=
=0A=
    link.target=3Dwindowname=0A=
=0A=
    return false;=0A=
}=0A=
=0A=
=0A=
//=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=
=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=
=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=
=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=0A=
function focuswin(windowname)=0A=
{=0A=
    windowname =3D String(windowname).replace(/-/g, "_")=0A=
    w =3D =
window.open("",windowname,"menubar=3Dyes,scrollbars=3Dyes,toolbar=3Dyes,l=
ocation=3Dyes,status=3Dyes,directories=3Dyes,resizable=3Dyes");=0A=
    w.focus();=0A=
=0A=
    return true;=0A=
}=0A=
=0A=
=0A=
//=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=
=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=
=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=
=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=0A=
function reverseString (inStr)=0A=
{=0A=
    var outStr =3D ''=0A=
=0A=
    for (i =3D0; i <=3D inStr.length; i++)=0A=
    {=0A=
	outStr =3D inStr.charAt(i) + outStr=0A=
    }=0A=
=0A=
    return outStr=0A=
}=0A=
=0A=
=0A=
//=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=
=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=
=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=
=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=0A=
function reverseAndReplaceString (inStr, findStr, newStr)=0A=
{=0A=
    return reverseString(inStr).replace(findStr, newStr)=0A=
}=0A=
=0A=
//=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=
=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=
=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=
=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=0A=
function initUnObscureEmail (className, innerHTML)=0A=
{=0A=
=0A=
    try{=0A=
        if (window.addEventListener)=0A=
            window.addEventListener('load', function() {unObscureEmail =
(className, innerHTML)}, false)=0A=
        else if (window.attachEvent)=0A=
            window.attachEvent('onload', function() {unObscureEmail =
(className, innerHTML)})=0A=
    }catch(e){=0A=
    }=0A=
}=0A=
=0A=
//=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=
=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=
=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=
=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=0A=
function unObscureEmail (className, innerHTML)=0A=
{=0A=
    try {=0A=
        if (typeof(unObscuredEmails) =3D=3D 'undefined')=0A=
            unObscuredEmails =3D new Array()=0A=
=0A=
        if (! unObscuredEmails[className])=0A=
        {=0A=
=0A=
            var elmnts =3D document.getElementsByTagName("span")=0A=
            for (var i =3D 0, len =3D elmnts.length; i < len; i++)=0A=
            {=0A=
                if (elmnts.item(i).className.indexOf(className, " ") =
!=3D -1)=0A=
                {=0A=
                    elmnts.item(i).innerHTML     =3D innerHTML;=0A=
                    unObscuredEmails[className]  =3D true=0A=
=0A=
                }=0A=
            }=0A=
        }=0A=
    }=0A=
    catch(e){=0A=
    }=0A=
}=0A=
=0A=
//=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=
=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=
=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=
=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=0A=
function pubMedDbLinkSubmit(control) {=0A=
    try{=0A=
        if (control.pubmedOption)=0A=
            control =3D control.pubmedOption=0A=
        if (control.options)=0A=
            location.href =3D =
control.options[control.options.selectedIndex].value;=0A=
    }=0A=
    catch(e){}=0A=
    return false;=0A=
}=0A=
=0A=
//=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=
=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=
=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=
=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=0A=
// elements "a", "area" with "ref" attribute report to redirect utility =
before dereferencing link=0A=
//=0A=
function initRedirectClicks(report_url) {=0A=
=0A=
    if (report_url && typeof jQuery !=3D 'undefined')=0A=
        jQuery(document).click(function(e) {=0A=
=0A=
            //=0A=
            if (!e) return true;=0A=
            //=0A=
            if (e.shiftKey || e.altKey || e.ctrlKey) return true;=0A=
            //=0A=
            var target =3D jQuery(e.target).closest("a[ref], area[ref]");=0A=
            if (!target || target.length =3D=3D 0) return true;=0A=
            //=0A=
            var ref  =3D target.attr("ref");=0A=
            var href =3D target.attr("href")=0A=
=0A=
            // special processing of href element for pubmed's authors=0A=
            if (typeof (href) !=3D 'undefined' && =
href.indexOf('sites/entrez') && href.indexOf('%5Bauth%5D'))=0A=
            {=0A=
                var newHref =3D replacePubMedUnsupportedChars(href);=0A=
                if (newHref !=3D href)=0A=
                    target.attr("href", newHref)=0A=
            }=0A=
=0A=
            // append ref with value of href if 'redirect-to-url' is =
missing in ref.=0A=
            if (typeof (ref) !=3D 'undefined' && =
ref.indexOf('redirect-to-url') =3D=3D -1)=0A=
            {=0A=
                ref =3D ref + '&redirect-to-url=3D' + =
encodeURIComponent(href)=0A=
                //=0A=
                jQuery.ajax({=0A=
                   type:    "HEAD",=0A=
                   url:     report_url + '?' + ref,=0A=
                   timeout: 1000,=0A=
                   async:   false=0A=
                });=0A=
            }=0A=
=0A=
            return true;=0A=
        });=0A=
};=0A=
=0A=
// function to replace unsupported charachters in author names to be =
searchable in PubMed database.=0A=
function replacePubMedUnsupportedChars (str)=0A=
{=0A=
    // replace low 128 chars automatically=0A=
    str =3D str.replace(/%26%23(x000[0-7][0-9a-f])%3b/ig,=0A=
        function($0, $1){=0A=
            return (String.fromCharCode('0' + $1))=0A=
        }=0A=
    )=0A=
    // replace others based on map and if it is not in the map replace =
with empty string.=0A=
    str =3D =
str.replace(/%26%23(x[0-9a-f][0-9a-f][0-9a-f][0-9a-f][0-9a-f])%3b/ig,=0A=
        function($0, $1){=0A=
            return (pubmedUnsupportedCharMap[$1] ? =
pubmedUnsupportedCharMap[$1] : '')=0A=
        }=0A=
    )=0A=
    return str;=0A=
}=0A=
//=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=
=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=
=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=
=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=0A=
// Based on script written by Dean Edwards, 2005=0A=
// http://dean.edwards.name/=0A=
=0A=
var pmc_script =3D {=0A=
	addEvent: function(element, type, handler) {=0A=
		// assign each event handler a unique ID=0A=
		if (!handler.$$guid) handler.$$guid =3D this.addEvent_guid++;=0A=
		// create a hash table of event types for the element=0A=
		if (!element.events) element.events =3D {};=0A=
		// create a hash table of event handlers for each element/event pair=0A=
		var handlers =3D element.events[type];=0A=
		if (!handlers) {=0A=
			handlers =3D element.events[type] =3D {};=0A=
			// store the existing event handler (if there is one)=0A=
			if (element["on" + type]) {=0A=
				handlers[0] =3D element["on" + type];=0A=
			}=0A=
		}=0A=
		// store the event handler in the hash table=0A=
		handlers[handler.$$guid] =3D handler;=0A=
		// assign a global event handler to do all the work=0A=
		element["on" + type] =3D handleEvent;=0A=
=0A=
=0A=
		function handleEvent(event) {=0A=
			var returnValue =3D true;=0A=
			// grab the event object (IE uses a global event object)=0A=
			event =3D event || fixEvent(window.event);=0A=
			// get a reference to the hash table of event handlers=0A=
			var handlers =3D this.events[event.type];=0A=
			// execute each event handler=0A=
			for (var i in handlers) {=0A=
				this.$$handleEvent =3D handlers[i];=0A=
				if (this.$$handleEvent(event) =3D=3D=3D false) {=0A=
					returnValue =3D false;=0A=
				}=0A=
			}=0A=
			return returnValue;=0A=
		};=0A=
=0A=
		function fixEvent(event) {=0A=
			// add W3C standard event methods=0A=
			event.preventDefault =3D fixEvent.preventDefault;=0A=
			event.stopPropagation =3D fixEvent.stopPropagation;=0A=
			return event;=0A=
		};=0A=
=0A=
		fixEvent.preventDefault =3D function() {=0A=
			this.returnValue =3D false;=0A=
		};=0A=
=0A=
		fixEvent.stopPropagation =3D function() {=0A=
			this.cancelBubble =3D true;=0A=
		};=0A=
	},=0A=
=0A=
	// a counter used to create unique IDs=0A=
	addEvent_guid: 1,=0A=
=0A=
	removeEvent: function(element, type, handler) {=0A=
		// delete the event handler from the hash table=0A=
		if (element.events && element.events[type]) {=0A=
			delete element.events[type][handler.$$guid];=0A=
		}=0A=
	}=0A=
}=0A=
=0A=
=0A=
// =
*************************************************************************=
***=0A=
//  implementation of figure's popup using jQuery and =
jQuery.fn.hoverIntent lib=0A=
//  it set appropriate handlers for all "a" elements with "figpopup" =
class name.=0A=
// =
*************************************************************************=
***=0A=
if (typeof jQuery !=3D 'undefined' && typeof jQuery.fn.hoverIntent !=3D =
'undefined') {=0A=
    (function($j) {=0A=
        // =
=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=
=3D  hoverHandlers =
=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=
=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=0A=
        var hoverHandlers =3D function  (opts) {=0A=
            this.config =3D {}=0A=
            this.self =3D this;=0A=
            this.__init(opts)=0A=
        }=0A=
=0A=
         $j.fn.extend(hoverHandlers.prototype,  {=0A=
                //=0A=
                __init: function(opts) {=0A=
                    $j.fn.extend(this.config, opts)=0A=
                },=0A=
                //=0A=
                over: function (el) {=0A=
                    var canvas =3D $j('.large-thumb-canvas', el)=0A=
                    var prnt =3D  canvas.parent();=0A=
                    var win =3D $j(window)=0A=
=0A=
                    //=0A=
                    if (canvas && prnt && win)=0A=
                    {=0A=
=0A=
                        // collect necessary coordinates from all =
intresting objects=0A=
                        canvas.coords =3D this._x_coords(canvas, =
'canvas')=0A=
                        prnt.coords   =3D this._x_coords(prnt,   =
'parent')=0A=
                        win.coords    =3D this._x_coords(win,    =
'window')=0A=
=0A=
                        // replace @src with value of @hires, because =
href hold high resolution image and src low one.=0A=
                        $j('img', canvas).attr('src',=0A=
                                function(){=0A=
                                    var hires =3D $j(this).attr("hires");=0A=
                                    return (typeof (hires) !=3D =
'undefined' && hires !=3D this.src)=0A=
                                            ? hires : this.src=0A=
                                }=0A=
                        )=0A=
=0A=
                        // make arrangement of canvas in the view port =
nearby parent element.=0A=
                        var cnvsRltvToPrnt =3D =
this._x_arrange_canvas(canvas.coords, prnt.coords, win.coords)=0A=
=0A=
                        // visualize the canvas with images.=0A=
                        canvas.css('top', cnvsRltvToPrnt.top + 'px')=0A=
                        canvas.css('left', cnvsRltvToPrnt.left + 'px')=0A=
                        canvas.css('display', 'block')=0A=
                    } // canvas=0A=
                }, // over=0A=
                //=0A=
                out: function (el) {=0A=
                    var canvas =3D $j('.large-thumb-canvas', el)=0A=
                    canvas.css('display', 'none')=0A=
                },=0A=
                //=0A=
                _x_offset:                     function(el, elname) {=0A=
                    var c =3D {}=0A=
                    if (el[0] =3D=3D window )=0A=
                        c =3D this._x_scroll(el, elname)=0A=
                    else=0A=
                        c =3D el.offset()=0A=
                    //console.info('%s.offset {top,left} =3D {%s, %s}', =
elname, c.top, c.left)=0A=
                    return c=0A=
                },=0A=
                _x_scroll:                     function(el, elname) {=0A=
                    var c =3D {top: el.scrollTop(), left: =
el.scrollLeft()}=0A=
                    //console.info('%s.scroll {top,left} =3D {%s, %s}', =
elname, c.top, c.left)=0A=
                    return c=0A=
                },=0A=
                _x_width:                     function(el, elname) {=0A=
                    var w =3D el.outerWidth() || el.width()=0A=
                    //console.info('%s.width      =3D %s; outerWidth =3D =
%s; width =3D %s', elname, w, el.outerWidth(), el.width())=0A=
                    //IE: alert(elname + '.width      =3D ' + w + '; =
outerWidth =3D ' + el.outerWidth() + 'width =3D ' + el.width())=0A=
                    return w=0A=
                },=0A=
                _x_height:                     function(el, elname) {=0A=
                    var h =3D el.outerHeight() || el.height()=0A=
                    // console.info('%s.height =3D %s', elname, h)=0A=
                    return h=0A=
                },=0A=
                _x_coords:                    function(el, elname) {=0A=
                    var size =3D { width: this._x_width (el, elname), =
height:  this._x_height(el, elname)}=0A=
                    var coords =3D {=0A=
                            scroll:  this._x_scroll(el, elname),=0A=
                            width:   size.width,=0A=
                            height:  size.height,=0A=
                            offset:  this._x_offset(el, elname),=0A=
                            size:    size=0A=
                        }=0A=
                    return coords=0A=
                },=0A=
                _x_get_rltv_coord:            function(trgtObj, baseObj, =
label) {=0A=
                    var c =3D {top: trgtObj.top - baseObj.top, left: =
trgtObj.left - baseObj.left}=0A=
                    //console.info("%s {top: %s, left: %s}", label, =
c.top, c.left)=0A=
                    return c=0A=
                },=0A=
                //=0A=
                _x_get_empty_space:            function(objCoords, =
objSize, viewPortCoords, viewPortSize, label) {=0A=
                    var objRelToViewPort =3D =
this._x_get_rltv_coord(objCoords, viewPortCoords, '_x_get_empty_space: =
for ' + label);=0A=
                    var c =3D {above: objRelToViewPort.top,=0A=
                             below: viewPortSize.height - =
(objRelToViewPort.top + objSize.height),=0A=
                             left: objRelToViewPort.left,=0A=
                             right: viewPortSize.width - =
(objRelToViewPort.left + objSize.width)}=0A=
                    $j.each(c, function(k, v){c[k] =3D (v < 0 ? 0 : v)})=0A=
                    //console.info("%s {above: %s, below: %s, left: %s, =
right: %s}", label, c.above, c.below, c.left, c.right)=0A=
                    return c=0A=
                },=0A=
                //=0A=
                _x_get_bigest_space_area_name: function(spaces, label) {=0A=
                    var sArr =3D [];=0A=
                    for (k in spaces){ sArr[sArr.length] =3D {k: k, v: =
spaces[k]} }=0A=
                    // sort in reverse order=0A=
                    sArr.sort (function(a,b){return ( a.v < b.v ? 1 : ( =
a.v > b.v ?  - 1 : 0 ) )})=0A=
                    // console.info('%s: %s', label, sArr[0].k)=0A=
                    return sArr[0].k=0A=
                },=0A=
                //=0A=
                _x_get_space_ratios:             function(spaces, =
viewPortSize, label) {=0A=
                    var ratios =3D {above: 0, left: 0}=0A=
                    if (viewPortSize.height > 0)=0A=
                        ratios.above =3D spaces.above / =
viewPortSize.height=0A=
                    if (viewPortSize.width > 0)=0A=
                        ratios.left =3D spaces.left / viewPortSize.width=0A=
                    // console.info('ratio: %s {above: %s, left: %s}', =
label, ratios.above, ratios.left)=0A=
                    return ratios=0A=
                },=0A=
                _x_arrange_canvas:                function(c_c, prnt_c, =
viewp_c) {=0A=
                // then calculate empty space areas around parent =
element of the canvas, which is ususally an anchor ("a" element)=0A=
                    var emptySpacesArndPrntInViewPort =3D =
this._x_get_empty_space (prnt_c.offset, prnt_c.size, viewp_c.offset, =
viewp_c.size, 'emptySpacesArndPrntInWinPort')=0A=
=0A=
                    // get the area name, where the most linear space =
avaiable=0A=
                    var areaName =3D =
this._x_get_bigest_space_area_name(emptySpacesArndPrntInViewPort, =
viewp_c.size, 'spacios areaName')=0A=
=0A=
                    // calculate the proportions of area to be taken by =
canvas in empty space area=0A=
                    // relativly to the parent element.=0A=
                    var ratios =3D =
this._x_get_space_ratios(emptySpacesArndPrntInViewPort, viewp_c.size, =
'ratios')=0A=
=0A=
                    // calculate parent's coordinates relative to view =
port=0A=
                    var prntRltvToViewPort =3D =
this._x_get_rltv_coord(prnt_c.offset, viewp_c.offset, =
'prntRltvToViewPort')=0A=
=0A=
                    // declare canvas relative coordinates=0A=
                    var cnvsRltvToPrnt =3D {top: 0, left: 0}=0A=
=0A=
                    // choose appropriate location for placing canvas.=0A=
                    // and choose the 1st element of an array as the one =
with the biggest area around parent of canvas.=0A=
                    // console.info ('place it at the %s', =
bigestEmptySpaceAreaName)=0A=
                    // calculations are relative to the left corner of =
the parent element of canvas. (it has to have the css property =
position:relative)=0A=
                    switch (areaName)=0A=
                    {=0A=
                        case 'above':=0A=
                            cnvsRltvToPrnt.top  =3D - c_c.height=0A=
                            cnvsRltvToPrnt.left =3D prnt_c.width * 0.5 - =
c_c.width * ratios.left=0A=
                        break;=0A=
                        case 'below':=0A=
                            cnvsRltvToPrnt.top  =3D prnt_c.height=0A=
                            cnvsRltvToPrnt.left =3D prnt_c.width * 0.5 - =
c_c.width * ratios.left=0A=
                        break;=0A=
                        case 'left':=0A=
                            cnvsRltvToPrnt.left =3D - c_c.width=0A=
                            cnvsRltvToPrnt.top  =3D prnt_c.height * 0.5 =
- c_c.height * ratios.above=0A=
                        break;=0A=
                        case 'right':=0A=
                            cnvsRltvToPrnt.left =3D prnt_c.width=0A=
                            cnvsRltvToPrnt.top  =3D prnt_c.height * 0.5 =
- c_c.height * ratios.above=0A=
                        break;=0A=
                    }=0A=
=0A=
                    // recalculate canvas' coordinates relative to =
parent into coordinates relative to view port.=0A=
                    var cnvsRltvToViewPort =3D {=0A=
                        top:  prntRltvToViewPort.top + =
cnvsRltvToPrnt.top,=0A=
                        left: prntRltvToViewPort.left + =
cnvsRltvToPrnt.left=0A=
                    }=0A=
                    //console.info("cnvsRltvToPrnt {top:%s, left: %s}", =
cnvsRltvToPrnt.top, cnvsRltvToPrnt.left)=0A=
                    //console.info("cnvsRltvToViewPort {top:%s, left: =
%s}", cnvsRltvToViewPort.top, cnvsRltvToViewPort.left)=0A=
=0A=
                    // adjust relative position of canvas to the window =
if calculated values=0A=
                    // are forcing canvas go out of view port=0A=
                    // next order should be preserved to keep left top =
corner visible always=0A=
=0A=
                    // adjust right side and move a bit to the left=0A=
                    if (cnvsRltvToViewPort.left + c_c.width > =
viewp_c.width)=0A=
                    {=0A=
                         var horAdj =3D c_c.width - (viewp_c.width - =
cnvsRltvToViewPort.left)=0A=
                         cnvsRltvToPrnt.left     -=3D horAdj=0A=
                         cnvsRltvToViewPort.left -=3D horAdj=0A=
                         //console.log('adjust right side and move to =
the left %spx', horizontalAdjustment)=0A=
                    }=0A=
=0A=
                    // adjust below side and move to the top=0A=
                    if (cnvsRltvToViewPort.top + c_c.height > =
viewp_c.height)=0A=
                    {=0A=
                        var vertAdj =3D c_c.height - (viewp_c.height - =
cnvsRltvToViewPort.top)=0A=
                        cnvsRltvToPrnt.top     -=3D vertAdj=0A=
                        cnvsRltvToViewPort.top -=3D vertAdj=0A=
                        // console.log('adjust below side and move to =
the top %spx', verticalAdjustment)=0A=
                    }=0A=
=0A=
                    // adjust left side and move to the right=0A=
                    if (cnvsRltvToViewPort.left < 0)=0A=
                    {=0A=
                        // console.log('adjust left side and move to the =
right %spx', -(cnvsLeftRelativeToWindowPort))=0A=
                        cnvsRltvToPrnt.left    -=3D =
cnvsRltvToViewPort.left=0A=
                        cnvsRltvToViewPort.left =3D 0=0A=
                    }=0A=
                    // adjust above side and move to the bottom=0A=
                    if (cnvsRltvToViewPort.top < 0)=0A=
                    {=0A=
                        // console.log('adjust above side and move to =
the bottom %spx', -(cnvsTopRelativeToWindowPort))=0A=
                        cnvsRltvToPrnt.top          -=3D =
cnvsRltvToViewPort.top=0A=
                        cnvsRltvToViewPort.top =3D 0=0A=
                    }=0A=
                    // console.info("cnvsRltvToPrnt adjusted {top: %s, =
left: %s}", cnvsRltvToPrnt.top, cnvsRltvToPrnt.left)=0A=
                    // console.info("cnvsRltvToViewPort adjusted {top: =
%s, left: %s}", cnvsRltvToViewPort.top, cnvsRltvToViewPort.left)=0A=
                    return cnvsRltvToPrnt=0A=
                }=0A=
        })=0A=
         // =
=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=
=3D  end of hoverHandlers =
=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=0A=
=0A=
=0A=
         // =
=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=
=3D  $j.fn.figPopup =
=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=
=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=0A=
        function  hoverOverHandler  () {=0A=
            var h =3D new hoverHandlers();=0A=
            h.over(this)=0A=
        }=0A=
=0A=
        function hoverOutHandler () {=0A=
            var h =3D new hoverHandlers();=0A=
            h.out(this)=0A=
        }=0A=
=0A=
        $j.fn.figPopup =3D function(opts){=0A=
            var config =3D {=0A=
                interval:      500,=0A=
                timeout:       0,=0A=
                over:          hoverOverHandler, // handler onMouseOver=0A=
                out:           hoverOutHandler    // handler  onMouseOut=0A=
            }=0A=
            $j.extend(config, opts)=0A=
            return  config=0A=
        }=0A=
=0A=
        // =
=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=
=3D  end of $j.fn.figPopup =
=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=0A=
=0A=
    }) (jQuery) // end of extention of jQuery with figPopup=0A=
=0A=
=0A=
=0A=
    jQuery(document).ready( function () {=0A=
        var fp_cfg =3D new jQuery.fn.figPopup()=0A=
        jQuery('a.figpopup').hoverIntent(fp_cfg)=0A=
    });=0A=
}=0A=
=0A=
// end of hoverIntent routines for figures' popups=0A=
// =
*************************************************************************=
***=0A=
//  implementation of ....=0A=
// =
*************************************************************************=
***=0A=

------=_NextPart_000_0000_01CAECAC.7B17FC60
Content-Type: application/octet-stream
Content-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-printable
Content-Location: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/corehtml/pmc/js/noext.menu.js

if (typeof(noext) =3D=3D=3D 'undefined') {
   noext =3D {};=20
}

if (typeof jQuery =3D=3D=3D 'undefined') {
    throw new Error('noext.Menu: jQuery must be present');
}

// Constructor
noext.Menu =3D function (n, subMenuStyle) {
    this.n =3D n;
    this.subMenuStyle =3D (subMenuStyle =3D=3D=3D 'ext') ? 'opened-ext' =
: 'opened';
    this.firstLi =3D this.n.children('li');
    this.subMenu =3D this.firstLi.find('ul');
    this.subMenuItems =3D this.subMenu.find('li');
    this.init();
    noext.Menu.menuInstances.push(this);
};
noext.Menu.menuInstances =3D [];

noext.Menu.prototype =3D {
    init: function () { // add events to what we need
        var that =3D this;
        this.subMenuItems.mouseover( this.hover); // do mouseovers for =
ie6
        this.subMenuItems.mouseout( this.unHover);
        this.n.click( function (event) { that.update(event);}); // =
update the menu
       =20
        jQuery(document).click( function (event) { =
that.closeAllSubMenus(event); }); // close other menus when we click one
    },
    update: function (e) {
            var t =3D jQuery(e.target);         =20
            // don't follow link if first item, whose target is '<u>'
            if (t.hasClass('first-link') ) {
                e.preventDefault();
            }

            var sm =3D this.subMenu;
            // close other menus
            this.closeOtherSubMenus(sm);
      =20
            var subMenuStyle =3D this.subMenuStyle;
           =20
            if ( !sm.hasClass(subMenuStyle)) {
                sm.addClass(subMenuStyle);
            } else {
                sm.removeClass(subMenuStyle);
            }
            e.stopPropagation(); // don't let default event occur =
(removeMenus from document.click)

           =20

    },
    hover: function () {
        jQuery(this).addClass('active-item');

    },
    unHover: function () {
        jQuery(this).removeClass('active-item');

    },
    closeOtherSubMenus: function (currentSubMenu) {
        // close all menu's submenus, that are different than currently =
clicked menu's submenu
        var subMenuStyle =3D this.subMenuStyle;
        currentSubMenu =3D this.subMenu;
        var menuInstances =3D noext.Menu.menuInstances;
        for (var i =3D 0; i < menuInstances.length; i++) {
            var menuInstance =3D menuInstances[i];
    =20
            if (currentSubMenu !=3D=3D menuInstance.subMenu && =
menuInstance.subMenu.hasClass(subMenuStyle)) {
                menuInstance.subMenu.removeClass(subMenuStyle);
            }=20
        }
    },
    closeAllSubMenus: function (event) {
        // for when user clicks on document
        var menuInstances =3D noext.Menu.menuInstances;
        for (var i =3D 0; i < menuInstances.length; i++) {
            var subMenu =3D this.subMenu;
            subMenu.removeClass(this.subMenuStyle);
        }
    }
};
// end of menu objecta


jQuery(document).ready( function () {
    jQuery('ul.noext-menu').removeClass('noext-menu-hidden').each( =
function () {
        noext.Menu.menuInstances.push( new noext.Menu( jQuery(this) ) );
    });
});
------=_NextPart_000_0000_01CAECAC.7B17FC60
Content-Type: application/octet-stream
Content-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-printable
Content-Location: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/portal/js/portal.js

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catch(e){}=0A=
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i=3D0;i<names.length;++i){try{window.console[names[i]]=3Dfunction(){};}=0A=
catch(e){}}})();var cssQuery=3Dfunction(){var version=3D"2.0.2";var =
$COMMA=3D/\s*,\s*/;var cssQuery=3Dfunction($selector,$$from){try{var =
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document.defaultView.getComputedStyle(oEl,'').getPropertyValue(sStyleProp=
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text=3D"";if(window.getSelection){text+=3Dwindow.getSelection();}else =
if(document.getSelection){text+=3Ddocument.getSelection();}else =
if(document.selection){text+=3Ddocument.selection.createRange().text;}=0A=
return =
text;},selectRange:function(oEl,iStart,iLength){if(!(oEl&&oEl.value))retu=
rn;if(oEl.createTextRange){var =
oRange=3DoEl.createTextRange();oRange.moveStart("character",iStart);oRang=
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oEl.focus();},getTextContent:function(oEl){return =
oEl.textContent;},getPlural:function(iN,sSuffix){if(undefined=3D=3DsSuffi=
x){return(iN>1?"s":"");}else =
if("y"=3D=3DsSuffix){return(iN>1?"ies":"y");}else{return(iN>1?sSuffix+"s"=
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sDir;iDelta=3DparseInt(iDelta);if(iDelta<0){sDir=3D" =
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sDir=3D" ago";var iS=3DparseInt(iDelta/1000);var =
iM,iH,iD;if(iS<60){x=3DiS+" =
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return x+sDir;},isEmail:function(sAddress){var =
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tr,sDelim){var res=3D{};if(undefined=3D=3DsStr)return res;var =
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for(var i=3D0;i<a.length;i++){var =
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return =
res;},Dump:function(oObj,iDepth){if(iDepth=3D=3Dnull)iDepth=3D1;var =
s=3D'';if(typeof(oObj)=3D=3D"object"){s+=3Dtypeof(oObj)+" {\n";for(var k =
in oObj){for(var i=3D0;i<iDepth;i++)s+=3D"  ";s+=3Dk+": =
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for(var i=3D0;i<iDepth-1;i++)s+=3D"  =
";s+=3D"}\n"}else{s+=3D""+oObj+"\n";}=0A=
return s;},jsLoader:{load:function(aScripts){var =
oS=3Ddocument.getElementsByTagName("script");for(var =
j=3D0;j<oS.length;j++){if(oS[j].src=3D=3D"")continue;this.oLoaded.push(oS=
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var =
sHost=3Ddocument.location.protocol+"/"+"/"+document.location.host;var =
sPath=3Ddocument.location.pathname;sPath=3DsPath.substring(0,sPath.lastIn=
dexOf("/"))+"/";var =
oHead=3Ddocument.getElementsByTagName("head")[0];for(var =
i=3D0;i<aScripts.length;i++){var =
sNewSrc=3Dthis.sBase+aScripts[i];if(sNewSrc.indexOf(":/"+"/")=3D=3D-1){if=
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var oS=3Ddocument.getElementsByTagName("script");var b=3Dtrue;for(var =
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if(b){document.write("<script src=3D'"+sNewSrc+"' =
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:"",oLoaded:[]},insertInHtml:function(text,obj){if(document.all){obj.inne=
rHTML+=3Dtext;}else{var =
range=3Ddocument.createRange();range.setStartAfter(obj);var =
docFrag=3Drange.createContextualFragment(text);obj.appendChild(docFrag);}=
},replaceInHtml:function(text,obj){if(document.all){obj.innerHTML=3Dtext;=
}else{while(obj.hasChildNodes())obj.removeChild(obj.firstChild);var =
range=3Ddocument.createRange();range.setStartAfter(obj);var =
docFrag=3Drange.createContextualFragment(text);obj.appendChild(docFrag);}=
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obj.innerHTML=3D"<br/>"+sText;else=0A=
obj.innerHTML+=3DsText;}},createNewId:function(){var =
newid=3Dnull;while(!newid||document.getElementById(newid)){newid=3D"XID"+=
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return newid;}};String.prototype.trimSpaces=3Dfunction(trimMode){var =
targetString=3Dthis;var =
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f(targetString.charAt(iPos)=3D=3D" =
"){while(targetString.charAt(iPos)=3D=3D" =
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function $(){var elements=3Dnew Array();for(var =
i=3D0;i<arguments.length;i++){var element=3Darguments[i];if(typeof =
element=3D=3D'string')=0A=
element=3Ddocument.getElementById(element);if(arguments.length=3D=3D1)=0A=
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return elements;}=0A=
function $C(attrValue,attrName,node,tag){if("*"=3D=3DattrValue){return =
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var oElements=3Dnew =
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'class';var els=3Dnode.getElementsByTagName(tag);var =
elsLen=3Dels.length;var pattern=3Dnew =
RegExp("(^|\\s)"+attrValue+"(\\s|$)");var =
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i].className)){oElements[j++]=3Dels[i];}else =
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}=0A=
return oElements;}=0A=
function $AN(attrName,node,tag){var oElements=3Dnew =
Array();if(node=3D=3Dnull)node=3Ddocument;if(tag=3D=3Dnull)tag=3D'*';var =
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function $N(name,node){var =
oElements=3D[];if(node=3D=3Dnull)node=3Ddocument;var =
els=3Dnode.getElementsByName(name);for(i=3D0;i<els.length;i++){oElements[=
oElements.length]=3Dels[i];}=0A=
return oElements;}=0A=
debug=3Dfunction(){};debug.prototype=3D{constructor:function(){},enable:f=
unction(){},disable:function(){}};function Notifier(){this.oQuee=3D{};}=0A=
Notifier.prototype.setListener=3Dfunction(oListener,sMessage,fFunction,oN=
otifier){function =
x_setListener(oListener,sMessage,fFunction,oNotifier){for(var j in =
oThis.oQuee[sMessage]){if(oThis.oQuee[sMessage][j]=3D=3D=3DoListener){ret=
urn false;}}=0A=
if(!oThis.oQuee[sMessage]){oThis.oQuee[sMessage]=3D[];}=0A=
j=3DoThis.oQuee[sMessage].length;oThis.oQuee[sMessage][j++]=3D({obj:oList=
ener,fun:fFunction,ntf:oNotifier});return true;}=0A=
var oThis=3Dthis;if(utils.isArray(oListener)){for(var i in =
oListener){x_setListener(oListener[i],sMessage,fFunction,oNotifier);}}els=
e{return =
x_setListener(oListener,sMessage,fFunction,oNotifier);}};Notifier.prototy=
pe.Notify=3Dfunction(oNotifier,sMessage,oComment,oListener){var =
sAnyMessage=3D"*";for(var i in =
this.oQuee[sAnyMessage]){if(null=3D=3DoListener||this.oQuee[sAnyMessage][=
i].obj=3D=3DoListener){if(this.oQuee[sAnyMessage][i].ntf=3D=3Dnull||this.=
oQuee[sAnyMessage][i].ntf=3D=3D=3DoNotifier){if("function"=3D=3Dtypeof =
this.oQuee[sAnyMessage][i].fun){var =
fun=3Dthis.oQuee[sAnyMessage][i].fun;fun(this.oQuee[sAnyMessage][i].obj,o=
Comment,sMessage,oNotifier);}}}}=0A=
for(i in =
this.oQuee[sMessage]){if(null=3D=3DoListener||this.oQuee[sMessage][i].obj=
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ssage][i].ntf=3D=3D=3DoNotifier){if("function"=3D=3Dtypeof =
this.oQuee[sMessage][i].fun){if(this.oQuee[sMessage][i].fun(this.oQuee[sM=
essage][i].obj,oComment,sMessage,oNotifier)){return;}}}}}};Notifier.getIn=
stance=3Dfunction(){if(!Notifier.instance){Notifier.instance=3Dnew =
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return =
Notifier.instance;};Dispatcher=3DBase.extend({constructor:function(oRules=
,oHierarchy){this.init();},init:function(){this.oNotifier=3Dnew =
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ed=3Dfalse;this.submitChecking=3Dfalse;this._rules=3D{};},initDataExchang=
e:function(oRules){var oThis=3Dthis;var activenames=3DActiveNames;var =
i,j;var =
rulehash=3D{};activenames=3DActiveNames;this.submitOK=3Dtrue;this.submitR=
equested=3Dfalse;this.submitter=3Dnull;this.oRules=3DoRules;for(i=3D0;i<o=
Rules.length;i++){var =
name=3DoRules[i].ename;rulehash[name]=3D(rulehash[name]||[]);rulehash[nam=
e][rulehash[name].length]=3DoRules[i];}=0A=
var =
links=3Ddocument.links;for(i=3D0;i<links.length;i++){initializeControl(li=
nks[i]);}=0A=
for(name in ActiveNames){var ctrl;var =
elems=3Ddocument.getElementsByName(name);for(i=3D0;i<elems.length;i++){in=
itializeControl(elems[i]);}}=0A=
for(var fname in =
this.dataExchangeFunctions){this.setListener(this,fname,this.dataExchange=
Functions[fname],null);}=0A=
function initializeControl(domCtrl){var thisName=3DdomCtrl.name;var =
j,oRule;if(!(thisName&&typeof =
activenames[thisName]!=3D=3D'undefined')){return;}=0A=
try{var =
sActionEvent=3DoThis.actionEventName(domCtrl);if(sActionEvent>""){if(rule=
hash[thisName]){oThis.addRule(oThis,sActionEvent,thisName,oThis.doDataExc=
hange,rulehash[thisName]);}=0A=
if(activenames[thisName]){oThis.addRule(oThis,sActionEvent,thisName,oThis=
.doSubmitAttribute,null);}=0A=
oThis.listenForEvents(domCtrl,sActionEvent);}}finally{}};},addRule:functi=
on(oThis,sEvent,sName,fFunc,oArg){var rules=3Dthis._rules;var =
ename=3DsName+"$"+sEvent;var =
i;if(typeof(rules[ename])!=3D'undefined'){for(i=3D0;i<rules[ename].length=
;i++){if(rules[ename][i].func=3D=3DfFunc){return;}}}else{rules[ename]=3D[=
];}=0A=
rules[ename][rules[ename].length]=3D{'thisptr':oThis,'func':fFunc,'arg':o=
Arg};},getRulesFor:function(sName,sEvent){return =
this._rules[sName+"$"+sEvent];},listenForEvents:function(domCtrl,sEventNa=
me){domCtrl._i_=3D(domCtrl._i_||[]);if(!domCtrl._i_[sEventName]){domCtrl.=
_i_[sEventName]=3D1;utils.addEvent(domCtrl,sEventName,this.handleAction);=
}},doDataExchange:function(eEvent,domTarget,oArg){var =
d=3DDispatcher.getInstance();var rules=3DoArg;if(!rules){return;}=0A=
for(var =
k=3D0;k<rules.length;k++){d.notify(domTarget,rules[k].m,rules[k]);}},doSu=
bmitAttribute:function(eEvent,domTarget,oArg){eEvent.preventDefault();eEv=
ent.stopPropagation();console&&console.info("Submitting request because =
submit attribute set");var =
realname=3DdomTarget.getAttributeNode("realname");realname=3Drealname?rea=
lname.value:null;if(domTarget.name||realname){this.setSubmitSource(realna=
me||domTarget.name);}=0A=
if(domTarget.name=3D=3D"p$ExL"){el=3Ddocument.getElementsByName('p$el');i=
f((typeof(el)!=3D'undefined')&&(el.length>0)){el[0].value=3DdomTarget.get=
Attribute("href");}}=0A=
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d=3DDispatcher.getInstance();var t=3Dthis;var =
i;if(t.tagName&&t.tagName.toLowerCase()=3D=3D'a'){e.preventDefault();e.st=
opPropagation();}=0A=
var =
realname=3Dthis.getAttributeNode("realname");realname=3Drealname?realname=
.value:null;if(this.name||realname){d.setSubmitSource(realname||this.name=
);}=0A=
d.submitCheckBegin();try{console&&console.info("Executing rule =
"+t.name+"."+e.type);var =
rules=3Dd.getRulesFor(t.name,e.type);for(i=3D0;rules&&(i<rules.length);i+=
+){var =
rule=3Drules[i];try{rule.func.call(rule.thisptr,e,t,rule.arg);}catch(err)=
{console&&console.error("Dispatcher.handleAction: rule failed: =
"+t.name+"$"+e.type+": =
"+err);}}}catch(err){console&&console.error("Error: handleAction: =
"+err);}finally{d.submitCheckEnd();}},actionEventName:function(t){var =
ttype=3D(t.getAttribute("type")||'').toLowerCase();switch(t.tagName.toLow=
erCase()){case'select':case'textarea':return'change';case'form':return'';=
case'input':if(ttype=3D=3D'text'){return'change';}}=0A=
return'click';},initHierarchy:function(oTree){if(!oTree||!oTree.name){ret=
urn;}=0A=
var =
sname=3DoTree.shortname||oTree.name.substring(1+oTree.name.lastIndexOf(".=
"));try{var =
c=3DPortal.Component.create(oTree.type,oTree.name,sname,this.oNotifier);c=
.realname=3DoTree.realname;}catch(e){console&&console.group&&console.grou=
p("Exception creating portlet =
"+oTree.name);console&&console.info("Message: =
"+e.toString());if(typeof(e)!=3D'string'){console&&console.group&&console=
.group("Details");console&&console.dir&&console.dir(e);console&&console.g=
roupEnd&&console.groupEnd();}=0A=
console&&console.group&&console.group("Trace")=0A=
console&&console.trace&&console.trace();console&&console.groupEnd&&consol=
e.groupEnd();console&&console.groupEnd&&console.groupEnd();}=0A=
if(oTree.children){for(var =
i=3D0;i<oTree.children.length;i++){this.initHierarchy(oTree.children[i]);=
}}},submit:function(){if(this.submitCheck()){if(xmlHttpCall&&xmlHttpCall.=
abortCalls){xmlHttpCall.abortCalls();}=0A=
document.forms[0]._submit();}},submitCheck:function(){var =
oThis=3Dthis;var =
thisForm=3Ddocument.forms[0];this.submitOK=3Dtrue;this.vetoWhy=3Dnull;thi=
s.notify(this,"portal$beforesubmit",{form:thisForm},null);return =
this.submitOK;},veto:function(whydata){this.submitOK=3Dfalse;this.vetoWhy=
=3Dwhydata;},isVetoed:function(){return!this.submitOK;},setSubmitSource:f=
unction(sourceName){var =
el=3Ddocument.getElementsByName('p$a');if((typeof(el)!=3D'undefined')&&(e=
l.length>0)){if(typeof(sourceName)=3D=3D'undefined'){console&&console.war=
n("Warning: Can't identify submitter: using =
p$a=3D''");}else{el[0].value=3DsourceName;}}},getSrcDst:function(oRule,oN=
otifierObj){function x_FindObj(name,sid){var oResult=3D[];var =
oControls=3D$N(name);for(var =
i=3D0;i<oControls.length;i++){if("*"=3D=3Dsid||oControls[i].getAttribute(=
"sid")=3D=3Dsid){oResult[oResult.length]=3DoControls[i];}}=0A=
return oResult;}=0A=
var oThis=3Dthis;var name=3DoRule.sname;var =
sid=3DoRule.ssid;if("#"=3D=3Dname){name=3DoRule.ename;}=0A=
if("#"=3D=3Dsid){sid=3DoRule.esid;sid=3DoNotifierObj.getAttribute("sid");=
}=0A=
var =
oSrc=3Dx_FindObj(name,sid);name=3DoRule.dname;sid=3DoRule.dsid;if("#"=3D=3D=
name){name=3DoRule.ename;}=0A=
if("#"=3D=3Dsid){sid=3DoRule.esid;sid=3DoNotifierObj.getAttribute("sid");=
}=0A=
var =
oDst=3Dx_FindObj(name,sid);return{src:oSrc,dst:oDst};},setListener:functi=
on(oListener,sMessage,fFunction,oNotifier){return =
this.oNotifier.setListener(oListener,sMessage,fFunction,oNotifier);},noti=
fy:function(oNotifier,sMessage,oComment,oListener){return =
this.oNotifier.Notify(oNotifier,sMessage,oComment,oListener);},dataExchan=
geFunctions:{CopyValue:function(oListener,oRule,sMessage,oNotifierObj){va=
r dispatcher=3DoListener;var =
oSrcDst=3Ddispatcher.getSrcDst(oRule,oNotifierObj);for(var =
j=3D0;j<oSrcDst.dst.length;j++){for(var =
i=3D0;i<oSrcDst.src.length;i++){oSrcDst.dst[j].value=3DoSrcDst.src[i].val=
ue;}}},AddValue:function(oListener,oRule,sMessage,oNotifierObj){var =
dispatcher=3DoListener;var =
oSrcDst=3Ddispatcher.getSrcDst(oRule,oNotifierObj);for(var =
j=3D0;j<oSrcDst.dst.length;j++){for(var =
i=3D0;i<oSrcDst.src.length;i++){oSrcDst.dst[j].value+=3D(oSrcDst.dst[j].v=
alue>""?", =
":"")+oSrcDst.src[i].value;}}},SetValue:function(oListener,oRule,sMessage=
,oNotifierObj){var dispatcher=3DoListener;var =
oSrcDst=3Ddispatcher.getSrcDst(oRule,oNotifierObj);for(var =
j=3D0;j<oSrcDst.dst.length;j++){var =
dst=3DoSrcDst.dst[j];if(Dispatcher.isCheckable(dst)){dst.checked=3DoRule.=
p[0];}else{dst.value=3DoRule.p[0];}}},ItemToList:function(oListener,oRule=
,sMessage,oNotifierObj){var dispatcher=3DoListener;var =
oSrcDst=3Ddispatcher.getSrcDst(oRule,oNotifierObj);for(var =
j=3D0;j<oSrcDst.dst.length;j++){var dst=3DoSrcDst.dst[j];var =
dstval=3Ddst.value.replace(/^\s+/,"").replace(/\s+$/,"");var =
dstItems=3Ddstval.split(/\s*,\s*/).filter(function(s){return =
s!=3D=3D"";});for(var i=3D0;i<oSrcDst.src.length;i++){var =
src=3DoSrcDst.src[i];var sc=3DDispatcher.isCheckable(src);var =
checked=3D(sc?src.checked:(src.value!=3D=3D""));var =
position=3DdstItems.indexOf(src.value);if(checked&&position<0){dstItems[d=
stItems.length]=3Dsrc.value;}=0A=
if(!checked&&position>=3D0){dstItems.splice(position,1);}}=0A=
dst.value=3DdstItems.join(", =
");}},PropertyToValue:function(oListener,oRule,sMessage,oNotifierObj){var=
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oSrcDst=3Ddispatcher.getSrcDst(oRule,oNotifierObj);for(var =
j=3D0;j<oSrcDst.dst.length;j++){for(var =
i=3D0;i<oSrcDst.src.length;i++){oSrcDst.dst[j].value=3DoSrcDst.src[i].get=
Attribute(oRule.p[0]);}}},PropertyToList:function(oListener,oRule,sMessag=
e,oNotifierObj){var dispatcher=3DoListener;var =
oSrcDst=3Ddispatcher.getSrcDst(oRule,oNotifierObj);for(var =
j=3D0;j<oSrcDst.dst.length;j++){var dst=3DoSrcDst.dst[j];var o=3D{};var =
values=3D[];var propname=3DoRule.p[0];for(var =
i=3D0;i<oSrcDst.src.length;i++){var src=3DoSrcDst.src[i];var =
prop=3Dsrc.getAttribute(propname);if(!prop){continue;}=0A=
var =
sc=3DDispatcher.isCheckable(src);if(sc?src.checked:(prop&&prop!=3D=3D""))=
{if(!o[prop]){values[values.length]=3Dprop;}=0A=
o[prop]=3D1;}}=0A=
dst.value=3Dvalues.join(", =
");}}},requestSubmit:function(src){console&&console.info("Request =
submitted");this.submitter=3Dsrc;this.submitRequested=3Dtrue;},submitChec=
kBegin:function(){if(this.submitChecking){throw"ERRINTERNAL: recursive =
submit check";}=0A=
this.submitChecking=3Dtrue;this.submitter=3Dnull;this.submitRequested=3Df=
alse;},submitCheckEnd:function(){if(this.submitRequested){this.submit();}=0A=
this.submitChecking=3Dfalse;this.submitter=3Dnull;this.submitRequested=3D=
false;}},{_instance:null,getInstance:function(){return =
Dispatcher._instance||(Dispatcher._instance=3Dnew =
Dispatcher());},onload:function(){var sc=3D"Create components";var =
si=3D"Initialize components";var =
d=3DDispatcher.getInstance();d.initHierarchy(objHierarchy);d.initDataExch=
ange(ObjectLinks);d.setListener(d,'portal$vetosubmit',function(dst,data,m=
essage,src){d.veto(data);},null);var =
theForm=3Ddocument.forms[0];if(theForm&&!theForm._submit){theForm._submit=
=3DtheForm.submit;theForm.submit=3Dfunction(){Dispatcher.getInstance().re=
questSubmit();};}},isCheckbox:function(node){var =
t=3Dnode.getAttribute("type");return =
t&&(t.toLowerCase()=3D=3D"checkbox");},isRadio:function(node){var =
t=3Dnode.getAttribute("type");return =
t&&(t.toLowerCase()=3D=3D"radio");},isCheckable:function(node){return =
this.isRadio(node)||this.isCheckbox(node);}});utils.addEvent(window,"load=
",Dispatcher.onload,false);Portal=3DBase.extend({constructor:function(){t=
his.init();},init:function(){}},{_instance:null,getInstance:function(){re=
turn Portal._instance||(Portal._instance=3Dnew =
Portal());},requestSubmit:function(){Dispatcher.getInstance().requestSubm=
it();},$send:function(sMessage,oData,oDst){var =
d=3DDispatcher.getInstance();d.submitCheckBegin();d.notify(null,sMessage,=
oData,oDst);d.submitCheckEnd();}});Portal.Component=3DBase.extend({constr=
uctor:function(path,name,notifier){this.init(path,name,notifier);},init:f=
unction(path,name,notifier){this.name=3Dname;this.path=3Dpath;this.notifi=
er=3Dnotifier;if(this.listen){var msg;var isEvent=3Dnew =
RegExp(/^([^<]+)<([^>]+)>/);var m;var =
d=3DDispatcher.getInstance();for(msg in =
this.listen){m=3DisEvent.exec(msg);if(m){this.addEvent(m[1],m[2],this.lis=
ten[msg],false);}else{this._listen(msg,this.listen[msg],null);}}}=0A=
if(this.send){for(msg in =
this.send){if(this.send[msg]=3D=3Dnull){this.send[msg]=3Dthis.makeSender(=
this,msg);}}}},makeSender:function(sender,msg){return =
function(obj){return =
sender._send(msg,obj,null);};},getValue:function(attr){var =
prop=3Dnull;var ix;if(typeof =
attr=3D=3D=3D"object"){prop=3Dattr.prop;attr=3Dattr.attr;}=0A=
else =
if((ix=3Dattr.indexOf(":"))>=3D0){prop=3Dattr.substring(ix+1);attr=3Dattr=
.substring(0,ix);}=0A=
var inp=3Dthis.getInputs(attr);if(!inp){return null;}=0A=
if(inp.length=3D=3D1){inp=3Dinp[0];return(prop&&prop.toLowerCase()!=3D=3D=
"value")?inp.getAttribute(prop):htmlutils.getValue(inp);}=0A=
var result=3D[];for(var =
i=3D0;i<inp.length;i++){if(prop&&prop.toLowerCase()!=3D=3D"value"){if(typ=
eof(inp[i][prop])!=3D'undefined'){result[result.length]=3Dinp[i][prop];}e=
lse{result[result.length]=3Dinp[i].getAttribute(prop);}}else{result[resul=
t.length]=3Dhtmlutils.getValue(inp[i]);}}=0A=
return result;},getList:function(attr){var ix;var =
prop=3Dnull;if((ix=3Dattr.indexOf(":"))>=3D0){prop=3Dattr.substring(ix+1)=
;attr=3Dattr.substring(0,ix);}=0A=
if(prop){throw"UNIMPLEMENTED: Component.getList: Getting list by =
property";}=0A=
var inp=3Dthis.getInputs(attr);if(!inp){return null;}=0A=
if(inp.length=3D=3D1){inp=3Dinp[0];return htmlutils.getList(inp);}=0A=
var result=3D[];for(var =
i=3D0;i<inp.length;i++){result[result.length]=3Dhtmlutils.getList(inp[i])=
;}=0A=
return result;},setValue:function(attr,value){var prop=3Dnull;var =
ix;if((ix=3Dattr.indexOf(":"))>=3D0){prop=3Dattr.substring(ix+1);attr=3Da=
ttr.substring(0,ix);}=0A=
var =
inp=3Dthis.getInputs(attr);if(inp.length=3D=3D1){inp=3Dinp[0];if(prop){if=
(typeof(inp[prop])!=3D'undefined'){inp[prop]=3Dvalue;}else{inp.setAttribu=
te(prop,value);}}else{inp.value=3Dvalue;}}else{throw"UNIMPLEMENTED: =
Cannot (yet) set vector values from =
scalar";}},getInputs:function(name){var =
inp=3Ddocument.getElementsByName(this.path+"."+name);if(!inp||inp.length=3D=
=3D=3D0){inp=3Dnull;}=0A=
return inp;},getInput:function(name){var =
inp=3Dthis.getInputs(name);return((inp&&inp.length>0)?inp[0]:null);},has:=
function(attrname){var =
inp=3Ddocument.getElementsByName(this.path+"."+attrname);return(inp&&(inp=
.length>0));},addEvent:function(inputName,eventName,f,flag){var =
inputs;var =
oThis=3Dthis;if(typeof(inputName)=3D=3D'string'){inputs=3Dthis.getInputs(=
inputName);}else =
if(utils.isArray(inputName)){inputs=3DinputName;}else{inputs=3D[inputName=
];}=0A=
if(!inputs){console&&console.warn("Can't find: "+inputName);return;}=0A=
var =
d=3DDispatcher.getInstance();for(i=3D0;i<inputs.length;i++){d.addRule(oTh=
is,eventName,inputs[i].name,f,null);d.listenForEvents(inputs[i],eventName=
);}=0A=
return;},removeEvent:function(inputName,eventName,f,flag){var =
inputs=3Dthis.getInputs(inputName);for(var =
i=3D0;inputs&&(i<inputs.length);i++){utils.removeEvent(inputs[i],eventNam=
e,f,flag);}},iListen:0,iNextListen:function(){return"L$"+this.iListen++;}=
,_listen:function(sMessage,fFunction,sSource){var oThis=3Dthis;var =
fName=3Dthis.iNextListen()+"$"+sMessage;this[fName]=3DfFunction;var =
d=3DDispatcher.getInstance();d.setListener(oThis,sMessage,function(dst,da=
ta,message,src){oThis[fName](message,data,src);},sSource);},_send:functio=
n(sMessage,oData,oDst){var =
d=3DDispatcher.getInstance();d.notify(this,sMessage,oData,oDst);},getMeta=
Data:function(){var =
result=3D{};result.listensFor=3D[];if(this.listen){for(var msg in =
this.listen){result.listensFor[result.listensFor.length]=3Dmsg;}}=0A=
result.sends=3D[];if(this.send){for(msg in =
this.send){result.sends[result.sends.length]=3Dmsg;}}=0A=
result.attributes=3D[];for(var attr in =
this.getAttributes()){result.attributes[result.attributes.length]=3Dattr;=
}=0A=
return =
result;}},{$i:{},$$i:{},create:function(type,path,cname,notifier){var =
p=3DPortal.Component.$i;var pelem=3Dpath.split(".");for(var =
i=3D0;i<pelem.length-1;i++){p=3Dp[pelem[i]];}=0A=
var =
sname=3Dpath.substring(1+path.lastIndexOf("."));if(typeof(Portal[type])=3D=
=3D'undefined'){throw("No such portlet type: "+type);}=0A=
if(typeof(Portal[type][sname])=3D=3D'undefined'){p[sname]=3Dnew =
Portal[type](path,cname,notifier);}else{try{p[sname]=3Dnew =
Portal[type][sname](path,cname,notifier);}catch(e){console&&console.error=
("Creating Portlet."+type+"."+sname+": "+e.message);throw e;}}=0A=
var =
l;if(!(l=3DPortal.Component.$$i[sname])){l=3DPortal.Component.$$i[sname]=3D=
[];}=0A=
l[l.length]=3Dp[cname];if(p[cname].beforesubmit){var =
d=3DDispatcher.getInstance();var =
oThis=3Dthis;d.setListener(oThis,"portal$beforesubmit",function(dst,data,=
message,src){var =
whydata=3Dp[cname].beforesubmit();if(typeof(whydata)=3D=3D'boolean'){retu=
rn whydata;}else =
if(typeof(whydata)=3D=3D'object'){d.notify(this,'portal$vetosubmit',whyda=
ta,null);return true;}=0A=
throw cname+".beforesubmit: returned "+typeof(whydata);},null);}=0A=
return p[cname];},get:function(path){return =
eval("Portal.Component.$i."+path);},getByShortName:function(name){return =
eval("Portal.Component.$$i."+name);},classExists:function(name){return(ty=
peof(Portal.Component[name])!=3D"undefined");},instanceExists:function(pa=
th){try{eval("Portal.Component.$i"+path);return true;}catch(e){}=0A=
return =
false;}});Portal.Layout=3DPortal.Component.extend({constructor:function(p=
ath,name,notifier){this.base(path,name,notifier);}});Portal.Cluster=3DPor=
tal.Component.extend({constructor:function(path,name,notifier){this.base(=
path,name,notifier);}});Portal.Portlet=3DPortal.Component.extend({getAttr=
ibutes:function(){var t=3Ddocument.getElementsByTagName("input");var =
result=3D{};var pathlen=3Dthis.path.length;for(var =
i=3D0;i<t.length;i++){var it=3Dt[i];var =
itn=3Dit.getAttribute("name");if(!itn){continue;}=0A=
var prefixlen=3Ditn.lastIndexOf(".");var =
samePrefix=3D(itn.substring(0,this.path.length)=3D=3Dthis.path);if((prefi=
xlen=3D=3Dpathlen)&&samePrefix){result[itn.substring(1+prefixlen)]=3Dit.v=
alue;}}=0A=
return result;}});$PI=3Dfunction(path){return =
Portal.Component.get(path);};$PN=3Dfunction(name){var =
c=3DPortal.Component.getByShortName(name);if(typeof(c)=3D=3D"undefined"){=
return null;}=0A=
return(c.length=3D=3D1)?c[0]:c;};htmlutils=3D{accessors:{select:{getValue=
:function(node){return this.getList(node).join(", =
");},getList:function(node){var opts=3Dnode.options;var r=3D[];for(var =
i=3D0;i<opts.length;i++){if(opts[i].selected){r[r.length]=3Dopts[i].value=
;}}=0A=
return r;}},button:{getValue:function(node){var =
attrNode=3Dnode.getAttributeNode('value');return(attrNode!=3D=3Dnull)?att=
rNode.nodeValue:null;}}},getValue:function(elem){var =
v=3Dthis.accessors[elem.tagName.toLowerCase()];return =
v&&v.getValue?v.getValue(elem):elem.value;},getList:function(elem){var =
v=3Dthis.accessors[elem.tagName.toLowerCase()];return =
v&&v.getList?v.getList(elem):(elem.value?[elem.value]:[]);}};utils.addEve=
nt(window,"load",function(){Portal.getInstance();},false);
------=_NextPart_000_0000_01CAECAC.7B17FC60
Content-Type: application/octet-stream
Content-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-printable
Content-Location: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/portal/portalrc.fcgi/41902/js/15394/28968/29966/41749/30783/28669/27885/27590/29994/24519/29669/41718.js

//=0A=
//		 PAFAppResources: Initialize client side of Portlet Application =
Framework=0A=
//=0A=
=0A=
Portal.Portlet.PAFAppResources =3D Portal.Portlet.extend({=0A=
=0A=
   // In PAF, the form always posts to itself. It should update and =
interpret data, and=0A=
   // then *redirect* to another page if necessary.=0A=
   =0A=
   // This code fixes up the EntrezForm in PAF templates to =
automatically post=0A=
   // to the current window pathname.=0A=
   =0A=
   // If the programmer specifies a hidden input with =
id=3D"entrez-action",=0A=
   // that action (instead of POST) is used for the form.=0A=
   =0A=
   // If the programmer specifies a hidden input with =
id=3D"entrez-method",=0A=
   // that method is used for the form. =0A=
       =0A=
   // FIXME: This is a hack. EntrezForm should default to posting to =
same page,=0A=
   // and there should be some way of indicating how to post (or get) =
elsewhere.=0A=
   // The problem here is that we've mixed Entrez into PAF. This should =
be refactored.=0A=
   =0A=
   init: function(path, name, notifier) {=0A=
      var oThis =3D this;  // Use <oThis> instead of <this> for =
registering callbacks=0A=
      this.base(path, name, notifier);  // Call superclass constructor=0A=
      =0A=
      if (!document.forms[0]) return; // Do nothing if no form.=0A=
      =0A=
      var getNodeValue =3D function(id, dfl) {=0A=
         var node =3D $(id);=0A=
         return node ? node.value : dfl;=0A=
      };=0A=
      =0A=
      var entrezAction =3D getNodeValue('entrez-action', =
window.location.pathname);=0A=
      var entrezMethod =3D getNodeValue('entrez-method', null);=0A=
      var entrezSubmit =3D getNodeValue('entrez-submit', false);=0A=
      =0A=
      document.forms[0].action =3D entrezAction;=0A=
      =0A=
      // FIXME: We need to include query string here, too, I think... At =
least for POST...      =0A=
      if (entrezMethod) {=0A=
         document.forms[0].method =3D entrezMethod;=0A=
      }=0A=
=0A=
      // By default, entrez form ignores submits. Setting "entrezSubmit" =
to "true" means let Entrez form=0A=
      // actually process the submit. This probably will only work =
correctly for action=3D"get"       =0A=
      if (entrezSubmit) {=0A=
         document.forms[0].onsubmit=3D"return true;"=0A=
      }=0A=
   }=0A=
});=0A=
=0A=
// makes an ext js looking portlet w/o using extjs
if (typeof(noext) =3D=3D 'undefined') {
    noext =3D {};
}
noext.parseConfig =3D function(n) {
    var configStr =3D n.getAttribute('config') || '';
    try {
        var jsonObj =3D eval('({' + configStr + '})');
    }
    catch(e) {
        if (window.console) {
            console.error(e.message + ' in local config object in =
noext.Portlet: file: ' + e.fileName + ', line ' + e.lineNumber + '.' );
        }
    }
    return jsonObj;
};
noext.getClassArray =3D function(n) {
    var classNameStr =3D n.className;
    return classNameStr.split(' ');
};
noext.getFirstHeader =3D function(n) {
    var fc =3D utils.getFirstChild(n);
    if(fc.tagName.search(/^h\d/i) !=3D -1) {
        return fc;
    }
};
noext.Portlet =3D function(n, beenClassed) {
    this.n =3D n;=0A=
    this.beenClassed =3D beenClassed;=0A=
    if (!beenClassed) {
        this.headerNode =3D noext.getFirstHeader(this.n);
        this.headerDiv =3D document.createElement('div');
        this.bodyDiv =3D document.createElement('div');
        utils.addClass(this.bodyDiv, 'x-panel-body');=0A=
    }=0A=
    else {=0A=
        var divNodes =3D n.getElementsByTagName("div");=0A=
        for (var i =3D 0; i < divNodes.length; ++i) {=0A=
            var divNode=3D divNodes[i];=0A=
            if (utils.hasClass(divNode, 'x-panel-header')) {=0A=
                this.headerDiv =3D divNode;=0A=
            }=0A=
            else if (utils.hasClass(divNode, 'x-panel-body')) {=0A=
                this.bodyDiv =3D divNode;=0A=
            }=0A=
        }=0A=
    }
    var configObj =3D noext.parseConfig(this.n);
    this.collapsible =3D configObj.collapsible =3D=3D false ? false : =
true;=20
    this.closeable =3D configObj.closeable =3D=3D false ? false : true;=20
    this.collapsed =3D configObj.collapsed =3D=3D true ? true : false;
    if (this.collapsed =3D=3D true) {
        utils.addClass(this.n, 'x-panel-collapsed');
        this.bodyDiv.style.display =3D 'none';
    }
    this.make();
};

noext.Portlet.instances =3D [];
noext.Portlet.ready =3D function() {
    var nodes =3D $C('port', 'class', document, 'div');
    for (var i =3D 0; i < nodes.length; i++) {
        var n =3D nodes[i];
        if (utils.hasClass(n, 'norender')) {
            continue;
        }=0A=
        // CFM:  If the top-level div already has the 'x-panel' class, =
then =0A=
        // assume that it has been completely "classed up".=0A=
        var beenClassed =3D utils.hasClass(n, 'x-panel');
        portlet =3D new noext.Portlet(n, beenClassed);
    }
}
noext.Portlet.prototype =3D {
    make: function() {=0A=
        var beenClassed =3D this.beenClassed;=0A=
        =0A=
        var toolCloseA, toggleA;=0A=
        if (!beenClassed) {
            // put a parent around body content
            //var innerContainingDiv =3D document.createElement('div');
            utils.addClass(this.n, 'x-panel');
            //this.n.style.width =3D 'auto';
            utils.addClass(this.headerDiv, 'x-panel-header');
            utils.addClass(this.headerDiv, 'x-unselectable');
            if (this.headerNode) {=20
                this.n.insertBefore(this.headerDiv, this.headerNode);
                var header =3D this.n.removeChild(this.headerNode);
            }
            toolCloseA =3D document.createElement('a');
            toolCloseA.setAttribute('href', '#');
            utils.addClass(toolCloseA, 'x-tool');
            utils.addClass(toolCloseA, 'x-tool-close');
            toggleA =3D document.createElement('a');
            toggleA.setAttribute('href', '#');
            utils.addClass(toggleA, 'x-tool');
            utils.addClass(toggleA, 'x-tool-toggle');
            if (this.closeable =3D=3D true) {
                this.headerDiv.appendChild(toolCloseA);
            }
            if (this.collapsible) {
                this.headerDiv.appendChild(toggleA);
            }
            if (this.headerNode) {
                this.headerDiv.appendChild(header);
                utils.addClass(this.headerNode, 'x-panel-header-text');
            }=0A=
        }=0A=
        else {=0A=
            // Find the close and toggle <a> elements, if they exist.  =
To do this, we=0A=
            // iterate through all the <a> children, looking for the =
right classes.=0A=
            var aKids =3D this.n.getElementsByTagName("a");=0A=
            for (var i =3D 0; i < aKids.length; ++i) {=0A=
                var aKid =3D aKids[i];=0A=
                if (utils.hasClass(aKid, 'x-tool-close')) {=0A=
                    toolCloseA =3D aKid;=0A=
                }=0A=
                else if (utils.hasClass(aKid, 'x-tool-toggle')) {=0A=
                    toggleA =3D aKid;=0A=
                }=0A=
            }=0A=
        }=0A=
        this.toolCloseA =3D toolCloseA;
        this.toggleA =3D toggleA;=0A=
        if (!beenClassed) {
            this.reParent();=0A=
        }
        this.setEvents();
    },=20
    reParent: function() {
        var bodyElems =3D [];
        utils.insertAfter(this.n, this.bodyDiv, this.headerDiv);
        for (var i =3D this.n.childNodes.length -1; i >=3D 0; i--) {
            var fc =3D this.n.childNodes[i];
            if (fc !=3D this.headerDiv && fc !=3D this.bodyDiv) {=20
                bodyElems.push(this.n.removeChild(fc));
            }
            for (var j =3D 0; j < bodyElems.length; j++) {
                this.bodyDiv.appendChild(bodyElems[j]);
            }
        }
    },
    setEvents: function(toggleA) {
        var that =3D this;=0A=
        if (this.toggleA) {
            utils.addEvent(this.toggleA, 'click', function(e) { =
that.toggle(e)});=0A=
        }=0A=
        if (this.toolCloseA) {
            utils.addEvent(this.toolCloseA, 'click', function(e) { =
that.close(e)});=0A=
        }
    },=20
    toggle: function(e) {
        utils.preventDefault(e);
        if (utils.hasClass(this.n, 'x-panel-collapsed')) {
            utils.removeClass(this.n, 'x-panel-collapsed')
            this.bodyDiv.style.display =3D 'block';
        } else {
            utils.addClass(this.n, 'x-panel-collapsed');
            this.bodyDiv.style.display =3D 'none';
        }
    },
    close: function(e) {
        utils.preventDefault(e);=20
        this.n.parentNode.removeChild(this.n);
    }
};

utils.addEvent(window, 'load', noext.Portlet.ready);
=0A=
// This 2.x branch of this file was to add a brief delay to the pop-up, =
but it=0A=
// was decided not to merge this change into the main trunk.  I.e. this =
branch=0A=
// is PMC specific.  See PP-207.=0A=
=0A=
Portal.Portlet.BriefLinkPageSection =3D Portal.Portlet.extend({

	init: function(path, name, notifier) {=0A=
	    console.info("Created BriefLinkPageSection");
		this.base(path, name, notifier);
        =0A=
        this.SetPortletName();=0A=
        if (Portal.Portlet.BriefLinkPageSection.portletname !=3D ''){=0A=
            Portal.Portlet.BriefLinkPageSection.portletname =3D "." + =
Portal.Portlet.BriefLinkPageSection.portletname;=0A=
        }=0A=
        =0A=
        this.CreatePopNodes();=0A=
       =20
	},=0A=
	=0A=
	SetPortletName: function(){=0A=
	    // derived portlet should override and provide portlet name;=0A=
	},=0A=
	=0A=
    popNodeDelay: 0,
=0A=
    CreatePopNodes: function(){=0A=
        var pop =3D cssQuery("div.brieflink div" + =
Portal.Portlet.BriefLinkPageSection.portletname + " ul");
        var poptype =3D pop[0].className;
       =20
        // when value is pop0
        if (poptype.match(/pop0/)){
            // no popnodes need to be created
        }
        // for all other cases try to create popnode
        else{
            // Create ElementPopper for each li.item
    		var elemid =3D "div.brieflink div" + =
Portal.Portlet.BriefLinkPageSection.portletname + " li.item";
    		var elements =3D cssQuery(elemid);=20
    	=09
    		// go through the list of elements
    		for (var i =3D 0; i < elements.length; i++) {
                var elem =3D elements[i];
                var content =3D "";=20
               =20
                // when value is pop1
                if (poptype.match(/pop1/)){
                    // create pop with title + desc
                    var linktext =3D cssQuery("a", elem);
                    if (linktext && linktext.length > 0){
                        content +=3D linktext[0].innerHTML + "<br/>";
                    }
                }
                // default case - when value is pop2 or anything else =
but pop3
                else if (!poptype || !poptype.match(/pop3/)){
                    // if visible content length is larger than 105, =
then show the entire text in popup,
                    // followed by any included link description.
                    var linktext =3D cssQuery("a", elem);
                    var note =3D cssQuery("p.note", elem);
                    var content =3D "";=20
                    var linklength =3D 0;
                    if (linktext && linktext.length > 0){
                       linklength +=3D linktext[0].innerHTML.length;
                    }
                    if (note && note.length > 0){
                       linklength +=3D note[0].innerHTML.length;
                    }
                    if (linklength > 100){
                       content +=3D linktext[0].innerHTML + "<br/>";
                    }
                } // end default case
	          =20
	          =20
                // add Description to pop node when it exists for all =
popnode cases	          =20
	            var desc =3D cssQuery("p.desc", elem);
                if (desc && desc.length > 0){
                   content +=3D desc[0].innerHTML;
                }
               =20
                // create popnode when content is present
                if (content && content.length > 0) {
                  var elemclass =3D elem.className;
                  if (!elemclass.match(/popnode/)){
                      elem.className =3D elemclass + " popnode";
                  }
                  //new ElementPopper(elem, content);
                  new ElementPopper(elem, {=20
                      content: content,
                      delay: this.popNodeDelay=20
                  });
                }
               =20
            } // end for=20
        } // end else=0A=
	} // end CreatePopNodes function
},=0A=
{=0A=
portletname: '' =0A=
=0A=
});=0A=
//=0A=
// Java Module PopDiv_JS=0A=
//=0A=
=0A=
//=0A=
// Shows and hides a div at a specific location, either (x,y), or =
relative to=0A=
// an element in a specific direction.=0A=
//=0A=
// Limitations:=0A=
//  - height or width must be set on the popper div, or it may not =
position correctly.=0A=
//=0A=
// You're probably better off using ElementPopper instead of PopDiv for =
hover pops. Popper handles mouse events=0A=
// correctly.=0A=
//=0A=
// Arguments:=0A=
//   divId: the id of the div to use for the popper. You can also pass a =
DOM node, and PopDiv will use that node.=0A=
//       The default is "popperDiv".=0A=
//   className: Add this className to the popper div. Optional--no =
default. This is useful for setting up default state.=0A=
//=0A=
// It's preferable to use a single PopDiv to render popups all over=0A=
// a single page. You only need as many PopDivs as the maximum number of =
popups you may=0A=
// ever have open at once. See ElementPopper for details.=0A=
=0A=
var PopDiv =3D function(divId, className) {=0A=
=0A=
   var innerdiv =3D null;=0A=
   =0A=
   // default is a string=0A=
   if (typeof(divId) =3D=3D 'undefined') {=0A=
      divId =3D "popperDiv";=0A=
   }=0A=
   =0A=
   // Find or make popper div=0A=
   if ((this.div =3D document.getElementById(divId)) =3D=3D null) {=0A=
   =0A=
      this.div =3D document.createElement("div");=0A=
      this.div.id =3D divId;=0A=
      this.div.className =3D "popper";=0A=
      if (className) {=0A=
         this.div.className +=3D " " + className;=0A=
      }=0A=
      document.body.appendChild(this.div);=0A=
      this.div.innerHTML =3D "<div class=3D'popperInnerDiv'/>";=0A=
   } else {=0A=
      utils.addClass(this.div, "popper"); // Be sure it has this=0A=
   }=0A=
=0A=
   // this.innerdiv is first element of this.div=0A=
   for (this.innerdiv =3D this.div.firstChild;=0A=
      this.innerdiv && this.innerdiv.nodeType !=3D 1;=0A=
      this.innerdiv =3D this.innerdiv.nextSibling) {=0A=
   }=0A=
   =0A=
   // If caller provided a div with no inner divs, add one.=0A=
   if (!this.innerdiv) {=0A=
       this.innerdiv =3D document.createElement("div");=0A=
       this.innerdiv.className =3D "popperInnerDiv";=0A=
       this.div.appendChild(this.innerdiv);=0A=
   }=0A=
}=0A=
=0A=
PopDiv.POP_ABOVE =3D 0;=0A=
PopDiv.POP_RIGHT =3D 1;=0A=
PopDiv.POP_BELOW =3D 2;=0A=
PopDiv.POP_LEFT =3D 3;=0A=
PopDiv.POP_CLASSES =3D ['pop-above', 'pop-right', 'pop-below', =
'pop-left'];=0A=
=0A=
PopDiv.POPPED =3D 'popped';=0A=
PopDiv.POP_GETXY =3D 'pop-getxy';=0A=
=0A=
PopDiv.prototype =3D {=0A=
   // Show it at x, y=0A=
   showAt: function(html, x, y) {=0A=
=0A=
    //console.info("POP @ (" + x + ", " + y + ")");=0A=
    //console.info("----");=0A=
    =0A=
      // Set content if provided=0A=
      if (html) {=0A=
         this.innerdiv.innerHTML =3D html;=0A=
      }=0A=
=0A=
      this.div.style.left =3D x + "px";=0A=
      this.div.style.top =3D y + "px";=0A=
=0A=
      // Pop it=0A=
      utils.addClass(this.div, PopDiv.POPPED);=0A=
=0A=
   },=0A=
=0A=
   // Show it near element ("dir" indications direction)=0A=
   // Dimensions don't exist if element isn't shown.=0A=
   getXY: function() {=0A=
      var popped =3D utils.hasClass(this.div, PopDiv.POPPED);=0A=
=0A=
      if (!popped) {=0A=
         utils.addClass(this.div, PopDiv.POPPED);=0A=
      }=0A=
      var dim =3D utils.getXY(this.div);=0A=
      if (!popped) {=0A=
         utils.removeClass(this.div, PopDiv.POPPED);=0A=
      }=0A=
=0A=
      return dim;=0A=
   },=0A=
=0A=
   hide: function() {=0A=
      utils.removeClass(this.div, PopDiv.POPPED);=0A=
      if (this.popClass) {=0A=
         utils.removeClass(this.div, this.popClass);=0A=
         this.popClass =3D null;=0A=
         this.popnode =3D null;=0A=
      }=0A=
   },=0A=
=0A=
   // showBy shows a popper adjacent to another item.=0A=
   showBy: function(html, elem, dir) {=0A=
      var dx =3D 0;=0A=
      var dy =3D 0;=0A=
=0A=
      // Already popped over a particular popnode=0A=
      if (this.popnode && (this.popnode =3D=3D elem)) {=0A=
         return;=0A=
      }=0A=
      this.popnode =3D elem;=0A=
=0A=
      // Default direction=0A=
      if (typeof(dir) !=3D "number") {=0A=
         dir =3D PopDiv.POP_LEFT;=0A=
      }=0A=
=0A=
      // Set class "pop-<direction>": this determines margin=0A=
      this.popClass =3D PopDiv.POP_CLASSES[dir];=0A=
      //console.info("dir =3D " + dir +", popclass =3D " + =
this.popClass);=0A=
      utils.addClass(this.div, this.popClass);=0A=
=0A=
      // Set text so that sizing is correct=0A=
      this.innerdiv.innerHTML =3D html;=0A=
=0A=
      // Get geometries of target and popper=0A=
      var thatdim =3D utils.getXY(elem);=0A=
=0A=
      // PMC-7454 - work around a bug in utils.js.  When the element is =
a bit=0A=
      // of text that begins near the end of one line and wraps to the =
next=0A=
      // line, getXY() returns an X value which marks the x-coordinate =
of the=0A=
      // start of the text, rather than the left margin, which it should.=0A=
      // This only applies to the popups over references inside the =
article=0A=
      // body (POP_RIGHT) not the the cited-reference blocks in the =
discovery=0A=
      // column (which are POP_LEFT).=0A=
      if (dir =3D=3D PopDiv.POP_RIGHT) {=0A=
          thatdim.x =3D jQuery(elem).position().left;=0A=
      }=0A=
=0A=
      var popdim =3D this.getXY(this.div);=0A=
      //console.info("that =3D");=0A=
      //console.info(thatdim);=0A=
      //console.info("pop =3D ");=0A=
      //console.info(popdim);=0A=
=0A=
      // Calculate position=0A=
      switch (dir) {=0A=
      case PopDiv.POP_ABOVE: dy =3D -1*popdim.h;  break;=0A=
      case PopDiv.POP_LEFT:  dx =3D -1*popdim.w;  break;=0A=
      case PopDiv.POP_BELOW: dy =3D    thatdim.h; break;=0A=
      case PopDiv.POP_RIGHT: dx =3D    thatdim.w; break;=0A=
      default:=0A=
        throw "PopDiv: Invalid direction: " + dir;=0A=
      }=0A=
      //console.info("Popping at: [x=3D" + (thatdim.x + dx) + ", =
y=3D"+(thatdim.y + dy)+"]");=0A=
=0A=
      this.showAt(null, thatdim.x + dx + 5, thatdim.y + dy);=0A=
   }=0A=
};=0A=
=0A=
=0A=
=0A=
// An ElementPopper shows a popup adjacent to a target element when the =
user mouses over the target.=0A=
// It handles browser events and manipulates a popper to show and hide =
detail data.=0A=
//=0A=
// When the mouse cursor enters the target, the content appears in the =
popper nearby.=0A=
//  When the mouse cursor leaves the target, the popper is hidden.=0A=
//=0A=
// This rather intense event handling code is necessary because =
mouseover and mouseout doesn't work=0A=
// as expected--mouseouts occur when moving over child nodes. The =
"relatedTarget" trick described=0A=
// by PPK (quirksmode.org) doesn't work either, because browsers =
sometimes drop events=0A=
// with related targets. So the only option is to capture =
document.onmousemove, and detect when=0A=
// the mouse either exits document.body, or moves over something that is =
neither the target nor=0A=
// one of its children.=0A=
//=0A=
// "popnode" is the target node=0A=
// "content" is either a string (the content to show), a DOM node (show =
its innerHTML), or a function.=0A=
// "config" is configuration; if it's just a number, then it's =
"direction" (PopDiv.POP_*); otherwise, it's a JS object with =0A=
//     attribute/value pairs=0A=
// "popperId" is the ID to assign to the popper; default is to make one =
up.=0A=
//=0A=
// When used with Ext.Ncbi, the popper should initialize itself on the =
page a few hundred=0A=
// ms after the page loads. IE apparently creates a race condition where =
popper and Ext.Ncbi initialization=0A=
// throw away the event handlers on which ElementPopper depends.=0A=
//=0A=
// So in that case, instead of new ElementPopper(a,b), you want to do:=0A=
//     setTimeout(function() {new ElementPopper(a,b);}), 500);=0A=
=0A=
//=0A=
var ElementPopper =3D function(popnode, content, config, popperId) {=0A=
=0A=
    var that =3D this;=0A=
=0A=
    // Inner functions=0A=
    // If target is popnode or one of its children, returns popnode; =
otherwise, null=0A=
    function getPopTarget(target) {=0A=
       while (target && !utils.hasClass(target, "popnode")) {=0A=
          target =3D target.parentNode;=0A=
       }=0A=
       return target;=0A=
    };=0A=
=0A=
    // Use inner functions here because removeEvent requires a reference =
to the=0A=
    // function object passed to addEvent, and we need to use closure to =
maintain scope.=0A=
=0A=
    // Show popper and start tracking mouse motions=0A=
    var handlePop =3D function(e) {=0A=
       var target =3D getPopTarget(utils.getTargetObj(e));=0A=
       =0A=
       if (target) {=0A=
	       // If Ajax URL is supplied, then fetch URL.=0A=
	       //   If AJAX URL is a function, the URL is the return value of =
the function=0A=
	       //   Otherwise AJAX URL must be a string=0A=
	       // When AJAX call succeeds, pop up the content. If there's a =
contentFunction, the content is=0A=
	       // the result of applying the contentFunction to the AJAX return =
data; otherwise, it's just=0A=
	       // the AJAX return data itself.=0A=
	       //=0A=
	       if (that.url) {=0A=
	          var url =3D (typeof(that.url) =3D=3D 'function') ? =
that.url(target) : that.url;=0A=
	=0A=
	          jQuery.ajax({=0A=
	             cache: false,=0A=
	             'url': url,=0A=
	             success: function(data, textStatus) {=0A=
	                doPop(target, data, textStatus);=0A=
	             }=0A=
	          });=0A=
	       } else {=0A=
	          doPop(target);=0A=
	       }=0A=
	       =0A=
	       // Set up to listen for mouse out=0A=
	       // This is the node currently being handled; it's cleared when=0A=
	       // the user mouses out.=0A=
	       that.handlingNode =3D target;=0A=
	    =0A=
           utils.removeEvent(target, "mousemove", handlePop);=0A=
           utils.addEvent(document.body, "mousemove", trackMouse);=0A=
           utils.addEvent(document.body, "mouseout", trackMouse);=0A=
       }=0A=
    }=0A=
    =0A=
    var doPop =3D function(target, data, status) {=0A=
       =0A=
       // Pop, shift listener to document body=0A=
       if (target) {=0A=
          that.timer =3D setTimeout(function() {=0A=
             // If we're still waiting for a pop, do the pop.=0A=
             // We're only waiting for a pop when handlingNode is set.=0A=
             if (target =3D=3D that.handlingNode) {=0A=
                that.thePopper.showBy(that.contentFunction(target, data, =
status), target, that.direction);=0A=
             } else {=0A=
               // Ignore the pop request, because we're no longer =
interested in this pop.=0A=
             }=0A=
             that.timer =3D null;             =0A=
          }, that.delay);=0A=
=0A=
       }=0A=
    };=0A=
=0A=
    // Unpop, shift listener back to popnode=0A=
    var trackMouse =3D function(e) {=0A=
       var target =3D getPopTarget(utils.getTargetObj(e));=0A=
=0A=
       // If mouse left document.body, or the target's not over the =
popnode, hide.=0A=
       if (e.type =3D=3D "mouseout" || target =3D=3D null) {=0A=
          // Clear pop timer if it hasn't popped=0A=
          if (that.timer) {=0A=
             window.clearTimeout(that.timer);=0A=
             that.timer =3D null;=0A=
          }=0A=
          that.thePopper.hide();=0A=
          that.handlingNode =3D null;=0A=
          =0A=
          utils.removeEvent(document.body, "mousemove", trackMouse);=0A=
          utils.removeEvent(document.body, "mouseout", trackMouse);=0A=
          utils.addEvent(popnode, "mousemove", handlePop);=0A=
       }=0A=
    };=0A=
=0A=
    // END inner functions=0A=
=0A=
    //=0A=
    // ctor main=0A=
    //=0A=
     =0A=
    // Support new signature ElementPopper(element, {config...}); in =
that case, "content" is a config object,=0A=
    // all other arguments are ignored, and config.content must be set =0A=
    if (typeof(content) =3D=3D 'object') {=0A=
       config =3D content;=0A=
       content =3D config.content;=0A=
    }=0A=
    =0A=
    // If a content URL is defined (AJAX URL string or function that =
returns URL), remember it=0A=
    if (config && config.url) {=0A=
       this.url =3D config.url;=0A=
    }=0A=
    =0A=
    // If content is a string, make it a function that returns the =
string.=0A=
    // If it's a dom node, make it a function that returns the dom =
node's innerHTML=0A=
    // If content is undefined, then assume data is coming from AJAX =
callback=0A=
    if (typeof(content) =3D=3D 'undefined') {=0A=
       this.contentFunction =3D function(target, data, status) { return =
data };=0A=
    } else if (typeof(content) =3D=3D 'string') {=0A=
       this.contentFunction =3D function() { return content; }=0A=
    } else if (content.innerHTML) {=0A=
       this.contentFunction =3D function() { return content.innerHTML; }=0A=
    } else if (typeof(content) =3D=3D 'function') {=0A=
       this.contentFunction =3D content; // Better be a function...=0A=
    }=0A=
    =0A=
    // Backward compatibility: "config" arg used to be "direction", so=0A=
    // interpret it as "direction" if config is a number.=0A=
    // Otherwise parse out config info=0A=
    if (typeof(config) =3D=3D=3D 'undefined') {=0A=
       config =3D {=0A=
          direction: PopDiv.POP_LEFT,=0A=
          delay: 0=0A=
       }=0A=
    }=0A=
    =0A=
    if (typeof(config) =3D=3D 'number') {=0A=
       this.direction =3D config;=0A=
    } else {=0A=
       this.direction =3D (typeof(config.direction) !=3D 'undefined') ? =
config.direction : PopDiv.POP_LEFT;=0A=
       this.delay =3D config.delay || 0;=0A=
    }=0A=
    this.popperId =3D config.popperId || popperId || ("popper" + =
(ElementPopper.popIndex++)); =0A=
=0A=
    // Create the popper=0A=
    this.thePopper =3D new PopDiv(this.popperId);=0A=
    var popdiv =3D $(this.popperId);=0A=
    =0A=
    // FIXME: Is this necessary? I think it's maybe wrong!=0A=
    if (popdiv) {=0A=
       utils.addClass(popdiv, "popnode");=0A=
    }=0A=
=0A=
    // Get popnode if it's an id string=0A=
    if (typeof(popnode) =3D=3D 'string') {=0A=
        popnode =3D $(popnode);=0A=
        if (!popnode) {=0A=
           throw "ElementPopper: id not found";=0A=
        }=0A=
    }=0A=
    this.popnode =3D popnode;=0A=
    this.timer =3D null; // Only exists when waiting for a pop=0A=
    =0A=
    // When the user mouses over target, pop it up=0A=
    utils.addEvent(popnode, "mousemove", handlePop);=0A=
}=0A=
=0A=
ElementPopper.popIndex =3D 0;=0A=
=0A=
ElementPopper.prototype =3D {=0A=
   setDelay: function(delay) {=0A=
      this.delay =3D delay;=0A=
   },=0A=
   getDelay: function() {=0A=
      return delay;=0A=
   }=0A=
};=0A=
=0A=
=0A=
=0A=
 utils.addEvent(window, "load", function(){     =0A=
     theDEP =3D new DeferredElementPopper("rapopper", { =0A=
          content: function(node) { =0A=
               var c =3D cssQuery(".hidden", node);               =0A=
               if (c && c.length > 0) {=0A=
                  var label =3D (c[0].textContent || c[0].innerText); =0A=
                  var cit =3D getCitation(node);=0A=
                  label =3D "<p id=3D'htbpoptext'>" + label + "</p>";=0A=
                  if (cit && cit > ""){ // avoid "undefined" value=0A=
                      label =3D label + "<p id=3D'htbpcit'>" + cit + =
"</p>";=0A=
                  } =0A=
                  return label;=0A=
               }                =0A=
          }, =0A=
          direction: PopDiv.POP_LEFT, =0A=
          popperId: "ppPopper", =0A=
          delay: 0 =0A=
     }); =0A=
});=0A=
=0A=
Portal.Portlet.HistoryDisplay =3D Portal.Portlet.extend({

	init: function(path, name, notifier) {
		console.info("Created History Ad...");
		this.base(path, name, notifier);   =20
	},
=09
	send: {
      'Cmd': null
      //'Recording': null
    },  =20
   =20
    receive: function(responseObject, userArgs) {  =0A=
         var cmd =3D userArgs.cmd;
         var rootNode =3D document.getElementById('HTDisplay'); =0A=
         var ul =3D document.getElementById('activity');=0A=
         var resp =3D responseObject.responseText;=0A=
             =0A=
         if (cmd =3D=3D 'HTOn') { =0A=
            rootNode.className =3D '';    // hide all msg and the turnOn =
link=0A=
            try {=0A=
                // Handle timeouts=0A=
                if (responseObject.status =3D=3D 408) { =0A=
                    rootNode.className =3D 'HTOn'; // so that the =
following msg will show up=0A=
                    rootNode.innerHTML =3D "<p class=3D'HTOn'>Your =
browsing activity is temporarily unavailable.</p>";=0A=
                    return;=0A=
                }=0A=
                   =0A=
                 // Looks like we got something...=0A=
                 resp =3D '(' + resp + ')';=0A=
                 var JSONobj =3D eval(resp);=0A=
                 =0A=
                 // Build new content (ul)=0A=
                 var newHTML =3D JSONobj.Activity;=0A=
                 var newContent =3D document.createElement('div');=0A=
                 newContent.innerHTML =3D newHTML;=0A=
                 var newUL =3D newContent.getElementsByTagName('ul')[0];=0A=
                 //alert(newHTML);=0A=
                 //alert(newContent.innerHTML);=0A=
                 //alert(newUL.innerHTML);=0A=
                 // Update content=0A=
                 rootNode.replaceChild(newUL, ul);=0A=
                 //XHR returns no activity (empty ul), e.g. activity =
cleared=0A=
                 if (newUL.className =3D=3D 'hide')                    =20
                     rootNode.className =3D 'HTOn';  // show "Your =
browsing activity is empty." message=0A=
                 =0A=
            }         =0A=
            catch (e) {=0A=
                //alert('error');=0A=
                rootNode.className =3D 'HTOn'; // so that the following =
msg will show up=0A=
                rootNode.innerHTML =3D "<p class=3D'HTOn'>Your browsing =
activity is temporarily unavailable.</p>";=0A=
           }=0A=
         }=0A=
         else if (cmd =3D=3D 'HTOff') {                         =0A=
             if (ul !=3D null) { =0A=
                 ul.className=3D'hide'; =0A=
                 ul.innerHTML =3D ''; // clear activity=0A=
             }=0A=
             rootNode.className =3D 'HTOff';    // make "Activity =
recording is turned off." and the turnOn link show up             =0A=
         }=0A=
         else if (cmd =3D=3D 'ClearHT') {     =0A=
             if ( rootNode.className =3D=3D '') { //                 =0A=
                 rootNode.className =3D 'HTOn';  // show "Your browsing =
activity is empty." message                                  =0A=
                 if (ul !=3D null) {=0A=
                     ul.className=3D'hide'; =0A=
                     ul.innerHTML =3D '';=0A=
                 }=0A=
             }            =0A=
         } =0A=
        =20
    },
   =20
	listen: {
	  'Cmd' : function(sMessage, oData, sSrc){
			console.info("Inside Cmd in HistoryDisplay: " + oData.cmd);
			this.setValue("Cmd", oData.cmd);
	  },	 =20
	=09
      "HistoryToggle<click>" : function(e, target, name){
         //alert(target.getAttribute("cmd"));
         this.send.Cmd({'cmd': target.getAttribute("cmd")});        =20
         console.info("Inside HistoryToggle in HistoryDisplay: " + =
target.getAttribute("cmd"));
        =20
         var site =3D document.forms[0]['p$st'].value;
         var cmd =3D  target.getAttribute("cmd");    =20
              =20
         // Issue asynchronous call to XHR service, callback is to =
update the portlet output
	     var resp =3D xmlHttpCall(site, this.path, cmd, {}, this.receive, =
{'cmd': target.getAttribute("cmd")}, this);
      },=20
     =20
      "HistoryOn<click>" : function(e, target, name){
         this.send.Cmd({'cmd': target.getAttribute("cmd")});
         =
//$PN('Pubmed_ResultsSearchController').getInput('RecordingHistory').valu=
e =3D 'yes';		=20
         console.info("Inside HistoryOn in HistoryDisplay: " + =
target.getAttribute("cmd"));
               =20
         var site =3D document.forms[0]['p$st'].value;  =20
	     var resp =3D xmlHttpCall(site, this.path, "HTOn", {}, =
this.receive, {'cmd': target.getAttribute("cmd")}, this);
	     //Portal.requestSubmit();
      },
     =20
      "ClearHistory<click>" : function(e, target, name){
         this.send.Cmd({'cmd': target.getAttribute("cmd")});=09
         var site =3D document.forms[0]['p$st'].value;  =20
	     var resp =3D xmlHttpCall(site, this.path, "ClearHT", {}, =
this.receive, {'cmd': target.getAttribute("cmd")}, this);	=20
      }
    }
});

function getCitation(node) {
   // var withHistorys =3D cssQuery("*[title]", node); does not work!!!  =
=20
   var withTitles =3D $AN('title', node, '*');
   //alert(withTitles.length + " " + withTitles[0].tagName + " " + =
withTitles[withTitles.length-1].tagName);
   //alert(withTitles[1].getAttribute('title'));
   if (withTitles.length > 0) {     =20
      var p =3D withTitles[0];
      var s =3D p.getAttribute("title");
      if (s && s > "") {=20
          //alert(s);
          p.setAttribute("title", "");
          node._title =3D s;
          for (var i =3D 0; i < withTitles.length; i++) {
              withTitles[i].removeAttribute("title");   =20
          }
      }
      /*else { //fixed in utils.js        =20
          s =3D node._title; // required for IE b/c of the bug in $AN
      }*/
   } else {
      s =3D node._title;
      //alert("old s "+ s);
   }
   return s;
}=0A=
// Requires: ElementPopper_JS, EventDispatcher_JS=0A=
=0A=
//=0A=
// A DeferredElementPopper creates an ElementPopper on any node with a =
given className the first time the=0A=
// node receives a mouseover event. It collects all of the poppers it =
creates (in an array), and=0A=
// remembers the dispatcher rule that invokes the initialization.=0A=
//=0A=
// "content" is the same as "content" for ElementPopper (see which)=0A=
//=0A=
DeferredElementPopper =3D function(className, config) {=0A=
   var that =3D this;=0A=
   this.config =3D config;=0A=
   this.poppers =3D [];=0A=
   this.dispatcher =3D new EventDispatcher("mouseover", className, =
function(event, udata, dispatcher) {=0A=
         if (!this._popup_init) {=0A=
            this._popup_init =3D 1;=0A=
            that.poppers[that.poppers.length] =3D new =
ElementPopper(this, that.config.content, that.config);=0A=
         }=0A=
    });=0A=
    =0A=
}=0A=
DeferredElementPopper.prototype =3D {=0A=
   debug: function() {=0A=
     var s =3D "";=0A=
     for (var i =3D 0; i < this.poppers.length; i++) {=0A=
        var z =3D this.poppers[i];=0A=
        s +=3D i + ": ";=0A=
        s +=3D z.popnode.innerText + "(" + =
z.popnode.getAttribute("title") +"); ";=0A=
     }=0A=
     alert(s);=0A=
   }=0A=
};=0A=
=0A=
=0A=
//=0A=
// A EventDispatcher does a popup on demand based on a classname on an =
element.=0A=
// Every mouse motion on the page notifies EventDispatcher that an event =
occurred.=0A=
// Any time an event occurs that has one of EventDispatcher's classnames =
on it,=0A=
// the handlers associated with that className are executed.=0A=
//=0A=
// EventDispatcher is designed for popups, but can be used for anything; =
the handler=0A=
// is a generic function:=0A=
//    handler(event, udata, dispatchrule)=0A=
// <event> is the platform event object; use utils.getTargetObj() to get =
its target=0A=
// <udata> is the udata that was passed when that handler was set up.=0A=
// <dispatchrule> is the EventDispatcher object; it is the dictionary=0A=
// {eventType, className, handler, udata} describing the popper behavior.=0A=
//=0A=
// dispatchrule.remove() [TBD] removes the rule from the event dispatcher=0A=
//=0A=
// When the callback occurs, <this> is the target element. =0A=
=0A=
EventDispatcher =3D function(eventType, className, handler, udata) {=0A=
=0A=
   // Start PP listening for this event=0A=
   if (!EventDispatcher.events) {=0A=
      EventDispatcher.events =3D {};=0A=
   }=0A=
=0A=
    // If first definition for this event type, listen for it=0A=
   if (!EventDispatcher.events[eventType]) {=0A=
      EventDispatcher.events[eventType] =3D {};=0A=
      utils.addEvent(document.body, eventType, =
EventDispatcher.handleEvent);=0A=
   }=0A=
   =0A=
   // Index of all class names managed by PP=0A=
   if (!EventDispatcher.classNames[className]) {=0A=
      EventDispatcher.classNames[className] =3D 1;=0A=
   }=0A=
=0A=
   // ev.classNames are the classes that listen for this event=0A=
   var ev =3D EventDispatcher.events[eventType];=0A=
   if (!ev.classNames) {=0A=
      ev.classNames =3D {};=0A=
   }=0A=
   =0A=
   // Add handler for this class=0A=
   if (!ev.classNames[className]) {=0A=
      ev.classNames[className] =3D [];=0A=
   }=0A=
   =0A=
   this.eventType =3D eventType;=0A=
   this.className =3D className;=0A=
   this.handler =3D handler;=0A=
   this.udata =3D udata || null;=0A=
   =0A=
   var c =3D ev.classNames[className];=0A=
   c[c.length] =3D this;=0A=
}=0A=
=0A=
EventDispatcher.events =3D {}=0A=
EventDispatcher.classNames =3D {}=0A=
=0A=
EventDispatcher.handleEvent =3D function(e) {=0A=
=0A=
   if (!EventDispatcher.events[e.type]) { return; } // TODO: Remove =
event listener here=0A=
   =0A=
   var t =3D utils.getTargetObj(e);=0A=
   if (t.className) {=0A=
      var theClasses =3D t.className.split(/\s+/);=0A=
      for (var c in theClasses) {=0A=
         if (EventDispatcher.classNames[theClasses[c]]) {=0A=
            EventDispatcher.dispatch(e, t, theClasses[c]);=0A=
         }=0A=
      }=0A=
   }=0A=
}=0A=
=0A=
EventDispatcher.dispatch =3D function(e, t, className) {=0A=
   if (!EventDispatcher.events[e.type]) return;=0A=
   var ev =3D EventDispatcher.events[e.type];=0A=
   if (!ev.classNames || !ev.classNames[className]) return;=0A=
   var poppers =3D ev.classNames[className];=0A=
   for (var i =3D 0; i < poppers.length; i++) {=0A=
      poppers[i].handleEvent(t, e);=0A=
   }=0A=
}=0A=
=0A=
EventDispatcher.prototype =3D {=0A=
   handleEvent: function(target, event) {=0A=
      this.handler.call(target, event, this.udata, this);=0A=
   }=0A=
}=0A=
=0A=
=0A=
=0A=
// PPMCRecentActivity=0A=
//=20
=0A=
Portal.Portlet.PPMCRecentActivity =3D =
Portal.Portlet.HistoryDisplay.extend({

    init: function(path, name, notifier) {
        console.info("Created PPMCRecentActivity");
        this.base(path, name, notifier);
    }
});=0A=
=0A=
=0A=
Portal.Portlet.Pubmed_Discovery_RA =3D =
Portal.Portlet.BriefLinkPageSection.extend({
   =20
    init: function(path, name, notifier) {
        console.info("Created Pubmed_Discovery_RA");
		this.base(path, name, notifier);
	},
=09
	SetPortletName: function(){
	    Portal.Portlet.BriefLinkPageSection.portletname =3D =
'Pubmed_Discovery_RA';
	}
});=0A=
Portal.Portlet.PPMCPubmedRA =3D =
Portal.Portlet.BriefLinkPageSection.extend({

    init: function(path, name, notifier) {=0A=
        console.info("Created PPMCPubmedRA");=0A=
        this.base(path, name, notifier);=0A=
    },=0A=
=0A=
    SetPortletName: function(){=0A=
        Portal.Portlet.BriefLinkPageSection.portletname =3D =
'PPMCPubmedRA';=0A=
    },=0A=
=0A=
    popNodeDelay: 500=0A=
});=0A=
// PPMCArticlePageJS=0A=
// This script does the following:=0A=
// - Positions reference portlets in the discovery column to the top of =
each paragraph;=0A=
// - Calculates how many references will fit;=0A=
// - Calculates whether it needs a "see all" link;=0A=
// - Adds mouseovers to links in paragraphs and reference portlet links=0A=
=0A=
// We use a self executing anonymous function in order to protect the =
global namespace from=0A=
// two top-level vars: '$j', and 'main'.=0A=
=0A=
( function() {=0A=
    var $j =3D jQuery;=0A=
=0A=
    // This main function runs when the DOM is ready to be queried; it =
gets attached to=0A=
    // the event down at the bottom of this module.=0A=
    var main =3D function() {=0A=
        //var start =3D new Date().getTime();=0A=
        var POPPER_DELAY =3D 500;=0A=
=0A=
        =
//////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////=0A=
        // Helper functions=0A=
=0A=
        =
//-------------------------------------------------------------------=0A=
        // This function determines if two rectangles intersect.=0A=
        // Two rectangles intersect if any point along their lines share =
a =0A=
        // point in space.  Because these portlets will be lined up =
vertically, =0A=
        // we only worry about one dimension.  The 'dims' parameter is =
an =0A=
        // object that contains top and bottom dimensions of the two =
rectangles.=0A=
=0A=
        var rectIntersect =3D function(dims) {=0A=
            // L1t is 'Line'1'Top' etc.=0A=
            var L1t =3D dims.L1t;=0A=
            var L1b =3D dims.L1b;=0A=
            var L2t =3D dims.L2t;=0A=
            var L2b =3D dims.L2b;=0A=
            return (=0A=
                (L2b > L1t && L2b < L1b) ||=0A=
                (L2t < L1b && L2t > L1t) ||=0A=
                (L2t > L1t && L2t < L1b) ||=0A=
                (L2t < L1t && L2b > L1b)=0A=
            );=0A=
        };=0A=
=0A=
        =
//-------------------------------------------------------------------=0A=
        // This function adds a popup to the links within the main =
article body.=0A=
        // It adds the popup to one element, and then queues itself up =
to add the=0A=
        // popup to the next element after a short delay.=0A=
=0A=
        var addPopper =3D function(elems, curr) {=0A=
            var currElem =3D elems[curr];=0A=
            var jqCurrElem =3D jQuery(currElem);=0A=
=0A=
            var rid =3D jqCurrElem.attr('rid');=0A=
            //console.info("rid is '" + rid + "'");=0A=
=0A=
            if (rid) {=0A=
                // Find the text for this popup from the element pointed =
to by =0A=
                // @rid.  This will be in the reference section of the =
article.=0A=
                // Some id's from the backend have special characters, =
so we=0A=
                // need to escape them, see PMC-6384 and =
http://tinyurl.com/2qfqgc=0A=
=0A=
                var ridEscaped =3D rid.replace(/:/g, "\\:")=0A=
                                    .replace(/\./g, "\\.")=0A=
                                    .replace(/=C2=B7/g, "\\=C2=B7");=0A=
                var refElem =3D jQuery('#' + ridEscaped);=0A=
                =0A=
                // Check to make sure that we found something=0A=
                if (refElem.length > 0) {=0A=
=0A=
                    var citeText =3D refElem.text();=0A=
                    //console.info("citeText is '" + citeText + "'");=0A=
=0A=
                    var popText =3D jQuery.trim(citeText);=0A=
                    //console.info("popText is '" + popText + "'");=0A=
    =0A=
                    // If the @href element of the current <a> tag =
(currElem)=0A=
                    // has a '#' portion, meaning that it is a link to =
the=0A=
                    // reference list in this same article, then =
indicate =0A=
                    // that in the popup text.=0A=
                    if (currElem.hash) {=0A=
                        popText +=3D ' [Reference List]';=0A=
                    }=0A=
    =0A=
                    new ElementPopper(currElem,=0A=
                        { content: popText, =0A=
                          direction: PopDiv.POP_RIGHT, =0A=
                          popperId: 'popper-para-links', =0A=
                          delay: POPPER_DELAY });=0A=
                }=0A=
            }=0A=
=0A=
            // Now arrange to have ourselves called for the next element =
that needs a popup,=0A=
            // after one millisecond.=0A=
            curr++;=0A=
            if (curr < elems.length) {=0A=
                var fnc =3D function(){=0A=
                    addPopper(elems, curr);=0A=
                }=0A=
                window.setTimeout(fnc, 1);=0A=
            }=0A=
        }; // end addPopper function=0A=
=0A=
        =
//-------------------------------------------------------------------=0A=
        // This function adds a popup to the links in the =
cited-reference blocks.=0A=
=0A=
        var addPopper2 =3D function(elems, curr) {=0A=
            var aDomElement =3D elems[curr];=0A=
            var aKids =3D aDomElement.childNodes;=0A=
            var aNumKids =3D aKids.length;=0A=
            //console.info("aDomElement is a " + aDomElement.toString() =
+ "; num kids is " + aNumKids);=0A=
=0A=
            // Generate the text that will go in the popup.=0A=
            // Get the text children of the <a> element.  This loop =
drops any element nodes;=0A=
            // in particular, the <span class=3D'flag'>Review</span> =
element, if present.=0A=
            var txt =3D "";=0A=
            for (var i =3D 0; i < aNumKids; ++i) {=0A=
                var kid =3D aKids[i];=0A=
                if (kid.nodeType !=3D 1) {=0A=
                    txt +=3D kid.nodeValue;=0A=
                }=0A=
            }=0A=
=0A=
            var l =3D jQuery(elems[curr]);=0A=
            txt +=3D "<br/>" + l.next('p')[0].innerHTML;=0A=
            new ElementPopper(l[0],=0A=
                { content: txt, direction: PopDiv.POP_LEFT, popperId: =
'popper-port-links', delay: POPPER_DELAY });=0A=
=0A=
            // Now arrange to have ourselves called for the next element =
that needs a popup,=0A=
            // after one millisecond.=0A=
            curr++;=0A=
            if (curr < elems.length) {=0A=
                var fnc =3D function(){=0A=
                    addPopper2(elems, curr);=0A=
                }=0A=
                window.setTimeout(fnc, 1);=0A=
            }=0A=
        }; // end addPopper2 function=0A=
=0A=
        // end helper function(s)=0A=
=0A=
        =
//////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////=0A=
        // In this space, we define and set variables that only need to =
be set once, not per paragraph.=0A=
=0A=
        // See if there any reference portlets in the page, by getting =
at least two reference=0A=
        // portlets. Later we will use these two portlets to make sure =
they do not interfere with=0A=
        // existing portlets in the column. It is unlikely that a third =
portlet would interfere=0A=
        // with anything, so let's make this as efficient as possible=0A=
        var portNodes =3D =
$j('#ArticleRefDocsums').find('div.cited-ref:lt(2)');=0A=
=0A=
        // If there is at least one portlet in the page, we need to get =
some initial information,=0A=
        // like sample portlet elements' sizes, information about =
existing portlet in page etc.=0A=
        var portsInPage =3D false;=0A=
        if (portNodes.length > 0) { // if the page has ANY reference =
portlets=0A=
            // remember that there is something to do=0A=
            var portsInPage =3D true;=0A=
            var firstPortN =3D $j(portNodes[0]);=0A=
=0A=
            // Max shown per page is already decided by xslt that =
generates portlet server-side,=0A=
            // and should be the number of <li>s per portlet=0A=
            var MAXREFS =3D 5;=0A=
=0A=
            // get dimensions of elements inside sample portlet, account =
for padding by using outerHeight=0A=
            var lis =3D firstPortN.find('li.ovfl');=0A=
            var firstRefH =3D $j(lis[0]).outerHeight(true);=0A=
            var firstSeeAllH =3D =
firstPortN.find('a.all-articles').outerHeight(true);=0A=
            var firstUl =3D firstPortN.find('ul');=0A=
            // the ul might have padding or margins applied=0A=
            var ulPaddingMargin =3D parseInt(firstUl.css('padding-top')) =
+=0A=
                                  =
parseInt(firstUl.css('padding-bottom')) +=0A=
                                  parseInt(firstUl.css('margin-top')) +=0A=
                                  parseInt(firstUl.css('margin-bottom'));=0A=
            // same goes for the actual portlet div=0A=
            var portNPadding =3D parseInt(firstPortN.css('padding-top')) =
+=0A=
                               =
parseInt(firstPortN.css('padding-bottom'));=0A=
=0A=
            // The horizontal position of all cited ref blocks should =
line up with recent history=0A=
            // portlet, which should be above any reference portlets=0A=
            var leftPos =3D $j('#recent-activity').position().left;=0A=
            //console.info('Got leftPos of all portlets: ' + leftPos);=0A=
=0A=
            // Get positions of any existing portlets in side column, so =
we can later hide any=0A=
            // reference portlets that take up same space=0A=
            var sideBarCell =3D $j('td.sidebar-cell')[0];=0A=
            var portRanges =3D {};=0A=
            var ports =3D jQuery('div.port', sideBarCell);=0A=
            for (var i =3D 0; i < ports.length; i++) {=0A=
                var p =3D jQuery(ports[i]);=0A=
                var pos =3D p.position();=0A=
                var t =3D pos.top;=0A=
                portRanges[i] =3D {=0A=
                    't': t,=0A=
                    'b': t + p.height() // bottom is top + height of =
portlet=0A=
                };=0A=
            }=0A=
=0A=
        } // end if portNodes in doc=0A=
=0A=
        // Now, for each paragraph, get associated portlet and position =
appropriately, we still need=0A=
        // to iterate through each paragraph even if there are no =
reference links in entire document.=0A=
        // We are doing some weird stuff here.  We have to do iterate =
through each paragraph, but=0A=
        // for performance reasons, on large pages we need to pause a ms =
between iterations. So:=0A=
        // 1) we get all "paragraph" elements=0A=
        // 2) we execute the "loopdloop" function, which every ms passes =
all the paras to paraLoop=0A=
        // 3) paraLoop does all the positioning of the reference portlets=0A=
        // 4) When loopdloop is done, it calls hideInterfering, which =
hides any portlets =0A=
        //    that overlap existing ones=0A=
=0A=
        // First make a hash of all of the CRBs indexed by their @rid =
attributes.=0A=
        var crbs =3D $j('div.cited-ref');=0A=
        var numCrbs =3D crbs.length;=0A=
        //console.info("Number of crbs is " + numCrbs);=0A=
=0A=
        var crbsByRid =3D {};=0A=
        for (var i =3D 0; i < numCrbs; ++i) {=0A=
            var crb =3D crbs[i];=0A=
            //console.info("crb is " + crb.toString());=0A=
            var jcrb =3D $j(crb);=0A=
            //console.info("jcrb is " + jcrb.toString());=0A=
            var rid =3D jcrb.attr('rid');=0A=
            //console.info("@rid is '" + rid + "'");=0A=
            crbsByRid[rid] =3D jcrb;=0A=
        }=0A=
=0A=
        //var paraLoop =3D function(crb) {=0A=
        //    var jcrb =3D $j(crb);=0A=
        //    var paraRid =3D jcrb.attr('rid');=0A=
        //    var p =3D $j('#' + paraRid);=0A=
        var paraLoop =3D function(para) {=0A=
            //console.group('para');=0A=
            var p =3D $j(para);=0A=
            //console.info(p[0]);=0A=
=0A=
            // Get the @id attribute, and from that, look up the CRB.=0A=
            var paraId =3D p.attr('id');=0A=
            //console.info("paragraph @id is " + paraId);=0A=
            var jcrb =3D crbsByRid[paraId];=0A=
=0A=
            if (jcrb) {=0A=
                //console.info("jcrb is " + jcrb.toString());=0A=
=0A=
                // if a 'paragraph' has an associated portlet, it will =
have a 'cite' attribute on it=0A=
                // CFM:  taking this check out, the @cite attribute is =
going away, see PMC-5595:=0A=
                //var citeAttr =3D p.attr('cite');=0A=
                //if (citeAttr) {=0A=
=0A=
                // Get the number of unique references per paragraph.  =
This could be more than the=0A=
                // max shown in portlet.=0A=
                // CFM:  Now, getting this info from the crb, not the =
paragraph, because the @pmids=0A=
                // attribute will be going away from the paragraph, see =
PMC-5595.=0A=
//              var numRefs =3D p.attr('pmids').split(' ').length;=0A=
                var numRefs =3D jcrb.attr('pmids').split(' ').length;=0A=
                //console.info("numRefs is " + numRefs);=0A=
=0A=
                // get paragraph dims. We need these to position portlet =
to paragraph=0A=
                var pPos =3D p.position();=0A=
                var pPosX =3D pPos.left;=0A=
=0A=
                 // needs to be a number because we will add/subtract =
margin=0A=
                var pPosY =3D parseInt(pPos.top);=0A=
                var pPosH =3D p.height();=0A=
=0A=
                // Get paragraph top and bottom margins.  We need to =
account for these when calculating =0A=
                // reference portlet placement. Margin is not accounted =
for when getting an element's =0A=
                // height, but it does affect appearance of element's =
dimensions when there is no border.=0A=
                var pMarT =3D parseInt(p.css('marginTop'));=0A=
                var pMarB =3D parseInt(p.css('marginBottom'));=0A=
=0A=
                // Get associated portlet from 'cited' attribute, we can =
now safely overwrite portN =0A=
                // variable from beginning of script.=0A=
                // CFM:  change from using 'portN' to using the variable =
'jcrb', from above.=0A=
                //var portN =3D $j('#' + citeAttr);=0A=
                //var refNodes =3D portN.find('li');=0A=
                var refNodes =3D jcrb.find('li');=0A=
                var numRefsInP =3D refNodes.length;=0A=
                //console.info("numRefsInP is " + numRefsInP);=0A=
=0A=
                // Set styles on portlet node to align to paragraph=0A=
                // We set portlet node to position: absolute in the css =
file, because that is more=0A=
                // efficient than setting it in JavaScript, and that =
property does not change.=0A=
//              portN.css( {=0A=
                jcrb.css( {=0A=
                    'top': pPosY + pMarT + 2 + 'px', // Add an xtra 2px, =
otherwise it appears too low=0A=
                    'left': leftPos + 'px'=0A=
                });=0A=
=0A=
                // Calculate how many refs will fit per paragraph and if =
we need the =0A=
                // 'See more articles cited in this paragraph' link. =0A=
                var refsFit =3D null;=0A=
                var needAllLink =3D false;=0A=
                if (numRefs > MAXREFS || numRefs * firstRefH >=3D pPosH =
- pMarB) {=0A=
                    //console.info('more links than allowed, OR links =
allowed are higher than paragraph height');=0A=
                    refsFit =3D Math.floor( pPosH / (firstRefH + =
firstSeeAllH) );=0A=
                    needAllLink =3D true;=0A=
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    ncbi.sg.getInstance().init();                         =20
})();

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