From: Subject: Brain tumour risk in relation to mobile telephone use: results of the INTERPHONE international case-control study -- The INTERPHONE Study Group 39 (3): 675 -- International Journal of Epidemiology Date: Mon, 31 May 2010 18:30:12 +0200 MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: multipart/related; type="text/html"; boundary="----=_NextPart_000_0000_01CB00EF.4EAF82E0" X-MimeOLE: Produced By Microsoft MimeOLE V6.00.2900.5931 This is a multi-part message in MIME format. ------=_NextPart_000_0000_01CB00EF.4EAF82E0 Content-Type: text/html; charset="iso-8859-1" Content-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-printable Content-Location: http://ije.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/full/39/3/675 Brain tumour risk in relation to mobile telephone = use: results of the INTERPHONE international case-control study -- The = INTERPHONE Study Group 39 (3): 675 -- International Journal of = Epidemiology

= Skip=20 Navigation

=20
  • Contact=20 Us
  • My=20 Basket
  • My=20 Account

International Journal of=20 Epidemiology

  • About This = Journal
  • Contact = This=20 Journal
  • Subs= criptions=20
  • View Current = Issue=20 (Volume 39 Issue 3 )
  • Archive =
 Previou= s=20 Article | Next=20 Article =20

IJE Advance=20 Access originally published online on May 17, 2010
International Journal of = Epidemiology 2010=20 39(3):675-694; doi:10.1093/ije/dyq079
This = Article
3D"
3D"Right Abst= ract=20 3D"Freely
3D"Right FREE = Full Text (PDF) 3D"Freely
3D"Right Supple= mentary=20 Data
3D"Right All Versions of this=20 Article:
39/3/675    most=20 recent
dyq079v= 1=20
3D"Right Alert = me when this article is cited
3D"Right Alert=20 me if a correction is posted
3D"
Services
3D"
3D"Right Email=20 this article to a friend
3D"Right Similar=20 articles in this journal
3D"Right Similar=20 articles in PubMed
3D"Right Alert = me to new=20 issues of the journal
3D"Right Add=20 to My Personal Archive
3D"Right Download=20 to citation manager
3D"Right Request= =20 Permissions
3D"
Citing = Articles
3D"
3D"Right Scopus Links
3D"Right Citing Articles via = CrossRef
3D"
PubMed
3D"
3D"Right PubMed=20 Citation
3D"
Social = Bookmarking
3D"
3D"         
What's=20 this? =

Published by = Oxford=20 University Press on behalf of the International Epidemiological = Association =A9=20 The Author 2010; all rights reserved.

Brain tumour risk in relation to mobile telephone use: results of = the=20 INTERPHONE international case=96control = study

The=20 INTERPHONE Study Group*=20

Corresponding author. Elisabeth Cardis; CREAL, Doctor = Aiguader=20 88, 08003 Barcelona, Spain. E-mail: ecardis{at}creal.cat


3D"   =20 Abstract
Top
3D"Abstract
Introduction
Methods
Results
Discussion
Conclusion
Supplementary data
Funding
Appendix
Acknowledgements
References
 
<= B>Background=20 The rapid increase in mobile telephone use has generated = concern=20 about possible health risks related to radiofrequency = electromagnetic=20 fields from this technology.

Methods An interview-based case=96control study with 2708 = glioma and 2409 meningioma cases and matched controls was = conducted=20 in 13 countries using a common protocol.

Results A reduced odds ratio (OR) related to ever having = been=20 a regular mobile phone user was seen for glioma [OR 0.81; 95% = confidence interval (CI) 0.70=960.94] and meningioma (OR = 0.79;=20 95% CI 0.68=960.91), possibly reflecting participation bias = or other=20 methodological limitations. No elevated OR was observed 3D≥=2010 years = after first=20 phone use (glioma: OR 0.98; 95% CI 0.76=961.26; meningioma: = OR 0.83;=20 95% CI 0.61=961.14). ORs were <1.0 for all deciles of = lifetime=20 number of phone calls and nine deciles of cumulative call = time. In=20 the 10th decile of recalled cumulative call time, 3D≥=201640 h, the = OR was=20 1.40 (95% CI 1.03=961.89) for glioma, and 1.15 (95% CI = 0.81=961.62)=20 for meningioma; but there are implausible values of reported=20 use in this group. ORs for glioma tended to be greater in the = temporal lobe than in other lobes of the brain, but the CIs=20 around the lobe-specific estimates were wide. ORs for glioma=20 tended to be greater in subjects who reported usual phone use = on the same side of the head as their tumour than on the = opposite=20 side.

Conclusions Overall, no increase in risk of glioma or = meningioma=20 was observed with use of mobile phones. There were = suggestions=20 of an increased risk of glioma at the highest exposure = levels,=20 but biases and error prevent a causal interpretation. The = possible=20 effects of long-term heavy use of mobile phones require = further=20 investigation.

Keywords Brain tumours, mobile phones, radiofrequency = fields

Accepted 8 March 2010


3D"   =20 Introduction
Top
Abstract
3D"Introduction
Methods
Results
Discussion
Conclusion
Supplementary data
Funding
Appendix
Acknowledgements
References
 
M= obile=20 phone use has increased dramatically in many countries since = its=20 introduction in the early-to-mid 1980s. The expanding use of = this=20 technology has been accompanied by concerns about health and = safety.=20 In the late 1990s, several expert groups critically reviewed = the=20 evidence on health effects of low-level exposure to = radiofrequency=20 (RF) electromagnetic fields, and recommended research into = the=20 possible adverse health effects of mobile telephony.= 1=964<= A=20 href=3D"http://ije.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/full/39/3/675#B3"><= A=20 href=3D"http://ije.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/full/39/3/675#B4"> = As a=20 result, the International Agency for Research on Cancer = (IARC)=20 coordinated a feasibility study in 1998 and 1999, which = concluded=20 that an international study of the relationship between = mobile phone=20 use and brain tumour risk would be feasible and = informative.= 5,= 6=20

INTERPHONE was therefore initiated as an international set of=20 case=96control studies focussing on four types of tumours = in=20 tissues that most absorb RF energy emitted by mobile phones: = tumours=20 of the brain (glioma and meningioma), acoustic nerve = (schwannoma) and=20 parotid gland. The objective was to determine whether mobile = phone=20 use increases the risk of these tumours and, specifically, = whether RF=20 energy emitted by mobile phones is tumourigenic.

This article presents the results of analyses of brain tumour = risk=20 in relation to mobile phone use in all INTERPHONE study = centres=20 combined. Analyses of brain tumours in relation to mobile = phone use=20 have been reported from a number of cohort= 7=969<= A=20 href=3D"http://ije.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/full/39/3/675#B9"> = and=20 case=96control studies, including several of the national = components of=20 INTERPHONE.10=9625= = = = = = = = = = = = = = = No=20 studies, however, have included as many exposed cases, = particularly=20 long-term and heavy users of mobile phones, as this = study.=20


3D"   =20 Methods
Top
Abstract
Introduction
3D"Methods
Results
Discussion
Conclusion
Supplementary data
Funding
Appendix
Acknowledgements
References
 
<= STRONG>Study=20 design
The INTERPHONE study is an international, largely=20 population-based case=96control study. The common core study = protocol=20 is described in detail elsewhere.= 5,26=20 Sixteen study centres from 13 countries (Australia, Canada, = Denmark,=20 Finland, France, Germany, Israel, Italy, Japan, New Zealand, = Norway,=20 Sweden and the UK) were included. To maximize statistical = power, the=20 INTERPHONE study focussed on tumours in younger people, = 30=9659=20 years of age, as they were expected to have had the highest=20 prevalence of mobile phone use in the previous 5=9610 years, = and=20 on regions likely to have the longest and highest use of = mobile=20 phones (mainly large urban areas).

Eligible cases were all patients with a glioma or meningioma = of=20 the brain diagnosed in the study regions during study periods = of 2=964=20 years between 2000 and 2004. Cases were ascertained from all=20 neurological and neurosurgical facilities in the study = regions=20 (except in Paris and Tokyo where some did not agree to = participate),=20 and in some centres also from cancer registries. All = diagnoses were=20 histologically confirmed or based on unequivocal diagnostic = imaging.=20 To facilitate interviews soon after diagnosis, cases were = ascertained=20 actively within treatment facilities wherever possible. = Completeness=20 of ascertainment was checked through secondary sources, such = as=20 population- or hospital-based cancer registries, medical = archives and=20 hospital discharge or billing files.26=20

One control was selected for each case from a locally = appropriate=20 population-based sampling frame, except in Germany where two=20 controls were chosen. The sampling procedure involved = individual=20 matching in seven centres (Canada =96 Ottawa, Canada =96 = Vancouver,=20 France, Israel, Japan, New Zealand and UK North) and = frequency=20 matching elsewhere. The matching variables were age (within 5 = years),=20 sex and region of residence within each study centre. In = Israel, the=20 subjects were also matched on ethnic origin. Where stratified = matching had been used, individual matching was conducted = post=20 hoc, with cases being assigned one control (two in = Germany),=20 interviewed as close as possible in time to the case, from = those who=20 fitted the matching criteria.

Detailed information on past mobile phone use was collected = during=20 face-to-face interviews with the study subject, or a proxy, = if the=20 subject had ever been a regular user of a mobile phone (had = an=20 average of at least one call per week for a period of 3D≥=206 = months).26=20 A proxy was sought when the study subject had died or was too = ill to=20 be interviewed. The interviews were conducted by a trained=20 interviewer using a computer-assisted questionnaire, except = in=20 Finland where a paper version was used. The questionnaire = also=20 included sections on socio-demographic factors, occupational = exposure=20 to electromagnetic fields and ionizing radiation, medical = history=20 (subject=92s and family), medical ionizing and non-ionizing = radiation=20 exposure and smoking. For cases, information was also = collected on=20 the anatomic location and histological type of the tumours. = Where=20 possible, location data were obtained from magnetic resonance = imaging=20 (MRI) reports or images; they were otherwise obtained from = surgical=20 records or clinical notes. Details of the specific source for = each=20 case were not recorded in the INTERPHONE database. Those = collecting=20 the data did not know the reported mobile phone use of = individual=20 cases.

Statistical methods
Data from countries with = multiple=20 centres were combined for the analyses, except in the UK = where the UK=20 South and UK North, each with large numbers of subjects, were = kept=20 separate. The word =91centre=92 in the remainder of this = article is=20 used to refer to the 14 analytic entities (12 countries, UK=20 North and UK South). All analyses were carried out for all = centres=20 combined and for each centre separately. Formal tests for=20 heterogeneity of risk across centres were conducted by = allowing for=20 an interaction between centre and the exposure = variables.

The analyses presented here focus on past mobile phone use as=20 reported by or for the study subjects. The main analyses were = based on conditional logistic regression for matched sets.27=20 The date of diagnosis of the case was used as the reference=20 date for cases and controls in each matched set. For the main = analyses, the reference category for odds ratios (ORs) was = the=20 set of subjects who reported that they had never been regular = users. Exposure variables included ever having been a regular = user (as defined above), time (years) since first regular = use,=20 cumulative number of calls and cumulative duration of calls. = To=20 allow for a latency period of 1 year, the year before the = reference=20 date was included in the reference category for time since = first=20 regular use and all other exposure variables were censored at = 1 year=20 before the reference date. Cumulative number and duration of = calls=20 were analysed as categorical variables, based on deciles of = the=20 distribution of these variables among all controls who were = regular=20 users, including those matched to patients with an acoustic = neuroma=20 or a parotid gland tumour, so that the same cut-off points = are used=20 in all analyses.26=20 Cumulative use excluded use of mobile phones with hands-free=20 devices: for all time periods for which the subject reported=20 the use of hands-free devices the amount of use was reduced = by=20 100, 75, 50 or 25% depending on whether hands-free devices = were used=20 always or almost always, more than half, about half or less = than half=20 of the time, respectively. For ease of presentation, some = results are=20 shown for the following grouping of deciles: 1, 2=965, 6=967, = 8=969 and 10,=20 chosen post hoc to reflect the spread of the highly = skewed=20 distribution of these variables. For convenience, we will=20 systematically use the term =91regular user=92 in text and = tables to=20 refer to ever having been a regular user.

The reference group for these analyses, never regular users,=20 included people who had some mobile phone use but never as = much=20 as one call a week on average for 3D≥=206 months = (3D~=2032% of = meningioma=20 and 26% of glioma cases, and 30% of meningioma and 26% of = glioma=20 controls) and people who had never used a mobile phone (3D~=2011% = of=20 meningioma and 9% of glioma cases, and 8% of meningioma and = 6% of=20 glioma controls). These percentages are approximate because = never use=20 and never regular use were defined at different dates; the = reference=20 date and the date of interview, respectively. We are not able = to=20 determine whether inclusion of subjects with some occasional = mobile=20 phone use in the reference group had a material effect on our = results=20 because this difference in definition dates prevented us from = distinguishing participants with only occasional use from = those with=20 no use at all at their reference dates. Moreover, because = numbers of=20 never users at the date of interview were small, particularly = in=20 certain age- and gender-specific sub-groups (such as young = men),=20 never users were not a suitable reference group for this=20 analysis.

All analyses were adjusted for educational level; an a priori=20 decision had been made to adjust for it as a surrogate for=20 socio-economic status (SES). Creation of consistent = educational=20 levels across the 13 countries is described elsewhere.26=20 In practice, this adjustment had little impact on OR = estimates,=20 changing their values by 3D≤=202% in most = instances=20 and in all cases by <5%. Using a 10% change-in-estimate = criterion=20 for confounding,28=20 no other covariate among those collected (see list above) was = included in the main analyses. The interval between the start = date=20 of interviews in the study centre and the date of each = subject=92s=20 interview was modelled by fitting the interaction of this = interval=20 with study centre.

A common protocol was applied to impute missing data for cases = and=20 controls.26=20 The study questionnaire allowed ranges to be given instead of = exact=20 answers to a number of questions, including number and = duration of=20 calls and dates of start and end of mobile phone use; in such = instances, the main analyses in this article were based on = the=20 mid-point of the reported range.

Because absorption of RF energy from mobile phones is highly=20 localized,29=20 three different types of analyses were conducted to account = for=20 tumour location. First, analyses were conducted by the = anatomical=20 lobe of the brain in which the tumour occurred. Secondly, = separate=20 analyses were conducted for the subjects who reported using = the=20 mobile phone mainly on one or the other side of the head, and = the=20 preferred side was compared with the side on which the tumour = occurred. For this, each control was assigned the location of = the=20 tumour of his or her matched case. Exposure was considered to = be=20 ipsilateral if the phone was used predominantly on the same = side as=20 the tumour or on both sides of the head, and contralateral if = used=20 mainly on the side of the head opposite to the tumour. = Laterality was=20 not assigned if the tumour was reported to be centrally = located (i.e.=20 it crossed the midline of the brain); these cases were = excluded=20 from laterality analyses. Thirdly, case=96case analyses = were=20 carried out on the concordance between tumour side and = laterality of=20 phone use using the method proposed by Inskip and = collaborators.18=20

Sensitivity analyses
To complement these primary=20 analyses, we undertook sensitivity analyses to try to = determine=20 whether any of the following might have biased the results: = (i) any=20 study centre; (ii) required mention of mobile phones in the=20 introductory letter to subjects in some centres; (iii) = centres with a=20 hospital-based design or particularly low participation = rates; (iv)=20 respondents whose interviews were considered by the = interviewer to be=20 of poor quality; (v) subjects for whom proxies provided the=20 responses or a telephone interview was given; (vi) = interviewers who=20 had little experience or who had unbalanced case to control=20 workloads; (vii) difference between the interview dates of = cases and=20 their matched controls (on average, each control was = interviewed=20 3 months later than its matched case26=20 and mobile phone use was increasing rapidly during the study = period);=20 (viii) subject=92s choice between two ways of responding to = call time=20 questions (time per day, week or month, or time per call); = (ix)=20 subjects who reported implausibly high amounts of mobile = phone use=20 (by excluding them or by retaining them and truncating their = use=20 at a specific lower value when they reported a higher one); = (x)=20 method of calculating accumulated call time; (xi) use of = matching and=20 conditional analysis; (xii) the choice of a particular = imputation=20 algorithm; and (xiii) adjustment for possible confounders.


3D"   =20 Results
Top
Abstract
Introduction
Methods
3D"Results
Discussion
Conclusion
Supplementary data
Funding
Appendix
Acknowledgements
References
 
D= uring the=20 study period, 3115 meningioma and 4301 glioma cases, and 14 = 354=20 potential controls were identified. Interviews were completed = with=20 2425 meningioma cases (78%; range 56=9692%), 2765 glioma = cases (64%=20 participation; range by centre 36=9692%) and 7658 controls = (53%; range=20 42=9674%; App= endix=20 1, Table= 1,=20 Supple= mentary=20 data are available at IJE online). The most common = reasons=20 for non-participation were subject refusal (11% of = meningiomas, 11%=20 of glioma cases and 30% of controls); illness, death or = physician=20 refusal (4% of meningiomas, 20% of gliomas and 1% of = controls); and=20 inability to contact the subject (7% of meningiomas, 5% of = gliomas=20 and 15% of controls).

The main analyses, based on matched sets only, included 2409=20 meningioma cases with 2662 matched controls and 2708 glioma=20 cases with 2972 matched controls. Among meningioma cases, 24% = were men and 76% women; among glioma cases, 60% were men and=20 40% women (Table= 1).=20 Although the median age of meningioma cases was only slightly = older=20 than that of glioma cases (51 and 49 years, respectively), = 23% of=20 glioma cases were diagnosed before the age of 40, compared = with 13%=20 of meningioma cases.


View = this=20 table:
[in=20 this window]
[in a new window]

  		Table 1 Selected characteristics = of=20 meningioma and glioma cases included in the main=20 analysesa =

 = ;
The=20 proportion of proxy interviews was higher in glioma cases = (13%) than=20 in controls (1%) or meningioma cases (2%). Whereas 17% of = glioma=20 cases who were regular users had imputations because of = missing=20 information in at least one of their mobile phone-related = variables,=20 the corresponding fractions were 9% among regular user = meningioma=20 cases and 8% among regular user controls. The proportion of = subjects=20 who answered questions about mobile phone use by giving a = range of=20 values rather than a particular amount of use (for any of the = use=20 dimensions) was very similar (3D~=2042%) = for=20 meningioma cases, glioma cases and controls.

The prevalence of regular mobile phone use 1 year before the=20 reference date was 52% for meningioma cases (ranging from 34 = to=20 73% across study centres) and 56% in matched controls (35=9678%). = It=20 was higher for glioma cases (62% overall, range: 42=9680%) = and controls=20 (64% overall, range: 45=9684%), reflecting the different sex=20 distributions of these tumours.

The majority of subjects in the study were not heavy mobile = phone=20 users; the median lifetime cumulative call time among = meningioma=20 controls using mobile phones was 3D~=2075 h, with = a=20 median call time of 3D~=202 h/month = and a median=20 lifetime number of calls about 1500. Corresponding values for = glioma=20 controls were 3D~100 h lifetime, 2.5 h/month and about 2000 calls. = The=20 distributions of time since start of mobile phone use and = cumulative=20 call time were highly skewed, with few long-term and heavy=20 users, and varied across study centres and by age and sex = (not=20 shown).

Relation between mobile phone use and risk of brain=20 tumours
Meningioma
A=20 reduced OR of meningioma was found for regular mobile phone = use in=20 the past 3D≥1=20 year, OR 0.79 [95% confidence interval (CI) 0.68=960.91; Table= 2].=20 There was some suggestion of heterogeneity of risk across = centres=20 (P =3D 0.08) with ORs <1.0 except in Canada, = Denmark, Germany=20 and Italy (data not shown). ORs were <1.0 for regular = users in all=20 categories of time since start of use and cumulative number = of calls.=20 Analyses by cumulative call time showed ORs <1.0 in the = first nine=20 deciles and an OR of 1.15 (95% CI 0.81=961.62) in the highest = decile.=20 Analyses of cumulative call time among recent-, medium- and=20 long-term users (Table= 3)=20 showed no indication of excess risk except in the highest = call time=20 category in those who started phone use 1=964 years before = the=20 reference date: OR 4.80 (95% CI 1.49=9615.4).


View = this=20 table:
[in=20 this window]
[in a new window]

  		Table 2 ORs between mobile phone = use and=20 brain tumours (meningioma and glioma separately) by regular = use,=20 time since start of use, cumulative call time and cumulative = number=20 of calls=97excludes use with hands-free devices =

 = ;

View = this=20 table:
[in=20 this window]
[in a new window]

  		Table 3 ORs between mobile phone = use and=20 brain tumours (meningioma and glioma separately) by = cumulative call=20 time, stratified by recency of starting regular = use=97excludes use=20 with hands-free devices =

 = ;
There=20 was no appreciable effect modification by age or sex on any = of these=20 results (data not shown).

In analyses by anatomical location of the meningioma, the OR = for=20 temporal lobe tumours with regular use was 0.55 (95% CI = 0.36=960.82)=20 and the ORs were <1.0 in all categories of time since = start of=20 use, cumulative call time and cumulative number of calls. ORs = for=20 other lobes were also mostly <1.0 (Table= =20 4).


View = this=20 table:
[in=20 this window]
[in a new window]

  		Table 4 ORs between mobile phone = use and=20 brain tumours (meningioma and glioma separately) by = anatomical=20 location of tumoura and by regular use, time = since start=20 of use, cumulative call time and cumulative number of calls = =96=20 excludes use with hands-free devices =

 = ;
The=20 OR for mainly ipsilateral use among regular users was 0.86 = (95% CI=20 0.69=961.08), and that for contralateral use was 0.59 (95% CI = 0.46=960.76; Table= 5).=20 The ORs by time since start of use were <1.0 in all = categories of=20 ipsilateral and contralateral use. When analysing by any of = the=20 exposure metrics in Table= 5,=20 the ratios of the ORs for ipsilateral use to contralateral = use were=20 always one or above one regardless of level of exposure and = they were=20 highest (3D~2=20 or 3) for the two highest categories of cumulative call time = and the=20 second highest category of cumulative number of calls. A = case=96case=20 analysis, based on Inskip=92s method, showed an OR of 1.07 = (95% CI=20 1.00=961.16; App= endix=20 1, Table= 2,=20 Supple= mentary=20 data are available at IJE online) for ipsilateral=20 use.

The OR for those who reported regular use of only an analogue=20 phone was 0.81 (95% CI 0.65=961.03) and for only a digital = phone=20 it was 0.79 (95% CI 0.68=960.92). Focussing on the highest = decile of=20 cumulative call time, the OR among those who used only an = analogue=20 phone was 0.50 (95% CI 0.25=960.99); among those who used = only a=20 digital phone it was 1.84 (95% CI 1.17=962.88); and among = those using=20 both 4.43 (95% CI 1.42=9613.9; App= endix=20 1, Table= 3,=20 Supple= mentary=20 data are available at IJE online).


View = this=20 table:
[in=20 this window]
[in a new window]

  		Table 5 ORs between mobile phone = use and=20 brain tumours (meningioma and glioma separately) by side of = use of=20 mobile phones and by regular use, time since start of use,=20 cumulative call time and cumulative number of = callsa =

 = ;
Glioma
A reduced risk of glioma was = seen for=20 regular mobile phone use in the past 3D≥=201 year (OR = 0.81, 95% CI=20 0.70=960.94; Table= =20 2) relative to never regular users. There was little = evidence=20 of heterogeneity in results across centres (P =3D = 0.68). ORs=20 were <1.0 in all study centres except Australia, France = and=20 New Zealand.

Analyses by time since start of use showed a reduced OR in all=20 categories of use; the OR for 3D≥=2010 years = since start of=20 use was 0.98 (95% CI 0.76=961.26; Table= 2).=20 The pattern of results by duration of mobile phone use was = similar=20 (data not shown).

Analyses by categories of cumulative call time showed decreased=20 ORs in eight of the first nine deciles (five of which had = upper=20 confidence bounds <1.0) and an increased OR of 1.40 (95% = CI=20 1.03=961.89) in the highest exposure category, 3D≥=201640 = h.=20 Analyses by cumulative number of calls showed ORs <1.0 in=20 all categories, with the OR in the highest decile approaching = unity.

Analyses of cumulative call time stratified by short-, medium- = and=20 long-term use (Table= 3)=20 showed reduced risks in the lower call time categories in all = strata=20 of time since start of use and ORs >1.0 in the highest = category=20 (3D≥1640 h=20 cumulative call time) in each of the three strata. The = highest OR was=20 in the short-term users but its CI was very wide.

The lobe of the brain in which the tumour was located was known=20 for 96% of cases. The OR for temporal lobe tumours with = regular=20 use was 0.86 (95% CI 0.66=961.13; Table= 4).=20 The point estimates for the highest categories of cumulative = call=20 time, cumulative number of calls and time since start of use = were=20 higher for tumours in the temporal lobe than in other = locations, but=20 their 95% CIs were wide. Only for the highest decile of=20 cumulative call time was the OR for temporal lobe tumours = appreciably=20 elevated (1.87, 95% CI 1.09=963.22).

For regular use in the past 3D≥=201 year, the = OR for=20 ipsilateral mobile phone use was 0.84 (95% CI 0.69=961.04) = and that for=20 contralateral use was 0.67 (95% CI 0.52=960.87; Table= 5).=20 The ORs by time since start of use were <1.0 in all = categories,=20 except for ipsilateral use beginning 3D≥=2010 in the = past (OR=20 1.21, 95% CI 0.82=961.80). The ORs by cumulative number of = calls were=20 <1.0 irrespective of laterality and exposure level, except = for=20 ipsilateral use in the two highest categories. The results by = cumulative call time showed a similar pattern, but the OR for = ipsilateral use in the highest category was appreciably = elevated (OR=20 1.96, 95% CI 1.22=963.16) and that for contralateral use was=20 slightly elevated (OR 1.25, 95% CI 0.64=962.42). The ratios = of the=20 ipsilateral ORs to the contralateral ORs were all above one=20 with one exception (0.99 for 2=964 years since start of = use) and=20 the highest (3D~2) were in 1=961.9 and 3D≥=2010 years = since=20 start of use, the lowest category of cumulative call time, = and=20 the highest category of cumulative number of calls. For = cumulative=20 number of calls, there was a consistent trend towards = increasing=20 ratios with increasing exposure.

Case=96case analyses of the concordance between tumour side = and=20 preferred side of phone use using the Inskip method showed an = elevated risk for ipsilateral use among regular users (OR = 1.27, 95%=20 CI 1.19=961.37) and among those in the highest decile of = cumulative=20 call time (OR 1.55, 95% CI 1.24=961.99; App= endix=20 1, Table= 2,=20 Supple= mentary=20 data are available at IJE online). When stratified = on time=20 since first use, the point estimate of the OR using = Inskip=92s method=20 in the highest decile was higher among short-term heavy users = (OR=20 2.37, 95% CI 0.93=968.59) than among medium (OR 1.40, 95% CI=20 1.04=962.01) and long-term (OR 1.57, 95% CI 1.13=962.30) = heavy=20 users, resembling an analogous pattern in Table= =20 3.

The OR for ever use of an analogue phone was 1.00 (95% CI = 0.83=961.21)=20 and for ever use of a digital phone 0.76 (95% CI = 0.66=960.88).=20 Increased ORs were seen in the highest decile of cumulative=20 call time with analogue phones (OR 1.95, 95% CI 1.08=963.54) = and=20 with digital phones (OR 1.46, 95% CI 0.98=962.17; App= endix=20 1, Table= 3,=20 Supple= mentary=20 data are available at IJE online).

There was no evidence of heterogeneity of effects across centres = for cumulative call time, cumulative number of calls, time = since=20 start of use or ipsilateral or contralateral use. Nor was = there=20 any appreciable effect modification by age or sex in any of = the=20 results mentioned above (data not shown).

Sensitivity analyses
Selected findings of = sensitivity=20 analyses are shown in Table= 6=20 and App= endix=20 1, Table= 4=20 (Supple= mentary=20 data are available at IJE online). Because of a = hint of a=20 possible excess risk in subjects in the highest decile of = mobile=20 phone cumulative call time, for glioma (OR 1.40) and to a = lesser=20 extent for meningioma (OR 1.15), we focus presentation of = sensitivity=20 analyses on the findings in this highest decile, = corresponding to=20 1640 or more cumulative hours of use.


View = this=20 table:
[in=20 this window]
[in a new window]

  		Table 6 Results of sensitivity = analyses on=20 ORs between mobile phone use and brain tumours (meningioma = and=20 glioma separately) for the highest decile of cumulative call = time,=20 covering possible indicators of sample representativeness = and=20 response quality =

 = ;
For=20 meningioma, some point estimates differed from the OR of 1.15 = from=20 the main analysis, but the estimates were imprecise and, with = one=20 exception based on nine cases and four controls, fell well = within the=20 CI of this =91benchmark=92 value.

For glioma, results from the various sensitivity analyses were=20 generally similar to those from the primary analysis. All the = OR estimates, except one based on nine cases and three = controls,=20 are well within the 95% CI of the OR from the main analysis.=20 When subjects with high reported use were included, but with=20 use truncated at 5 h/day, the OR was hardly affected. When = subjects=20 who reported >5 h call time/day (38 cases and 22 controls) = were excluded altogether, on the premise that such responses=20 were unreliable, the OR decreased to 1.27 (95% CI = 0.92=961.75).

Results of sensitivity analyses focusing on the OR for regular = use=20 in the past 3D≥1 year are shown in App= endix=20 1, Table= 5=20 (Supple= mentary=20 data are available at IJE online). All the OR estimates, = except=20 two ORs for meningioma relating to the presentation of the = study,=20 are well within the 95% CI of the OR from the main analysis. =


3D"   =20 Discussion
Top
Abstract
Introduction
Methods
Results
3D"Discussion
Conclusion
Supplementary data
Funding
Appendix
Acknowledgements
References
 
T= he=20 INTERPHONE study is the largest case=96control study of = mobile phones=20 and brain tumours conducted to date, including the largest = numbers of=20 users with at least 10 years of exposure and the greatest = cumulative=20 hours of use of any study. An exhaustive analysis of this = large data=20 set involved estimation of hundreds of ORs; rather than focus = on the=20 most extreme values, the interpretation should rest on the = overall=20 balance of evidence. The null hypothesis of no association = would be=20 expected to produce an approximately symmetric pattern of = negative=20 and positive log ORs. A skewed distribution could be due to a = bias or=20 to a true effect. Our results include not only a = disproportionately=20 high number of ORs <1, but also a small number of elevated = ORs.=20 This could be taken to indicate an underlying lack of = association=20 with mobile phone use, systematic bias from one or more = sources,=20 a few random but essentially meaningless increased ORs, or a=20 small effect detectable only in a subset of the data.

For meningioma, there is little evidence to counter a global = null=20 hypothesis, and we conclude that INTERPHONE finds no signs of = an=20 increased risk of meningioma among users of mobile telephones. =

For glioma, an increased OR was seen in analyses in the highest=20 decile of cumulative call time, including tumours in the = temporal=20 lobe and subjects who reported having used the mobile phone=20 mainly on the same side as where the tumour occurred. Still,=20 the evidence for an increased risk of glioma among the = highest=20 users was inconclusive, as the increase could be due to one = or=20 more of the possible sources of error discussed below.

In the following sections, we explore possible explanations = for=20 the apparently decreased risk of meningioma and glioma for = regular=20 users compared with never regular users, and the apparently = increased=20 risk of glioma in a subset of users.

Decreased risk with ever regular use of a mobile = phone
An=20 apparently decreased risk of brain tumours with ever regular = use of a=20 mobile phone (relative to never regular use) has been seen in = other=20 studies.18,23=20 Putting aside a genuine protective effect as implausible, we = have=20 considered other reasons for these observations.

Sampling bias
In all but = two=20 centres, a population-based design was used. This requires = that the=20 cases in the study were representative of all cases in the = respective=20 population and that the controls represented all non-cases, = within=20 matching strata. In practice, it is difficult to demonstrate = that=20 these conditions have been fulfilled in any case=96control = study. Cases=20 may be missed due to lack of detection, misdiagnosis or = incomplete=20 registration (such problems may be more likely for meningioma = than=20 for glioma). It is uncertain whether the sampling frames used = to=20 select controls represented the study base in some countries. = To the=20 extent possible, we conducted sensitivity analyses that = examined=20 the effects of different recruitment strategies between = centres;=20 they did not show substantial changes in the results (Table= =20 6).

Levels of = participation
Constrained=20 by the requirements of ethical review committees and facing = the=20 population=92s increasing reluctance to participate in = interview=20 studies, we attained participation rates of 78% among = meningioma=20 cases, 64% among glioma cases and 53% among controls.26=20 Although such proportions are not unusually low, they raise = the=20 possibility of selection bias with respect to mobile phone = use.=20

Controls in 11 centres and cases in 9 centres who refused the = full=20 interview were asked to respond to a brief non-respondent=20 questionnaire on mobile phone use. The cases and controls who = complied with this short inquiry reported a lower lifetime = prevalence=20 of ever regular use of a mobile phone than did respondents to = the full interview, implying that information from those who=20 participated in the full interview may overestimate = prevalence=20 among all eligible subjects. Because participation and = refusal=20 differed between cases and controls, such = non-representativeness=20 may have distorted the OR estimates.30=20 Although caution is required in extrapolating from the = findings of=20 the sub-study, we estimated, in the more plausible scenarios, = that=20 non-participation bias may have led to a reduction in the ORs = for=20 regular use of 5=9615%,30=20 which is less than the observed reductions below the null in = the ORs=20 in ever regular mobile phone users for meningioma (21%, 95% = CI 32=969)=20 and glioma (19%, 95% CI 30=966; Table= =20 2).

Prodromal = symptoms
Prodromal=20 symptoms of a brain tumour could dissuade subjects from = becoming=20 phone users or reduce their use before diagnosis (reverse = causation).=20 Glioma is typically diagnosed quite soon after first = symptoms.=20 Although prodromal symptoms might result in lowered ORs among = very=20 recent users (e.g. <2 years since starting use), these are = unlikely to explain the reduction in ORs observed among the = vast=20 majority of the users in our study population who started = using=20 mobile phones 2=9610 years before disease onset.

Timing of interviews
As = the use of=20 mobile phones has become more common over time, the later = interview=20 dates of controls could have spuriously increased the = prevalence of=20 exposure in the control group. However, restricting analyses = to=20 matched sets in which the cases and controls were interviewed = within=20 1 month of each other resulted in very little change in the = OR for=20 regular use 3D≥1 year in the past (Table= 6)=20 and hence seems unlikely to explain the low ORs overall. = Further, the=20 use of a common reference date for each case and its matched = control=20 should have minimized any bias induced by differential timing = of=20 interviews.

Confounding
Higher = socio-economic=20 status has been associated with a higher risk of brain cancer = in some=20 but not all relevant studies,31,32=20 and with mobile phone use, particularly when the technology = was=20 new.= 9=20 We adjusted for education level in all analyses, but = acknowledge this=20 is an imperfect indicator of SES. Otherwise, there are few=20 well-established risk factors for brain tumours; analyses = adjusting=20 for measured potential confounders had little impact on the = ORs (App= endix=20 1, Table= 4,=20 Supple= mentary=20 data are available at IJE online).

Low overall risks among mobile phone=20 users
The reduced OR for regular users compared with = never=20 regular users seems unlikely to reflect a genuine protective=20 effect and makes our results difficult to interpret.33=20 It could result from the sources of error discussed above, = although=20 based on the evidence we have regarding their magnitude and = effects30,34=20 they may not account fully for the observed reduction in = risk.=20

It might be possible to correct, at least crudely, for assumed=20 downwards bias in the ORs for mobile phone use by undertaking = a=20 series of analyses using the lowest category of users as the=20 reference category for OR estimates in higher categories. = Results=20 of such an analysis of the mobile phone use variables in Table= 2=20 are shown in the Table of Appendix 2 (see Supple= mentary=20 data available at IJE online), accompanied by a = discussion=20 of the strengths and weaknesses of this approach. We have = also=20 done some work to characterize possible sources of bias30,34=20 and are currently exploring the possibility of correcting the = OR=20 estimates mathematically for their effects.

Elevated risks of glioma among heavy users
There = was some=20 evidence of an elevated risk of glioma in the highest decile = of=20 cumulative call time, with the highest point estimates seen = for=20 tumours in the temporal lobe and for subjects who reported = having=20 used their mobile phone mainly on the same side as that on = which the=20 tumour occurred. We explore here possible interpretations of = these=20 findings.

Biases related to possible differential = quality of=20 exposure data
When compared with controls, glioma = cases had a=20 higher proportion of proxy respondents, a higher number of=20 imputations for missing values, and a higher proportion of = subjects=20 judged by their interviewer to be non-responsive or having = poor=20 memory (data not shown). However, sensitivity analyses showed = that=20 these differences, on their own, did not explain the results=20 seen in the highest decile of cumulative call time (Table= =20 6).

Differential error between cases and controls in reporting of=20 mobile phone use could substantially affect our results; such = information bias could arise from several sources. First, a=20 brain tumour, particularly in the frontal or temporal lobes,=20 may adversely affect cognition and memory.35=20 Secondly, cases may be more motivated to recall and report a=20 publicized potential risk factor for their disease. =

To investigate the accuracy of self-reported phone use, two=20 validation sub-studies were conducted in some of the = INTERPHONE=20 centres. Amongst healthy volunteers using software-modified=20 phones (recording number and times of calls), phone use in = the=20 past year was reported with substantial random error; with = over-=20 and under-estimation both frequent.36=20 Errors were larger for duration of calls than for number of = calls,=20 and phone use was under-estimated by light users and = over-estimated=20 by heavy users. In another sub-study, records of mobile phone = use up=20 to 6 years previously were obtained for some participants in = three=20 INTERPHONE centres, allowing us to compare the interview = responses=20 with the records.37=20 Overall, there was little evidence that recall quality = differed=20 between cases and controls, but there was some indication of = greater=20 over-reporting by cases than by controls for the period 3=965 = years=20 before interview. These sub-studies provide no information = regarding=20 differential reporting error for periods more distant than 5 = years=20 before interview.

Some subjects reported very high daily average call times and = this=20 was more common among cases than controls. Thirty-eight cases = and 22=20 controls reported >5 h use/day and 10 cases and no = controls=20 reported 3D≥12=20 h/day. There is reasonable doubt about the credibility of = such=20 reports. Excluding all subjects who reported >5 h use/day = reduced=20 the ORs in the highest decile of cumulative time from 1.40 to = 1.27=20 (95% CI 0.92=961.74). In contrast, truncating the average = call time to=20 5 h/day had little effect on the OR. It is not clear which of = these=20 two approaches (if either) is more appropriate. However, the = key=20 question is whether these cases with unreasonably high values = reflect a general tendency for cases to overestimate more = than=20 controls, which could contribute to the apparent excess risk = in=20 the highest decile. As noted earlier, there is evidence that = cases=20 tended to overestimate their past exposure more than controls = did.37=20

Non-differential error (random variability or uncertainty in = the=20 exposure estimates) may also affect the findings. With dichotomous=20 exposure indicators such bias is towards the null, but for = polytomous=20 variables the effect is difficult to predict.38=9640= = =20

Location of tumours and laterality of use of=20 phones
Absorption of RF energy from mobile phones is = highly=20 localized.29=20 Thus, an association of phone use with tumours occurring near = the=20 location of the phone would constitute stronger evidence for=20 aetiology than an association with more distant tumours.

Ipsilateral ORs were almost always greater than contralateral = ORs.=20 There was no consistent pattern with regard to level of = exposure,=20 although a trend towards a stronger effect of ipsilateral use = relative to contralateral use with increasing exposure was = observed=20 for cumulative number of calls. Results of case=96case = analyses (using=20 Inskip=92s method18)=20 also suggested higher risks of gliomas with ipsilateral phone = use,=20 but again no consistent trend with increasing exposure. The=20 observation of an unlikely ipsilateral effect in low exposure = categories suggests that cases might have over-reported use = on the=20 side of the tumour.

There is, though, evidence of lack of such reporting bias from = a=20 sub-study. In three centres (Australia, Canada and Japan),=20 participants (172 glioma and 160 meningioma cases and 340 = controls=20 who were regular users) were asked at the end of their = interview=20 to put a mobile phone to their ear as if answering a call. = The=20 concordance between the reported side of use of the phone and = the side where it was held was lower for cases (72% glioma = cases,=20 66% meningioma) than controls (95%). The greater degree of=20 concordance among controls suggests differential reporting = quality.=20 Among cases, however, there was as much discrepancy in the=20 contralateral direction (52 instances) as in the ipsilateral=20 direction (48 instances). Thus, it is possible that the = ipsilateral=20 effect is a true effect, is due to reporting bias or is a = mixture=20 of both.

Few studies have related field strength to anatomic structures,=20 but a recent investigation of 110 phone models found that = exposure=20 is generally highest in the temporal lobe.29=20 While laterality analyses may be biased by the respondent=92s = knowledge=20 of the side of the tumour, results for tumours in different=20 lobes are probably less susceptible to reporting bias. ORs = for=20 glioma in the highest exposure categories were higher for = tumours=20 in the temporal lobe than in other lobes, but the CIs around = the=20 lobe-specific estimates for each measure were wide.

Coherence and = consistency
The=20 strongest evidence of an increased risk of glioma was found = for=20 cumulative call time, which is a function of the number and = duration=20 of calls. Conceptually, cumulative call time might be the = most=20 relevant measure of exposure. However, in validation studies, = the=20 number of calls was recalled more accurately than the = duration of=20 calls.36,37=20 For the cumulative number of calls, the ORs, while highest in = the=20 highest deciles, were consistently below one. In the absence = of a=20 known biological mechanism, it is hard to know whether more = weight=20 should be put on results from the more accurate or the = conceptually=20 preferred exposure measure.

The apparently increased risk of glioma for cumulative call = time=20 was restricted to the top decile, 3D≥=201640 h. = There was=20 no upward trend across the first nine deciles of cumulative = call=20 time. In contrast with the excess risk seen on the scale of=20 cumulative call time, risk did not appear to be increased by=20 length of time since first exposure or by duration of = exposure.=20 The pattern of point estimates of ORs in the high call time=20 categories in three strata of time since exposure = started=973.8=20 in the most recent and 1.3 in the more distant ones (Table= =20 3)=97is not what one would expect if there were a causal=20 association; although the CI in the newest users was wide and = encompassed the point estimates for heavy use in the two = longer use=20 groups. By analogy with known carcinogens, the lack of a=20 consistently increasing risk with dose, duration of exposure = and time=20 since first exposure weigh against cause and effect.=20 Nevertheless, given the uncertainty surrounding possible = effects of=20 RF on the brain, no strong case can be made for the = plausibility=20 or implausibility of any observed exposure response = pattern.=20

Comparison of meningioma and glioma results
While = the ORs=20 for meningioma were lower than that for glioma in high = exposure=20 subgroups, there were some similar patterns. First, the OR = for all=20 regular users compared with never regular users was very = similar.=20 Secondly, there was no trend in relation to cumulative call = time=20 except for an elevated OR in the highest decile. Thirdly, the = increase in the last decile was more pronounced for = cumulative call=20 time than number of calls. Fourthly, the highest OR for = cumulative=20 call time was seen among subjects who had recently started = regular=20 use. Fifthly, the ORs were greater for ipsilateral than = contralateral=20 use and the ratios of ipsilateral ORs divided by their = corresponding=20 contralateral ORs were of a similar magnitude. However, while = there=20 was evidence of a higher risk of gliomas in the temporal lobe = than=20 elsewhere with several different exposure metrics, there was = no such=20 evidence for meningioma. Although ORs for meningioma were = generally=20 lower than that for glioma, the otherwise similar patterns of = associations of mobile phone use with meningioma and glioma = could=20 indicate shared aetiology or shared bias.

Interpretation of these findings
We have no = certain=20 explanation for the overall reduced risk of brain cancer = among mobile=20 phone users in this study, although selection bias is almost=20 certainly a contributor. There is some evidence that very = high users=20 experienced excess risk of glioma, but that evidence is = inconclusive=20 because of possible bias. Further light may be shed on = dose=96response=20 relations by work now being undertaken with the INTERPHONE = data using=20 precise coordinate localization of tumours within the brain = in=20 relation to estimates of absorbed RF energy.

The possibility of raised risk in heavy users of mobile phones = is=20 an important issue because of their ever-increasing use. = Moreover,=20 few subjects in our study had used mobile phones for >12 = years;=20 therefore, our results are uninformative with respect to lag = periods=20 longer than this.

Consistency with previous research
Our results = are=20 consistent with most of the research published to date. A = large=20 Danish cohort study of mobile telephone subscribers,= 8,= 9=20 with an average follow-up time of 8.5 years, found no increased = risk=20 of brain tumours in subscribers of 3D≥=2010 years. = The=20 first case=96control studies conducted included cases = diagnosed=20 in the mid-to-late 1990s and therefore could only address = possible=20 risks among short-term mobile phone users.10,12,18,23=20 In addition, the highest cumulative call times in these = studies were=20 much less than in ours. Generally, these studies reported=20 =91negative=92 results. In contrast, increased risks of = malignant brain=20 tumours at higher levels of accumulated use of analogue and=20 digital mobile phones and cordless desktop phones were = reported=20 from a sequence of three case=96control studies from the = same=20 authors with cases in the last diagnosed as late as 2003.13=9615= = However,=20 the methods of these studies have been questioned.41=20

Some of the INTERPHONE centres have published their results = for=20 brain tumours11,16,17,19,22,24,25=20 and two pooled analyses from Northern European centres have = also been=20 published.20,21=20 Most cases in these reports are included in the present = analyses=20 and constitute 69% of gliomas and 57% of meningiomas. The=20 centre-specific analyses are consistent with our all-centre=20 results.

Much biological research has been done in recent years on = possible=20 biological effects of RF fields. This work covers in vitro = and=20 in vivo exposure, alone and in combination with other = physical=20 or chemical agents, and has found no evidence that RF fields=20 are carcinogenic in laboratory rodents or cause DNA damage in = cells in culture.42=20 Possible effects of RF fields on other biological endpoints = are still=20 being explored.

The possible effects of long-term heavy use of mobile phones = on=20 risk of brain tumours require further investigation, given = increasing=20 mobile phone use, its extension to children and its = penetration=20 worldwide. The problems presented by selection and = information bias=20 in this and probably other studies suggest that new studies = should,=20 in general, only be done if they can substantially reduce or=20 eliminate selection bias, obtain detailed and high-quality = exposure=20 information over the full period of use and offer sufficient=20 statistical power to detect comparatively small effects in = people=20 with heavy or long continued exposure. Monitoring of age- and = gender-specific incidence rates may also be valuable, = particularly if=20 informed by good longitudinal data on mobile phone use by age = and=20 sex, and having regard to features such as brain tumour = location that=20 may allow more specific inferences about possible mobile = phone use=20 effects.


3D"   =20 Conclusion
Top
Abstract
Introduction
Methods
Results
Discussion
3D"Conclusion
Supplementary data
Funding
Appendix
Acknowledgements
References
 
T= his is=20 the largest study of the risk of brain tumours in relation to = mobile=20 phone use conducted to date and it included substantial = numbers of=20 subjects who had used mobile phones for 3D≥=2010 = years.=20 Overall, no increase in risk of either glioma or meningioma = was=20 observed in association with use of mobile phones. There were = suggestions of an increased risk of glioma, and much less so=20 meningioma, at the highest exposure levels, for ipsilateral = exposures=20 and, for glioma, for tumours in the temporal lobe. However, = biases=20 and errors limit the strength of the conclusions we can draw = from=20 these analyses and prevent a causal interpretation.


3D"   =20 Supplementary data
Top
Abstract
Introduction
Methods
Results
Discussion
Conclusion
3D"Supplementary data
Funding
Appendix
Acknowledgements
References
 
<= A=20 href=3D"http://ije.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/full/dyq079/DC1">Supple= mentary=20 data are available at IJE online.


3D"   =20 Funding
Top
Abstract
Introduction
Methods
Results
Discussion
Conclusion
Supplementary data
3D"Funding
Appendix
Acknowledgements
References
 
T= his work=20 was supported by funding from the European Fifth Framework = Program,=20 =91Quality of Life and Management of Living Resources=92 = (contract=20 QLK4-CT-1999901563) and the International Union against = Cancer=20 (UICC). The UICC received funds for this purpose from the = Mobile=20 Manufacturers=92 Forum and GSM Association. Provision of = funds to the=20 INTERPHONE study investigators via the UICC was governed by=20 agreements that guaranteed INTERPHONE=92s complete scientific = independence. The terms of these agreements are publicly = available at=20 http://www.i= arc.fr/en/research-groups/RAD/RCAd.html.=20

The Australian centre was supported by the Australian National=20 Health and Medical Research Council (EME Grant 219129) with=20 funds originally derived from mobile phone service licence = fees;=20 Bruce Armstrong was supported by a University of Sydney = Medical=20 Foundation Program Grant and Julianne Brown by an Australian=20 Postgraduate Award. The Cancer Council NSW and The Cancer = Council=20 Victoria provided most of the infrastructure for the project = in=20 Australia. The Canada =96 Montr=E9al study was primarily = funded by a=20 grant from the Canadian Institutes of Health Research = (project=20 MOP-42525). Additionally, Dr Siemiatycki=92s research team = was partly=20 funded by the Canada Research Chair programme and by the = Guzzo-CRS=20 Chair in Environment and Cancer. Dr Parent had a salary award = from=20 the Fonds de la recherche en sant=E9 du Qu=E9bec. The other = Canadian=20 centres were supported by a university=96industry partnership = grant=20 from the Canadian Institutes of Health Research (CIHR), the = latter=20 including partial support from the Canadian Wireless=20 Telecommunications Association. The CIHR = university=96industry=20 partnerships program also includes provisions that ensure = complete=20 scientific independence of the investigators. D. Krewski is = the=20 NSERC/SSHRC/McLaughlin Chair in Population Health Risk = Assessment at=20 the University of Ottawa. The Danish centre was supported by = the=20 Danish Cancer Society and the Finnish centre by the Emil = Aaltonen=20 Foundation and the Academy of Finland. Additional funding for = the=20 study in France was provided by l=92Association pour la = Recherche=20 sur le Cancer (ARC) (Contrat N=B05142) and three network = operators=20 (Orange, SFR, Bouygues T=E9l=E9com). The funds provided = by the=20 operators represented 5% of the total cost of the French = study and=20 were governed by contracts guaranteeing the complete = scientific=20 independence of the investigators. In Germany, additional = funds were=20 received from the German Mobile Phone Research Program = (Deutsches=20 Mobilfunkforschungsprogramm) of the German Federal Ministry = for the=20 Environment, Nuclear Safety, and Nature Protection; the = Ministry for=20 the Environment and Traffic of the state of = Baden-W=FCrttemberg; the=20 Ministry for the Environment of the state of North = Rhine-Westphalia;=20 the MAIFOR Program (Mainzer Forschungsforderungsprogramm) of = the=20 University of Mainz. The study conducted in Japan was fully = funded by=20 the Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications of Japan. = In New=20 Zealand, funding was provided by the Health Research Council, = Hawkes Bay Medical Research Foundation, the Wellington = Medical=20 Research Foundation, the Waikato Medical Research Foundation = and=20 the Cancer Society of New Zealand. The Swedish centre was = also=20 supported by the Swedish Research Council and the Swedish = Cancer=20 Society. Additional funding for the UK North and UK South = studies=20 was received from the Mobile Telecommunications, Health and=20 Research (MTHR) program, and the UK North study received = funding=20 from the Health and Safety Executive, the Department of = Health,=20 the UK Network Operators (O2, Orange, T-Mobile, Vodafone, = =913=92)=20 and the Scottish Executive. The Institute of Cancer Research=20 acknowledges National Health Service (NHS) funding to the = NIHR=20 Biomedical Research Centre.


3D"   =20 Appendix
Top
Abstract
Introduction
Methods
Results
Discussion
Conclusion
Supplementary data
Funding
3D"Appendix
Acknowledgements
References
 
I= ARC:=20 Cardis E,= 1,= 2,*=20 Deltour I,= 1,= 3=20 Vrijheid M,= 1,= 2=20 Combalot E,= 4=20 Moissonnier M,= 1=20 Tardy H= 5;=20 Australia: Armstrong B,= 6=20 Giles G,= 7=20 Brown J= 6;=20 Canada =96 Montreal: Siemiatycki J,= 8=20 Parent ME,= 9=20 Nadon L= 9;=20 Canada =96 Ottawa/Vancouver: Krewski D,10=20 McBride ML11;=20 Denmark: Johansen C,= 3=20 Collatz Christensen H= 3;=20 Finland: Auvinen A,12,13=20 Kurttio P,13=20 Lahkola A,13=20 Salminen T13;=20 France: Hours M,= 5=20 Bernard M,= 5,14=20 Montestruq L= 5,14;=20 Germany: Sch=FCz J,15,= 3=20 Berg-Beckhoff G,16=20 Schlehofer B,17=20 Blettner M15;=20 Israel: Sadetzki S,18,19=20 Chetrit A,18=20 Jarus-Hakak A18;=20 Italy: Lagorio S,20=20 Iavarone I21;=20 Japan: Takebayashi T,22=20 Yamaguchi N23;=20 New Zealand: Woodward A,24=20 Cook A,25=20 Pearce N26;=20 Norway: Tynes T,27,28,29=20 Blaasaas KG,30,31=20 Klaeboe L27,29;=20 Sweden: Feychting M,32=20 L=F6nn S,33=20 Ahlbom A32;=20 UK-North: McKinney PA,34=20 Hepworth SJ,34=20 Muir KR35;=20 and UK-South: Swerdlow AJ,36=20 Schoemaker MJ36=20

= 1Formerly=20 (except M.M.) at International Agency for Research on Cancer, = Lyon,=20 France, = 2Centre=20 for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL), Municipal = Institute of Medical Research (IMIM), CIBERESP, Barcelona, = Spain, = 3Institute=20 of Cancer Epidemiology, Danish Cancer Society, Copenhagen, = Denmark,=20 = 4GELARC,=20 CHU Lyon Sud, Pierre B=E9nite, France, = 5Universit=E9=20 de Lyon, Institut National de Recherche sur les Transports et = leur=20 S=E9curit=E9, Institut national de Veille Sanitaire, Unit=E9 = Mixte de=20 Recherche =E9pid=E9miologique et de Surveillance Transports = Travail=20 Environnement T9405, Lyon, France, = 6Sydney=20 School of Public Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney,=20 Australia, = 7Cancer=20 Epidemiology Centre, The Cancer Council Victoria, Melbourne,=20 Australia, = 8University=20 of Montreal School of Public Health, Montreal, Canada, = 9INRS-Institut=20 Armand-Frappier, University of Quebec, Laval, Canada, 10McLaughlin=20 Centre for Population Health Risk Assessment, University of = Ottawa,=20 Ottawa, Canada, 11BC=20 Cancer Research Centre, BC Cancer Agency, Vancouver, Canada, = 12Tampere=20 School of Public Health, University of Tampere, Tampere, = Finland, 13STUK=20 - Radiation and Nuclear Safety Authority, Helsinki, Finland, = 14Now=20 at Observatoire R=E9gional de la Sant=E9 Rh=F4ne-Alpes, Lyon, = France, 15Institute=20 of Medical Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Informatics, = Johannes=20 Gutenberg-University of Mainz, Mainz, Germany (J.S. =96 = formerly), 16Department=20 of Epidemiology and International Public Health, Faculty of=20 Public Health, University of Bielefeld, Bielefeld, Germany, = 17Unit=20 of Environmental Epidemiology, German Cancer Research Center, = Heidelberg, Germany, 18Cancer=20 & Radiation Epidemiology Unit, Gertner Institute, Chaim = Sheba=20 Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, Israel, 19Sackler=20 School of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Israel, 20National=20 Centre for Epidemiology Surveillance and Health Promotion, = National=20 Institute of Health, Rome, Italy, 21Department=20 of Environment and Primary Prevention, National Institute of = Health,=20 Rome, Italy, 22Department=20 of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Keio University = School of=20 Medicine, Tokyo, Japan, 23Department=20 of Public Health, Tokyo Women=92s Medical University School = of=20 Medicine, Tokyo, Japan, 24School=20 of Population Health, University of Auckland, Auckland, New = Zealand,=20 25School=20 of Population Health, The University of Western Australia, = Perth,=20 Australia, 26Centre=20 for Public Health Research, Massey University, Palmerston = North,=20 New Zealand, 27Norwegian=20 Radiation Protection Authority, =D8ster=E5s (Oesteraas), = Norway (T.T.=20 previously, L.K. currently), 28Now=20 at National Institute of Occupational Health, Oslo, Norway, = 29The=20 Cancer Registry of Norway, Oslo, Norway, 30Formerly=20 at Norwegian Armed Forces, Sessvollmoen, Norway, 31Now=20 at The Norwegian Financial Services Association (FNH), Oslo, = Norway,=20 32Institute=20 of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm,=20 Sweden, 33Department=20 of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska = Institutet,=20 Stockholm, Sweden, 34Centre=20 for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of Leeds, = Leeds, UK,=20 35The=20 Health Sciences Research Institute, University of Warwick,=20 Coventry, UK and 36Institute=20 of Cancer Research, Sutton, UK.


3D"   =20 Acknowledgements
Top
Abstract
Introduction
Methods
Results
Discussion
Conclusion
Supplementary data
Funding
Appendix
3D"Acknowledgements
References
 
T= he=20 authors are grateful to Dr Christopher P. Wild (Director, = IARC, Lyon,=20 France) for guidance provided to the INTERPHONE Study Group = in coming=20 to closure on the final draft of this article. Special thanks = are=20 also due to Peter Inskip (NCI, Bethesda, MD, USA) and Jorn = Olsen=20 (Danish Epidemiology Science Centre, Aarhus, Denmark and = UCLA, Los=20 Angeles, CA, USA) for their advice to the Study Group in = revising=20 working drafts of the article. The authors would like to = thank Lesley=20 Richardson (Montreal, Canada=97formerly at IARC) for her = major role in=20 the coordination of the study and assistance in drafting the = present=20 article and Dr Baruch Modan (Israel=97deceased) for his = assistance=20 and enthusiasm in the design and setting up of this study. = James=20 Doughty performed miracles implementing the CAPI in several=20 languages and several versions, assisted by Roger Parslow. We = would also like to thank Jan Ivar Martinsen for additional=20 programming work. Liz Findlay contributed a great deal to the = development of materials and training of interviewers. We = would also=20 like to thank all the research assistants and interviewers in = the different study centres for their efforts to ensure that = the=20 study was carried out with care and with due consideration = for=20 the participants.

The Australian team would like to acknowledge the support given = to=20 study design and implementation by Associate Prof. Michael = Besser and=20 Prof. Andrew Kaye and the substantial contributions = neurosurgery,=20 neuropathology and other clinical staff made to conduct of = the study;=20 and to thank the fieldwork staff in Melbourne=97Monique = Kilkenny,=20 Georgina Marr, Tracey McPhail, Fiona Phillips, Hayley Shaw, = Yvonne=20 Torn-Broers; and Sydney=97Matthew Carroll, Sally Dunlop, = Virginia=20 MacDonald and Elizabeth Willows=97and the many interviewers = for their=20 hard work, and the NSW and Victorian Cancer Registries for = aiding=20 case identification. The Canada =96 Montreal team = acknowledges the=20 diligent work of fieldwork staff including Marie-Claire = Goulet,=20 Sylvie Plante, Sally Campbell and the interviewer team. We = are=20 grateful to Dr Rafael Glikstein and Dr Genevi=E8ve Matte who=20 contributed to the tumour localization efforts. The following = hospitals and physicians in Montreal permitted access to = their=20 patients: H=F4pital Charles-Lemoyne (Dr C. Cha=E2lala, Dr J. = Demers, Dr=20 N. Gauthier, Dr A. Roux). Centre hospitalier de = l=92Universit=E9=20 de Montr=E9al (Dr M.W. Bojanowski, Dr A. Bouthillier, Dr = J.-J.=20 Dufour, Dr R.A. Moumdjian). H=F4pital Maisonneuve-Rosemont = (Dr L.N.=20 Poirier, Dr M. S=E9guin). H=F4pital du Sacr=E9-Coeur (Dr = J.-F. Gigu=E8re, Dr=20 M.F. Giroux). Jewish General Hospital (Dr M.J. Black, Dr E. = Marmor,=20 Dr G. Mohr), Montreal Neurological Institute (Dr R. Del = Maestro, Dr=20 A. Olivier, Dr A. Sadikot). The Canada =96 Ottawa centre = gratefully=20 acknowledges the work of the interview team, particularly = Lynn Pratt=20 and Daniel B=E9dard for their leading roles in study = coordination;=20 participating clinicians at the Ottawa Hospital included Drs=20 Charles B. Agbi, Brien Benoit, Martin J. Corsten, Vasco F. = DaSilva,=20 Andr=E9 Lamothe, Howard J. Lesiuk, William Miller, Paul = F. Odell,=20 and David Schramm. The Canada =96 Vancouver centre wishes to=20 acknowledge the work carried out by Dr Alison Pope, Patricia = Nelson,=20 Nelson Ha, Dr Kaushik Bhagat and the interviewer team. The = Finnish=20 centre thank Dr J.J. J=E4=E4skel=E4inen (Helsinki University = Hospital), Dr=20 S. Valtonen (Turku University Hospital), Prof. J. Koivukangas = (Oulu=20 University Hospital), Prof. M. Vapalahti (Kuopio University=20 Hospital), Dr T. Kuurne (Tampere University Hospital) and = Prof. R.=20 Sankila (Finnish Cancer Registry). We would like to thank the = French=20 fieldwork team, Mary-Pierre Herrscher, Fatima Lamri, Agn=E8s=20 Boidart, H=E9l=E8ne Gire, Juliette Krassilchik, Judith = Lenti,=20 Delphine Maillac, Fr=E9d=E9rique Sonnet, Flore Taguiev, = Julie=20 Frantz, France Castay, Florian Gay, for their excellent work; = Prof.=20 Doyon (Paris) and Dr Marc Hermier (Lyon) who were actively = involved=20 in the both the development of the methodology for tumour=20 localization and the review of all cases in France; all the = hospital=20 services who assisted us in the ascertainment of cases: Lyon = =96 Centre=20 Hospitalier Lyon =96 Sud (Prof. Dubreuil), H=F4pital = Neurologique Pierre=20 Wertheimer (Prof. Trouillas, Dr Honnorat, Prof. Confavreux, = Dr=20 Achiti, Prof. Fisher, Prof. Vall=E9e, Drs Farsi and Mahla, = Prof. Bret,=20 Dr Ricci, Prof. Sindou, Prof. Deruty), H=F4pital = d=92instruction=20 des Arm=E9es Desgenettes (Dr Felten), Centre L=E9on = B=E9rard (Dr=20 Frappaz), Clinique du Tonkin (Dr de Garassus, Dr Brudon); = Paris -=20 H=F4pital de La Piti=E9 Salp=E9tri=E8re (Profs Fohanno and = Cornu, Dr Lopes,=20 Dr Bloch, Dr Capelle, Dr Duffau, Prof. Delattre, Dr Sanson, = Prof.=20 Hauw, Prof. Poirier, Dr Marsault), H=F4pital Foch (Prof. = Visot, Dr=20 Gaillard, Dr Dupuy, Prof. Chabolle), H=F4pital Beaujon (Prof. = Sterkers, Dr Bouccara), H=F4pital Lariboisi=E8re (Prof. = Georges,=20 Dr Blanquet, Dr Koot, Prof. Tran Ba Huy), H=F4pital Ste = Anne=20 (Prof. Roux, Dr Turak), Fondation Rothschild (Dr Mouder, Dr = Daguet,=20 Dr Piekarski), H=F4pital d=92Instruction des Arm=E9es du Val = de Gr=E2ce=20 (Prof. Bequet, Prof. Renard, Prof. Desgeorges) H=F4pital St = Joseph (Dr=20 Gauthier), Centre Hospitalier intercommunal de Poissy-St = Germain en=20 Laye (Dr Cambon), Centre Hospitalier Sud-Francilien (Dr = Serre),=20 Centre Hospitalier de Meaux (Dr Am=E9ri); Marseille - = H=F4pital=20 de la Timone (Prof. Peragut, Dr Regis), as well as all those = in=20 the Departments of Medical Information and all the hospital=20 personnel, particularly the secretaries and the staff in the=20 medical archives, whose assistance proved essential to the = success=20 of the project. The German group wish to thank their team = members=20 Dr Eva M=FCnster, Marianne Br=F6mmel, Stephanie Estel, = Iris=20 Hettinger, Melanie Kaiser, Katharina Kunna-Grass, Klaus = Schlaefer, Dr=20 J=FCrgen Wahrendorf and Anna Wilms and all the interviewers = for their=20 skilful work. They thank the clinical Interphone team for = their=20 support and collaboration [Bielefeld: Prof Falk Oppel = (Neurosurgical=20 clinic), Dr Uwe Dietrich (Neuroradiology), Dr Volkmar Hans=20 (Neuropathology), Heidelberg: Prof. Andreas Unterberg, Prof. = Stefan=20 Kunze, Dr Karsten Geletneky (Neurosurgical clinic), Prof. = Klaus=20 Sator, Dr Jochen Fiebach (Neuroradiology), Prof. Marika = Kiessling=20 (Neuropathology), Mannheim: Prof. Peter Schmiedek, Dr Jochen=20 T=FCttenberg (Neurosurgical clinic), Prof. Christoph Groden, = Dino=20 Podlesek (Neuroradiology), Prof. Uwe Bleyl, Dr Rainer = Grobholz=20 (Neuropathology), Mainz: Prof. Nico Hopf, Dr Dorothee Koch=20 (Neurosurgical clinic), Prof. Wolf Mann, Prof. Nickalaos = Marangos=20 (ENT clinic), Dr Wibke M=FCller-Forell (Neuroradiology), = Prof. Hans=20 Hilmar G=F6bel (Neuropathology)]; dedicated to the memory of = Prof. Axel=20 Perneczky (Neurosurgical clinic). The Israeli centre wishes = to=20 acknowledge the following neurosurgeons for the help they = provided in=20 patients recruitment and ascertainment : Dr Avi Cohen (Soroka = University Medical Center), Prof. Moshe Hadani (Chaim Sheba = Medical=20 Center), Prof. Zvi Ram (Tel-Aviv Medical Center), Prof. Zvi = Harry=20 Rappaport (Rabin Medical Center), Dr Sigmund Rothman (Assaf = Harofeh=20 Medical Center), Prof. Felix Umansky (Hadassah Hebrew = University=20 Medical Center), late Prof. George Vaaknin (Tel-Aviv Medical=20 Center), Dr Uriel Wald (Assuta Hospital) and Prof. Menashe = Zaaroor=20 (Rambam Health Care Campus). We are grateful to Dr Chen = Hoffmann=20 and Dr Dvora Nass (Chaim Sheba Medical Center) who = contributed=20 to tumour localization and the review of cases. We = acknowledge=20 the diligent work of the fieldwork and office staff including = Etti Aviezer, Tehila Ben-Tal, Meirav Dolev, Yonit Deutch, = Tamara=20 Rodkin, Ahuva Zultan and the interviewer team. The Italian = team=20 (including Prof. Bruno Jandolo, Prof. Paolo Vecchia, Dr = Stefano=20 Martini, Dr Emanuela Rastelli, Dr Antonello Vidiri, Dr Rita=20 Basili, Dr Caterina Carnovale Scalzo, Dr Edvina Gali=E8, = Eng.=20 Lucia Ardoino, Eng. Enrica Barbieri, Dr Cristiano Tesei, Dr = Rossella=20 Rossi and Massimo Lucibello) dedicates this article to the = memory of=20 Prof. Emanuele Occhipinti, and wishes to thank all the = neurosurgeons,=20 ENT-surgeons, neuroradiologists, pathologists and health = managers=20 contributing to the study: Prof. Umberto Agrillo, Dr Amalia = Allocca,=20 Dr Mostaf=E0 Amini, Dr Cinzia Bernardi, Dr M. Bonamini, Dr = Loredana=20 Bove, Prof. Luigi Bozzao, Dr Alessandro Bozzao, Dr Mario = Braga, Dr=20 Fabrizio Breccia, Dr Velia Bruno, Dr Andrea Brunori, Dr = Antonella=20 Buffoni, Prof. Arnaldo Capelli, Prof. Giampaolo Cantore, = Prof. Natale=20 Cantucci, Dr Emanuela Caroli, Prof. Cosimo Cassano, Dr = Alessandra=20 Castelnuovo, Dr Costanza Cavuto, Prof. Lucia Cecconi, Dr = Franco=20 Cerquetani, Dr Carla Colacecchi, Dr Antonio Comberiati, Dr = Valeria=20 D=92Alfonso, Dr Giovanni De Angelis, Dr Luca de Campora, = Prof. Roberto=20 Delfini, Dr Carlo Della Rocca, Prof. Marco De Vincentiis, Dr=20 Domenica Di Stefano, Prof. Stefano Esposito, Prof. Alfredo = Fabiano,=20 Dr Francesco Federico, Prof. Luigi Ferrante, Dr Anna Rita=20 Fetoni, Dr Letizia Feudi, Prof. Roberto Filipo, Prof. Roberto = Floris, Prof. Felice Giangaspero, Dr Renato Gigli, Dr Marco=20 Giordano, Prof. Gianfranco Gualdi, Prof. G. Guglielmi, Dr = Massimo=20 Iachetti, Prof. Giorgio Iannetti, Dr Maria Rosaria Limiti, = Prof.=20 Giulio Maira, Dr Valentina Manciocco, Dr Annunziato Mangiola, = Dr=20 Ferdinando Marandino, Dr Luisa Marangoni, Prof. Pasquale = Marano,=20 Prof. Maria Enrica Martini Neri, Dr Luciano Mastronardi, Dr=20 Arianna Mattioni, Prof. Maurizio Maurizi, Dr Maria Concetta=20 Mazzeo, Dr Giuseppe Natali, Dr Gaetano Nostro, Prof. Antonio=20 Orlacchio, Prof. Augusto Orlandi, Prof. Fabrizio Ottaviani, = Dr=20 Salvatore Passafaro, Dr Francesco Saverio Pastore, Dr Laura = Pennesi,=20 Dr Claudio Maria Pianura, Prof. Roberto Pisa, Dr Chimene=20 Pistolesi, Prof. Giuseppe Poladas, Dr Siavash Rahimi, Prof. = Antonio=20 Ricci, Dr Giovanna Ricci, Dr P. Rigotti, Dr Massimo Rimatori, = Dr=20 Rossana Romani, Prof. Giuseppe Santeusanio, Dr Sergio = Santilli, Dr=20 Marco Scarpinati, Dr Lauro Sciannamea, Prof. Luigi Sinibaldi, = Prof. Giuseppe Spriano, Dr Maurizio Giovanni Vigili, Dr = Massimo=20 Volpe. Moreover, the Italian team is grateful to Dr Francesco = Forastiere, Daniela D=92Ippoliti and Stefania Palange=20 (Epidemiologic Unit ASL RME) for their support in case = ascertainment=20 from secondary sources and control selection. The = collaboration of=20 the Italian mobile phone network operators in providing = traffic data=20 for the exposure validation studies is acknowledged. The New=20 Zealand study team acknowledge the assistance and support of = the=20 following: the neurosurgeons and support staff at the = neurosurgical=20 units at Auckland Hospital (headed by Mr Edward Mee), = Wellington=20 Hospital (headed by Mr Martin Hunn) and Christchurch Hospital = (headed by Mr Martin MacFarlane); the staff at the medical = record=20 departments at Auckland Hospital, Wellington Hospital and=20 Christchurch Hospital; the staff at the New Zealand Health=20 Information Service and the New Zealand Cancer Registry; Mr = Martin=20 Gledhill at the National Radiation Laboratory; and, the = regional=20 coordinators for the study, Ms Cara Marshall, Ms Sue Hawkins = and Ms=20 Janfrey Doak. The Swedish centre thanks the Swedish Regional = Cancer=20 Registries and the hospital staff; especially the following = key=20 persons at the hospitals: Dr J. Boethius, Dr O. Flodmark, = Prof. I.=20 Langmoen, Dr A. Lilja, Dr T. Mathiesen, Dr I. Olsson Lindblom = and Dr=20 H. Stibler (Karolinska University Hospital), Dr J. Lycke, Dr = A.=20 Michanek and Prof. L. Pellettieri (Sahlgrenska University = Hospital),=20 Prof. T. M=F6ller and Prof. L. Salford (Lund University = Hospital),=20 Dr T. Bergenheim, Dr L. Damber, Prof. R. Henriksson and Dr B. = Malmer (Ume=E5 University Hospital). Professor Swerdlow=92s = team in=20 the UK South included D. Hogben, A. Butlin, J. Owens, A. = Hart, R.=20 Knight, C. Parsley, M. Pelerin, K. Sampson, M. Snigorska and = M.=20 Swanwick. The UK South centre thanks Prof. H. M=F8ller, Mr B. = Plewa and=20 Mr S. Richards from the Thames Cancer Registry and the = following=20 neuropathologists, neurosurgeons, neuro-oncologists, clinical = oncologists, neurologists, other health care staff, = administrators=20 and secretaries for the help they provided: Mr D.G. Hardy, Mr = P.J.=20 Kilpatrick, Mr R. Macfarlane (Addenbrooke=92s Hospital); Ms = M. Cronin,=20 Ms T. Foster, Ms S. Furey, Dr M.G. Glaser, Ms F. Jones, Mr = N.D.=20 Mendoza, Prof. E.S. Newlands, Mr K.S. O'Neill, Mr D. = Peterson, Ms F.=20 Taylor, Prof. J. van Dellon (Charing Cross Hospital); Dr J.J. = Bending=20 (Eastbourne District Hospital); Mr P.R. Bullock, Mr C. = Chandler, Mr=20 B. Chitnavis, Mr L. Doey, Mr R.W. Gullan, Prof. C.E. Polkey, = Mr R.=20 Selway, Mr M.M. Sharr, Ms L. Smith, Prof. A.J. Strong, Mr N.=20 Thomas (King=92s College Hospital); Dr G.M. Sadler (Maidstone = Hospital); Dr S. Short (Mount Vernon Hospital); Prof. S. = Brandner, Mr=20 G. Brookes, Mr A.D. Cheesman, Prof. M.J. Gleeson, Ms J.P.=20 Grieve, Mr W.J. Harkness, Dr R. Kapoor, Mr N.D. Kitchen, Mrs = T.=20 Pearce, Mr M.P. Powell, Dr J. Rees, Prof. F. Scaravilli, = Prof.=20 D.T. Thomas, Mr L.D. Watkins (National Hospital for Neurology = and Neurosurgery); Mr A.R. Aspoas, Mr S. Bavetta, Mr J.C.=20 Benjamin, Mr K.M. David, Mr J.R. Pollock, Dr E. Sims = (Oldchurch=20 Hospital); Mrs J. Armstrong, Mr J. Akinwunmi, Mr G. = Critchley, Mr L.=20 Gunasekera, Mr C. Hardwidge, Mr J.S. Norris, Dr P.E. Rose, Mr = P.H.=20 Walter, Mr P.J. Ward, Dr M. Wilkins (Princess Royal = Hospital);=20 Prof. T.Z. Aziz, Prof. D. Kerr, Mr P.J. Teddy (Radcliffe=20 Infirmary); Ms M. Allen, Ms T. Dale, Mr R. Bradford, Dr C. = Collis,=20 Prof. A.P. Dhillon, Mr N.L. Dorward, Ms D. Farraday-Browne, = Dr=20 D.J. McLaughlin, Mr R.S. Maurice-Williams, Dr K. Pigott, Ms = B.=20 Reynolds, Ms C. Shah, Mr C. Shieff, Dr E.M. Wilson (Royal = Free=20 Hospital); Mr F. Afshar, Mr H.E. Ellamushi, Prof. P.M. = Richardson, Mr=20 H.I. Sabin, Mr J. Wadley (Royal London Hospital); Prof. M.=20 Brada, Dr F.H. Saran, Mrs D. Traish, Mr D. Guerrero (Royal=20 Marsden Hospital); Dr S. Whitaker (Royal Surrey County = Hospital);=20 Dr P.N. Plowman (St Bartholomew=92s Hospital); Mrs Carole=20 Bramwell, Prof. A. Bell, Mr F. Johnston, Mr H. Marsh, Mr A. = Martin,=20 Mr P.S. Minhas, Miss A. Moore, Mr S. Stapleton, Dr S. Wilson = (St=20 George=92s Hospital); Dr R.P. Beaney (St Thomas=92 Hospital). = The=20 UK North centre wishes to acknowledge the support of the = following=20 neuropathologists, neuroradiologists, neurosurgeons,=20 neuro-oncologists, clinical oncologists, neurologists, = specialist=20 nurses and administrators based in hospitals located in = Scotland=20 (Mr Barlow, Prof. I. Bone, Ms J. Brown, Mr J. Crowther, Miss = R.=20 Dolan, Mr Dunn, Mr M.O. Fitzpatrick, Mrs M. Fraser, Dr R. = Grant, Dr=20 A. Gregor, Mr Johnstone, Mr Lyndsay, Mrs S. Macnamara, Miss = J. Mair,=20 Mr R. Mills, Miss Myles, Mr B. O=92Reilly, Mr V. = Papanastassiou, Prof.=20 R. Rampling, Mr Russell, Mr D. Sim, Mr P. Statham, Mr Steers, = Mr=20 Taylor, Prof. Teasdale, Prof. I. Whittle), west Midlands (Dr = J.M.=20 Anderson, Dr Barbour, Dr C.R. Barraclough, Dr P. Bennett, Dr = H.G.=20 Boddie, Mr Brind, Dr Carey, Mr M. Choksey, Mr M. Christie, Dr = R.N.=20 Corston, Prof. G.S. Cruickshank, Dr A. Detta, Mr P. Dias, Dr = S.J.=20 Ellis, Mr G. Flint, Dr D.A. Francis, Mr A.H. Grubneac, Mr = S.P.=20 Harland, Dr C. Hawkins, Dr T. Heafield, Dr R.C. Hughes, Dr = D.G.=20 Jamieson, Dr A. Logan, Mr C.H.A. Meyer, Mrs R. Mitchell, = Prof. K.=20 Morrison, Dr P. Newman, Dr D. Nicholl, Dr S. Nightingale, Dr = H.S.=20 Pall, Mr J.R. Ponsford, Dr A. Shehu, Mr Singh, Dr J.A. = Spillane, Mr=20 P. Stanworth, Dr B. Summers, Mr A.R. Walsh, Mr J. Wasserberg, = Prof.=20 A.C. Williams, Dr J. Winer, Mr S. Zygmunt), Trent (Dr R.J. = Abbott, Ms=20 Sheila Adams, Mr Ashpole, Mr R.D.E. Battersby, Prof. L.=20 Blumhardt, Mr P. Byrne, Miss M. Cartmil, Dr S.C. Coley, Dr P. = Critchley, Dr Faraj, Dr A. Gibson, Dr P. Griffiths, Dr R. = Grunwald,=20 Dr T.J. Hodgson, Mr D.T. Hope, Dr S. Howell, Dr D. Jefferson, = Mr=20 D. Jellinek, Dr N. Jordan, Mr A. Kemeny, Dr M.C. Lawden, = Prof.=20 J. Lowe, Dr N. Messios, Ms Kirsty Pardoe, Dr S. Price, Dr = I.F.=20 Pye, Mr M. Radatz, Mr I. Robson, Dr K. Robinson, Dr C. = Romanowski,=20 Dr G. Sawle, Dr B. Sharrock, Prof. P. Shaw, Dr C. Smith, Dr = W.=20 Temperley, Dr G. Venables, Mr B. White, Mr A.M. Whiteley, Dr = Wills)=20 and West Yorkshire (Dr Al-Din, Dr D. Ash, Dr J. Bamford, Dr = M. Bond,=20 Dr G. Bonsor, Dr L. Bridges, Dr B. Carey, Dr Chakrabarty, Mr = P.=20 Chumas, Dr D. Dafalla, Dr H. Ford, Dr Gerrard, Dr Goulding, = Dr J.=20 Howe, Dr S. Jamieson, Dr Johnson, Dr Louizou, Mr P. Marks, Dr = M.=20 Nelson, Dr S. Omer, Mr N. Phillips, Mr S. Ross, Dr I. = Rothwell, Dr H.=20 Spokes, Dr J. Straiton, Mr G. Towns, Mr A. Tyagi, Mr P. = Vanhille, Dr=20 M. Busby). The views expressed in the publication are those = of the=20 authors and not necessarily of the funders.

Conflicts of interest: The following potential conflict of=20 interests have been declared. The Canadian Wireless=20 Telecommunications Association provide technical support in = the=20 Interphone study in Canada by providing access to cellular = telephone=20 billing records from Interphone subjects, data on power = output=20 levels from base stations, and equipment used by the = Ottawa-based=20 research team in measuring power output levels from cellular=20 telephones. CTWA had no involvement with the design or = conduct of the=20 Interphone study itself.

Professor Armstrong=92s travel expenses to give an invited = lecture=20 were paid by Australian Centre for Radiofrequency Bioeffects=20 Research, which identifies Telstra Australia as a = participating=20 institution. Ms Brown currently owns 426 Telstra shares worth = $1452.66 and her husband owns 852 shares worth $2905.32 as of = the 10th December 2009.


KEY MESSAGE

  • INTERPHONE is the largest case=96control study of = mobile=20 phone use and brain tumours yet and includes the largest=20 numbers of users with at least 10 years of exposure. A=20 reduced OR for glioma and meningioma related to ever = having=20 been a regular mobile phone user possibly reflects=20 participation bias or other methodological = limitations. No=20 elevated OR for glioma or meningioma was observed = 3D≥=2010 = years after=20 first phone use. There were suggestions of an = increased risk=20 of glioma, and much less so meningioma, in the = highest decile=20 of cumulative call time, in subjects who reported = usual phone=20 use on the same side of the head as their tumour and, = for=20 glioma, for tumours in the temporal lobe. Biases and = errors=20 limit the strength of the conclusions that can be = drawn from=20 these analyses and prevent a causal = interpretation.

 


3D"    Notes=20
 
*List of=20 members of this study group is available in the App= endix.=20


3D"   =20 References
Top
Abstract
Introduction
Methods
Results
Discussion
Conclusion
Supplementary data
Funding
Appendix
Acknowledgements
3D"References
&nb= sp;
1 Bernhardt JH, Matthes R, = Repacholi MH,=20 eds. Non-thermal effects of RF electromagnetic fields. In: Proceedings = of the=20 International Seminar on Biological Effects of RF Electromagnetic Fields = and=20 Related Health Risks; 1996 Nov 20 (1997) Munich, Germany: International=20 Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection.

2 McKinlay A. Possible = health effects=20 related to the use of radiotelephones - recommendations of a European = Commission=20 Expert Group. Radiol Protect Bull (1997) 187:9=9616.

3 Repacholi MH. Low-level = exposure to=20 radiofrequency electromagnetic fields: health effects and research needs = (Review=20 article). Bioelectromagnetics (1998) 19:1=9619.[CrossRef][Web=20 of Science][Medline]

4 Royal Society of Canada. A = Review of=20 the Potential Health Effects of Radiofrequency Fields from Wireless=20 Telecommunications Devices (1999) Ottawa: Royal Society of Canada.

5 Cardis E, Kilkenny M. = International=20 case-control study of cancers of brain and salivary gland - Report of = the=20 feasibility study. 99/004. 1999. Lyon: International Agency for Research = on=20 Cancer (IARC), IARC Internal Reports.

6 Cardis E, Kilkenny M. = International=20 Case-Control Study of Adult Brain, head and neck tumours: results of the = feasibility study. Rad Prot Dos (1999) 83:179=9683.

7 Dreyer NA, Loughlin JE, = Rothman KJ.=20 Cause-specific mortality in cellular telephone users. JAMA (1999) = 282:1814=9616.[Free Full Text]

8 Johansen C, Boice J Jr, = McLaughlin=20 J, Olsen J. Cellular telephones and cancer=96a nationwide cohort study = in Denmark.=20 J Natl Cancer Inst (2001) 93:203=9607.[Abstract/Free Full Text]

9 Schuz J, Jacobsen R, Olsen = JH, Boice=20 JD Jr, McLaughlin JK, Johansen C. Cellular telephone use and cancer = risk: update=20 of a nationwide Danish cohort. J Natl Cancer Inst (2006) = 98:1707=9613.[Abstract/Free Full Text]

10 Auvinen A, Hietanen M, = Luukkonen=20 R, Koskela RS. Brain tumors and salivary gland cancers among cellular = telephone=20 users. Epidemiology (2002) 13:356=9659.[CrossRef][Web=20 of Science][Medline]

11 Christensen HC, Schuz J, = Kosteljanetz M, et al. Cellular telephones and risk for brain tumors: a=20 population-based, incident case-control study. Neurology (2005) = 64:1189=9695.[Abstract/Free Full Text]

12 Hardell L, Nasman A, = Pahlson A,=20 Hallquist A, Hansson MK. Use of cellular telephones and the risk for = brain=20 tumours: a case-control study. Int J Oncol (1999) 15:113=9616.[Web=20 of Science][Medline]

13 Hardell L, Carlberg M, = Hansson MK.=20 Pooled analysis of two case-control studies on the use of cellular and = cordless=20 telephones and the risk of benign brain tumours diagnosed during = 1997=962003. Int=20 J Oncol (2006) 28:509=9618.[Web=20 of Science][Medline]

14 Hardell L, Carlberg M, = Hansson=20 Mild K. Pooled analysis of two case-control studies on use of cellular = and=20 cordless telephones and the risk for malignant brain tumours diagnosed = in=20 1997=962003. Int Arch Occup Environ Health (2006) 79:630=9639.[CrossRef][Web=20 of Science][Medline]

15 Hardell L, Mild KH, = Carlberg M,=20 Soderqvist F. Tumour risk associated with use of cellular telephones or = cordless=20 desktop telephones. World J Surg Oncol (2006) 4:74.[CrossRef][Medline]

16 Hepworth SJ, Schoemaker = MJ, Muir=20 KR, Swerdlow AJ, van Tongeren MJ, McKinney PA. Mobile phone use and risk = of=20 glioma in adults: case-control study. Br Med J (2006) 332:883=9687.[Abstract/Free Full Text]

17 Hours M, Bernard M, = Montestrucq L,=20 et al. [Cell Phones and Risk of brain and acoustic nerve tumours: the = French=20 INTERPHONE case-control study]. Rev Epidemiol Sant=E9 Publique (2007) = 55:321=9632.[Web=20 of Science][Medline]

18 Inskip PD, Tarone RE, = Hatch EE, et=20 al. Cellular-telephone use and brain tumors. N Engl J Med (2001) = 344:79=9686.[Abstract/Free Full Text]

19 Klaeboe L, Blaasaas KG, = Tynes T.=20 Use of mobile phones in Norway and risk of intracranial tumours. Eur J = Cancer=20 Prev (2007) 16:158=9664.[CrossRef][Web=20 of Science][Medline]

20 Lahkola A, Auvinen A, = Raitanen J,=20 et al. Mobile phone use and risk of glioma in 5 North European = countries. Int J=20 Cancer (2007) 120:1769=9675.[CrossRef][Web=20 of Science][Medline]

21 Lahkola A, Salminen T, = Raitanen J,=20 et al. Meningioma and mobile phone use =96 a collaborative case-control = study in=20 five North European countries. Int J Epidemiol (2008) 37:1304=9613.[Abstract/Free Full Text]

22 Lonn S, Ahlbom A, Hall = P,=20 Feychting M. Long-term mobile phone use and brain tumor risk. Am J = Epidemiol=20 (2005) 161:526=9635.[Abstract/Free Full Text]

23 Muscat JE, Malkin MG, = Thompson S,=20 et al. Handheld cellular telephone use and risk of brain cancer. JAMA = (2000)=20 284:3001=9607.[Abstract/Free Full Text]

24 Schuz J, Bohler E, Berg = G, et al.=20 Cellular phones, cordless phones, and the risks of glioma and meningioma = (Interphone study group, Germany). Am J Epidemiol (2006) = 163:512=9620.[Abstract/Free Full Text]

25 Takebayashi T, Varsier = N, Kikuchi=20 Y, et al. Mobile phone use, exposure to radiofrequency electromagnetic = field,=20 and brain tumour: a case-control study. Br J Cancer (2008) = 98:652=9659.[CrossRef][Web=20 of Science][Medline]

26 Cardis E, Richardson L, = Deltour I,=20 et al. The INTERPHONE Study: design, epidemiological methods, and = description of=20 the study population. Eur J Epidemiol (2007) 22:647=9664.[CrossRef][Web=20 of Science][Medline]

27 Breslow NE, Day NE. = Statistical=20 methods in cancer research. Volume I - The analysis of case-control = studies.=20 IARC Sci Publ (1980) 32:335=9638.

28 Greenland S, Mickey RM. = The impact=20 of confounder selection criteria on effect estimation. Am J Epidemiol = (1989)=20 130:1066.[Free Full Text]

29 Cardis E, Deltour I, = Mann S, et=20 al. Distribution of RF energy emitted by mobile phones in anatomical = structures=20 of the brain. Phys Med Biol (2008)=20 53:2771=9683.[CrossRef][Web=20 of Science][Medline]

30 Vrijheid M, Richardson = L,=20 Armstrong BK, et al. Quantifying the impact of selection bias caused by=20 nonparticipation in a case-control study of mobile phone use. Ann = Epidemiol=20 (2009) 19:33=9641.[CrossRef][Web=20 of Science][Medline]

31 Chakrabarti I, Cokburn = M, Cozen W,=20 Wang YP, Preston-Martin S. A population-based description of = glioblastoma=20 multiforme in Los Angeles County, 1974=961999. Cancer (2005) = 104:2798=96806.

32 Schmidt LS, Nielsen H, = Schmiedel=20 S, Johansen C. Social inequality and incidence of and survival from = tumours of=20 the central nervous system in a population-based study in Denmark, = 1994=962003.=20 Eur J Cancer (2008) 44:2050=9657.[CrossRef][Web=20 of Science][Medline]

33 Saracci R, Pearce N. = Commentary:=20 observational studies may conceal a weakly elevated risk under the = appearance of=20 consistently reduced risks. Int J Epidemiol (2008) 37:1313=9615.[Free Full Text]

34 Vrijheid M, Deltour I, = Krewski D,=20 Sanchez M, Cardis E. The effects of recall errors and of selection bias = in=20 epidemiologic studies of mobile phone use and cancer risk. J Exp Sci = Environ=20 Epidemiol (2006) 16:371=9684.[CrossRef]

35 Kolb B, Wishaw IQ. = Fundamentals of=20 Neuropsychology (2008) New York: Worth Publishers.

36 Vrijheid M, Cardis E, = Armstrong=20 BK, et al. Validation of short-term recall of mobile phone use for the=20 Interphone Study. Occup Environ Med (2006) 63:237=9643.[Abstract/Free Full Text]

37 Vrijheid M, Armstrong = BK, B=E9dard=20 D, et al. Recall bias in the assessment of exposure to mobile phones. J = Exp Sci=20 Environ Epidemiol (2009) 19:369=9681.[CrossRef]

38 Birkett NJ. Effect of=20 nondifferential misclassification on estimates of odds ratios with = multiple=20 levels of exposure. Am J Epidemiol (1992) 136:356=9662.[Abstract/Free Full Text]

39 Brenner H, Loomis D. = Varied forms=20 of bias due to nondifferential error in measuring exposure. Epidemiology = (1994)=20 5:510=9617.[Web=20 of Science][Medline]

40 Dosemeci M, Wacholder S, = Lubin JH.=20 Does nondifferential misclassification of exposure always bias a true = effect=20 toward the null value? Am J Epidemiol (1990) 132:746=9648.[Abstract/Free Full Text]

41 Ahlbom A, Feychting M, = Green A, et=20 al. Epidemiologic evidence on mobile phones and tumor risk: a review.=20 Epidemiology (2009) 20:639=9652.[CrossRef][Web=20 of Science][Medline]

42 SCENIHR. Health Effects = of EMF.=20 Scientific Committee on Emerging and Newly Identified Health Risks = (SCENIHR),=20 2009. http://ec.europa.eu/health/ph_risk/committees/04_scenihr/= docs/scenihr_o_022.pdf=20 (21 April 2010, date last accessed).

3D"
CiteULike    Connotea    Del.icio.us    What's = this?=20


This article has been cited by other=20 articles:=20

3D""=20
 3D""=20 3D"Home
 3D""=20 3D"Int3D"Home
R. Saracci and J. Samet
Commentary: Call me = on my=20 mobile phone...or better not?--a look at the INTERPHONE study=20 results
Int. J. Epidemiol., June 1, 2010; = 39(3): 695=20 - 698.
[Full=20 Text] [PDF]=20
3D""=20 		3D""=20

This = Article
3D"
3D"Right Abst= ract=20 3D"Freely
3D"Right FREE = Full Text (PDF) 3D"Freely
3D"Right Supple= mentary=20 Data
3D"Right All Versions of this=20 Article:
39/3/675    most=20 recent
dyq079v= 1=20
3D"Right Alert = me when this article is cited
3D"Right Alert=20 me if a correction is posted
3D"
Services
3D"
3D"Right Email=20 this article to a friend
3D"Right Similar=20 articles in this journal
3D"Right Similar=20 articles in PubMed
3D"Right Alert = me to new=20 issues of the journal
3D"Right Add=20 to My Personal Archive
3D"Right Download=20 to citation manager
3D"Right Request= =20 Permissions
3D"Right Scopus Links
3D"Right Citing Articles via = CrossRef
3D"
PubMed
3D"
3D"Right PubMed=20 Citation
3D"
Social = Bookmarking
3D"
3D"         
What's=20 this? =

------=_NextPart_000_0000_01CB00EF.4EAF82E0 Content-Type: image/gif Content-Transfer-Encoding: base64 Content-Location: http://ije.oxfordjournals.org/icons/toc/toc_arrowprev.gif R0lGODlhCQAIAKIAAP////8zAP9OIv+tmf+7qgAAAAAAAAAAACH5BAAAAAAALAAAAAAJAAgAAAMU CLowwk2EsNycgMiLI6fVBjIWVCUAOw== ------=_NextPart_000_0000_01CB00EF.4EAF82E0 Content-Type: image/gif Content-Transfer-Encoding: base64 Content-Location: http://ije.oxfordjournals.org/icons/toc/toc_arrownext.gif R0lGODlhCQAIAKIAAP////8zAP/k3f9pRP+FZv+giP/x7gAAACH5BAAAAAAALAAAAAAJAAgAAAMX OCTQPiEsB2CUrN5LjOXMNzXQ6BQZBSQAOw== ------=_NextPart_000_0000_01CB00EF.4EAF82E0 Content-Type: image/gif Content-Transfer-Encoding: base64 Content-Location: http://ije.oxfordjournals.org/icons/spacer.gif R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAP///wAAACH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAQAICRAEAOw== ------=_NextPart_000_0000_01CB00EF.4EAF82E0 Content-Type: image/gif Content-Transfer-Encoding: base64 Content-Location: http://ije.oxfordjournals.org/icons/shared/misc/arrowTtrim.gif R0lGODlhBAAJAIABAGZmZv///yH5BAEAAAEALAAAAAAEAAkAAAIKjAMHidsLm2HHFAA7 ------=_NextPart_000_0000_01CB00EF.4EAF82E0 Content-Type: image/gif Content-Transfer-Encoding: base64 Content-Location: http://ije.oxfordjournals.org/icons/shared/toc/free.gif R0lGODlhIAAHAIABANYTNP///yH5BAEAAAEALAAAAAAgAAcAQAIjjI+pqwDpTAzzVPjQ3Nl2Boah Q0pkd2YpVq1mW2IypZ5vVQAAOw== ------=_NextPart_000_0000_01CB00EF.4EAF82E0 Content-Type: image/gif Content-Transfer-Encoding: base64 Content-Location: http://ije.oxfordjournals.org/icons/shared/socbookmark/citeulike.gif R0lGODlhEAAQAJEAACeBzf///////wAAACH5BAEAAAIALAAAAAAQABAAQAIlRI6ZYOzvApOw0qvO 3BXemX1N94gkR50jlqGq+4qh/K41OyNAAQA7 ------=_NextPart_000_0000_01CB00EF.4EAF82E0 Content-Type: image/gif Content-Transfer-Encoding: base64 Content-Location: http://ije.oxfordjournals.org/icons/shared/socbookmark/connotea.gif R0lGODlhEAAQAPcAAJSltZytvZy1vaW1xq29xrXGzr3GzsYYMcYhOcbO1s7W3tZKWtZSY9Zjc9be 59bn795zhN7n5+eMnOecpefv7++lre+tte+9ve/39/fO1vfe3vf39/f////n5//v7/////////// //////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// //////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// //////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// //////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// //////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// //////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// //////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// //////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// //////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// //////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// //////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// /////////////////////////////////////////////////////ywAAAAAEAAQAAAIpAA/CBxo AACACAMTCsSA4QMAAQYRKhQYIYABAhwiGJwokILBhgIfcNgAUiAHCig1aPAgMAGABBw+cCAAIOaH AwwOHPBQIMDBDzQLDDxgAQKCDhE4GPQ4wObNCx46DHRg0KACmU8rNJD6waUAjy8f3Jyw4IAGgR8F FviZAYIEmwNKUjCQYINTBwYcOE3ocSBTjhQPFhxgYK/CqgI4GFaokcCGiQEBADs= ------=_NextPart_000_0000_01CB00EF.4EAF82E0 Content-Type: image/gif Content-Transfer-Encoding: base64 Content-Location: http://ije.oxfordjournals.org/icons/shared/socbookmark/delicious.gif R0lGODlhEAASAPcAAAAAAP///93d3QAA/wAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAACwAAAAAEAASAAAIRwADCBxI sKDBgwgJDljIcCHChg0fQnR4cCJFgxYHSJy4EWLHhgBCigwpoKTJkiNHnjyZUuRKky1JvhQQE8BM mjFv1tSZc2ZAADs= ------=_NextPart_000_0000_01CB00EF.4EAF82E0 Content-Type: image/gif Content-Transfer-Encoding: base64 Content-Location: http://ije.oxfordjournals.org/icons/toc/rarrow.gif R0lGODlhCgAVALMAAP/VLv/SH/7VL//OCvz67Pz9/f/87v/NBf/SHf/UKf/MAP///wAAAAAAAAAA AAAAACH5BAAAAAAALAAAAAAKABUAQAQ7cMlJkbrqJCNt3pXGUYuHfQQwkovKdpdYnXFCmGhRIPLr ByCWpTcxEXEfDvIyECA1hB0GqpMSJcAVJQIAOw== ------=_NextPart_000_0000_01CB00EF.4EAF82E0 Content-Type: image/gif Content-Transfer-Encoding: base64 Content-Location: http://ije.oxfordjournals.org/icons/toc/uarrow.gif R0lGODlhCwAJAKIAAP/53//yvv/nhv/OCf/MAP///wAAAAAAACH5BAAAAAAALAAAAAALAAkAQAMW WLrczmEQIl4BLs5NrY1Vo23hyE1CAgA7 ------=_NextPart_000_0000_01CB00EF.4EAF82E0 Content-Type: image/gif Content-Transfer-Encoding: base64 Content-Location: http://ije.oxfordjournals.org/icons/toc/dot.gif R0lGODlhCwAJAIAAAP///0JCSiH5BAAAAAAALAAAAAALAAkAQAIMhI+pGb2PWoC0yooKADs= ------=_NextPart_000_0000_01CB00EF.4EAF82E0 Content-Type: image/gif Content-Transfer-Encoding: base64 Content-Location: http://ije.oxfordjournals.org/icons/toc/darrow.gif R0lGODlhCwAJAKIAAP/53//yvv/nhv/OCf/MAP///wAAAAAAACH5BAAAAAAALAAAAAALAAkAQAMW WLrcBS4MQqtwWEl6c9tV2IFcNHRKAgA7 ------=_NextPart_000_0000_01CB00EF.4EAF82E0 Content-Type: image/gif Content-Transfer-Encoding: base64 Content-Location: http://ije.oxfordjournals.org/math/ge.gif R0lGODlhCAAKAKIAAAAAACQkJElJSW1tbZKSkra2ttvb2////yH5BAEAAAcALAAAAAAIAAoAQAMd GHXc/swMYpoho54i1hsdxBTBEIHakTpC4LrCkQAAOw== ------=_NextPart_000_0000_01CB00EF.4EAF82E0 Content-Type: image/gif Content-Transfer-Encoding: base64 Content-Location: http://ije.oxfordjournals.org/math/sim.gif R0lGODlhCAAGAMQTAPr6+t3d3SIiIqqqqtTU1AkJCaenp1paWq6urhcXF3t7e6WlpZWVlVtbW7+/ v4+PjygoKAAAAP///////wAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAACH5BAEA ABMALAAAAAAIAAYAAAUYoFNEiiQRzBEATTJAyGJKhvBIU67vfK+HADs= ------=_NextPart_000_0000_01CB00EF.4EAF82E0 Content-Type: image/gif Content-Transfer-Encoding: base64 Content-Location: http://ije.oxfordjournals.org/math/le.gif R0lGODlhBwAKAMIAAAAAACQkJElJSW1tbZKSkra2ttvb2////yH5BAEAAAcALAAAAAAHAAoAQAMa eKoV+4YMAweh7xRR1h6HEGCQMGWKIQZsICQAOw== ------=_NextPart_000_0000_01CB00EF.4EAF82E0 Content-Type: image/gif Content-Transfer-Encoding: base64 Content-Location: http://ije.oxfordjournals.org/icons/back.gif R0lGODlhDAAMAIAAAP/////MACH5BAAAAAAALAAAAAAMAAwAQAISjI9pAHrMnFRx2vuag1BWDBoF ADs= ------=_NextPart_000_0000_01CB00EF.4EAF82E0 Content-Type: image/gif Content-Transfer-Encoding: base64 Content-Location: http://ije.oxfordjournals.org/portal_imgs/search_result.gif R0lGODdhOwBQAPfDAABarJSsnDGDvSl7pJzF5tXNe6S0lP/uWimDvXOs1XucrIOki4O93jF7nMXF g3uclHOs3nu03pyslLS9i4ukpM3FeylzpJSkpGqUi5SkrJy0gzmDnEqLlFKczRhztMW9i7S9cyB7 vcXFexBztMW9g0qDlBhzvZyseyBzpNXFlKy0lKy9eymDxZS0ezmLxSl7vUGLxbS0lM3Nc0qUxaS0 e4ukg+bNaqy0i3uki729i729c9XNc0qLxebNe83Fc+bVe5yspKS0nFqLlM29lJy0e1qczQhqtObV c83Fg2KUi4ukrL29pHukg7S9lCB7xc3FlIusg/beWkqLnHOci97Ng83FizGDxYOsg9XFi6y0e2KU lKSsrKSsnGKLlKyspN7NcxBqtIOkg+bNg729nJysrAhitJSsg6S0ixh7vcXFi5Sse729g0qDnLS0 nM3FakGDnMW9nL20pL20rN7VYmqci7S9e1qUlO7Ne8W9lIOkrIO03s3FnL29lO7VYv/uUubVau7V aqS0tKSspMW9pFKLlBBzve7Ve97Nat7Fi829nGKk1Xuci+7Vc+beYpSspEqUzb3Fc83Nau7Vg//e atXFg97Ni8XFc9XNasXFaqysrObVYnOclEGUxfbeaqSstKy0nPbVav/mYrS0pLS0rL29rJykrNXF nPbeYqystP/eYubVg97VaoOcrABirABitKy0rABqvcXFlObNiwBatGqUlPbec//eWu7eYqy0tNXN izl7nMW0pKTN5v/mWvbmYv/mav/ec/bVc7S0iwAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAACwAAAAAOwBQAAAI/gB7CRxI sKDBgwgTKlzIsKHDhwT7aLqlqc8tixVTQdz48JKMVZdWHTpk49KlPxxTLpRIkeJETTBVypxJs6bN haFSZrFo8pStW6du/bwE6dKtVEBPnSLS61KkW71SIT3Vp9ctS5Z69TmFo+rGMFOYLMJBJ4zZKXWm TAkDBQrYMCumLOhliQ4UHDTMLIIyJcuiRZYuMQmTRONGNVCyEAF7og4NGkzotIBy5QoTIkTI1uhl xmwNHHjrZCE7JZJgM0w5prLV6ydQgbaCWtV6avWt11A1Wa0tNegpgZpsGd546s+qiFl7aUp+ECRB Hb9vCsTwRgtKgZdOHDhAw86Bgwcs/mX5LlDXJfI3hUBpdEiLkEUyzFgi9IaOJTthLiWxM8VODR00 zKfFHCVEEgYhUNyihRZlgfBHGBxpMcAUOliwyhuLCCHFCgt0wQYUGyywASQWQPJGDUmwYQkUGBAS hhSNVKfFJQ2YYUdn6DlEiAZ06eILG1MIoaIZQmwQxmOErMLGH2yg+MYqNAhByBSE9MIBB1qs0sCF Gxy30SK62JEFCoRoocMiWbwhRRhZCDFFXX9ooQkGJyT2BgeRYBAJLSXQsYoQWljQC3UpxXaKJW/c 0khQqUxUG0y+AXVbbn38FMUph8RGBJWrEELDTH1Aksoqf0gEUx+omvpHRZqQ+odx/hK9+sdRRNTQ RySpzZSjTdsJtOtDF91GlVK3aaJUL76dUpF0DGniVCStBvXsIUf9Eckhzl4yHLMN5bQttxs5O9Ih f1xyiAzmmuQsVOC26+678G4USif01uvttynhu1EtYlAhixiMVGJIMHfoK1BOBCF8cCgM42sJJFgd 4oMbbvhQrkmWQCuCMCpwocIaDnyyRg4ieHXwQAr3wnBBDDdsUFAWtXRRUJIaW8UYbYjSBhI9zPpa wisr3DLKJ6ssUy0pJDLIEoMYclAqOYVyxyQJS5WyylIZXZBJh6Rr0iV9+FCUSTm0IYggGQBxiSaH 7PB1DjmoIMMhE3CBrlFRTTIJ/tRY6331QH3MwfYcq2iy6i2Fr1pAzl5ksgYSO1BSwQfYHnLBJ4J8 AMgqQeQwxx+/hQK1VFCL3rLBDBliyiCkJKLyEINgQYUhkwQTjMor90BFwiiXzntBhwhOKkUgOcv2 HzGcnUEMmvCxhRdAfNIEHzmIFN3fCYGCfS+HWOKGU61+7QbbX7QBBBlKePyBAxMAcT4QjgAhSA8o b48yI6/AER1HjOzB+hLByIkfOhEHOcShgAak2sEYgTuV1cIgT8hEJpbwBIOUKiiOmtRE+oCEMQhi C2mQFKrKR4IjUAIJR9gKufrABz5U4QNN+MQW+NCJgaRCFK/AxSsyYZBVXMsH/oFxg/d8AEQfqKAN SgjADlbhw0tE7HuawMQXJvAHIQbmBiKogwGUoIRSjAILAulBJnL4ildwJBSVgMMSHsgQLPzgb1TI xCjmOIof9IIRmcCFHs1YEGGdIhRKCeRqOvEEUfChNshSSiqoUpBOwKGGBElFHF5Bx1eIohM3DMQe DeIGEOjgezqAxCogAbFI7IALF5CAG4qCFSeScn8CoQIcFJYKPMiRjqPIxBgYQYVXaJKPEJlECnYB RtQlDA8VjMoQbonLXOZvFL80iDGjkoI47O4goWBNI4fACEZMUoLgrGQgPKFJPRokEg9bRcbUCQKI WUIHBqDADUyDlYjVs3uQ/viIDnTggzNc4AYOYIUC8sAKVsgxh3pMKC4Qok2BKEWbqchFHIaALNhg bTWtsYW3fnOsOILzoApVqEHIFQkhfs9kAhEDHOIACpUsE5cIDak5C6IUVJ3KIIZIhCgoypFOiAKm MhVpT/ewhC/+oAdDgCQ2WxYKW1YyqEKVFxYGkUtwxgGMUWlY1vhGCWbGFKoLTckPVorLCWpVdHvD gkZ8OsevgjWsHJkEUZt5Sa2mYm+dYFguxujWt8okjT+loy7zKjqp1KJ0PUCFHgNRzrfCdahxaGYm nlBYqUwCk6IbAzlHIYrGQhWYKZFlYMs4ilf8gHSW7UQtQvEDT3hCdp5w/uwoZiLMopZWh554AmpJ l9dOvEK3WIgtWClJE0YkIrK3ze1d9XZXqXRiCcp9gnCDSskl1ESlyPXlJfWmN3qlIrieiEUqNPvZ UcRhDzVBI1lL64k41IK59JpED/YIh77u0bxwqIRNUoGI9b7CE2PYWyriCwfhTjeklIxDfqe5MKY6 mGGTkGV2UfHI5dais29NMByowOCD7fbDpOtBIpYQ2EyIwhCdYIR0hzvHOCTCjhtZLndnPGNGYGG9 csThgRNaRkqKYgkpYERz7YeQ5dbryEcWwxMGgVy+9vjJlDRvIsRQi3rtTSVoRfKRa/GDFDC5maXF ZRyeQIUqW/nKNNHq/mWRzAgxpGAIalxCHJYABzikYHZmPjPfwGVXvQXDEGIIdKAHlmfm7tldaK2F IXqgCkE7WtA9MESeOzFjbqGVET9QhSokIQlDePrToG60KiStZWaJDhSgTrWqVx0MGjMrFX8emO2C UeVa2K4WuKY1rW1tO08zQsCp2I6wh03sYhs7FMAAxiR+wexfhELYoZjxL5att2lPexLJzskB/sLt bnv72+DexCa+jQNulxvc3J7CXx4g7r/M4t3vdoW85z3veMP73vCmN73xre9+OwEW+p6FvluRABi4 gAUJeIQLWtEBK7Si3xCPuMTl3QoXMOARD5c4APTQgRAggAA8CIErdyCgBwBM/OQnr3gEOpDxiG/8 ESMwAQFg4AEWdIAXHmg5ynduhJ6DYQSPCEHPew7xVkTgEQJ4AQN4MANFlEERitD5ziduBE484hFF MPjVO6DwnPd7BEMHQyEKMQJXGKHsU596K8CABjSYIAQhGEEITJD2utt96gEBADs= ------=_NextPart_000_0000_01CB00EF.4EAF82E0 Content-Type: image/gif Content-Transfer-Encoding: base64 Content-Location: http://ije.oxfordjournals.org/icons/shared/searchall/journals/intjepid.gif R0lGODlhwgEQALMAAP/aRP/xuv/PEP/nif/WMP/1zv/SIP/rmf/43v/gZf/87v/dVf/uqv/jdf// ///MACH5BAAAAAAALAAAAADCARAAQAT/8MlJq7046827/2CYAYBoPuSprmzrvnAsY44ULFL9BOWD kADFozGYOASogITQaOh4kqbPIEkchsVdSZBoBBpDcKVmQEwOiYcOoFQjdzi1xND8aSnouVleCTh6 E05iajUADkqCRjoOhwGOAQSEEoZtiYl+gJiSlBOcmiiHSw4FBg4MM6ipqqusqG2tgYMiUn2qUBsF DVQTnxMJXwwOClkEAcQFDggLjBMLyAiDxgkIhwIDCg5Zv2kPAgfYBXGSEs7CB28o1AW/RV6DDAHo sPP09fawBJFLgBsG/A/5LBDYNYKgQH2d5AX0IACAvAsGEIJIBEBihYYGKZB4KIKAQw0N/y1ScHJl AjKR91KqXMmypctVfhgx+leBkwVmLBJpwPmyp8+fL3UkWMCAQaQGCPIMMYYEANE0DRYEONdtwNSj SdOkeJCAwYEeTg/cIAdPDC0KOgR4GbBLjAFuDX5xJWo0SgAGcW51OsAgDR0HDfjFlBklGblRoJQs K1AFZzB9CIQQwrHsyIMBgIdkJjlHWA4d2HYd2JytcBtskTBzA8q6tesxNno86cGA39k1SqCUih0F TG0JA8DQ4sFGwgHhsrrpQPCmQCQFSLzk4CU7jAQ7eq0/IDq9z6hHRxkFRgaGkwBsUZEJHbUAwIBT 42xaylxKQQIAwUriHF07QWhQ2WAWCv9wjEj22oEIJqjggiNlxqAF2MhUkiEzPWjhhRhm+EIXTTSR UU0DjqHDCjplwJOGKKaooioGfLgKARxZoJZggAERYwcnrpLjijz2+MKIFvzmgpAtqnCWEbbQdJMF fgS2lROHNICNVgNiw8AA1KwhjBcOCgMNMgp8gQ0OiQhAzXHUiIGTE9CMxtwDBmBzgICKGQYQYj7m meITBXDBGAC5pCbcFVLq48AVcwKEwzQoBGpdAwwIUEYJhZaCRAIGCLCOdmjZUB50fBSnRkkB9JkA Y0MIQIACVGQHAAKZMtBAQ38Y5MdxtDiRxSah6CQATtg88h9O8pEGRi+aMGNTYjv8McnlgKMVgcyN elab4Gzd3QJYh5ziNkQ4hvBm3YjFDecQNAAcxymSoo47SRsjapvOfQWUkJ1eizDpbIOoEoAYJ8vA V5kEyHxI7IDzgYFZFr9axkzDbyx8WWkTv0INZuJYq/GC2PIxQC4AITCAure9u10ufgAHshQEFDBy PNpB4fIB0KwLqTYoZ2HVx/BSN10ZkCpgLz8CTPWxofrK5KwTDGQJs03+MRJTIBFSfHAlxpKT5aFv 4OSNTMr4Qs0XIfp76MZop622DCVi2EAkQTiwmr+orm333Xhz4I+LDNLRBEJq6ZL34PZEAAA7 ------=_NextPart_000_0000_01CB00EF.4EAF82E0 Content-Type: image/gif Content-Transfer-Encoding: base64 Content-Location: http://ije.oxfordjournals.org/icons/shared/search/homelink.gif R0lGODlhMQAQAJECAAAAANYTNP///wAAACH5BAEAAAIALAAAAAAxABAAQAJQlI+py80BwwG0AkPn FbZj64TiSJbmiaYOlGTfC1fa5jYsUrs5TcebCgwKh0SgpPXbyWCaD0gRwSV5TY7sWXvcmLrp60pd KXYzstS5LKrXqAIAOw== ------=_NextPart_000_0000_01CB00EF.4EAF82E0 Content-Type: image/gif Content-Transfer-Encoding: base64 Content-Location: http://ije.oxfordjournals.org/resource/image/buttons/go.gif R0lGODlhGwAUAMQEANHNyrq0r/Tz8o2CeQAgTnZpX1REN19QRN3a18bBvGtdUZiPh4F2bOjm5K+o oaSblEk4KmpZSgAAAP///wAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAACH5BAEA AAQALAAAAAAbABQAAAWUYCSOZGmSBBFNbOu+MBtJamzbs7TefJvvPd4v2Bu2BItCgZFoIR7LgMBl ZA0Mg8UB0mxAFItrgSrRtQAQwAQACKgHh3PaVwYGIFOIPn4YHCEOdGYtBwwIawYBE3dSCFdTMnUu CQp6EAWQV3oKioJALQ0Ahy8IDTBVRDGoqS+rrJ6vqnUntLVlBGW5uru8vCm9wMESIQA7 ------=_NextPart_000_0000_01CB00EF.4EAF82E0 Content-Type: text/css; charset="iso-8859-1" Content-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-printable Content-Location: http://ije.oxfordjournals.org/resource/css/hw.css BODY { BORDER-RIGHT: 0px; PADDING-RIGHT: 0px; BORDER-TOP: 0px; PADDING-LEFT: = 0px; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0px; MARGIN: 0px; BORDER-LEFT: 0px; PADDING-TOP: = 0px; BORDER-BOTTOM: 0px; BACKGROUND-COLOR: #dcd8cc; TEXT-ALIGN: center } P.hide { BORDER-RIGHT: 0px; PADDING-RIGHT: 0px; BORDER-TOP: 0px; PADDING-LEFT: = 0px; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0px; MARGIN: 0px; BORDER-LEFT: 0px; PADDING-TOP: = 0px; BORDER-BOTTOM: 0px } #primary_nav DIV { BORDER-RIGHT: 0px; PADDING-RIGHT: 0px; BORDER-TOP: 0px; PADDING-LEFT: = 0px; FONT-SIZE: 70%; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0px; MARGIN: 0px; BORDER-LEFT: 0px; = PADDING-TOP: 0px; BORDER-BOTTOM: 0px; FONT-FAMILY: verdana, sans-serif } #secondary_nav DIV { BORDER-RIGHT: 0px; PADDING-RIGHT: 0px; BORDER-TOP: 0px; PADDING-LEFT: = 0px; FONT-SIZE: 70%; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0px; MARGIN: 0px; BORDER-LEFT: 0px; = PADDING-TOP: 0px; BORDER-BOTTOM: 0px; FONT-FAMILY: verdana, sans-serif } #breadcrumbs { BORDER-RIGHT: 0px; PADDING-RIGHT: 0px; BORDER-TOP: 0px; PADDING-LEFT: = 0px; FONT-SIZE: 70%; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0px; MARGIN: 0px; BORDER-LEFT: 0px; = PADDING-TOP: 0px; BORDER-BOTTOM: 0px; FONT-FAMILY: verdana, sans-serif } #header DIV { BORDER-RIGHT: 0px; PADDING-RIGHT: 0px; BORDER-TOP: 0px; PADDING-LEFT: = 0px; FONT-SIZE: 70%; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0px; MARGIN: 0px; BORDER-LEFT: 0px; = PADDING-TOP: 0px; BORDER-BOTTOM: 0px; FONT-FAMILY: verdana, sans-serif } #primary_footer DIV { BORDER-RIGHT: 0px; PADDING-RIGHT: 0px; BORDER-TOP: 0px; PADDING-LEFT: = 0px; FONT-SIZE: 70%; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0px; MARGIN: 0px; BORDER-LEFT: 0px; = PADDING-TOP: 0px; BORDER-BOTTOM: 0px; FONT-FAMILY: verdana, sans-serif } #secondary_footer DIV { BORDER-RIGHT: 0px; PADDING-RIGHT: 0px; BORDER-TOP: 0px; PADDING-LEFT: = 0px; FONT-SIZE: 70%; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0px; MARGIN: 0px; BORDER-LEFT: 0px; = PADDING-TOP: 0px; BORDER-BOTTOM: 0px; FONT-FAMILY: verdana, sans-serif } #articlenav { BORDER-RIGHT: 0px; PADDING-RIGHT: 0px; BORDER-TOP: 0px; PADDING-LEFT: = 0px; FONT-SIZE: 70%; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0px; MARGIN: 0px; BORDER-LEFT: 0px; = PADDING-TOP: 0px; BORDER-BOTTOM: 0px; FONT-FAMILY: verdana, sans-serif } #primary_nav UL { BORDER-RIGHT: 0px; PADDING-RIGHT: 0px; BORDER-TOP: 0px; PADDING-LEFT: = 0px; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0px; MARGIN: 0px; BORDER-LEFT: 0px; PADDING-TOP: = 0px; BORDER-BOTTOM: 0px; LIST-STYLE-TYPE: none } #secondary_nav UL { BORDER-RIGHT: 0px; PADDING-RIGHT: 0px; BORDER-TOP: 0px; PADDING-LEFT: = 0px; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0px; MARGIN: 0px; BORDER-LEFT: 0px; PADDING-TOP: = 0px; BORDER-BOTTOM: 0px; LIST-STYLE-TYPE: none } #breadcrumbs UL { BORDER-RIGHT: 0px; PADDING-RIGHT: 0px; BORDER-TOP: 0px; PADDING-LEFT: = 0px; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0px; MARGIN: 0px; BORDER-LEFT: 0px; PADDING-TOP: = 0px; BORDER-BOTTOM: 0px; LIST-STYLE-TYPE: none } #header UL { BORDER-RIGHT: 0px; PADDING-RIGHT: 0px; BORDER-TOP: 0px; PADDING-LEFT: = 0px; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0px; MARGIN: 0px; BORDER-LEFT: 0px; PADDING-TOP: = 0px; BORDER-BOTTOM: 0px; LIST-STYLE-TYPE: none } #primary_footer UL { BORDER-RIGHT: 0px; PADDING-RIGHT: 0px; BORDER-TOP: 0px; PADDING-LEFT: = 0px; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0px; MARGIN: 0px; BORDER-LEFT: 0px; PADDING-TOP: = 0px; BORDER-BOTTOM: 0px; LIST-STYLE-TYPE: none } #secondary_footer UL { BORDER-RIGHT: 0px; PADDING-RIGHT: 0px; BORDER-TOP: 0px; PADDING-LEFT: = 0px; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0px; MARGIN: 0px; BORDER-LEFT: 0px; PADDING-TOP: = 0px; BORDER-BOTTOM: 0px; LIST-STYLE-TYPE: none } #primary_nav UL LI { BORDER-RIGHT: 0px; PADDING-RIGHT: 0px; BORDER-TOP: 0px; PADDING-LEFT: = 0px; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0px; MARGIN: 0px; BORDER-LEFT: 0px; PADDING-TOP: = 0px; BORDER-BOTTOM: 0px } #secondary_nav UL LI { BORDER-RIGHT: 0px; PADDING-RIGHT: 0px; BORDER-TOP: 0px; PADDING-LEFT: = 0px; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0px; MARGIN: 0px; BORDER-LEFT: 0px; PADDING-TOP: = 0px; BORDER-BOTTOM: 0px } #breadcrumbs UL LI { BORDER-RIGHT: 0px; PADDING-RIGHT: 0px; BORDER-TOP: 0px; PADDING-LEFT: = 0px; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0px; MARGIN: 0px; BORDER-LEFT: 0px; PADDING-TOP: = 0px; BORDER-BOTTOM: 0px } #header UL LI { BORDER-RIGHT: 0px; PADDING-RIGHT: 0px; BORDER-TOP: 0px; PADDING-LEFT: = 0px; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0px; MARGIN: 0px; BORDER-LEFT: 0px; PADDING-TOP: = 0px; BORDER-BOTTOM: 0px } #primary_footer UL LI { BORDER-RIGHT: 0px; PADDING-RIGHT: 0px; BORDER-TOP: 0px; PADDING-LEFT: = 0px; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0px; MARGIN: 0px; BORDER-LEFT: 0px; PADDING-TOP: = 0px; BORDER-BOTTOM: 0px } #secondary_footer UL LI { BORDER-RIGHT: 0px; PADDING-RIGHT: 0px; BORDER-TOP: 0px; PADDING-LEFT: = 0px; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0px; MARGIN: 0px; BORDER-LEFT: 0px; PADDING-TOP: = 0px; BORDER-BOTTOM: 0px } #primary_nav A { COLOR: #000000 } #secondary_nav A { COLOR: #000000 } #breadcrumbs A { COLOR: #000000 } #header A { COLOR: #000000 } #primary_footer A { COLOR: #000000 } #secondary_footer A { COLOR: #000000 } #primary_footer FORM { BORDER-RIGHT: 0px; PADDING-RIGHT: 0px; BORDER-TOP: 0px; PADDING-LEFT: = 0px; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0px; MARGIN: 0px; BORDER-LEFT: 0px; PADDING-TOP: = 0px; BORDER-BOTTOM: 0px } #primary_footer LABEL { BORDER-RIGHT: 0px; PADDING-RIGHT: 0px; BORDER-TOP: 0px; PADDING-LEFT: = 0px; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0px; MARGIN: 0px; BORDER-LEFT: 0px; PADDING-TOP: = 0px; BORDER-BOTTOM: 0px } #primary_footer .inline_button { POSITION: relative; TOP: 5px } #wrap { BORDER-RIGHT: 0px; PADDING-RIGHT: 0px; BORDER-TOP: 0px; PADDING-LEFT: = 0px; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0px; MARGIN: 0px; BORDER-LEFT: 0px; PADDING-TOP: = 0px; BORDER-BOTTOM: 0px; BACKGROUND-COLOR: #ffffff } #wrap { MARGIN: auto; WIDTH: 760px; TEXT-ALIGN: left } #primary_nav { FLOAT: left; WIDTH: 100% } #secondary_nav { FLOAT: left; WIDTH: 100% } #header { FLOAT: left; WIDTH: 100%; HEIGHT: 113px } #breadcrumbs { FLOAT: left; WIDTH: 100% } #primary_footer { FLOAT: left; WIDTH: 100% } #secondary_footer { CLEAR: both; WIDTH: 100% } #content #hw { CLEAR: both; MARGIN: 0px 15px 15px } #content #hw TABLE[width=3D'640'] { MIN-WIDTH: 725px } #content #hw TABLE[width=3D'600'] { MIN-WIDTH: 725px } #primary_nav { BACKGROUND-POSITION: 264px 2px; BACKGROUND-IMAGE: = url(/resource/image/trim/nav_separator_dark_grey.gif); PADDING-BOTTOM: = 6px; PADDING-TOP: 8px; BACKGROUND-REPEAT: no-repeat; BACKGROUND-COLOR: = #b8aa9e } #primary_nav UL { FLOAT: left; MARGIN-LEFT: 4px; WIDTH: auto } #primary_nav UL LI { DISPLAY: inline; FLOAT: left; MARGIN-LEFT: 8px; WIDTH: auto; = MARGIN-RIGHT: 8px } #primary_nav UL LI.selected { BACKGROUND-POSITION: 0px 1px; PADDING-LEFT: 8px; BACKGROUND-IMAGE: = url(/resource/image/trim/arrow_white.gif); MARGIN-LEFT: 0px; = BACKGROUND-REPEAT: no-repeat } #primary_nav UL LI A:hover { BACKGROUND-POSITION: -140px 0px } #primary_nav UL LI.separator_after { MARGIN-RIGHT: 18px } #primary_nav UL LI A { FLOAT: left; BACKGROUND-REPEAT: no-repeat; HEIGHT: 9px } #primary_nav UL LI STRONG { FLOAT: left; BACKGROUND-REPEAT: no-repeat; HEIGHT: 9px } #secondary_nav { BACKGROUND-COLOR: #49382a } #primary_nav UL LI#nav_our_journals A { BACKGROUND-IMAGE: url(/resource/image/nav/our_journals.gif); WIDTH: = 93px } #primary_nav UL LI#nav_our_journals STRONG { BACKGROUND-IMAGE: url(/resource/image/nav/our_journals.gif); WIDTH: = 93px } #primary_nav UL LI#nav_access_purchase A { BACKGROUND-IMAGE: url(/resource/image/nav/access_purchase.gif); WIDTH: = 128px } #primary_nav UL LI#nav_access_purchase STRONG { BACKGROUND-IMAGE: url(/resource/image/nav/access_purchase.gif); WIDTH: = 128px } #primary_nav UL LI#nav_for_authors A { BACKGROUND-IMAGE: url(/resource/image/nav/for_authors.gif); WIDTH: 84px } #primary_nav UL LI#nav_for_authors STRONG { BACKGROUND-IMAGE: url(/resource/image/nav/for_authors.gif); WIDTH: 84px } #primary_nav UL LI#nav_for_librarians A { BACKGROUND-IMAGE: url(/resource/image/nav/for_librarians.gif); WIDTH: = 97px } #primary_nav UL LI#nav_for_librarians STRONG { BACKGROUND-IMAGE: url(/resource/image/nav/for_librarians.gif); WIDTH: = 97px } #primary_nav UL LI#nav_for_societies A { BACKGROUND-IMAGE: url(/resource/image/nav/for_societies.gif); WIDTH: = 88px } #primary_nav UL LI#nav_for_societies STRONG { BACKGROUND-IMAGE: url(/resource/image/nav/for_societies.gif); WIDTH: = 88px } #primary_nav UL LI#nav_corporate_services A { BACKGROUND-IMAGE: url(/resource/image/nav/corporate_services.gif); = WIDTH: 134px } #primary_nav UL LI#nav_corporate_services STRONG { BACKGROUND-IMAGE: url(/resource/image/nav/corporate_services.gif); = WIDTH: 134px } #primary_nav UL LI#nav_our_journals STRONG { BACKGROUND-IMAGE: url(/resource/image/nav/our_journals_selected.gif) } #primary_nav UL LI#nav_access_purchase STRONG { BACKGROUND-IMAGE: url(/resource/image/nav/access_purchase_selected.gif) } #primary_nav UL LI#nav_buy_online { MARGIN-RIGHT: 86px } #primary_nav UL LI#nav_for_authors STRONG { BACKGROUND-IMAGE: url(/resource/image/nav/for_authors_selected.gif) } #primary_nav UL LI#nav_for_librarians STRONG { BACKGROUND-IMAGE: url(/resource/image/nav/for_librarians_selected.gif) } #primary_nav UL LI#nav_for_societies STRONG { BACKGROUND-IMAGE: url(/resource/image/nav/for_societies_selected.gif) } #primary_nav UL LI#nav_corporate_services STRONG { BACKGROUND-IMAGE: = url(/resource/image/nav/corporate_services_selected.gif) } #secondary_nav UL { FLOAT: right; PADDING-BOTTOM: 4px; WIDTH: auto; PADDING-TOP: 6px } #secondary_nav UL LI { DISPLAY: inline; PADDING-LEFT: 8px; FLOAT: left; WIDTH: auto; = MARGIN-RIGHT: 12px } #secondary_nav UL LI.selected { BACKGROUND-IMAGE: url(/resource/image/trim/arrow_white.gif); = BACKGROUND-REPEAT: no-repeat } #secondary_nav UL LI A:hover { BACKGROUND-POSITION: -80px 0px } #secondary_nav UL LI A { FLOAT: left; BACKGROUND-REPEAT: no-repeat; HEIGHT: 8px } #secondary_nav UL LI STRONG { FLOAT: left; BACKGROUND-REPEAT: no-repeat; HEIGHT: 8px } #secondary_nav UL LI#nav_about_us A { BACKGROUND-IMAGE: url(/resource/image/nav/about_us.gif); WIDTH: 61px } #secondary_nav UL LI#nav_about_us STRONG { BACKGROUND-IMAGE: url(/resource/image/nav/about_us.gif); WIDTH: 61px } #secondary_nav UL LI#nav_news A { BACKGROUND-IMAGE: url(/resource/image/nav/news.gif); WIDTH: 33px } #secondary_nav UL LI#nav_news STRONG { BACKGROUND-IMAGE: url(/resource/image/nav/news.gif); WIDTH: 33px } #secondary_nav UL LI#nav_contact_us A { BACKGROUND-IMAGE: url(/resource/image/nav/contact_us.gif); WIDTH: 74px } #secondary_nav UL LI#nav_contact_us STRONG { BACKGROUND-IMAGE: url(/resource/image/nav/contact_us.gif); WIDTH: 74px } #secondary_nav UL LI#nav_my_account A { BACKGROUND-IMAGE: url(/resource/image/nav/my_account.gif); WIDTH: 78px } #secondary_nav UL LI#nav_my_account STRONG { BACKGROUND-IMAGE: url(/resource/image/nav/my_account.gif); WIDTH: 78px } #secondary_nav UL LI#nav_my_basket A { BACKGROUND-IMAGE: url(/resource/image/nav/my_basket.gif); WIDTH: 67px } #secondary_nav UL LI#nav_my_basket STRONG { BACKGROUND-IMAGE: url(/resource/image/nav/my_basket.gif); WIDTH: 67px } #user_nav { FLOAT: left; WIDTH: 100%; BACKGROUND-COLOR: #eeeeee } #user_nav FONT { PADDING-RIGHT: 0px; DISPLAY: inline; PADDING-LEFT: 0px; FONT-SIZE: = 11px; FLOAT: left; PADDING-BOTTOM: 5px; MARGIN: 0px 15px; WIDTH: auto; = COLOR: brown; PADDING-TOP: 4px } #user_nav A { COLOR: #000000; TEXT-DECORATION: none } #user_nav A:hover { COLOR: #b57f0f; TEXT-DECORATION: underline } #header { BACKGROUND-REPEAT: no-repeat } #header H1#page_title { DISPLAY: block; FONT-WEIGHT: lighter; FONT-SIZE: 130%; MARGIN: 12px 0px = 0px 22px; TEXT-TRANSFORM: uppercase; COLOR: white; BACKGROUND-REPEAT: = no-repeat; FONT-FAMILY: verdana, sans-serif; HEIGHT: 14px } #header UL.emphasised LI { BACKGROUND-POSITION: 0px 5px; PADDING-LEFT: 8px; BACKGROUND-IMAGE: = url(/resource/image/trim/arrow_black.gif); BACKGROUND-REPEAT: no-repeat } #breadcrumbs { MARGIN-TOP: 10px; MARGIN-BOTTOM: 10px } #breadcrumbs UL { PADDING-LEFT: 7px; FLOAT: left; WIDTH: auto } #breadcrumbs UL LI { BACKGROUND-POSITION: 0px 0.45em; PADDING-LEFT: 8px; FLOAT: left; = BACKGROUND-IMAGE: url(/resource/image/trim/arrow_black.gif); WIDTH: = auto; MARGIN-RIGHT: 4px; BACKGROUND-REPEAT: no-repeat } #breadcrumbs UL LI.first { BACKGROUND-IMAGE: none } #primary_footer { BACKGROUND-POSITION: 194px -32px; BACKGROUND-IMAGE: = url(/resource/image/backgrounds/footer.gif); BACKGROUND-REPEAT: = no-repeat; BACKGROUND-COLOR: #00204e } #primary_footer #site_logo { MARGIN-TOP: 20px; PADDING-LEFT: 20px; FLOAT: left; WIDTH: auto } #primary_footer #site_logo STRONG { DISPLAY: block; BACKGROUND-IMAGE: = url(/resource/image/text/headings/on_blue/oj_logo.gif); MARGIN-BOTTOM: = 6px; WIDTH: 219px; BACKGROUND-REPEAT: no-repeat; HEIGHT: 12px } #primary_footer #site_logo EM { DISPLAY: block; BACKGROUND-IMAGE: = url(/resource/image/text/headings/on_blue/oup_logo.gif); WIDTH: 177px; = BACKGROUND-REPEAT: no-repeat; HEIGHT: 6px } #primary_footer #third_nav UL { MARGIN-TOP: 26px; WIDTH: auto; MARGIN-RIGHT: 20px; TEXT-ALIGN: right } #primary_footer #third_nav UL LI { DISPLAY: inline; MARGIN-LEFT: 10px } #primary_footer #third_nav UL LI A { COLOR: #ffffff } #primary_footer #other_oup_sites { CLEAR: both; MARGIN-TOP: 20px; FLOAT: left; BACKGROUND-IMAGE: = url(/resource/image/trim/border_dotted_white_horiz.gif); MARGIN-BOTTOM: = 20px; WIDTH: 100%; BACKGROUND-REPEAT: repeat-x } #primary_footer #other_oup_sites FORM { CLEAR: both; PADDING-RIGHT: 20px; PADDING-LEFT: 20px; FLOAT: right; = PADDING-BOTTOM: 0px; WIDTH: auto; PADDING-TOP: 14px } #primary_footer #other_oup_sites FORM LABEL { FONT-SIZE: 1.4em } #primary_footer #other_oup_sites FORM SELECT { FONT-SIZE: 1.35em; FONT-FAMILY: verdana, sans-serif } #primary_footer #other_oup_sites FORM LABEL { DISPLAY: block; MARGIN-BOTTOM: 2px; COLOR: #ffffff } #secondary_footer { BACKGROUND-IMAGE: = url(/resource/image/trim/border_dotted_grey_horiz.gif); PADDING-BOTTOM: = 5px; PADDING-TOP: 5px; BACKGROUND-REPEAT: repeat-x; TEXT-ALIGN: right } #secondary_footer #copyright { WIDTH: auto; MARGIN-RIGHT: 15px } #disclaimer { BORDER-TOP: 0.1em solid; FONT-SIZE: 70%; MARGIN: 0px 15px 15px; = FONT-FAMILY: verdana, sans-serif } .journal #primary_nav { BACKGROUND-POSITION: 495px 2px } .journal #primary_nav UL LI A:hover { BACKGROUND-POSITION: -150px 0px } .journal #primary_nav UL LI#nav_subscriptions { MARGIN-RIGHT: 86px } .journal #primary_nav UL LI#nav_about_this_journal A { BACKGROUND-IMAGE: = url(/resource/image/nav/journal/about_this_journal.gif); WIDTH: 129px } .journal #primary_nav UL LI#nav_about_this_journal STRONG { BACKGROUND-IMAGE: = url(/resource/image/nav/journal/about_this_journal.gif); WIDTH: 129px } .journal #primary_nav UL LI#nav_about_this_journal STRONG { BACKGROUND-IMAGE: = url(/resource/image/nav/journal/about_this_journal_selected.gif) } .journal #primary_nav UL LI#nav_contact_this_journal A { BACKGROUND-IMAGE: = url(/resource/image/nav/journal/contact_this_journal.gif); WIDTH: 144px } .journal #primary_nav UL LI#nav_contact_this_journal STRONG { BACKGROUND-IMAGE: = url(/resource/image/nav/journal/contact_this_journal.gif); WIDTH: 144px } .journal #primary_nav UL LI#nav_contact_this_journal STRONG { BACKGROUND-IMAGE: = url(/resource/image/nav/journal/contact_this_journal_selected.gif) } .journal #primary_nav UL LI#nav_subscriptions A { BACKGROUND-IMAGE: url(/resource/image/nav/journal/subscriptions.gif); = WIDTH: 96px } .journal #primary_nav UL LI#nav_subscriptions STRONG { BACKGROUND-IMAGE: url(/resource/image/nav/journal/subscriptions.gif); = WIDTH: 96px } .journal #primary_nav UL LI#nav_subscriptions STRONG { BACKGROUND-IMAGE: url(/resource/image/nav/journal/subscriptions.gif) } .journal #primary_nav UL LI#nav_current_issue A { BACKGROUND-IMAGE: url(/resource/image/nav/journal/current_issue.gif); = WIDTH: 96px } .journal #primary_nav UL LI#nav_current_issue STRONG { BACKGROUND-IMAGE: url(/resource/image/nav/journal/current_issue.gif); = WIDTH: 96px } .journal #primary_nav UL LI#nav_current_issue STRONG { BACKGROUND-IMAGE: = url(/resource/image/nav/journal/current_issue_selected.gif) } .journal #primary_nav UL LI#nav_archive A { BACKGROUND-IMAGE: url(/resource/image/nav/journal/archive.gif); WIDTH: = 53px } .journal #primary_nav UL LI#nav_archive STRONG { BACKGROUND-IMAGE: url(/resource/image/nav/journal/archive.gif); WIDTH: = 53px } .journal #primary_nav UL LI#nav_archive STRONG { BACKGROUND-IMAGE: url(/resource/image/nav/journal/archive_selected.gif) } .journal #primary_nav UL LI#nav_search A { BACKGROUND-IMAGE: url(/resource/image/nav/journal/search.gif); WIDTH: = 48px } .journal #primary_nav UL LI#nav_search STRONG { BACKGROUND-IMAGE: url(/resource/image/nav/journal/search.gif); WIDTH: = 48px } .journal #primary_nav UL LI#nav_search STRONG { BACKGROUND-IMAGE: url(/resource/image/nav/journal/search.gif) } .journal #secondary_footer #issn { PADDING-LEFT: 10px; FLOAT: left; WIDTH: 50%; TEXT-ALIGN: left } #header STRONG#page_logo { DISPLAY: block; BACKGROUND-IMAGE: = url(/resource/image/text/headings/on_yellow/oj_logo.gif); MARGIN: 33px = 0px 6px 22px; WIDTH: 266px; BACKGROUND-REPEAT: no-repeat; HEIGHT: 15px } #header STRONG#page_logo A { DISPLAY: block; WIDTH: 266px; HEIGHT: 15px } #header EM#tag_line { DISPLAY: block; BACKGROUND-IMAGE: = url(/resource/image/text/headings/on_yellow/tag_line.gif); MARGIN: 0px = 0px 6px 22px; WIDTH: 201px; BACKGROUND-REPEAT: no-repeat; HEIGHT: 5px } .journal #secondary_nav STRONG#page_logo { BACKGROUND-POSITION: left top; FLOAT: left; BACKGROUND-IMAGE: = url(/resource/image/text/headings/on_black/oj_logo.gif); MARGIN: 4px 0px = 0px 22px; WIDTH: 142px; BACKGROUND-REPEAT: no-repeat; HEIGHT: 9px } .journal #secondary_nav STRONG#page_logo A { DISPLAY: block; WIDTH: 142px; HEIGHT: 9px } #oas_top { MARGIN-TOP: 15px; MARGIN-BOTTOM: 10px; TEXT-ALIGN: center } #oas_bottom { MARGIN-BOTTOM: 10px; TEXT-ALIGN: center } .collection_count_nonzero { FONT-WEIGHT: normal; FONT-SIZE: 85%; COLOR: red; FONT-FAMILY: = sans-serif } .collection_count_iszero { FONT-SIZE: 80%; COLOR: gray; FONT-FAMILY: sans-serif } TABLE.content_box_inner_table { WIDTH: 225px } P.hide { DISPLAY: block; OVERFLOW: hidden; WIDTH: 0px; HEIGHT: 0.1em } #primary_nav UL LI A SPAN { DISPLAY: block; OVERFLOW: hidden; WIDTH: 0px; HEIGHT: 0.1em } #primary_nav UL LI STRONG SPAN { DISPLAY: block; OVERFLOW: hidden; WIDTH: 0px; HEIGHT: 0.1em } #secondary_nav UL LI A SPAN { DISPLAY: block; OVERFLOW: hidden; WIDTH: 0px; HEIGHT: 0.1em } #secondary_nav UL LI STRONG SPAN { DISPLAY: block; OVERFLOW: hidden; WIDTH: 0px; HEIGHT: 0.1em } #secondary_nav STRONG SPAN { DISPLAY: block; OVERFLOW: hidden; WIDTH: 0px; HEIGHT: 0.1em } #header STRONG SPAN { DISPLAY: block; OVERFLOW: hidden; WIDTH: 0px; HEIGHT: 0.1em } #header EM SPAN { DISPLAY: block; OVERFLOW: hidden; WIDTH: 0px; HEIGHT: 0.1em } #header H1 SPAN { DISPLAY: block; OVERFLOW: hidden; WIDTH: 0px; HEIGHT: 0.1em } #header H2 SPAN { DISPLAY: block; OVERFLOW: hidden; WIDTH: 0px; HEIGHT: 0.1em } #page_title H1 SPAN { DISPLAY: block; OVERFLOW: hidden; WIDTH: 0px; HEIGHT: 0.1em } #primary_footer STRONG SPAN { DISPLAY: block; OVERFLOW: hidden; WIDTH: 0px; HEIGHT: 0.1em } #primary_footer EM SPAN { DISPLAY: block; OVERFLOW: hidden; WIDTH: 0px; HEIGHT: 0.1em } P.hide { MARGIN-BOTTOM: -0.1em } #articlenav { PADDING-RIGHT: 20px; DISPLAY: block; TEXT-ALIGN: right } #hw DIV.referrer-based-search-line { PADDING-RIGHT: 25px; PADDING-LEFT: 25px; FONT-SIZE: 0.75em; = PADDING-BOTTOM: 3px; MARGIN: 0px 4px 5px 0px; PADDING-TOP: 3px; = FONT-FAMILY: arial,sans-serif; BACKGROUND-COLOR: yellow } #hw DIV#issue-title P { BORDER-RIGHT: silver 1px solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 10px; BORDER-TOP: silver = 1px solid; PADDING-LEFT: 10px; FONT-SIZE: 0.75em; PADDING-BOTTOM: 10px; = BORDER-LEFT: silver 1px solid; WIDTH: 450px; PADDING-TOP: 10px; = BORDER-BOTTOM: silver 1px solid; FONT-FAMILY: arial,sans-serif; = BACKGROUND-COLOR: #eeeeee } #hw DIV#issue-title P STRONG { FONT-WEIGHT: normal } #inst_logo { TEXT-ALIGN: right } #inst_logo A IMG { BORDER-RIGHT: medium none; BORDER-TOP: medium none; BORDER-LEFT: medium = none; BORDER-BOTTOM: medium none } ------=_NextPart_000_0000_01CB00EF.4EAF82E0 Content-Type: text/css; charset="iso-8859-1" Content-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-printable Content-Location: http://ije.oxfordjournals.org/resource/css/ije.css .ije #header { BACKGROUND-IMAGE: url(/resource/image/backgrounds/header_ije.jpg); = HEIGHT: 97px } .ije #header H1#page_title { MARGIN-TOP: 34px; BACKGROUND-IMAGE: = url(/resource/image/text/titles/title_ije.jpg); WIDTH: 485px; HEIGHT: = 36px } .ije #header H1#page_title A { DISPLAY: block; WIDTH: 485px; HEIGHT: 36px } ------=_NextPart_000_0000_01CB00EF.4EAF82E0 Content-Type: text/css; charset="iso-8859-1" Content-Transfer-Encoding: 7bit Content-Location: http://ije.oxfordjournals.org/resource/css/print.css BODY { FONT-FAMILY: serif } P.hide { DISPLAY: none } #primary_nav { DISPLAY: none } #secondary_nav { DISPLAY: none } ------=_NextPart_000_0000_01CB00EF.4EAF82E0 Content-Type: application/octet-stream Content-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-printable Content-Location: http://ije.oxfordjournals.org/resource/js/main.js =EF=BB=BFfunction redirect(targ,selObj,restore) { eval(targ + ".location=3D'" + = selObj.options[selObj.selectedIndex].value + "'"); if (restore) selObj.selectedIndex=3D0; } function prepareErrorLinks() { if( ! document.getElementsByTagName ) return false; if( ! document.getElementById ) return false; if( ! document.getElementById( "validationerror" ) ) return false; var errorLinks =3D document.getElementById( "validationerror" = ).getElementsByTagName( "a" ); for( var i=3D0; i < errorLinks.length; i++ ) { errorLinks[i].onclick =3D function() { var objectId =3D this.href.substr( this.href.indexOf( "#" ) = + 1 ); if( document.getElementById(objectId) ) { document.getElementById(objectId).focus(); } } } } window.onload =3D prepareErrorLinks; var supported =3D ( document.layers || document.getElementById || = document.all ); function encrypt(part1,part2,part3) { var all=3D 'mai'+'lto:'+part1+"@"+part2; if( part3 ) all +=3D '?Sub'+'ject=3D'+part3; = document.location.href=3Deval('"'+all+'"'); } function toggle_display( id ) { if( supported ) { if( document.layers && document.layers[id] ) { document.layers[id].display =3D ( = document.layers[id].display =3D=3D 'block' ? 'none' : 'block' ); } else if( document.getElementById && = document.getElementById(id) ) { document.getElementById(id).style.display =3D ( = document.getElementById(id).style.display =3D=3D 'block' ? 'none' : = 'block' ); } else if( document.all && document.all[id] ) { document.all[id].style.display =3D ( = document.all[id].style.display =3D=3D 'block' ? 'none' : 'block' ); } } } function hide( id ) { if( supported ) { if( document.layers && document.layers[id] ) { document.layers[id].display =3D 'none'; } else if( document.getElementById && = document.getElementById(id) ) { document.getElementById(id).style.display =3D 'none'; } else if( document.all && document.all[id] ) { document.all[id].style.display =3D 'none'; } } } function unhide( id, display ) { // Default to display at block level if( ! display ) display =3D 'block'; if( supported ) { // As IE does not support table-row, translate it to block if( navigator.appName =3D=3D 'Microsoft Internet Explorer' && = display =3D=3D 'table-row' ) display =3D 'block'; if( document.layers && document.layers[id] ) { document.layers[id].display =3D display; } else if( document.getElementById && = document.getElementById(id) ) { document.getElementById(id).style.display =3D display; } else if( document.all && document.all[id] ) { document.all[id].style.display =3D display; } } } function visible( id ) { if( supported ) { if( document.layers && document.layers[id] ) { if( document.layers[id].display =3D=3D 'none' ) return 0; } else if( document.getElementById && = document.getElementById(id) ) { if( document.getElementById(id).style.display =3D=3D 'none' = ) return 0; } else if( document.all && document.all[id] ) { if( document.all[id].style.display =3D=3D 'none' ) return = 0; } return 1; } return 0; } function removeSpaces(string) { var tstring =3D ""; string =3D '' + string; splitstring =3D string.split(" "); for(i =3D 0; i < splitstring.length; i++) tstring +=3D = splitstring[i]; return tstring; } var selectItems =3D new Object(); function setOptions( listname, selectedItem, optionList ) { optionList.options.length =3D 0; optionList[0] =3D new Option( "Please select", "", true, false ); if( selectItems[listname][selectedItem] ) { var newList =3D selectItems[listname][selectedItem]; if( selectedItem !=3D "" ) { for( var i =3D 0; i < newList.length; i++ ) { optionList.options[i+1] =3D new Option( newList[i].text, = newList[i].value ? newList[i].value : newList[i].text ); } } } } // Return the absolute Y position of an element on a page (from the top = of the page, NOT visible screen) function findPos(obj) { var curtop =3D 0; var = bodyBorder=3D-document.body.offsetTop||document.body.clientTop; if (navigator.userAgent.indexOf("MSIE")!=3D-1) { curtop-=3D8 }=20 if (obj.offsetParent) { do { curtop +=3D obj.offsetTop; } while (obj =3D obj.offsetParent); } return curtop+bodyBorder; } // Update the floating help window. Leave htext blank to hide again. function help_window(htext,field){ var hw =3D document.getElementById("help_window"); if(hw !=3D undefined ){ if(htext =3D=3D ''){ hw.className=3D"hidden"; } else { hw.innerHTML=3Dhtext; hw.className=3D"help_window"; hw.style.top=3DfindPos(field)+"px"; } } } //Archive list interactivity functions var tick_archive=3Dnew Array("Humanities", "Law", "Medicine", "Science", = "Social Sciences"); var tick_archive_x=3Dnew Array(true, true, true, true, true); var tick_year=3Dnew Array(); var tick_year_x=3Dnew Array(); var tick_status=3Dnew Array("I", "E", "L"); var tick_status_x=3Dnew Array(true, true, true); var line_id=3Dnew Array(); var line_archives=3Dnew Array(); var line_year_joined=3Dnew Array(); var line_status=3Dnew Array(); var year_count=3D-1; var line_count=3D-1; function add_year(year_to_add) { year_count+=3D1; tick_year[year_count]=3Dyear_to_add; tick_year_x[year_count]=3Dtrue; } function filter() { for(var i=3D0; i<=3Dline_count; i++) { var ok=3D""; for(var j=3D0; j0) { var keyword=3Dkeywords.split(" "); //score keyword search results; var scores =3D new Array(); var qid =3D new Array(); for(var qa=3D0; qa 3) { if(helpK[qa].toLowerCase().match(keyword[k])) { scores[qa]+=3D1; qid[qa]=3Dqa; } } } } //sort results by score for(var s1=3D0; s1scores[s2]) { var temp_score=3Dscores[s1]; var temp_qid=3Dqid[s1]; scores[s1]=3Dscores[s2]; qid[s1]=3Dqid[s2]; scores[s2]=3Dtemp_score; qid[s2]=3Dtemp_qid; } } } //build results and display var results=3D""; for(var qa=3D0; qa<(qid.length<10 ? qid.length : 9); qa++) { if(scores[qa]>0) { results+=3D"

"+helpQ[qid[qa]]+"<= br />"; results+=3D'

'+helpA[qid[qa]]+'

'; } } if(results=3D=3D0) {=20 results=3D"

We didn't find any answers for your question.

"; } results+=3D"

Can't find what you're looking for? Contact us

"; document.getElementById("qa_results").innerHTML=3Dresults; } } function categoryList() { var lastVal=3D""; for(var c=3D0; c"+helpC[c]+""); lastVal=3DhelpC[c]; } } } function browseQuestions(question) { var results=3D""; if(question!=3D"...") { for(var c=3D0; c"+helpQ[c]+"
"; results+=3D'
'+helpA[c]+'

'; } } } document.getElementById("browse_results").innerHTML=3Dresults; } function toggle(divID) { var e=3Ddocument.getElementById(divID); e.style.display=3D(e.style.display=3D=3D"none"?"block":"none"); } function show(tab) { var showhideTabs =3D new Array("ask", "browse", "contact"); for(var a=3D0; a.=0A= =0A= by Andrew Gregory=0A= http://www.scss.com.au/family/andrew/webdesign/xmlhttprequest/=0A= =0A= This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution License. To = view a=0A= copy of this license, visit = http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/2.5/ or=0A= send a letter to Creative Commons, 559 Nathan Abbott Way, Stanford, = California=0A= 94305, USA.=0A= =0A= Attribution: Leave my name and web address in this script intact.=0A= =0A= Not Supported in Opera=0A= ----------------------=0A= * user/password authentication=0A= * responseXML data member=0A= =0A= Not Fully Supported in Opera=0A= ----------------------------=0A= * async requests=0A= * abort()=0A= * getAllResponseHeaders(), getAllResponseHeader(header)=0A= =0A= */=0A= // IE support=0A= if (window.ActiveXObject && !window.XMLHttpRequest) {=0A= window.XMLHttpRequest =3D function() {=0A= var msxmls =3D new Array(=0A= 'Msxml2.XMLHTTP.5.0',=0A= 'Msxml2.XMLHTTP.4.0',=0A= 'Msxml2.XMLHTTP.3.0',=0A= 'Msxml2.XMLHTTP',=0A= 'Microsoft.XMLHTTP');=0A= for (var i =3D 0; i < msxmls.length; i++) {=0A= try {=0A= return new ActiveXObject(msxmls[i]);=0A= } catch (e) {=0A= }=0A= }=0A= return null;=0A= };=0A= }=0A= // Gecko support=0A= /* ;-) */=0A= // Opera support=0A= if (window.opera && !window.XMLHttpRequest) {=0A= window.XMLHttpRequest =3D function() {=0A= this.readyState =3D 0; // = 0=3Duninitialized,1=3Dloading,2=3Dloaded,3=3Dinteractive,4=3Dcomplete=0A= this.status =3D 0; // HTTP status codes=0A= this.statusText =3D '';=0A= this._headers =3D [];=0A= this._aborted =3D false;=0A= this._async =3D true;=0A= this._defaultCharset =3D 'ISO-8859-1';=0A= this._getCharset =3D function() {=0A= var charset =3D _defaultCharset;=0A= var contentType =3D = this.getResponseHeader('Content-type').toUpperCase();=0A= val =3D contentType.indexOf('CHARSET=3D');=0A= if (val !=3D -1) {=0A= charset =3D contentType.substring(val);=0A= }=0A= val =3D charset.indexOf(';');=0A= if (val !=3D -1) {=0A= charset =3D charset.substring(0, val);=0A= }=0A= val =3D charset.indexOf(',');=0A= if (val !=3D -1) {=0A= charset =3D charset.substring(0, val);=0A= }=0A= return charset;=0A= };=0A= this.abort =3D function() {=0A= this._aborted =3D true;=0A= };=0A= this.getAllResponseHeaders =3D function() {=0A= return this.getAllResponseHeader('*');=0A= };=0A= this.getAllResponseHeader =3D function(header) {=0A= var ret =3D '';=0A= for (var i =3D 0; i < this._headers.length; i++) {=0A= if (header =3D=3D '*' || this._headers[i].h =3D=3D header) {=0A= ret +=3D this._headers[i].h + ': ' + this._headers[i].v + '\n';=0A= }=0A= }=0A= return ret;=0A= };=0A= this.getResponseHeader =3D function(header) {=0A= var ret =3D getAllResponseHeader(header);=0A= var i =3D ret.indexOf('\n');=0A= if (i !=3D -1) {=0A= ret =3D ret.substring(0, i);=0A= }=0A= return ret;=0A= };=0A= this.setRequestHeader =3D function(header, value) {=0A= this._headers[this._headers.length] =3D {h:header, v:value};=0A= };=0A= this.open =3D function(method, url, async, user, password) {=0A= this.method =3D method;=0A= this.url =3D url;=0A= this._async =3D true;=0A= this._aborted =3D false;=0A= this._headers =3D [];=0A= if (arguments.length >=3D 3) {=0A= this._async =3D async;=0A= }=0A= if (arguments.length > 3) {=0A= opera.postError('XMLHttpRequest.open() - user/password not = supported');=0A= }=0A= this.readyState =3D 1;=0A= if (this.onreadystatechange) {=0A= this.onreadystatechange();=0A= }=0A= };=0A= this.send =3D function(data) {=0A= if (!navigator.javaEnabled()) {=0A= alert("XMLHttpRequest.send() - Java must be installed and = enabled.");=0A= return;=0A= }=0A= if (this._async) {=0A= setTimeout(this._sendasync, 0, this, data);=0A= // this is not really asynchronous and won't execute until the = current=0A= // execution context ends=0A= } else {=0A= this._sendsync(data);=0A= }=0A= }=0A= this._sendasync =3D function(req, data) {=0A= if (!req._aborted) {=0A= req._sendsync(data);=0A= }=0A= };=0A= this._sendsync =3D function(data) {=0A= this.readyState =3D 2;=0A= if (this.onreadystatechange) {=0A= this.onreadystatechange();=0A= }=0A= // open connection=0A= var url =3D new java.net.URL(new = java.net.URL(window.location.href), this.url);=0A= var conn =3D url.openConnection();=0A= for (var i =3D 0; i < this._headers.length; i++) {=0A= conn.setRequestProperty(this._headers[i].h, this._headers[i].v);=0A= }=0A= this._headers =3D [];=0A= if (this.method =3D=3D 'POST') {=0A= // POST data=0A= conn.setDoOutput(true);=0A= var wr =3D new = java.io.OutputStreamWriter(conn.getOutputStream(), this._getCharset());=0A= wr.write(data);=0A= wr.flush();=0A= wr.close();=0A= }=0A= // read response headers=0A= // NOTE: the getHeaderField() methods always return nulls for me :(=0A= var gotContentEncoding =3D false;=0A= var gotContentLength =3D false;=0A= var gotContentType =3D false;=0A= var gotDate =3D false;=0A= var gotExpiration =3D false;=0A= var gotLastModified =3D false;=0A= for (var i =3D 0; ; i++) {=0A= var hdrName =3D conn.getHeaderFieldKey(i);=0A= var hdrValue =3D conn.getHeaderField(i);=0A= if (hdrName =3D=3D null && hdrValue =3D=3D null) {=0A= break;=0A= }=0A= if (hdrName !=3D null) {=0A= this._headers[this._headers.length] =3D {h:hdrName, = v:hdrValue};=0A= switch (hdrName.toLowerCase()) {=0A= case 'content-encoding': gotContentEncoding =3D true; break;=0A= case 'content-length' : gotContentLength =3D true; break;=0A= case 'content-type' : gotContentType =3D true; break;=0A= case 'date' : gotDate =3D true; break;=0A= case 'expires' : gotExpiration =3D true; break;=0A= case 'last-modified' : gotLastModified =3D true; break;=0A= }=0A= }=0A= }=0A= // try to fill in any missing header information=0A= var val;=0A= val =3D conn.getContentEncoding();=0A= if (val !=3D null && !gotContentEncoding) = this._headers[this._headers.length] =3D {h:'Content-encoding', v:val};=0A= val =3D conn.getContentLength();=0A= if (val !=3D -1 && !gotContentLength) = this._headers[this._headers.length] =3D {h:'Content-length', v:val};=0A= val =3D conn.getContentType();=0A= if (val !=3D null && !gotContentType) = this._headers[this._headers.length] =3D {h:'Content-type', v:val};=0A= val =3D conn.getDate();=0A= if (val !=3D 0 && !gotDate) this._headers[this._headers.length] = =3D {h:'Date', v:(new Date(val)).toUTCString()};=0A= val =3D conn.getExpiration();=0A= if (val !=3D 0 && !gotExpiration) = this._headers[this._headers.length] =3D {h:'Expires', v:(new = Date(val)).toUTCString()};=0A= val =3D conn.getLastModified();=0A= if (val !=3D 0 && !gotLastModified) = this._headers[this._headers.length] =3D {h:'Last-modified', v:(new = Date(val)).toUTCString()};=0A= // read response data=0A= var reqdata =3D '';=0A= var stream =3D conn.getInputStream();=0A= if (stream) {=0A= var reader =3D new java.io.BufferedReader(new = java.io.InputStreamReader(stream, this._getCharset()));=0A= var line;=0A= while ((line =3D reader.readLine()) !=3D null) {=0A= if (this.readyState =3D=3D 2) {=0A= this.readyState =3D 3;=0A= if (this.onreadystatechange) {=0A= this.onreadystatechange();=0A= }=0A= }=0A= reqdata +=3D line + '\n';=0A= }=0A= reader.close();=0A= this.status =3D 200;=0A= this.statusText =3D 'OK';=0A= this.responseText =3D reqdata;=0A= this.readyState =3D 4;=0A= if (this.onreadystatechange) {=0A= this.onreadystatechange();=0A= }=0A= if (this.onload) {=0A= this.onload();=0A= }=0A= } else {=0A= // error=0A= this.status =3D 404;=0A= this.statusText =3D 'Not Found';=0A= this.responseText =3D '';=0A= this.readyState =3D 4;=0A= if (this.onreadystatechange) {=0A= this.onreadystatechange();=0A= }=0A= if (this.onerror) {=0A= this.onerror();=0A= }=0A= }=0A= };=0A= };=0A= }=0A= // ActiveXObject emulation=0A= if (!window.ActiveXObject && window.XMLHttpRequest) {=0A= window.ActiveXObject =3D function(type) {=0A= switch (type.toLowerCase()) {=0A= case 'microsoft.xmlhttp':=0A= case 'msxml2.xmlhttp':=0A= case 'msxml2.xmlhttp.3.0':=0A= case 'msxml2.xmlhttp.4.0':=0A= case 'msxml2.xmlhttp.5.0':=0A= return new XMLHttpRequest();=0A= }=0A= return null;=0A= };=0A= }=0A= ------=_NextPart_000_0000_01CB00EF.4EAF82E0 Content-Type: application/octet-stream Content-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-printable Content-Location: http://ije.oxfordjournals.org/javascript/ajax/utility.js /************************************************************************= *****=0A= * javascript/ajax/utility.js=0A= *=0A= * Utility functions for working with XMLHttpRequest data.=0A= *=0A= * Copyright 2006 Board of Trustees of the Leland Stanford Junior = University.=0A= = *************************************************************************= ***/=0A= =0A= /*=0A= * Copy XML nodes into an HTMLElement. This effectively=0A= * clones XML markup which uses XHTML naming conventions=0A= * into an HTML DOM.=0A= */=0A= function copy_xml_to_html(src, dst) {=0A= if (src.nodeType =3D=3D 1) { /* Node.ELEMENT_NODE */=0A= var e =3D document.createElement(src.nodeName);=0A= for (var i =3D 0; i < src.childNodes.length; i++) {=0A= copy_xml_to_html(src.childNodes[i], e);=0A= }=0A= for (var i =3D 0; i < src.attributes.length; i++) {=0A= var n =3D src.attributes[i].name;=0A= var v =3D unescape_xml_string(src.attributes[i].value); =0A= e.setAttribute(n, v);=0A= if (n =3D=3D "class") {=0A= e.className =3D v;=0A= }=0A= else if (n =3D=3D "style") {=0A= set_css_style(v, e, "");=0A= }=0A= }=0A= dst.appendChild(e);=0A= }=0A= else if (src.nodeType =3D=3D 3) { /* Node.TEXT_NODE */=0A= dst.appendChild(document.createTextNode(src.nodeValue));=0A= }=0A= }=0A= =0A= /* =0A= * It is unclear that this is the right thing to be calling=0A= * from copy_xml_to_html, but it appears that Safari decides=0A= * to convert & to the NCR #, and then encodes that=0A= * NCR to &%26%2338;. So, I'm going to treat the DOM Attr=0A= * value as a plain string, and run our XML string input=0A= * through the decoding routine below.=0A= */=0A= function unescape_xml_string(s) {=0A= return s.replace(/'/g, "'")=0A= .replace(/'/g, "'")=0A= .replace(/"/g, "\"")=0A= .replace(/"/g, "\"")=0A= .replace(/>/g, ">")=0A= .replace(/>/g, ">")=0A= .replace(/</g, "<")=0A= .replace(/</g, "<")=0A= .replace(/&/g, "&")=0A= .replace(/&/g, "&");=0A= }=0A= =0A= /*=0A= * Parse set of CSS rules and apply them to an element.=0A= * This is quite horrifying, but I'm unable to determine=0A= * how else to handle this with IE 6. FireFox and other=0A= * sane browsers let you simply set the style attribute=0A= * or use e.style.setProperty(rule, value, priority),=0A= * IE 6 appears to have neither of these capabilities..=0A= */=0A= function set_css_style(css, e, priority) {=0A= var rules =3D css.split(";");=0A= for (var i =3D 0; i < rules.length; i++) {=0A= var nvpair =3D rules[i].split(":");=0A= if (nvpair.length =3D=3D 2) {=0A= try {=0A= var name =3D nvpair[0]; /* style attribute */=0A= var value =3D nvpair[1]; /* attribute value */=0A= =0A= /*=0A= * For each possible style attribute, set the=0A= * appropriate style property in the element.=0A= */=0A= if (name =3D=3D "background") {=0A= e.style.background =3D value;=0A= }=0A= else if (name =3D=3D "background-attachment") {=0A= e.style.backgroundAttachment =3D value;=0A= }=0A= else if (name =3D=3D "background-color") {=0A= e.style.backgroundColor =3D value;=0A= }=0A= else if (name =3D=3D "background-image") {=0A= e.style.backgroundImage =3D value;=0A= }=0A= else if (name =3D=3D "background-position") {=0A= e.style.backgroundPosition =3D value;=0A= }=0A= else if (name =3D=3D "background-position-x") {=0A= e.style.backgroundPositionX =3D value;=0A= }=0A= else if (name =3D=3D "background-position-y") {=0A= e.style.backgroundPositionY =3D value;=0A= }=0A= else if (name =3D=3D "background-repeat") {=0A= e.style.backgroundRepeat =3D value;=0A= }=0A= else if (name =3D=3D "behavior") {=0A= e.style.behavior =3D value;=0A= }=0A= else if (name =3D=3D "border") {=0A= e.style.border =3D value;=0A= }=0A= else if (name =3D=3D "border-bottom") {=0A= e.style.borderBottom =3D value;=0A= }=0A= else if (name =3D=3D "border-bottom-color") {=0A= e.style.borderBottomColor =3D value;=0A= }=0A= else if (name =3D=3D "border-bottom-style") {=0A= e.style.borderBottomStyle =3D value;=0A= }=0A= else if (name =3D=3D "border-bottom-width") {=0A= e.style.borderBottomWidth =3D value;=0A= }=0A= else if (name =3D=3D "border-collapse") {=0A= e.style.borderCollapse =3D value;=0A= }=0A= else if (name =3D=3D "border-color") {=0A= e.style.borderColor =3D value;=0A= }=0A= else if (name =3D=3D "border-left") {=0A= e.style.borderLeft =3D value;=0A= }=0A= else if (name =3D=3D "border-left-color") {=0A= e.style.borderLeftColor =3D value;=0A= }=0A= else if (name =3D=3D "border-left-style") {=0A= e.style.borderLeftStyle =3D value;=0A= }=0A= else if (name =3D=3D "border-left-width") {=0A= e.style.borderLeftWidth =3D value;=0A= }=0A= else if (name =3D=3D "border-right") {=0A= e.style.borderRight =3D value;=0A= }=0A= else if (name =3D=3D "border-right-color") {=0A= e.style.borderRightColor =3D value;=0A= }=0A= else if (name =3D=3D "border-right-style") {=0A= e.style.borderRightStyle =3D value;=0A= }=0A= else if (name =3D=3D "border-right-width") {=0A= e.style.borderRightWidth =3D value;=0A= }=0A= else if (name =3D=3D "border-style") {=0A= e.style.borderStyle =3D value;=0A= }=0A= else if (name =3D=3D "border-top") {=0A= e.style.borderTop =3D value;=0A= }=0A= else if (name =3D=3D "border-top-color") {=0A= e.style.borderTopColor =3D value;=0A= }=0A= else if (name =3D=3D "border-top-style") {=0A= e.style.borderTopStyle =3D value;=0A= }=0A= else if (name =3D=3D "border-top-width") {=0A= e.style.borderTopWidth =3D value;=0A= }=0A= else if (name =3D=3D "border-width") {=0A= e.style.borderWidth =3D value;=0A= }=0A= else if (name =3D=3D "bottom") {=0A= e.style.bottom =3D value;=0A= }=0A= else if (name =3D=3D "clear") {=0A= e.style.clear =3D value;=0A= }=0A= else if (name =3D=3D "clip") {=0A= e.style.clip =3D value;=0A= }=0A= else if (name =3D=3D "color") {=0A= e.style.color =3D value;=0A= }=0A= else if (name =3D=3D "cssText") {=0A= e.style.Sets =3D value;=0A= }=0A= else if (name =3D=3D "cursor") {=0A= e.style.cursor =3D value;=0A= }=0A= else if (name =3D=3D "direction") {=0A= e.style.direction =3D value;=0A= }=0A= else if (name =3D=3D "display") {=0A= e.style.display =3D value;=0A= }=0A= else if (name =3D=3D "font") {=0A= e.style.font =3D value;=0A= }=0A= else if (name =3D=3D "font-family") {=0A= e.style.fontFamily =3D value;=0A= }=0A= else if (name =3D=3D "font-size") {=0A= e.style.fontSize =3D value;=0A= }=0A= else if (name =3D=3D "font-style") {=0A= e.style.fontStyle =3D value;=0A= }=0A= else if (name =3D=3D "font-variant") {=0A= e.style.fontVariant =3D value;=0A= }=0A= else if (name =3D=3D "font-weight") {=0A= e.style.fontWeight =3D value;=0A= }=0A= else if (name =3D=3D "height") {=0A= e.style.height =3D value;=0A= }=0A= else if (name =3D=3D "ime-mode") {=0A= e.style.imeMode =3D value;=0A= }=0A= else if (name =3D=3D "layout-flow") {=0A= e.style.layoutFlow =3D value;=0A= }=0A= else if (name =3D=3D "layout-grid") {=0A= e.style.layoutGrid =3D value;=0A= }=0A= else if (name =3D=3D "layout-grid-char") {=0A= e.style.layoutGridChar =3D value;=0A= }=0A= else if (name =3D=3D "layout-grid-line") {=0A= e.style.layoutGridLine =3D value;=0A= }=0A= else if (name =3D=3D "layout-grid-mode") {=0A= e.style.layoutGridMode =3D value;=0A= }=0A= else if (name =3D=3D "layout-grid-type") {=0A= e.style.layoutGridType =3D value;=0A= }=0A= else if (name =3D=3D "left") {=0A= e.style.left =3D value;=0A= }=0A= else if (name =3D=3D "letter-spacing") {=0A= e.style.letterSpacing =3D value;=0A= }=0A= else if (name =3D=3D "line-break") {=0A= e.style.lineBreak =3D value;=0A= }=0A= else if (name =3D=3D "line-height") {=0A= e.style.lineHeight =3D value;=0A= }=0A= else if (name =3D=3D "list-style") {=0A= e.style.listStyle =3D value;=0A= }=0A= else if (name =3D=3D "list-style-image") {=0A= e.style.listStyleImage =3D value;=0A= }=0A= else if (name =3D=3D "list-style-position") {=0A= e.style.listStylePosition =3D value;=0A= }=0A= else if (name =3D=3D "list-style-type") {=0A= e.style.listStyleType =3D value;=0A= }=0A= else if (name =3D=3D "margin") {=0A= e.style.margin =3D value;=0A= }=0A= else if (name =3D=3D "margin-bottom") {=0A= e.style.marginBottom =3D value;=0A= }=0A= else if (name =3D=3D "margin-left") {=0A= e.style.marginLeft =3D value;=0A= }=0A= else if (name =3D=3D "margin-right") {=0A= e.style.marginRight =3D value;=0A= }=0A= else if (name =3D=3D "margin-top") {=0A= e.style.marginTop =3D value;=0A= }=0A= else if (name =3D=3D "min-height") {=0A= e.style.minHeight =3D value;=0A= }=0A= else if (name =3D=3D "overflow") {=0A= e.style.overflow =3D value;=0A= }=0A= else if (name =3D=3D "overflow-x") {=0A= e.style.overflowX =3D value;=0A= }=0A= else if (name =3D=3D "overflow-y") {=0A= e.style.overflowY =3D value;=0A= }=0A= else if (name =3D=3D "padding") {=0A= e.style.padding =3D value;=0A= }=0A= else if (name =3D=3D "padding-bottom") {=0A= e.style.paddingBottom =3D value;=0A= }=0A= else if (name =3D=3D "padding-left") {=0A= e.style.paddingLeft =3D value;=0A= }=0A= else if (name =3D=3D "padding-right") {=0A= e.style.paddingRight =3D value;=0A= }=0A= else if (name =3D=3D "padding-top") {=0A= e.style.paddingTop =3D value;=0A= }=0A= else if (name =3D=3D "page-break-after") {=0A= e.style.pageBreakAfter =3D value;=0A= }=0A= else if (name =3D=3D "page-break-before") {=0A= e.style.pageBreakBefore =3D value;=0A= }=0A= else if (name =3D=3D "pixelBottom") {=0A= e.style.pixelBottom =3D value;=0A= }=0A= else if (name =3D=3D "pixelHeight") {=0A= e.style.pixelHeight =3D value;=0A= }=0A= else if (name =3D=3D "pixelLeft") {=0A= e.style.pixelLeft =3D value;=0A= }=0A= else if (name =3D=3D "pixelRight") {=0A= e.style.pixelRight =3D value;=0A= }=0A= else if (name =3D=3D "pixelTop") {=0A= e.style.pixelTop =3D value;=0A= }=0A= else if (name =3D=3D "pixelWidth") {=0A= e.style.pixelWidth =3D value;=0A= }=0A= else if (name =3D=3D "posBottom") {=0A= e.style.posBottom =3D value;=0A= }=0A= else if (name =3D=3D "posHeight") {=0A= e.style.posHeight =3D value;=0A= }=0A= else if (name =3D=3D "position") {=0A= e.style.position =3D value;=0A= }=0A= else if (name =3D=3D "posLeft") {=0A= e.style.posLeft =3D value;=0A= }=0A= else if (name =3D=3D "posRight") {=0A= e.style.posRight =3D value;=0A= }=0A= else if (name =3D=3D "posTop") {=0A= e.style.posTop =3D value;=0A= }=0A= else if (name =3D=3D "posWidth") {=0A= e.style.posWidth =3D value;=0A= }=0A= else if (name =3D=3D "right") {=0A= e.style.right =3D value;=0A= }=0A= else if (name =3D=3D "ruby-align") {=0A= e.style.rubyAlign =3D value;=0A= }=0A= else if (name =3D=3D "ruby-overhang") {=0A= e.style.rubyOverhang =3D value;=0A= }=0A= else if (name =3D=3D "ruby-position") {=0A= e.style.rubyPosition =3D value;=0A= }=0A= else if (name =3D=3D "scrollbar-3dlight-color") {=0A= e.style.scrollbar3dLightColor =3D value;=0A= }=0A= else if (name =3D=3D "scrollbar-arrow-color") {=0A= e.style.scrollbarArrowColor =3D value;=0A= }=0A= else if (name =3D=3D "scrollbar-base-color") {=0A= e.style.scrollbarBaseColor =3D value;=0A= }=0A= else if (name =3D=3D "scrollbar-darkshadow-color") {=0A= e.style.scrollbarDarkShadowColor =3D value;=0A= }=0A= else if (name =3D=3D "scrollbar-face-color") {=0A= e.style.scrollbarFaceColor =3D value;=0A= }=0A= else if (name =3D=3D "scrollbar-highlight-color") {=0A= e.style.scrollbarHighlightColor =3D value;=0A= }=0A= else if (name =3D=3D "scrollbar-shadow-color") {=0A= e.style.scrollbarShadowColor =3D value;=0A= }=0A= else if (name =3D=3D "scrollbar-track-color") {=0A= e.style.scrollbarTrackColor =3D value;=0A= }=0A= else if (name =3D=3D "float") {=0A= e.style.styleFloat =3D value;=0A= }=0A= else if (name =3D=3D "table-layout") {=0A= e.style.tableLayout =3D value;=0A= }=0A= else if (name =3D=3D "text-align") {=0A= e.style.textAlign =3D value;=0A= }=0A= else if (name =3D=3D "text-align-last") {=0A= e.style.textAlignLast =3D value;=0A= }=0A= else if (name =3D=3D "text-autospace") {=0A= e.style.textAutospace =3D value;=0A= }=0A= else if (name =3D=3D "text-decoration") {=0A= e.style.textDecoration =3D value;=0A= }=0A= else if (name =3D=3D "textDecorationBlink") {=0A= e.style.textDecorationBlink =3D value;=0A= }=0A= else if (name =3D=3D "textDecorationLineThrough") {=0A= e.style.textDecorationLineThrough =3D value;=0A= }=0A= else if (name =3D=3D "textDecorationNone") {=0A= e.style.textDecorationNone =3D value;=0A= }=0A= else if (name =3D=3D "textDecorationOverline") {=0A= e.style.textDecorationOverline =3D value;=0A= }=0A= else if (name =3D=3D "textDecorationUnderline") {=0A= e.style.textDecorationUnderline =3D value;=0A= }=0A= else if (name =3D=3D "text-indent") {=0A= e.style.textIndent =3D value;=0A= }=0A= else if (name =3D=3D "text-justify") {=0A= e.style.textJustify =3D value;=0A= }=0A= else if (name =3D=3D "text-kashida-space") {=0A= e.style.textKashidaSpace =3D value;=0A= }=0A= else if (name =3D=3D "text-overflow") {=0A= e.style.textOverflow =3D value;=0A= }=0A= else if (name =3D=3D "text-transform") {=0A= e.style.textTransform =3D value;=0A= }=0A= else if (name =3D=3D "text-underline-position") {=0A= e.style.textUnderlinePosition =3D value;=0A= }=0A= else if (name =3D=3D "top") {=0A= e.style.top =3D value;=0A= }=0A= else if (name =3D=3D "unicode-bidi") {=0A= e.style.unicodeBidi =3D value;=0A= }=0A= else if (name =3D=3D "vertical-align") {=0A= e.style.verticalAlign =3D value;=0A= }=0A= else if (name =3D=3D "visibility") {=0A= e.style.visibility =3D value;=0A= }=0A= else if (name =3D=3D "white-space") {=0A= e.style.whiteSpace =3D value;=0A= }=0A= else if (name =3D=3D "width") {=0A= e.style.width =3D value;=0A= }=0A= else if (name =3D=3D "word-break") {=0A= e.style.wordBreak =3D value;=0A= }=0A= else if (name =3D=3D "word-spacing") {=0A= e.style.wordSpacing =3D value;=0A= }=0A= else if (name =3D=3D "word-wrap") {=0A= e.style.wordWrap =3D value;=0A= }=0A= else if (name =3D=3D "writing-mode") {=0A= e.style.writingMode =3D value;=0A= }=0A= else if (name =3D=3D "z-index") {=0A= e.style.zIndex =3D value;=0A= }=0A= else if (name =3D=3D "zoom") {=0A= e.style.zoom =3D value;=0A= }=0A= }=0A= catch (e) {=0A= /* ignore error on attempt to set e.style.[property] */=0A= }=0A= }=0A= }=0A= }=0A= ------=_NextPart_000_0000_01CB00EF.4EAF82E0 Content-Type: application/octet-stream Content-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-printable Content-Location: http://ije.oxfordjournals.org/javascript/entrez/callback.js /************************************************************************= *****=0A= * javascript/entrez/callback.js=0A= *=0A= * Entrez Linking callback to populate content box.=0A= *=0A= * Copyright 2006 Board of Trustees of the Leland Stanford Junior = University.=0A= = *************************************************************************= ***/=0A= =0A= /*=0A= * Execute callback to fill content box with Entrez Linking information.=0A= */=0A= function entrez_callback(pmid, callback_url) {=0A= /*=0A= * MSIE 5.5 and below have issues with the JavaScript=0A= * used for Entrez Linking. For now we have to disable=0A= * the callback until we can track down a proper fix=0A= * (or everybody sanely upgrades to version 6 or 7!).=0A= */=0A= if (navigator) {=0A= var appname =3D navigator.appName;=0A= if (appname =3D=3D "Microsoft Internet Explorer") {=0A= var userAgent =3D navigator["userAgent"];=0A= var s =3D "MSIE ";=0A= var n =3D -1; =0A= if ((n =3D userAgent.indexOf(s)) !=3D -1) {=0A= var v =3D parseFloat(userAgent.substring(n+s.length));=0A= if (v < 6) {=0A= return;=0A= }=0A= }=0A= }=0A= }=0A= =0A= /*=0A= * Acquire table row element to update, initiate callback=0A= * to update table with Entrez Links.=0A= */=0A= var tr =3D document.getElementById('entrez_callback_'+pmid);=0A= if (!tr) {=0A= return;=0A= }=0A= var req =3D new XMLHttpRequest();=0A= if (!req) {=0A= return;=0A= }=0A= req.onreadystatechange =3D function() {=0A= if (req.readyState =3D=3D 4 && (req.status =3D=3D 200 || req.status = =3D=3D 304)) {=0A= var src =3D req.responseXML.documentElement;=0A= var dst =3D document.createDocumentFragment();=0A= for (var i =3D 0; i < src.childNodes.length; i++) {=0A= copy_xml_to_html(src.childNodes[i], dst);=0A= }=0A= var tbl =3D tr.parentNode;=0A= tbl.replaceChild(dst, tr);=0A= }=0A= }=0A= req.open('GET', callback_url, true);=0A= req.send(null);=0A= }=0A= ------=_NextPart_000_0000_01CB00EF.4EAF82E0--