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Omega-6 Fats

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Cancer Research


Arimura T, Kojima-Yuasa A, Kennedy DO, Matsui-Yuasa I.
Reactive oxygen species-independent G1 arrest induced by evening primrose extract in Ehrlich ascites tumor cells.
Cancer Lett. 2004 Apr 15;207(1):19-25.
  Abstract |   Reprint |   Related articles

Arimura T, Kojima-Yuasa A, Suzuki M, Kennedy DO, Matsui-Yuasa I.
Caspase-independent apoptosis induced by evening primrose extract in Ehrlich ascites tumor cells.
Cancer Lett. 2003 Nov 10;201(1):9-16.
  Abstract |   Related articles

Cai J, Jiang WG, Mansel RE
Inhibition of angiogenic factor- and tumour-induced angiogenesis by gamma linolenic acid.
Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 1999 Jan;60(1):21-9  
  Abstract |   Related articles

Das UN, Madhavi N.
Effect of polyunsaturated fatty acids on drug-sensitive and resistant tumor cells in vitro.
Lipids Health Dis. 2011 Sep 14;10:159.
  Abstract |   Reprint |   Related articles

Das UN.
Tumoricidal and anti-angiogenic actions of gamma-linolenic acid and its derivatives.
Curr Pharm Biotechnol. 2006 Dec;7(6):457-66.
  Abstract |   Related articles

Das UN.
Tumoricidal action of cis-unsaturated fatty acids and their relationship to free radicals and lipid peroxidation.
Cancer Lett. 1991 Mar;56(3):235-43.
  Abstract |   Related articles

Das UN.
Gamma-linolenic acid, arachidonic acid, and eicosapentaenoic acid as potential anticancer drugs.
Nutrition. 1990 Nov-Dec;6(6):429-34.
  Abstract |   Related articles

Das UN, Begin ME, Ells G, Huang YS, Horrobin DF.
Polyunsaturated fatty acids augment free radical generation in tumor cells in vitro.
Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1987 May 29;145(1):15-24.
  Abstract |   Related articles

Fearon KC, Falconer JS, Ross JA, Carter DC, Hunter JO, Reynolds PD, Tuffnell Q
An open-label phase I/II dose escalation study of the treatment of pancreatic cancer using lithium gammalinolenate.
Anticancer Res 1996 Mar-Apr;16(2):867-74  
  Abstract |   Related articles

Kenny FS, Gee JM, Nicholson RI, Ellis IO, Morris TM, Watson SA, Bryce RP, Robertson JF
Effect of dietary GLA+/-tamoxifen on the growth, ER expression and fatty acid profile of ER positive human breast cancer xenografts.

Int J Cancer 2001 May 1;92(3):342-7. Epub 2001 Mar 1.
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Kenny FS, Pinder SE, Ellis IO, Gee JM, Nicholson RI, Bryce RP, Robertson JF.
Gamma linolenic acid with tamoxifen as primary therapy in breast cancer.
Int J Cancer 2000 Mar 1;85(5):643-8 
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Vartak S, Robbins ME, Spector AA.
The selective cytotoxicity of gamma-linolenic acid (GLA) is associated with increased oxidative stress.
Adv Exp Med Biol. 1999;469:493-8.
  Abstract |   Related articles


Astrocytomas


Vartak S, McCaw R, Davis CS, Robbins ME, Spector AA.
Gamma-linolenic acid (GLA) is cytotoxic to 36B10 malignant rat astrocytoma cells but not to 'normal' rat astrocytes.
Br J Cancer. 1998 May;77(10):1612-20.
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Vartak S, Robbins ME, Spector AA.
Polyunsaturated fatty acids increase the sensitivity of 36B10 rat astrocytoma cells to radiation-induced cell kill.
Lipids. 1997 Mar;32(3):283-92.
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Brain Tumors


Arachidonic acid (AA)


Paoletti P, Chiabrando C, Gaetani P, Castelli MG, Butti G, Martelli L, Rolli M.
Prostaglandins in human brain tumors.
J Neurosurg Sci 1989 Jan-Mar;33(1):65-9 
  Abstract |   Related articles

Williams JR, Leaver HA, Ironside JW, Miller EP, Whittle IR, Gregor A.
Apoptosis in human primary brain tumours: actions of arachidonic acid.
Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids. 1998 Mar;58(3):193-200
.
  Abstract |   Related articles


Glioblastoma


Ilc K, Ferrero JM, Fischel JL, Formento P, Bryce R, Etienne MC, Milano G
Cytotoxic effects of two gamma linoleic salts (lithium gammalinolenate or meglumine gammalinolenate) alone or associated with a nitrosourea: an experimental study on human glioblastoma cell lines
Anticancer Drugs 1999 Apr;10(4):413-7 
  Abstract |   Related articles


Gliomas


Laboratory Investigations


Bell HS, Wharton SB, Leaver HA, Whittle IR
Effects of N-6 essential fatty acids on glioma invasion and growth: experimental studies with glioma spheroids in collagen gels.
J Neurosurg 1999 Dec;91(6):989-96 
  Abstract |   Related articles

Benadiba M, Miyake JA, Colquhoun A.
Gamma-linolenic acid alters Ku80, E2F1, and bax expression and induces micronucleus formation in C6 glioma cells in vitro.
IUBMB Life. 2009 Mar;61(3):244-51.
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Farago N, Feher LZ, Kitajka K, Das UN, Puskas LG.
MicroRNA profile of polyunsaturated fatty acid treated glioma cells reveal apoptosis-specific expression changes.
Lipids Health Dis. 2011 Sep 30;10(1):173. [Epub ahead of print]
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Higuchi Y, Tanii H, Koriyama Y, Mizukami Y, Yoshimoto T.
Arachidonic acid promotes glutamate-induced cell death associated with necrosis by 12- lipoxygenase activation in glioma cells.
Life Sci. 2007 Apr 24;80(20):1856-64. Epub 2007 Mar 1.
  Abstract |   Related articles

Higuchi Y.
Glutathione depletion-induced chromosomal DNA fragmentation associated with apoptosis and necrosis.
J Cell Mol Med. 2004 Oct-Dec;8(4):455-64.
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Higuchi Y, Yoshimoto T.
Promoting effects of polyunsaturated fatty acids on chromosomal giant DNA fragmentation associated with cell death induced by glutathione depletion.
Free Radic Res. 2004 Jun;38(6):649-58.
  Abstract |   Related articles

Higuchi Y.
Polyunsaturated fatty acids promote 8-hydroxy-2-deoxyguanosine formation through lipid peroxidation under the glutamate-induced GSH depletion in rat glioma cells.
Arch Biochem Biophys. 2001 Aug 1;392(1):65-70.
  Abstract |   Related articles

Leaver HA, Williams JR, Smith C, Whittle IR.
Intracellular oxidation by human glioma cell populations: effect of arachidonic acid.
Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids. 2004 May;70(5):449-53.
  Abstract |   Related articles

Leaver HA, Wharton SB, Bell HS, Leaver-Yap IM, Whittle IR.
Highly unsaturated fatty acid induced tumour regression in glioma pharmacodynamics and bioavailability of gamma linolenic acid in an implantation glioma model: effects on tumour biomass, apoptosis and neuronal tissue histology.
Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids. 2002 Nov;67(5):283-92.
  Abstract |   Related articles

Leaver HA, Bell HS, Rizzo MT, Ironside JW, Gregor A, Wharton SB, Whittle IR.
Antitumour and pro-apoptotic actions of highly unsaturated fatty acids in glioma.
Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids. 2002 Jan;66(1):19-29.
  Abstract |   Related articles

Leaver HA, Williams JR, Ironside JW, Miller EP, Gregor A, Su BH, Prescott RJ, Whittle IR.
Dynamics of reactive oxygen intermediate production in human glioma: n-6 essential fatty acid effects.
Eur J Clin Invest. 1999 Mar;29(3):220-31.
  Abstract |   Related articles

Miyake JA, Benadiba M, Colquhoun A.
Gamma-linolenic acid inhibits both tumour cell cycle progression and angiogenesis in the orthotopic C6 glioma model through changes in VEGF, Flt1, ERK1/2, MMP2, cyclin D1, pRb, p53 and p27 protein expression.
Lipids Health Dis. 2009 Mar 17;8:8.
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Nasrollahzadeh J, Siassi F, Doosti M, Eshraghian MR, Shokri F, Modarressi MH, Mohammadi-Asl J, Abdi K, Nikmanesh A, Karimian SM.
The influence of feeding linoleic, gamma-linolenic and docosahexaenoic acid rich oils on rat brain tumor fatty acids composition and fatty acid binding protein 7 mRNA expression.
Lipids Health Dis. 2008 Nov 16;7:45.
  Abstract |   Reprint |   Related articles

Preuss M, Girnun GD, Darby CJ, Khoo N, Spector AA, Robbins ME.
Role of antioxidant enzyme expression in the selective cytotoxic response of glioma cells to gamma-linolenic acid supplementation.
Free Radic Biol Med. 2000 Apr 1;28(7):1143-56.
  Abstract |   Related articles

Ramos KL, Colquhoun A.
Protective role of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase activity in the metabolic response of C6 rat glioma cells to polyunsaturated fatty acid exposure.
Glia. 2003 Aug;43(2):149-66.
  Abstract |   Related articles

Ribeiro G, Benadiba M, de Oliveira Silva D, Colquhoun A.
The novel ruthenium-gamma-linolenic complex [Ru(2)(aGLA)(4)Cl] inhibits C6 rat glioma cell proliferation and induces changes in mitochondrial membrane potential, increased reactive oxygen species generation and apoptosis in vitro.
Cell Biochem Funct. 2010 Jan;28(1):15-23. Epub 2009 Nov 19.
  Abstract |   Related articles

Scheim DE.
Cytotoxicity of unsaturated fatty acids in fresh human tumor explants: concentration thresholds and implications for clinical efficacy.
Lipids Health Dis. 2009 Dec 15;8:54.
  Abstract |   Reprint |   Related articles


Clinical Investigations


Bakshi A, Mukherjee D, Bakshi A, Banerji AK, Das UN.
Gamma-linolenic acid therapy of human gliomas.
Nutrition. 2003 Apr;19(4):305-9.
  Abstract |   Related articles

Das UN.
Gamma-linolenic acid therapy of human glioma-a review of in vitro, in vivo, and clinical studies.
Med Sci Monit. 2007 Jul;13(7):RA119-31.
  Abstract |   Reprint |   Related articles

Das UN.
From bench to the clinic: gamma-linolenic acid therapy of human gliomas.
Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids. 2004 Jun;70(6):539-52.
  Abstract |   Related articles

Das U.
A radical approach to cancer.
Med Sci Monit 2002 Apr;8(4):RA79-92.
  Abstract |   Reprint |   Related articles

Das UN, Prasad VV, Reddy DR.
Local application of gamma-linolenic acid in the treatment of human gliomas.
Cancer Lett. 1995 Aug 1;94(2):147-55.
  Abstract |   Related articles

Kyritsis AP, Bondy ML, Levin VA.
Modulation of Glioma Risk and Progression by Dietary Nutrients and Antiinflammatory Agents.
Nutr Cancer. 2011 Feb 6;63(2):174-84.. [Epub ahead of print]
  Abstract |   Related articles

Naidu MR, Das UN, Kishan A.
Intratumoral gamma-linoleic acid therapy of human gliomas.
Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids. 1992 Mar;45(3):181-4.
  Abstract |   Related articles


Monographs


Borage (Borago officinalis)
Memorial Sloar-Kettering Cancer Center. 2011 Feb 9.
  Abstract |   Full text

As a matter of fact, the German legislation has indicated that the ingestion of 10g of borage oil per day does not present any health risk.
www.bioriginal.com
Pyrrolizidine Alkaloids and Borage Oil
Bioriginal Food & Science Corp., 1999 (HTML Full Text)

Based on this analysis, there is no likelihood of toxicity from pyrrolizidine alkaloids from borage
oil ingestion.

Kapoor R, Nair H.
Gamma Linolenic Acid Oils. (In:
Bailey's Industrial Oil and Fat Products)
Wiley, DOI: 10.1002/047167849X.bio026. Published Online: 15 Jul 2005.
  Abstract |   Reprint


Non-Neoplastic Diseases


Das UN.
Essential fatty acids and their metabolites could function as endogenous HMG-CoA reductase and ACE enzyme inhibitors, anti-arrhythmic, anti-hypertensive, anti-atherosclerotic, anti-inflammatory, cytoprotective, and cardioprotective molecules.
Lipids Health Dis. 2008 Oct 15;7:37.
  Abstract |   Reprint |   Related articles

Kapoor R, Huang YS.
Gamma linolenic acid: an antiinflammatory omega-6 fatty acid.
Curr Pharm Biotechnol. 2006 Dec;7(6):531-4.
  Abstract |   Reprint |   Related articles

Zurier RB, Rossetti RG, Jacobson EW, DeMarco DM, Liu NY, Temming JE, White BM, Laposata M
gamma-Linolenic acid treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. A randomized, placebo-controlled trial.
Arthritis Rheum 1996 Nov;39(11):1808-17 
  Abstract |   Related articles

 

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